GGY 140 Ch 11
B
A ________ is a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible. ANSWER: a) transport management point b) break-of-bulk point c) natural relay point d) switch point e) central place logistical point
B
A ________ is one in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses. ANSWER: a) well-run industry b) labor-intensive industry c) profit-sharing industry d) working-class industry e) labor-friendly workplace
B
A beverage bottling plant would be an example of the which of the following? ANSWER: a) perishable industry b) bulk-gaining industry c) situation-neutral industry d) bulk-reducing industry e) none of the above
B
A labor-intensive industry is one in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a very small percentage of expenses. ANSWER: a) True b) False
E
A typical so-called "________" requires a factory to maintain an "open shop" and prohibits a "closed shop." ANSWER: a) auto-industry law b) generous-work industry c) poor 'Southern-law' state d) progressive law e) right-to-work law
A
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO) of the UN, about 150 million people are employed in manufacturing around the world. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
Airplanes are normally the most expensive mode of transport, so they are usually reserved for transporting expensive heavy equipment over long distances to make it cost effective. ANSWER: a) True b) False
E
An airplane parts manufacturer adjacent to airplane manufacturing companies is an example of which of the following? ANSWER: a) Consolidated manufacturing industry b) Just-in-time manufacturing c) Benevolence-dependent industry d) Divided-labor industry e) Single-market manufacturer
A
An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products is a ANSWER: a) bulk-reducing industry. b) bulk-gaining industry. c) situation-neutral industry. d) perishable industry. e) none of the above
B
An industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products is a bulk-gaining industry. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
Banks in Silicon Valley have long been hesitant to provide money for new software and communications firms, even though lenders elsewhere have been very willing to do so. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
Because Wal-Mart relies on "just-in-time" delivery, the company ________. a) typically has a large inventory of its products in stock b) is vulnerable to such disruptions as labor unrest, traffic, or natural disasters c) receives shipments of goods very infrequently d) is not reliant on where its suppliers locate e) works closely with its suppliers so they don't have to maintain large inventories
C
Bulk-______ industries, such as copper mining and smelting, typically locate near _______. a) reducing; railroads b) reducing; customers c) reducing; inputs d) gaining; railroads e) gaining; inputs
B
By enacting so-called "right-to-work" laws, southern states made it easier for factory workers to form unions and bargain with employers from a position of strength. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
Canada's most important industrial region is northeastern Ontario. ANSWER: a) True b) False
C
Carmakers' assembly plants account for around ________ percent of the value of the vehicles that bear their names, with ________ percent coming from outsourced, independent parts makers. ANSWER: a) 20, 80 b) 60, 40 c) 30, 70 d) 50, 50 e) 10, 90
A
Carmakers' assembly plants account for only around 30 percent of the value of the vehicles that bear their names. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
China's steel industry has grown in spite of a lack of access to the primary inputs of iron ore and coal. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors are known as the Detroit 3 because their headquarters, research facilities, and all their assembly plants are clustered in the Detroit area. ANSWER: a) True b) False
A
Containerization has facilitated transfer of packages between modes at break-of-bulk points because they may be packed onto a rail car, transferred quickly to a container ship to cross the ocean, and unloaded onto trucks or rail cars at the other end. ANSWER: a) True b) False
C
During the mid-nineteenth century, the U.S. steel industry concentrated around ________ in an area proximate to iron-ore and coal mines. ANSWER: a) Chicago b) Buffalo c) Pittsburgh d) Cleveland e) Boston
A
For a bulk-gaining operation, such as a final vehicle assembly plant, the critical location factor is minimizing transportation to the market. ANSWER: a) True b) False
A
Generally, the farther something is transported, the lower is the cost per kilometer (or mile). ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
If a company has a product that is made at only one plant, and the critical location factor is minimizing the cost of distribution throughout North America, then the optimal factory location is on either the West or East coast rather than the U.S. interior. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
Half of the vehicles sold in North America are assembled in North America, and most of the remainder are assembled in China and Japan. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
If products are more expensive to transport than inputs, the optimal location for a factory is near the source of inputs. ANSWER: a) True b) False
D
If you want to transport a product from Point A to Point B, which information is most helpful? a) Airplanes are cheapest for long distances. b) The cost per kilometer of transporting goods is lowest by truck. c) Break-of-bulk points are used only in truck deliveries. d) Regardless of mode, costs increase each time products are transferred from one mode to another. e) Trains are often used because they are quick to load and unload.
