Geology final

ventifact

A ________ is formed by abrasion of rocks by windblown sand. - alluvial fan - playa - desert pavement - ventifact

groin

A barrier built at a right angle to the beach for the purpose of trapping sand that is moving parallel to the shore is called a ________. - groin - breakwater - jetty

- rectangular

A drainage pattern that exhibits many right-angle bends and develops when bedrock is crisscrossed by a series of joints and/or faults is called ________. - trellis - radial - rectangular - dendritic

away; arid

A losing stream has groundwater moving in conditions - away; humid - towards it; arid - towards it; humid - away; arid

The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel.

A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth, canal-like channel. Which of the following statements is correct? - All of the above statements are true. - The straight channel has a higher gradient and more friction than the natural channel. - The natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel.

more rugged topography

A slow-spreading ridge will generally have ________ compared to a faster spreading ridge. - less rugged topography - no medial rift valley - There are no real differences in ridge features due to spreading rates. - more rugged topography

550 million years ago

Abundant fossil evidence did not appear in the geologic record until about ________. - 3 billion years ago - 6 million years ago - 300 million years ago - 5 billion years ago - 550 million years ago

groundwater

After ice sheets and glaciers, ________ contain(s) the next highest percentage of Earth's freshwater. - the atmosphere - lakes and rivers - groundwater - rocks and minerals

wind is the dominant agent of erosion and sediment transport

All of the following statements concerning dry lands are true EXCEPT ________. - evaporation potential exceeds actual precipitation storms are infrequent and rainfall amounts are highly variable - precipitation totals are low; dew points are lower in the summer than winter - wind is the dominant agent of erosion and sediment transport

a saturated, porous, and permeable layer or stratum

An aquifer is ________. - a layer or stratum in which groundwater flows downward to the water table - the porous and permeable, saturated cone of depression in an aquitard - a saturated, porous, and permeable layer or stratum - an unsaturated, influent-flow bed or stratum below a spring

The effects of global warming are greater at the poles than at the equator because the poles are experiencing the thinning of sea ice, the decrease in areas affected by permafrost, and the introduction of vegetation that is usually found 4 to 6 degrees closer to the equator.

Are the effects of global warming greater near the equator or near the poles, and why? - The effects of global warming are the same at the equator as they are at the poles because the entire Earth's climate is warming at one consistent rate. - The effects of global warming are greater near the equator than at the poles because the equator is already significantly warmer than the poles. - The effects of global warming are greater near the equator than at the poles. The climate at the poles does not warm as quickly as the climate at the equator because of the albedo provided by polar ice. - The effects of global warming are greater at the poles than at the equator because the poles are experiencing the thinning of sea ice, the decrease in areas affected by permafrost, and the introduction of vegetation that is usually found 4 to 6 degrees closer to the equator.

hydrogen

As the solar system began forming, the first materials to condense into small particles were ________ and helium. - sodium - carbon - silicon - oxygen - hydrogen

5'

At what depth of water would waves "feel bottom" if their wavelength is 10 feet? - 9' - 5' - 1' - 7.5'

long term conditions in a given place

Climate is a description of the ________. - exchange of energy and moisture - long term conditions in a given place - state of the atmosphere at a given time and place - central component of the complex, connected global environmental system on which all life depends

100 meters lower than it is today

During the Last Glacial Maximum, sea level was about ________. - 1000 meters lower than it is today - 1000 meters higher than it is today - 100 meters higher than it is today - 100 meters lower than it is today

magnetic field

Earth's molten metallic outer core is responsible for the ________ that protects the surface from lethal cosmic rays. - magnetic field - ozone layer - atmosphere - plate tectonics

rapids

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. - natural levees - backswamps - Yazoo tributaries - rapids

floodplains

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. channelization artificial levees floodplains dams

Oligocene

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern. - Cretaceous - Jurassic - Oligocene - Triassic

water table drops or declines in elevation

Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause ________ - porosity in the aquifer increases as the water is removed - the water table drops or declines in elevation - expansion of the dewatered aquifer - an influent stream becomes an effluent stream

negative feedback

Feedback mechanisms that produce results that are just the opposite of the initial change are called ________. - positive feedback mechanisms - No answer text provided. - neutral feedback mechanisms - negative feedback mechanisms

ductile deformation and compression

Folds form as a result of ________. - brittle deformation and compression - ductile deformation and tension - ductile deformation and compression - brittle deformation and tension

aquitards

Highly impermeable layers such as compacted clay or shale are known as ________. - discharge areas - recharge areas - aquitards - aquifers

Deep-ocean trenches are sites of plate convergence where an oceanic plate subducts under another plate.

