Geology Final exam

In a sequence of sedimentary strata, an unconformity represents:

A missing layer of rock, that was either eroded or not deposited

A mineral is defined as:

A naturally occurring solid crystalline substance, generally inorganic, with a specific chemical composition.

Earth Science, or Geology, can be described as:

A process of observing present conditions and the rock record, creating and testing hypotheses to explain ways that different rock types are formed, and relating these to the development of the Earth.

Sediments that make up different sedimentary rocks begin by ___________.

Being weathered from the original rock, transported, and deposited in a sedimentary basin

Relative ages of rocks may be determined using:

Both the principle of original horizontality and the principle of cross-cutting relationships

If a rock body is subjected to a force, and it deforms by breaking or faulting, that represents ______________ deformation.

Brittle

What type of plate boundary is depicted in the 3D diagram above?

Continental to continental crust convergence

What 2 different types of unconformity is present at the base of layer B? Check 2 boxes.

Disconformity & Angular Unconformity

The Atlantic Mid-Ocean Ridge is mainly a type of:

Divergent margin

Faulting, shaking, landslides, and ground failures all describe features associated with ________:

Earthquake Hazards Mass Wasting

Did the rock in the previous question form as an intrusive igneous rock or an extrusive igneous rock?

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK

If sand grains are compacted, cemented together, and lithified, what kind of rock would you expect to find?

sandstone

A type of metamorphism created by the intrusion of an igneous dike into shallow pre-existing rock is called:

Contact metamorphism

List four (4) physical or identifying properties of minerals.

1. Hardness 2. Density 3. Color 4. Streak

List 3 characteristics of mass movement.

1. nature of the materials, 2. the steepness of the slope 3. the amount of water in the system.

What three natural processes are frequent causes of erosion?

1. wind 2. rivers 3. ice and glaciers

An igneous intrusion known as a sill is ________.

Concordant

________ are broad, dome shaped volcanoes.

Shield volcanoes

The folding of rock layers G through C in the cross-section below was most likely caused by:

the collision of tectonic plates

The stratigraphic principle stating that each sedimentary layer of an undisturbed sequence is younger than the one beneath it and older than the one above it is:

the principle of superposition

Geologic maps represent rock formations exposed at the earth's surface:

true

Rock types, seismic activity, and other features are predictive for plate tectonic boundary types.

true

Scientists still use the scientific theory today.

true

If we wanted to find a convergent tectonic plate boundary on an unknown continent, we could look for:

A deep-sea trench offshore and a line of volcanoes or a line of mountains

View the attached 3-Dimensional block diagram. Match the appropriate labels to each letter noted. IMG_3835 (3)-1.jpg

A- OCEANIC CRUST B- CONTINENTIAL CRUST C- PLATES ARE MOVING TOWARDS EACH OTHER D- MELTING IN THE MANTLE E- AREA OF SUBDUCTION AND EARTHQUAKES F- VOLCANO G- OCEAN TRENCH

The three axes (A, B, C) of the metamorphic rock diagram below should be labeled how:

A= Pressure, B=Temperature, C=Depth

Match the concept with the scientist(s) that developed it for the Theory of Plate Tectonics.

Alfred Wegener -Continental drift J. Tuzo Wilson -Plate geometry Hugo Benioff -Seismicity of subduction Vine & Matthews -Seafloor spreading Harry Hess -Seafloor bathymetry

The Earth System is composed of _______ and how it/they interact as overlapping geosystems.

All three of these systems listed. The Plate Tectonic System (Earth's mantle and overlying tectonic plates) The Geodynamo (produces magnetic system from deep in the earth) The Climate System (all earth systems that determine climate across the Earth)

The folded rock layers shown below forms a structure known as a(n): https://mybrcc.instructure.com/courses/344018/files/110143207/preview

Anticline

Actualism can be described as:

Applications of a modern process to an ancient system.

Supporting concepts in the development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics includes all the answers below EXCEPT:

CORRECT ANSWER: None, all of the answers are correct. WRONG: Creation and destruction of oceanic crust occurs WRONG: Layered Earth with mantle convection WRONG: Continental Drift WRONG: Lithosphere is composed of plates

When a rock erodes or disintegrates by chemical reactions rather than by mechanical processes, that form of weathering is called __________.

Chemical weathering

Sedimentary rocks are lithified from the original sediments by what process(es)?

Compaction and Cementation

A reverse fault indicates that the rocks were under what type of force:

Compressional

Thanks to seismology and a variety of other investigative tools, we know we live on a layered Earth. From the outermost layer to the innermost layer, the layers are described as:

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

Magmatic differentiation may happen by which of the following?

Crystallization through Bowen's Reaction Series Fractional crystallization Minerals selectively settling out of the liquid part of the magma

Which two letters represent rock of the same age?

D AND H

The names of the appropriate metamorphic rocks in the correct places in the chart below should be:

D= Slate, E= Schist, F= Gneiss

According to the __________, earthquakes occur when ___________ accumulates until it exceeds the strength of the rock.

Elastic Rebound Theory / stress

Geologic time is broken down into big chunks. Which of the following sequences describes geologic time in the proper breakdown?

Eons, Eras, Periods

Fill in the appropriate Igneous Rock names under the appropriate Igneous Rock Composition: Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic Intrusive Igneous Rock Type:

FELSIC =Granite INTERMEDIATE=Diorite MAFIC=Gabbro ULTRAMAFIC=Peridotite.

If igneous rock contains mostly quartz, in the form of silica, and feldspar, it is considered to be__________.

Felsic

If the minerals in a rock has a crystal arrangement or fabric caused by directional stress, that metamorphic texture is called:

Foliation

The mineral Diamond has which of the following physical characteristics?