D
If you were looking to locate your factory, which of the following states is likely to offer the cheapest labor? a) Illinois b) Washington c) Ohio d) Alabama e) Pennsylvania
A
In Brazil the poorest states tend to lie _________________. ANSWER: a) in the northeast b) on the border with Columbia c) immediately surrounding Rio de Janeiro d) near the southernmost portion of the country e) in the northwest
A
In Mexico the poorest states tend to lie ________________. ANSWER: a) south of Mexico City b) in the northwest c) along the border with the United States d) in the Yucatán Peninsula e) immediately surrounding Monterrey
B
In the early years of the Industrial Revolution, multistory factories were constructed in the countryside because of the availability of cheap land. ANSWER: a) True b) False
D
In the late nineteenth century, steel mills were built around all of the following except which one? ANSWER: a) Youngstown b) Detroit c) Toledo d) Atlanta e) Cleveland
A
In the making of yarn, historically, natural fibers were the sole source, but today synthetics account for three-fourths of world thread production. ANSWER: a) True b) False
D
In which of the following countries did male workers earn the least amount of money annually? ANSWER: a) South Africa b) Brazil c) Australia d) India e) Mexico
A
Industry arrived a bit later in North America than in the United Kingdom, but it grew much faster in the nineteenth century. ANSWER: a) True b) False
E
It is estimated that sixty percent of the world's final assembly plants are controlled by ________ carmakers. ANSWER: a) 15 b) 6 c) 3 d) 20 e) 10
A
Just-in-time delivery means that producers have less inventory to cushion against disruptions in the arrival of needed parts. ANSWER: a) True b) False
B
Looking at the figure, which of the following countries had the highest steel production in 1980? ANSWER: a) Brazil b) United States c) Russia d) China e) Argentina
A
Looking at the figure.4, which of the following countries had the highest steel production in 2010? ANSWER: a) China b) Brazil c) United States d) Russia e) Argentina
D
Most large U.S. steel mills built during the first half of the twentieth century were located in ANSWER: a) communities around the Mississippi River. b) communities around the Chicago River. c) communities close to the ports of Louisiana. d) communities near the East and West coasts. e) communities in and around Pittsburgh.
A
Parts for the iPhone are made in the United States, Germany, Japan, South Korea, and other countries. Why is the iPhone assembled in China? a) because the assembly is labor-intensive and China currently has relatively low-wage workers b) because China is close to the largest markets for iPhones c) because labor is the largest part of the cost of production and assembling in China keeps prices down d) because there are no or very little shipping costs
C
Textiles are assembled into four main types of products. Which of the following is not one of the four major uses? a) home products b) industrial uses c) construction materials d) garments e) carpets
B
Regardless of transportation mode, cost remains the same regardless of how many times inputs or products are transferred from one mode to another. ANSWER: a) True b) False
A
Russia and Brazil, currently classified by the United Nations as having relatively high levels of development, are especially rich in inputs critical for industry. ANSWER: a) True b) False
A
The Industrial Revolution was a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. ANSWER: a) True b) False
E
The average annual wage paid to male workers exceeds ________ in most developed countries, compared to less than ________ in most African countries. a) $75,000; $10,000 b) $10,000; $5,000 c) $5,000; $2,000 d) $5,000; $550 e) $30,000; $5,000
B
The distribution of steelmaking in the United States demonstrates that when the source of inputs or the relative importance of inputs changes, the optimal location for the industry remains the same. ANSWER: a) True b) False
A
The financial analysis firm Goldman-Sachs believe that the following countries are expected to dominate global manufacturing during the twenty-first century. ANSWER: a) Brazil, Russia, India, and China b) Russia, Spain, Vietnam and Mexico c) China, Thailand, Vietnam and Mexico d) India and Bangladesh e) Mexico, Argentina and China
B
The invention of ________ was most important to the development of factories during the industrial revolution. a) iron b) the steam engine c) railroads d) the cotton mill e) coal
E
The share of U.S. sales accounted for by the Detroit 3 has declined from ________ percent in 1995 to ________ percent in 2010 ANSWER: a) 100, 50 b) 70, 10 c) 30, 25 d) 95, 85 e) 75, 45
E
The shift of world manufacturing to new industrial regions can be seen most clearly in the manufacture of ANSWER: a) canned foods. b) pharmaceuticals. c) beverages. d) prefab housing. e) steel.