How are deep-ocean trenches related to plate boundaries? - Deep-ocean trenches are only located at transform boundaries. - Deep-ocean trenches are found at both divergent and convergent plate boundaries. - Deep-ocean trenches are the sites of divergence where new oceanic lithosphere is created. - Deep-ocean trenches are sites of plate convergence where an oceanic plate subducts under another plate.

by saltation

How are sand grains transported by the wind? - by being picked up in swirling dust clouds and carried to distant blowouts - high in the moving air column as suspended load - by saltation in the first few meters above the land surface - by deflation of abraded desert pavement

With a slight reduction in pressure, water in a saturated, natural conduit suddenly boils, sending a plume of steam and hot water into the air above the vent.

How do geysers erupt? - Water slowly boils in a network of vertical cracks above the water table, sending up a plume of steam and hot water. - Water suddenly boils in disconnected voids and cracks above the water table, causing the aquifer to explosively fragment. - With a slight reduction in pressure, water in a saturated, natural conduit suddenly boils, sending a plume of steam and hot water into the air above the vent.

During island arc-type mountain building, an oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate, whereas during Andean-type mountain building, an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate

How does mountain building at a volcanic island arc differ from mountain building at an Andean-style continental margin? - During island arc-type mountain building, an oceanic plate subducts beneath another oceanic plate, whereas during Andean-type mountain building, an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate. - During island arc-type mountain building, a continental plate subducts beneath an oceanic plate, whereas during Andean-type mountain building, an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate. - During island arc-type mountain building, a continental plate subducts beneath an oceanic plate, whereas during Andean-type mountain building, an oceanic plate subducts beneath an oceanic plate.

Dry climates have much lower rates of chemical weathering and mechanical weathering than humid climates.

How does the rate of rock weathering in dry climates compare with the rate in humid regions? - Dry climates have rates of chemical weathering and mechanical weathering that are roughly equal to those in humid climates. - Dry climates have much lower rates of chemical weathering but have higher rates of mechanical weathering than humid climates. - Dry climates have much lower rates of chemical weathering and mechanical weathering than humid climates.

infiltration decreases, runoff increases

How does urbanization (paving, etc.) affect runoff and infiltration? - infiltration decreases; runoff increases - both increase - both decrease - runoff decreases; infiltration increases

The bed load consists of sand-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the suspended load consists of fine, silt- or clay-sized particles that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air.

How does wind's suspended load differ from its bed load? - The suspended load consists of sand-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the bed load consists of fine, silt- or clay-sized particles that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air. - The suspended load consists of gravel-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the bed load consists of sand-sized through clay-sized grains that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air. - The bed load consists of sand-sized grains that move by saltation, whereas the suspended load consists of fine, silt- or clay-sized particles that can be carried far distances by the wind once they are initially ejected into the air.

because the shoreline is a dynamic boundary among air, land, and sea

How is a shoreline an interface? - because the shoreline is a dynamic boundary among air, land, and sea - because it is the static boundary between a continent and an ocean - because the shoreline is a static boundary among air, land, and sea - because the shoreline is where waves interact with sand

Low-density, silica-rich minerals rose to Earth's surface from the mantle, eventually creating Earth's crust.

How was low-density continental crust produced by Earth's rocky mantle? - Magma that was rising toward Earth's surface assimilated silica through the rock that it passed through, ultimately creating continental crust. - Silica-rich minerals mixed with the very top layer of the mantle to produce continental crust. - Low-density, silica-rich minerals rose to Earth's surface from the mantle, eventually creating Earth's crust. - The material that was on the surface of the mantle cooled and became continental crust, regardless of its composition. - Low-density, iron-rich minerals rose to Earth's surface form the mantle, eventually creating Earth's crust.

