Geosphere Test 2

Earth's Crust

49.5% oxygen, 25.7% silicon, 3.4% calcium, 4.7% iron, 7.5% aluminum, 9.2% other.

Composition of the Universe

60% hydrogen, 36% helium, and 4% other (O, Ne, C)

Covalent Bonding

A bond which results in the sharing of electrons between 2 atoms. Sharing electrons, strong bonds, CH4 (methane-most simple of the hydrocarbons)

Molecule

A group of bonded atoms which act as a unit

Elements

A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.

Aluminum

Al, +3

Caldera Volcano

An older volcano with a large crater, can be 62 miles wide, in this crater many little new craters are formed.

Isotope

Atoms with differing number of neutrons

Barium

Ba, +2

Bromine

Br, -1

Shield Cone Volcano

Broad, shallow cone, layers of lava, fluid hot lava cools slowly

Stratovolcano (or composite)

Built up from alternate layers of lava and ash. Often has many small craters on its slope. Classic volcano shape

Which of the following is true concerning cleavage and fracture? a. cleavage describes the tendency of a mineral to resist scratches while fracture describes the tendancy of a mineral to break into small, concentric pieces. b. cleavage describes how shiny a mineral is and fracture describes how dense a mineral is c. Cleavage describes the tendancy of a mineral to break along definite planes and form smooth, flat surfaces while fracture describes minerals that break with rough, irregular edges d. Cleavage is used to describe minerals that have sharp, jagged edges while fracture describes a mineral that has broken into smooth, flat, lusterous pieces

C. Cleavage describes the tendancy of a mineral to break along definite planes and form smooth, flat surfaces while fracture describes minerals that break with rough, irregular edges

What is the difference between an ionic bond and a covalent bond? a. a covalent bond is when electrons move through the metal lattice, while for ionic bonds the electrons stay in the same place. b. a covalent bond is an attraction between polar molecules and is very weak while ionic is very strong c. for a covalent bond there is a physical force and sharing of the electrons, for ionic there is an attraction and transfer of electrons. d. Covalent bonds are very brittle and ionic bonds are very strong

C. for covalent bonds there is a physical force and sharing of the electrons, for ionic there is an attraction and a transfer of electrons

Carbonate

CO3 (-2 charge)

Calcium

Ca, +2

Types of basaltic lava flows

Can move up to 30 km/hr at the top. Slows as it reaches the bottom tot he point that you can out-walk it.

Compound

Chemical combination of two or more elements

Chlorine

Cl, -1

Final stages of lava flow

Column or jointing. Final cooling stages

Types of bonds

Covalent, ionic, metallic, hydrogen bonding (or van der waals)

Ions

Electrically charged particles with uneven numbers of protons and electrons

Fluorine

F, -1

Types of volcanoes

Fissure eruptions, classic volcanoes. USGS uses 5 classification system: stratovolcano, cinder cone, shield volcano, caldera (lava dome). We use the 3 classification scheme: stratovolcano, cinder cone, shield volcano

Lava Dome

Forms inside of a previously erupted volcano.

Gallium

Ga, +3

Metals

Good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, high melting points, form positive ions

Group oxidation numbers on the periodic table

Group 1- +1 oxidation number. Group 7- -1 oxidation number. Group 8- noble gases

Hydrogen

H, +1

Matter

Has a mass and takes up space

Basaltic Magma

High in iron, magnesium, and calcium

Iodine

I, -1

Nonmetals

Insulators or non-conductors of electricity, brittle in solid form, low boiling points.

Andestic Magma

Intermediate-not too high in iron, magnesium, and calcium

Potassium

K, +1

What comes out of volcanoes?