A
The term cottage industries was used to refer to ANSWER: a) home-based manufacturing. b) village-based manufacturing. c) industries that produced only cheeses and other foods. d) industries located exclusively in rural areas. e) the collaboration between village and city manufacturing.
A
The textile and apparel industry accounts for about 6 percent of the dollar value of world manufacturing. ANSWER: a) True b) False
A
The world's three major ________ house 80 percent of the world's final assembly plants, including 40 percent in East Asia, 25 percent in Europe, and 15 percent in North America. ANSWER: a) industrial regions b) river valleys c) manufacturing cities d) industrialized countries e) cultural regions
C
There are approximately fifty ________ in the United States. ANSWER: a) assembly plants for computer parts b) final assembly plants for spacecraft c) final assembly plants for vehicles d) assembly plants for automobile parts e) Chinese-owned automobile companies
A
This is Russia's second largest city, specializing in shipbuilding and other industries serving Russia's navy and ports in the Baltic Sea. ANSWER: a) St. Petersburg b) Vladivostok c) Volgograd d) Moscow e) Kiev
C
Which one of the following countries dominated world production of steel and textiles during the nineteenth century? ANSWER: a) United States b) Russia c) United Kingdom d) France e) Germany
D
This region was Europe's fastest-growing manufacturing area during the late twentieth century. ANSWER: a) South-Central Germany, around Munich b) Western Portugal, centered on Lisbon c) Southern United Kingdom, near the English Channel d) Northeastern Spain, centered on Barcelona e) Western Russia, centered on Moscow
A
Trucks are most often used for short-distance delivery because they can be loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply. ANSWER: a) True b) False
C
Where in Mexico, aside from the vicinity of Mexico City, are industrial regions found? ANSWER: a) along the border with Belize b) throughout the Yucatán Peninsula c) along the border with the United States d) along the Pacific Coast e) along the border with Guatemala
B
Which industry's energy was supplied primarily by rapidly flowing water? a) coal b) textiles c) iron d) chemicals e) food processing
B
Which of the following best explains why the global distribution of the yarn-spinning industry is different from the distribution of the garment (e.g., women's blouses) assembly industry? a) The fibers for yarn are all natural and therefore they are only produced where cotton and/or wool are found. b) Yarn spinning is labor-intensive and therefore done mostly in low-wage countries such as China. c) Most of the consumers of the textiles are located in developing countries. d) The weaving of fabrics is not labor intensive, so most of that process is done in developed countries.
B
Which of the following countries has the world's largest supply of low-cost labor and the world's largest market for many consumer products? ANSWER: a) India b) China c) Russia d) United States e) Thailand
C
Which of the following countries is not one of the top global producers of cotton yarn? ANSWER: a) India b) Argentina c) Mexico d) China e) Pakistan
C
Which of the following industrial areas emerged due largely to its abundance of low-wage workers and inexpensive hydroelectricity from the Alps? a) northeastern Spain b) Silesia c) Po Basin d) mid-Rhine e) Rhine-Ruhr
A
Which of the following is a competitive advantage enjoyed by manufacturing in Mexico? a) The cost of shipping from Mexico to the United States is cheaper than from other developing countries. b) The average wage in Mexico is lower than in nearly all developing countries. c) NAFTA eliminated barriers from moving goods from the United States to Mexico, but not from Mexico to the United States. d) The industrial growth in the border area has greatly reduced the amount of industry in Mexico City and other nonborder areas. e) The U.S.-Mexico border area has become the center of production for domestic (Mexican) consumption.
C
Which of the following is a prominent example of an industry that generally requires less-skilled, low-cost workers? ANSWER: a) publishing b) steel c) textiles d) auto e) education
B
Which of the following is not a major global powerhouse in car assembly? ANSWER: A) Germany B) Spain C) United States D) France E) Italy
B
Which of the following is not generally true of an industrial location? ANSWER: a) A manufacturer tries to locate its factory as close as possible to both buyers and sellers. b) If the cost of transporting the product to customers exceeds the cost of transporting inputs, then the optimal plant location is as close as possible to the source of raw materials. c) The farther something is transported, the higher the cost. d) If inputs, such as raw materials for production (metal ores, coal, water, etc.), are more expensive to transport than products, the optimal location for a factory is near the source of inputs. e) If the cost of transporting the product to customers exceeds the cost of transporting inputs, then the optimal plant location is as close as possible to the customer.