- The channel width, channel depth, flow velocity, and discharge all increase as the stream approaches the mouth.

In general, how do the channel width, channel depth, flow velocity, and discharge change between the headwaters and the mouth of the stream? - The channel width, channel depth, flow velocity, and discharge all increase as the stream approaches the mouth. - The channel width, channel depth, flow velocity, and discharge all decrease as the stream approaches the mouth. - The channel width, channel depth, and flow velocity increase as the stream approaches the mouth, whereas the discharge decreases.

the crust shortens and thickens

In thrust faulting, ________. - grabens develop on the footwall block - the crust is shortened and thickened - the hanging wall block slips downward along the thrust fault - horizontal, tensional stresses drive the deformation

at the ground surface in swamps

In which of the following situations would the water table be intersected? - higher than the stream surface in a losing stream - when wells penetrate the unsaturated zone - at the ground surface in swamps - on a flat surface

the concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance

Isostasy refers to ________. - the concept that rocks of the crust and upper mantle are floating in gravitational balance - the process by which oceanic lithosphere descends into the mantle at a subduction zone - the process by which mountains are formed

Tropical

Karst development occurs more rapidly in ________ climates. - arctic - arid - tropical - temperate

Quaternary

Modern human evolution takes place during the ________ period of the Cenozoic era. - Neogene - Paleocene - Quaternary - Paleogene

snow

Of the following, which would have the highest albedo? - thin clouds - snow - dark rooft - asphalt

loses energy and is usually downgraded

Once a hurricane makes landfall, it ________. - dissipates almost immediately - rapidly picks up speed - becomes more intense - loses energy and is usually downgraded

evaporates more readily from the oceans, is more prevalent in precipitation, and is more prevalent in glaciers

Oxygen isotope analysis is the measurement of two isotopes of oxygen (18O and 16O). The lighter isotope, 16O, ________. - is more prevalent in precipitation - is more prevalent in glaciers - evaporates more readily from the oceans - evaporates more readily from the oceans, is more prevalent in precipitation, and is more prevalent in glaciers

Mesozoic Era

Pangaea began to break up during which Era? - Precambrian - Cenozoic - Mesozoic - Paleozoic

deciding to evacuate a city

Short-range predictions would be more useful for ________. - understanding the long-term earthquake risk in an area - deciding to evacuate a city - developing building codes - deciding where you might want to liv

grooves in bedrock indicating flow direction

Striations

By rivers during the ice age

Submarine canyons found on the continental slope and rise were formed: - none of these - by faulting - by rivers during the ice age - because of a plate plunging into the mantle

Archean

The Precambrian is divided into the ________ eon and the Proterozoic eon. - Archaic - Cambrian - Phanerozoic - Archean

the amplitude of the largest seismic wave

The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the ________. - arrival time of P and S waves - duration of the earthquake - the amplitude of the largest seismic wave - intensity of the earthquake

East African Rift

The ________ is a geographic example of an early stage of continental rifting? - Red Sea - Antarctic Ocean - East African Rift - Atlantic Ocean

continental rise

The ________ lies at the base of the continental slope. - coral atoll - continental rift - coral reef - continental rise

Permian

The ________ period was a time of major extinctions, including 75 percent of amphibian families. - Permian - Jurassic - Devonian - Pennsylvanian - Mississippian

hard parts

The beginning of the Phanerozoic marks an important event in animal evolution - the appearance of organisms with ________. - hard parts - cells - feathers - wings

Prokaryote

The cells of these primitive organisms lack organized nuclei and they reproduce asexually. - trilobites - brachiopods - prokaryotes - eukaryotes

arrival times of P and S waves

The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the ________. - intensity of the earthquake - length of the seismic record - arrival times of P and S waves - earthquake magnitude

Limestone

The hot spring deposits at Mammoth Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, are travertine. What rock probably lies somewhere beneath the hot springs? - quartzite - shale - rhyolite - limestone

sea ice

The ice covering the Arctic Ocean is ________. - an alpine glacier - sea ice - an ice cap - an ice sheet

elastic rebound

The mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy in the form of an earthquake is termed ________. - fault displacement - seismic rebound - stress fracture - elastic rebound

zone of moisture

The near-surface zone that contains some of the water that soaks into the ground is called the ________. - zone of soil moisture - phreatic zone - vadose zone