Lava, pyroclastic debris, and gas

Lithium

Li, +1

Rhyolitic Magma

Low in iron, magnesium, and calcium

Substance

Matter with a definite makeup

Mixture

Matter with a variable makeup

Magnesium

Mg, +2

Nitrogen

N, -3

Ammonium

NH4 (+1 charge)

Nitrate

NO3 (-1 charge)

Sodium

Na, +1

Volcano

Named for Volcan the God of Life. Erupting vents through which magma reaches the Earth's surface

Pyroclastic flows

Nuee ancient-glowing cloud. Lahor-mud flow of water mixed and tephra

Oxygen

O, -2

Hydroxide

OH (-1 charge)

Phosphorus

P, -3

Phosphate

PO4 (-3 charge)

Sulfur

S, -2

Sulfate

SO4 (-2 charge)

Volcanic gases

Simple model: carbon dioxide, water, and sulfur dioxide. Come out of solution as magma reaches surface and pressure drops. Dissolved gases: H2O, CO2, SO2, H2S. Last bubbles freeze as vesicles

Pyroclastic Debris

Size determines its name. Deposits of this are called Tephra

Atom

Smallest particle of an element that retains the element properties

Element

Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler form

Cinder Cone Volcano

Throws out lava and ash, cone shaped piles of tephra.

Why do elements bond?

To satisfy the octet rule (or duet rule if hydrogen). Noble gases do not typically bond with other elements

Atoms Form Ions

When atoms gain or lose electrons they form ions. Depends on the number of valence (outer) electrons. Atoms like 8 electrons in their outer energy levels (octet rule). Electrons can be added to be pulled away: lose electron, positive charge. Gain electron, negative charge

The property of a material to break along planes of weakness is referred to as a. cleavage b. hardness c. fracture d. bond strength

a. cleavage

Mount St. Helens is an example of a. composite volcanoes b. cinder cones c. shield volcanoes d. none of the above

a. composite volcanoes

Minerals are formed by the process of a. crystallization b. magma differentiation c. silica enrichment d. partial melting

a. crystallization

The difference between magma and lava is: a. magma is beneath earth's surface, lava is above b. lava is beneath earth's surface and magma is above c. there is no difference d. magma is rocks and lava is gas

a. magma is beneath earth's surface, lava is above

Color is not a reliable means for mineral identification because a. minerals come in a variety of colors, and chemical impurities in the mineral can affect color b. minerals can weather and change color c. a mineral's powdered color is different than its solid color d. there are so many colored minerals

a. minerals come in a variety of colors, and chemical impurities in the mineral can affect color

The proper name for the chemical compound N2O is a. nitrogen dioxide b. nitrogen oxide c. nitrogen nitrate d. dinitrogen oxide

a. nitrogen dioxide

Elements within the same _____________ tend to vary in a gradual way. a. period b. group c. column d. row

a. period

A row of the periodic table is called a __________; a column is known as a __________ a. period; group b. group; period c. family; group d. group; family

a. period; group

Increased air pressure on the surface of hot water tends to a. prevent boiling b. promote boiling c. neither a nor b d. not enough information to answer the question

a. prevent boiling

One atomic mass unit is approximately equal to the mass of a a. proton b. carbon-12 nucleus c. electron d. helium nucleus

a. proton

A mineral's hardness is dependent on the a. strength of its chemical bonds b. strength of its ionization c. size of its atoms; large atoms are harder than small atoms d. geometric arrangement of atoms; sheet structured tetrahedral are harder than chained tetrahedral

a. strength of its chemical bonds

What is the correct chemical formula for magnesium phosphate? a. MgPO4 b. Mg3(PO4)2 c. Mg2PO4 d. Mg2(PO4)3

b. Mg3(PO4)2

In the mountains, water boils at a. a higher temperature than at sea level b. a lower temperature than at sea level c. the same temperature as at sea level d. none of the above

b. a lower temperature than at sea level

What is the difference between an element and a chemical compound? a. only elements are normally found in nature b. an element consists of only one type of atom c. only chemical compounds are normally found in nature d. a chemical compound is always more massive than an element

b. an element consists of only one type of atom

Cleavage is the tendancy of a mineral to break along planes of weakness. The planes of weakness are a function of crystal form an a. hardness b. chemical bond c. symmetry d. crystal size

b. chemical bond

Which of the following properties most clearly reflects the internal arrangement of atoms in a crystalline material? a. color b. cleavage c. luster d. specific gravity