Glassy fracture & Hardness of 10 on the Moh's Hardness Scale

A very large intrusion of felsic magma deep in the Earth would form a ______

Granite Batholith

Continental crust floats on oceanic crust because the continental crust:

Has a lower density than the oceanic crust

Gneiss is a:

High-grade metamorphic rock.

How would you best describe the geologic record?

Information about geologic events and processes that have been preserved in rocks as they have formed at different times throughout the Earth's history.

A syncline:

Is 'U-shaped' in cross-section and is the result of compressional stress

Geology is different from many other sciences because:

It is a diachronous science, that is, the geological record will never be exactly the same in different areas.

Igneous rocks form from what material?

MOLTEN LIQUID DEEP IN THE EARTH

__________ and __________ are examples of non-foliated metamorphic rocks.

Marble and quartzite

The downslope movement of earth materials by gravity is called _________.

Mass movement

Catastrophism can be described as:

Meteor Impact Crater A sudden impact crater. A volcanic eruption

Earthquakes that occur along continental tectonic rift valleys are associated with ______ faults.

NORMAL

A rock can be described as:

Naturally occurring solid aggregates of minerals, or in some cases non-mineralic solid matter

Electrons have a _______ charge and can be shared with or transferred to other atoms.

Negative

In the cross-sectional photo that is below, where the dark layer was once continuous, the faulting shown is known as a: Fault in Mosaic Canyon

Normal fault

A convergent boundary is where:

Oceanic crust subducts beneath another oceanic plate and forms a volcanic island chain.

According to Bowen's Reaction Series, the first minerals to crystallize out of a melt are _________;

Olivine and Calcium-rich Feldspar

Hot spots or mantle plumes are characterized by intense, localized volcano formation and appear where?

On the ocean floor, as in the Hawaiian Islands

The distance between a seismograph and an earthquake's epicenter can be determined by the elapsed time between the arrival of the ______ and ______ at a seismograph.

P waves and S waves

When a rock is broken down into particles (sand, gravel, boulders), clay minerals, and dissolved ions, without changing the chemical composition, that form of weathering is called _____________.

Physical weathering

At convergent margins, _________.

Plates come together and oceanic crust is subducted and recycled back into the mantle

All of the following are types of magmatic intrusions except

Plutons, batholiths, and dikes Plutons, stocks, and sills Lahars, cinder cones, and calderas

A measurement of the open pore space between grains or particles of a rock, is best described as:

Porosity

________ and _______ are found in the nucleus of an atom.

Protons and neutrons

What are the most deadly aspects of earthquakes occurring with epicenters in or near an ocean:

Tsunami waves

Below is a 3-dimensional block diagram with a map view of a fault. The type of fault is best described as: 3-Dimensional view

Right-lateral strike slip fault

What commonly found kid's toy did we use in class to illustrate how rocks react to deformation?

SILLY PUTTY

Did the minerals that form this rock cool quickly or slowly? https://mybrcc.instructure.com/courses/344018/files/110143145/preview

SLOWLY

______ are volcanoes made of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material.

Shield Volcanoes

Mid-ocean ridges are also known as:

Spreading centers & Places where new oceanic crust is created.

The San Andreas Fault in California is a type of:

Strike-slip fault

A passive continental margin is an area of _______. Select all answers that are correct.

Swamps and marshes & Beach and shallow seas

If a folded structure such as an anticline has limbs that dip symmetrically from the axial plane, the fold is best described as:

Symmetrical

On the Mohs Scale of Hardness, what mineral and commonly found object have a hardness of 1?

Talc and baby powder

TEST 2

Test 2

James Hutton is known as ___________?

The Father of Modern Geology

What is the Ring of Fire?

The Ring of Fire is Volcanoes all lined up in a circular shape around the edge of the Pacific Ocean and pacific plate. Where a lot of earthquakes happen.

How would you best describe Mantle Convection?

The engine that drives plate tectonics

How do geomagnetic isochrons on the ocean seafloor indicate where there is a faster rate of spreading at a mid-ocean divergent boundary?

The isochrons are narrower and closer together.

Pangea is a name for:

The name of an ancient supercontinent that made up of all present day continents.

One key phrase that summarizes the Principle of Uniformitarianism is:

The present is the key to the past

The stratigraphic principle stating that cross-cutting members (think intrusions, veins, faults, or other) are younger than the layers they cut across is best described by:

The principle of cross-cutting relationships

The stratigraphic principle stating that the sedimentary rock layers in an outcrop contain distinct fossils in a definite sequence is described by:

The principle of faunal succession

The stratigraphic principle stating that sediments are deposited as essentially horizontal beds is described by:

The principle of original horizontality

How can the risk of earthquakes be reduced?

The risk of earthquakes can be reduced by the land used policies, hazard characterization, proper emergency planning, and earthquake engineering.

A radioactive isotope's half-life is:

The time required for one-half of the original number of radioactive parent atoms to decay into stable daughter atoms

Seismic P waves and S waves travel how?

Through the Earth's interior

An active continental margin is an area of

Volcanoes and earthquakes Tectonic plate boundary Mountain building

An outcrop can best be described as:

Where the bedrock that underlies the ground surface is exposed at the Earth's surface and is also a basic source of geologic information.

During metamorphism, a rock undergoes mineralogical and textural changes:

While primarily in a solid state, under the influence of increased heat and pressure.

The maximum angle at which a slope of loose material will lie without sliding is called

angle of response

The actual location on the earth's surface that represents where an earthquake occurs is called the:

epicenter

The actual location on a fault plane below the earth's surface, where the rupture occurs that causes an earthquake is called the:

focus

If clay particles are compacted and lithified, they form a rock called:

shale