Photosynthesis

The process in which plants use light energy to synthesize food sugars from carbon dioxide is called ________. - hydration - oxidation - fusion - photosynthesis

quarrying

The removal of blocks from the bed of a stream channel is known as ________. - Saltation - Quarrying - Abrasion - Corrosion

the great extinction that took place at the end of the mesozoic era

The term "K-T boundary" refers to ________. - the border of the Chicxulub crater - the boundary between the area where gymnosperms - flourished, and the area where they were unable to grow - the boundary between land and sea that some reptiles crossed to return to the sea during the Mesozoic - the great extinction that took place at the end of the Mesozoic era

Settling velocity

The type and amount of material carried in suspension are controlled by flow velocity and ________. - channel size - discharge - settling velocity - channel roughness

discharge

The volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time is called ________. - wetted perimeter - discharge - flow velocity - gradient

oxygen

The________ isotopes in the hard skeletons of corals are an important paleothermometer. - oxygen - carbon - nitrogen - sodium - calcium

syncline

This picture shows which type of fold? - anticline - monocline - syncline - dome

equal to one-half the wavelengths

Waves begin to "feel bottom" when the depth of water is ________. - equal to one-half the wavelength - three times as great as the wavelength - one third the wavelength - twice as great as the wavelength

Crevasses are cracks that form in the zone of fracture at the top of the glacier. They form when tension is created as a result of the glacier moving over irregular terrain.

What are crevasses and where do they form? - Crevasses are cracks formed on the very bottom of a glacier as it moves downslope. They form from melting of ice in places as a result of frictional heat between the glacier and the ground. - Crevasses are cracks that form in the zone of fracture at the top of the glacier. They form when tension is created as a result of the glacier moving over irregular terrain. - Crevasses are cracks that form in the zone of fracture at the bottom of the glacier. They form when tension is created as a result of the glacier moving over irregular terrain.

Aerosols

What are the solid and liquid particles suspended within the atmosphere called? - aerosols - ozone - trace gases - water vapor

it drops down to due lower precipitation

What can happen to the water table during a drought? - it drops down due to higher precipitation - it rises due to higher precipitation - it rises due to lower precipitation - it drops down due to lower precipitation

star dune

What dune type is shown in the image? - barchan - star - transverse - barchanoid

Barchan

What dune type is shown in the image? - star - barchan - transverse - longitudinal

These eruptions both emitted massive amounts of tiny particles and aerosols, which reflected solar radiation before it could reach Earth. As a result, global temperature dropped slightly while the particles slowly settled.

What effect did the El Chichón and Mount Pinatubo eruptions have on global temperature? - These eruptions both emitted massive amounts of tiny particles and aerosols, which absorbed solar radiation before it could reach Earth. As a result, global temperature increased slightly while the particles slowly settled. - These eruptions both emitted massive amounts of lava, causing the global temperature to rise slightly as the lava cooled. - These eruptions both emitted massive amounts of tiny particles and aerosols, which reflected solar radiation before it could reach Earth. As a result, global temperature dropped slightly while the particles slowly settled.

continental shelves

What feature is actually a submerged part of a continent? - continental shelves - abyssal plains - guyots - trenches

seafloor sediment

What is the best source of data showing Ice Age climate cycles? - seafloor sediment - data of how much of Earth was reflecting solar energy at given times - data from past movements of continents - locations of icebergs at different times in the past

- Porosity is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas permeability is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

What is the difference between porosity and permeability? - Permeability is highly concerned with the volume of open space within a rock, whereas porosity is not. - Permeability is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas porosity is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid. - Porosity is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces, whereas permeability is the ability of a rock or sediment to transmit fluid.

the partial melting of peridotite into basaltic material from the mantle

What is the source of magma for seafloor spreading? - the partial melting of peridotite into basaltic material from the mantle - eroded material from the elevated oceanic ridges - the direct expulsion of peridotite from the mantle

A low precipitation rate and high evaporation rate allow little water to recharge the aquifer.