b. cleavage

Elements within the same __________ tend to have similar properties a. period b. group c. column d. row

b. group

Which of the following gases does not come out of a volcano? a. carbon dioxide b. nitrogen c. water d. sulfur dioxide

b. nitrogen

The 3 subatomic particles in an atom are ________ and what are their locations? a. proton-surrounds the nucleus, Neutron-in the nucleus, electron-in the nucleus b. proton-in the nucleus, neutron-in the nucleus, electron-surrounds the nucleus c. electron-surrounds the nucleus, proton-in the nucleus, neutral-in the nucleus d. atom-in the nucleus, molecule- in the nucleus, particle-in the atom

b. proton-in the nucleus, neutron-in the nucleus, electron-surrounds the nucleus

Minerals that have strong bonds between flat crystal surfaces tend to a. cleave more easily b. show poor cleavage c. show well-developed cleavage d. have a well-developed streak

b. show poor cleavage

Magma's viscosity is NOT controlled by which of the following? a. temperature b. texture c. silica d. gases

b. texture

What is the oxidation number of calcium? a. -2 b. neutral c. +2 d. +1

c. +2

A composite volcano is formed by a. successive flows of fluid basaltic lava b. a mixture of rock and lava c. alternating layers of lava, ash, and mud flow debris d. the accumulation of ash, cinders, and rock debris

c. alternating layers of lava, ash, and mud flow debris

As you move across the periodic table from left to right, the __________ and __________ of elements increase. a. atomic radius; atomic number b. atomic mass; metallic character c. atomic mass; atomic number d. none of the above

c. atomic mass; atomic number

Inside a __________ volcano's crater, many new, little craters form a. cinder cone b. shield cone c. caldera d. stratovolcano

c. caldera

the following are considered minerals except: a. calcite b. quartz c. coal d. galena

c. coal

All minerals are a. organic b. crystals c. crystalline solids d. synthetic

c. crystalline solids

Volcanoes tend to occur on all of the following except a. convergent-ocean:ocean b. convergent-ocean:continent c. divergent-ocean:continent d. divergent-continent: continent

c. divergent-ocean:continent

Minerals are composed of a. silicon compounds b. common types of rocks c. elements joined as compounds d. homogeneous solids

c. elements joined as compounds

The mineral gold (Au) is very soft Gold's softness can be attributed to a. large, tightly packed atoms b. small, loosely bonded atoms c. large, loosely packed, and loosely bonded atoms d. large, closely packed, and strong bonded atoms

c. large, loosely packed, and loosely bonded atoms

When two different elements combine to form a compound, the resulting properties of the compound are a. about the average of the properties of the two elements b. predictable based upon the nature of the combining elements c. not necessarily anything like those of the elements d. most like the elements given in the greatest amount

c. not necessarily anything like those of the elements

Generally speaking, where are metals found in the periodic table? a. on the right side b. on the left side c. on the left side and through the central portion d. in the top three rows

c. on the left side and through the central portion

Which of the following items is not labeled on the periodic table? a. atomic symbol b. atomic mass c. polyatomic ions d. element name

c. polyatomic ions

One element is distinguished from another by the number of a. neutrons b. electrons c. protons d. all of the above

c. protons

The volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands are a. stratovolcanoes b. composed of andesite c. shield volcanoes d. cinder cones

c. shield volcanoes

Lava is above the earth's surface as magma is to _________ a. lava and magma are the same thing b. land c. sea d. below the earth's surface

d. below the earth's surface

If there are three identical elements but one has more neutrons than the others, which of the following statements are true? a. this element is a molecule and has a different atomic number b. this element can be radioactive c. this element is an isotope d. Both B & C

d. both B & C

A(n) __________ is a group of bonded atoms which act as a unit a. atom b. compound c. element d. molecule

d. molecule

Volcano that has a broad, shallow cone that is made up of layers of lava is called a __________ a. stratovolcano b. lava dome c. composite volcano d. shield cone

d. shield cone

An elements position...

in the periodic table indicates the charge it is likely to take as an ion