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The just-world hypothesis would best explain which of the following phenomena? (A) Blaming the victim (B) Cognitive dissonance (C) The need for power (D) Bystander apathy (E) Groupthink

(A) Blaming the victim

Certain cultures often place more emphasis on collective than on personal achievement. One result of this may be that people of these cultures are more likely to develop which type of self-system? (A) Interdependent (B) Interrelated (C) Independent (D) Integrated (E) Inner-directed

(A) Interdependent

Jim is better at computer games when his friends are watching than when he plays alone. Researchers would explain Jim's behavior using which of the following theories? (A) Social facilitation (B) Social loafing (C) Group polarization (D) Groupthink (E) Normative social influence

(A) Social facilitation

Which of the following studies in the field of social psychology met with the greatest criticism about the ethical issues involved? (A) Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience (B) Irving Janis' studies on groupthink (C) Solomon Asch's studies on conformity (D) Muzafer Sherif's Robbers Cave study (E) Robert Zajonc's studies on the mere-exposure effect

(A) Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience

An individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances? (A) When the bystander is the only other person present (B) When the injury is severe (C) When it is unclear if the injured person needs help (D) When the other people present are not helping injured person (E) when a large number of people are present

(A) When the bystander is the only other person present

After discussing a topic, a group makes a decision that is more extreme than the average position of all of the group members prior to discussion. The group's action is an example of (A) group consensus (B) group polarization (C) group consistency (D) the mere-exposure effect (E) diffusion of responsibility

(B) group polarization

according to the research of attraction people are most likely to be attracted to others who are

(B) similar to themselves in many ways

Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by (A) learned helplessness (B) social learning theory (C) representativeness (D) classical conditioning (E) self efficacy

(B) social learning theory

Respondents to surveys and questionnaires often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudiced than would be expected based on the results of other types of research. This finding can best be explained by which of the following? (A) Sampling bias (B) Experimenter bias (C) The social desirability bias (D) The bystander effect (E) The placebo effect

(C) The social desirability bias

Stanley Milgram's classic research on obedience showed that approximately what percentage of participants administered the highest voltage shock? (A) 10% (B) 25% (C) 40% (D) 60% (E) 85%

(D) 60%

A stereotype is defined as which of the following? (A) An adjustment of one's behavior in response to peer pressure (B) An action performed in response to authority (C) A belief that one's own culture is superior to all others (D) A generalization about a social group (E) A negative action taken against someone who is a member of a social group

(D) A generalization about a social group

In Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that (A) leadership styles can differentially influence behavior (B) groupthink can be dangerous (C) groups that are hostile toward each other may be united by a common goal (D) situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity (E) socialization can have a impact on bystander apathy

(D) situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity

The idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children's modeling of their parents' prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the theories of which of the following? (A) Lev Vygotsky (B) John B. Watson (C) Jean Piaget (D) B. F. Skinner (E) Albert Bandura

(E) Albert Bandura

Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if (A) they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests (B) the group taking the test is not ethnically diverse (C) they are forced to take a test that is known to have low test-retest reliability (D) other students perceive them to be of a minority ethnic group (E) the test does not have standardized administration or scoring procedures

A) they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests

A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self-esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self-esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior

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