What problem is caused by pumping groundwater for irrigation in the southern High Plains? - A low precipitation rate and a high evaporation rate allow little water to discharge the aquifer. - A low precipitation rate and a high evaporation rate allow little water to recharge the aquifer. - A high precipitation rate and a high evaporation rate allow little water to recharge the aquifer.

Plants needed to obtain water and remain upright.

What requirements did plants need to meet to survive on land? - Plants needed to obtain water and remain upright. - Plants needed to stand upright and make seeds. - Plants needed to obtain water and gather nutrients from other organisms. - Plants needed to obtain water and defend against land predators.

If the groundwater recharge exceeds withdrawal, the saltwater will replace the water drawn from the wells.

What significant problem might arise when groundwater is heavily pumped along a sea coast? - If the groundwater recharge exceeds withdrawal, the saltwater will replace the water drawn from the wells. - If the groundwater withdrawal exceeds recharge, saltwater will replace the water drawn from the wells. - If the groundwater withdrawal exceeds recharge, the groundwater will become entirely depleted, and the well will only contain saltwater.

Radial

What type of drainage pattern is seen in the middle of the picture? - trellis - radial - dendritic - rectangular

Agriculture and irrigation

What uses the largest amount of groundwater in the United States. - Industrial uses - Water for livestock and poultry - Agriculture and irrigation - Domestic and municipal supplies

laminar flow

When water moves in nearly straight-line paths parallel to the stream channel, in slow moving streams, this is called ________. - laminar flow - turbulent flow - straight-line flow - parallel flow

the dry valleys of eastern California and Nevada

Where are rainshadow deserts common? - north central Africa - vast, dry, steppe lands like the Great Plains - the dry valleys of eastern California and Nevada

Around seafloor hot spring vents

Where in the oceans are biological communities thriving without sunlight? - in muds of deep-ocean trenches - around fissure vents for flood basalts - in shallow water, coral reefs - around seafloor, hot spring vents

Ice sheets were more extensive in the Northern Hemisphere because ice sheets only form on land and Northern Hemisphere has more land in high latitudes than the Southern Hemisphere

Where were ice sheets more extensive during the Ice Age: the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Hemisphere? Why? - Ice sheets were more extensive in the Northern Hemisphere because ice sheets only form on land and the Northern Hemisphere has more land in high latitudes than the Southern Hemisphere. - Ice sheets were more extensive in the Northern Hemisphere because ice sheets only form on land and the Northern Hemisphere has more land in low latitudes than the Southern Hemisphere. - Ice sheets were more extensive in the Southern Hemisphere because ice sheets only form on land and the Southern Hemisphere has more land in high latitudes than the Northern Hemisphere.

Pangea broke apart

Which best describes what was happening tectonically during the Mesozoic? - Rodinia formed. - The continents did not move. - Pangaea broke apart. - Gondwana and Laurasia formed.

calcite

Which common, rock-forming mineral or mineral group is most readily dissolved by groundwater? - quartz - calcite - feldspars - clay minerals

dissolution of limestone leading to sinkholes and caverns

Which example best demonstrates groundwater's power as an erosional agent? - the Mississippi River Valley - dissolution of limestone leading to sinkholes and caverns - incised meanders - waterfalls

stream

Which is the correct term for water that flows in a channel, regardless of size? - channel - stream - river - meander

The glacier will retreat

Which of the following best describes what would happen if the glacial budget is out of balance, with ablation exceeding accumulation? - The glacier will advance. - The glacier will remain stationary. - The glacier will retreat.

braided channels

Which of the following channel types is likely to form at the end of a glacier? - braided channel - meandering channel - steps and pools - bedrock channel

Gradient, cross-sectional shape, channel size and roughness, and discharge all affect a stream's flow velocity.