D
Which of the following is true of plants that manufacture car parts in the United States? ANSWER: a) They are clustered around major metropolitan centers like Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles. b) They are all foreign owned. c) They are clustered around major seaports, for easy shipment of their products overseas. d) They are clustered in the interior of the U.S. near their major customers, the final assembly plants. e) They are clustered around the Northeast, to be closer to their markets.
D
Which of the following modes of transportation are most often used for short-distance delivery because they can be loaded and unloaded quickly and cheaply? ANSWER: a) airplanes b) freight trains c) cargo ships d) trucks e) speedboats
E
Which of the following modes of transportation are usually attractive for very long distances because the cost per kilometer is very low? ANSWER: a) trucks b) motorcycles c) bicycle messengers d) airplanes e) ships
A
Which of the following modes of transportation are usually reserved for speedy delivery of small-bulk, high-value packages? ANSWER: a) airplanes b) trains c) ships d) barge e) trucks
C
Which of the following regions in the United States is the country's largest center for clothing and textile production? ANSWER: a) New England (the Boston region) b) Western Great Lakes (the Chicago region) c) Southern California (the Los Angeles region) d) Southern Florida (the Miami region) e) Middle Atlantic (New York City and its near suburbs)
E
Which of the following regions in the United States is the country's second-largest furniture producer, and a major food-processing center? ANSWER: a) The Boston region b) The Chicago region c) New York City d) The Miami region e) The Los Angeles region
B
Which of the following statements about the geography and history of the industrial revolution in North America is most accurate? a) The Mohawk Valley was the most important cotton textile center in the early nineteenth century. b) Pittsburgh was the leading steel-producing area in the region due to its proximity to Appalachian iron ore and coal. c) Much of the manufacturing has relocated to the Midwest. d) The largest U.S. market is in southern California; therefore many industries choose to locate there. e) Industrial growth did not really accelerate in North America until the early twentieth century.
A
Which of these countries is the least reliant on remittances from immigrants? ANSWER: a) Uruguay b) Mexico c) Belize d) Bolivia e) Ecuador
B
Which one of the following industries was not directly impacted by the onset of the Industrial Revolution? ANSWER: a) textiles b) tourism c) coal d) transportation e) iron
A
Which statement about steel production in the United States is most accurate? a) By the mid-twentieth century, more steel mills were located near the East and West coasts. b) By the late nineteenth century, the U.S. steel industry had become dependent on resources from other countries. c) By the early twentieth century, the steel industry was centered in Ohio cities such as Youngstown, Cleveland, and Toledo. d) By the mid-nineteenth century, America's steel industry was getting most of its needed coal from southern Illinois. e) By the late twentieth century, steel mills were concentrated in rural areas around the United States.
C
Which statement about world steel production between 1980 and 2010 is most accurate? a) The percentage of global steel production in the United States remained about the same between 1980 and 2010. b) Between 1980 and 2010, steel production in developing countries has increased, but global output remains the same. c) China's steel industry grew rapidly during this time because of increasing demand by Chinese industries. d) Along with China, Brazil and Russia account for the rapid growth of steel production in the developing world. e) Most of the growth in steel production between 1980 and 2010 has occurred in the developed countries.
C
Why do foreign carmakers locate final assembly plants in the United States? a) because the main headquarters of these manufacturers have relocated to the United States b) because all parts need to be manufactured near the assembly plants and the United States manufactures nearly all of the parts c) because it is a bulk-gaining industry and more than 15 million North Americans buy a car each year d) because the northern states in Auto Alley (e.g., Michigan, Ohio) have a high percentage of the much needed skilled labor e) because all parts in foreign cars are made in the United States
A
Within auto alley, U.S.-owned carmakers and suppliers have clustered in Michigan and nearby northern states, whereas foreign-owned carmakers and parts suppliers have clustered in the central and southern portions of auto alley. ANSWER: a) True b) False