Geology Connect Assignments Chapter 3

Limestone (sedimentary) is dominated by

calcite

This photo shows a slab of limestone that has undergone the process known as dissolution, which is an example of ___.

chemical weathering

Shale (sedimentary) is dominated by

clay minerals

Formation of detrital sedimentary rocks

coarse, poorly-sorted sediment, fine, well-sorted sediment, sand (sandstone), silt (siltstone), clay (shale)

Rock cycle

magma -> cooling -> igneous rocks -> weathering and erosion -> sediment (heat and pressure -> metamorphic rocks) -> compaction and cementation -> sedimentary rocks -> heat and pressure -> metamorphic rocks (weathering and erosion -> sediment) -> extreme heat and pressure -> magma (weathering and erosion -> sediment)

Chemical and physical weathering processes differ in that during chemical weathering, the ___ through chemical reactions, whereas in physical weathering, the ___ by mechanical means.

minerals within the rocks decompose; rocks are broken into smaller particles

The figure illustrates a rock undergoing the process known as frost-wedging, which is an example of ___.

physical weathering

Sandstone (sedimentary) is dominated by

quartz

Marble (metamorphic) is dominated by

recrystallized calcite

Quartzite (metamorphic) is dominated by

recrystallized quartz

Schist (metamorphic) is dominated by

recrystallized quartz and micas

Granite

slow cooling, coarse-grain texture, intruded below surface

Which of the following is NOT a rock forming mineral or mineral group?

Amorphosite

Which of the following best explains how foliated metamorphic rocks form?

By increased pressure.

Which of the following statements best describes extrusive igneous rocks?

Cool on the surface and have a fine-grained texture (small mineral crystals).

Which of the following best explains why rocks can be used to interpret the geologic past?

Different types of rocks form in different types of environments.

All metamorphic rocks have a foliated texture.

False

Earth's crustal rocks have a higher density compared to the Earth as a whole.

False

Which of the following is NOT a type chemical reaction that breaks down minerals?

Fusion

Which of the following best describes how metamorphic rocks form?

Increased pressure and temperature

Which of the following best describes what happens when a sedimentary rock is heated to the point it completely melts and later re-crystallizes?

It becomes an igneous rock.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding clay minerals?

Precipitate out of magmas.

Which of the following is an example of how chemical sedimentary rocks form?

Precipitation of dissolved ions as a water body evaporates.

Which of the following is NOT a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms?

Photon

Which of the following terms do geologists use to describe the process whereby rocks are mechanically broken down into smaller pieces?

Physical weathering

Which of the following is an example of a detrital sedimentary rock?

Sandstone

Which of the following elements makeup most of the rocks in Earth's crust?

Silicon and Oxygen

Which of the following statements best describe what geologists refer to as rock-forming minerals?

The few dozen or so minerals that make up most of the rocks in Earth's crust.

All minerals have a unique combination of internal structure and chemical composition. The structure and chemistry of minerals determines which of the following?

The physical and chemical properties of minerals.

Geologists are able to study processes that form rocks here on Earth and then use this information to help interpret the geologic history of other planets.

True

The term lava is used to refer to molten rock that makes its way onto Earth's surface environment.

True

Physical weathering causes rocks to ___ by some mechanical process, whereas chemical weathering refers to ___ via chemical reactions.

disintegrate into smaller particles; the decomposition of minerals

Basalt

fast cooling, fine-grain texture, extruded on surface

Basalt (igneous) is dominated by

feldspar and ferromagnesian minerals

Granite (igneous) is dominated by

feldspar, quartz, and micas

List the parts of Earth's interior

inner core (metallic solid), outer core (metallic liquid), mantle (iron-rich rock), oceanic crust (iron-rich rock), continental crust (iron-poor rock)

Obsidian

instant cooling, glassy texture, extruded in waterbody

When using rocks to study Earth's history, information about the surface environment is best provided by which of the following types of rock?

limestone and shale

Sedimentary process

weathering, erosion and transportation, deposition, compaction and cementation