Which of the following factors affect a stream's flow velocity? - channel size and roughness - discharge - Gradient, cross-sectional shape, channel size and roughness, and discharge all affect a stream's flow velocity.

oxygen

Which of the following gases was not part of Earth's original atmosphere? - nitrogen - water vapor - oxgyen - carbon dioxide

they are geologically very stable

Which of the following is NOT true of deep ocean trenches? - They are geologically very stable - They are sites where plates plunge back into the mantle - They are long and narrow depressions - They may act as sediment traps

They are temporary features

Which of the following is TRUE about playa lakes? - They form along the ridges of fault-block mountains. - They are temporary features. - They are large, permanent features.

competence

Which of the following is a measure of a stream's ability to transport particles based on size, rather than quantity? - Discharge - Competence - Capacity - Hydro-load factor - Gradient

the west coast of south America

Which of the following is an active continental margin? - the east coast of South America - the southern coast of Australia - the west coast of South America - the east coast of North America

all of the above

Which of the following is not a potential source of groundwater contamination? - gas tanks - all of these are potential sources - septic systems - landfills - industrial waste

Sea level falls; land rises

Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams? - Sea level rises; land subsides. - Sea level falls; land subsides. - Sea level falls; land rises. - Sea level rises; land rises.

sandstone i think

Which of the following rocks would have good permeability? - shale - basalt - siltstone - granite - sandstone

sandstone

Which of the following rocks/sediments would be a good aquifer? - granite - shale - clay - schist - sandstone

marine terrace

Which of the following shoreline features forms only in tectonically active areas? - barrier island - marine terrace - sea cave - sea arch

They represent late stages in the evolution of the basin and range landscape

Which of the following statements about inselbergs is TRUE? - They represent late stages in the evolution of the Basin and Range landscape. - They are small depressions between rows of fault-block mountains. - They are towering mountain peaks formed from tectonic activity.

Cut banks are located on the outside of meanders

Which of the following statements about meandering channels is true? - The inside of a meander is the area of fastest flow. - The outside of a meander is a zone of slow flowing water. - Point bars are deposited on the outsides of meanders. - Cut banks are located on the outside of meanders.

Any salty water in the aquifer will rise if the water table is lowered by pumping.

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning unconfined aquifers in urbanized coastal areas? - Pumping freshwater from one, large capacity well is much less likely to cause salty water to rise in the aquifer than pumping from several, widely spaced, smaller capacity wells. - Wells drilled below sea level will produce only saline water. - Any salty water in the aquifer will rise if the water table is lowered by pumping.

- Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers.

Which of the following statements is correct? - Sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers. - Sea level drops when water is added to the oceans through increased rainfall and increased inflow from rivers. - Sea level drops when water is released from ice sheets and continental glaciers. - Sea level drops when evaporation rates increase over the oceans and when this extra, atmospheric moisture falls on land as rain.

The best mitigation for coastal damage is to relocate structures outside of the coastal zone

Which of the following statements is true? - Hard stabilization can permanently prevent beach erosion. - Beach nourishment is a permanent solution for widening beaches. - Hurricane damage only occurs in the coastal zone. - The best mitigation for coastal damage is to relocate structures outside of the coastal zone.

thick turbidities on the continental rise

Which one of the following is not connected in any way with submarine, hot spring vents? - thick turbidites on the continental rise - sediment rich in metallic sulfides - black smokers on a mid-ocean ridge - ecological communities living without photosynthesis

difference between annual precipitation and evaporation potential

Which one of the following is the one best measure of the wetness or dryness of a region? - mean annual temperature - difference between annual precipitation and evaporation potential - percentage of precipitation that falls during the summer months - total annual precipitation

They are mostly fine sand and silt that build up during floods.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE concerning natural levees? - They form the high, steep banks of a downcutting stream. - They are mostly fine sand and silt that build up during floods. - They are erosional features left behind when meander cutoff occurs. - They are depositional features formed at times of low discharge.

The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE for an artesian aquifer? - In deep, stream-cut valleys, many springs are fed from artesian aquifers. - The water table in the recharge area is at a higher elevation than the top of the aquifer in the subsurface. - Upward flow from a permeable aquitard is prevented by a confining aquifer. - The pressure at any point in the aquifer is considerably less than the weight of the water column between the point and the top of the aquifer.

S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids and solids.

Which one of the following statements is correct? - P and S waves travel through liquids, but S waves do not travel through solids. - P waves travel through solids; S waves do not. - S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids and solids. - P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves do not travel through solids.

areas of desert pavement

Which one of the following would probably NOT affect the size and depth of a blowout? - areas of desert pavement - a rise in sea level - the near surface water table - type and density of vegetation

silt in the suspended load

Which size sediment can be transported thousands of miles by wind? - silt in the suspended load - stratified drift - sand in the bed load - erratics

a large brain and an upright bipedal posture

Which two characteristics best separate humans from other mammals? - an upright bipedal posture and giving birth to live young - reproduction via a pouch and an upright bipedal posture - a large brain and an upright bipedal posture - a large brain and warm blood

right-lateral strike slip

Which type of fault? - normal - reverse - left-lateral strike slip - right-lateral strike slip

hydrothermal

Which type of metamorphism alters the basaltic rocks of the seafloor? - hydrothermal - contact - burial

They occur in the middle of landmasses distant from oceans, which are sources of moisture. Middle-latitude deserts on the leeward side of mountains receive air that has already lost moisture. If the air descends, it warms and compresses, inhibiting the formation of clouds.

Why do middle-latitude dry regions exist, and what role do mountains play in their existence?

Waves approaching the shoreline bend because the part of the wave nearest the shore reaches shallow water and slows first, whereas the end that is still in deep water continues forward at its full speed

Why do waves approaching the shoreline bend? - Waves approaching the shoreline often bend because the part of the wave nearest the shore reaches shallow water and speeds up, whereas the end that is still in deep water continues forward at its original, slower speed. - Waves approaching the shoreline bend because the part of the wave nearest the shore reaches shallow water and slows first, whereas the end that is still in deep water continues forward at its full speed. - Waves begin to bend as they approach the shoreline because of the Coriolis effect on Earth.

Surface water running off into the oceans makes up the difference between evaporation from the oceans and precipitation into the oceans, creating a balance

Why doesn't sea level drop even though oceans have a higher rate of evaporation than precipitation? - The meltwater from warming glaciers enters the oceans directly, closing the difference between water loss and gain in the oceans. - Enough groundwater infiltrates into the oceans yearly to close the gap between water loss and water gain in the oceans. - Surface water running off into the oceans makes up the difference between evaporation from the oceans and precipitation into the oceans, creating a balance.

The molten core provides Earth with a magnetic field, which prevents cosmic rays from stripping away Earth's atmosphere.

Why is Earth's molten, metallic core important to humans living today? - Movement in the molten core causes Earth to revolve around the Sun. - The molten core provides humans with resources for industry. - The molten core provides Earth with a magnetic field, which prevents cosmic rays from stripping away Earth's atmosphere. - The molten core serves as a power source for humans.

Angiosperm

________ (flowering plants) came to dominate most terrestrial environments during the Cenozoic. - Radiosperms - Allosperms - Gymnosperms - Angiosperms

silt and clay-sized, detrital grains

________ comprise the suspended loads of most rivers and streams. - Sand and gravel that move during floods - Silt and clay-sized, detrital grains - Dissolved ions and sand - Dissolved salts

longitudinal

________ dunes are long, high, sand dunes parallel with the prevailing wind direction. - Latitudinal - Transducinal dunes - Longitudinal - Transversal

suspended load

________ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream. - Dissolved load - Saltation load - Suspended load - Bed load

methane

________ is(are) 20 times more effective than carbon dioxide at absorbing infrared radiation emitted by Earth. - methane - oxygen - sulfur dioxide - nitrous oxide

warm and weak

asthenosphere

thin deposit of sand offshore, not connected to the mainland

barrier island

thin deposit of sand covering an inlet // sound-bar that crosses a bay (extended spit)

baymouth bar

circular depression curved into mountains by an alpine glacier

cirques

windy pile of sand/gravel left as a glacier retreats by a stream flowing underneath

esker

solid iron

iron core made of

circular lakes that form by blocks of ice breaking off a retreating glacier

kettle

cold and brittle

lithosphere

molten iron and nickel

outer core made of

erosional features formed as headlands are eroded from both sides

sea arch

an erosional feature left behind at the base of shoreline outcrop

wave cut cliff