Global 2

Tenskwatawa

"The Prophet" He inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes and united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe.Went from nobody to Shawnee prophet Formed and confederation of Native American tribes 1805 Called for a return to a religiously and culturally "pure" past Go back to a time before the European invasion Defeated in 1813 His ideas formed the basis for much of the resistance in the Ohio River Valley Viewed the growing American Empire as destroying the indigenous way of life and taking their independence The white man makes native americans weak and needy Life was filled with true happiness. They were strong and happy They were taught by their creator and he gave them everything They had a sense of self before the White Man came in

Indian Indentured Servitude

1 million total laborers-half went to caribeean to produce sugar. 25 percent femaile migrants. Representative of larger migratory patterns of the time. Productive/reproductive labor. Challenged gender heirarchies of the time-scarce number of woman made them valuable and gave them autonomy-left bad marriages, chose sexual partners- least likely to find marraige partner to abide by racial and religious groups. Challenged caste hierarchy-not typical availabilty of traditional marriage partners, hierarchies break down, men had less options and couldn't base on caste, women had the options.

Chinese indentured servitude

1806: First Chinese indentured laborers sent to British Trinidad Demographics: Chinese Indentured Laborers Mortality Used the same ships to transport indentured servants as those that moved goods and slaves No reason to make new ships 15.2% on ships to Cuba (sugar) 40% on ships to Peru (silver) Up to 75% on Cuban sugar plantations Demographics 142,000 to Cuba 18,000 to British Caribbean 99% male Characteristics of Indentured Servitude 5-7 year "Contracts" Owners tended to not follow the end of the contract in most places Not much of an "agreement" from both parties therefore not really a contract Limited Mobility after Arrival Held to where they were indentured Strict Rules and Regulations Active recruitment and transport of laborers by the state European Imperial infrastructure Laborers often worked alongside African slaves or former slaves Transition from slaves societies into other working societies

"Laws Regulating Beggars in Minas Gerais"

5Ws Former slaves in Brazil Minas Gerais, Brazil in 1900 Slavery was abolished and many former slaves became beggars because nothing was provided for them so succeed How do these laws define a "beggar"? Who was a "beggar"? Beggar- all persons who are unable to earn a living through working, who are destitute, who lack relatives or means provide sustenance, who live by asking for alms Beggars were former slaves that had nowhere to go after emancipation Official beggars had to be "destitute and has no relatives to support him and born in the city or resided there for more than two years" What were "beggars" restricted from doing? No begging outside of specified zones No begging without displaying card or papers No begging using someone else's papers No curing or offensive words No singing Bo displaying deformities or wounds No one may accompany beggar other than family How did the state intrude in the everyday lives of "beggars"? Beggars were restricted from begging unless they were registered Registration cards must be visible They did not allow slaves that were brand new to Brazil beg for a living How did race factor in the writing/rhetoric of these laws? Were any racial groups explicitly identified in this document? Black ex-slaves were the target of the document because many of the laws were subject to local opinion. Locals could deny them the ability to beg because of their racism towards blacks

President Theodore Roosevelt "Roosevelt Corollary"

5Ws a corollary (addition) to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country. Teddy Roosevelt 1904 Designed to block European efforts in Latin America Known as "dollar diplomacy" The United States has historically viewed itself (perhaps, imagined itself) as an example of an exceptional nation that has never held colonies. How can the "Roosevelt Corollary" help us understand some of the history behind this American worldview? As a former colony itself, the United States did not want to impose that on other nations, but they did use informal imperialism to expand their empire globally They have experienced European taxation and don't wish it on other nations Also, the colonies/nations being taxed were major US imports so if the colony/nation folded, the US would lose a major import Sees itself as an "international police force" How did Roosevelt view the United States's responsibilities in the Caribbean and Latin America? He feels like the US is helping to facilitate their "progress in stable and just civilization" and once every country "touched by the Caribbean" does that, US intervention will cease Under what conditions could the U.S. would intervene in the affairs of sovereign nations in the Caribbean and Latin America? The cases must be so extreme that their intervention is justifiable Chronic wrongdoing How does Roosevelt describe the U.S.'s relationship with Cuba, specifically? He says US intervention worked in Cuba when the military put a stop to the intolerable conditions there

Opium in China

A changing culture of leisure Under British rule India became a supplier of opium British pushed trade into China via Opium grown in India British made massive profits off of opium trade Average Chinese person was addicted to opium Caused an opium crisis in China Trade began to favour Britain Smugglers sold opium on the black market They used this money to buy tea, silk, and porcelain They took back Chinese silver Lin Zexu was appointed by Chinese emperor to put an end to the opium crisis Sent letter to Queen Victoria appealing to her humanity to end the sale of opium to China because it is hurting their people and their way of life

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Jomo Kenyatta

A nationalist leader who fought to end oppressive laws against Africans; later became the first Prime Minister of Kenya One of Kenya's leading nationalists in the 20th century "It is the culture which he inherits that gives a man his human dignity as well as his material prosperity. It teaches him his mental and moral values and makes him feel it worthwhile to work and fight for liberty" Material prosperity is a European progressive idea Stresses the cohesion of pre-colonial society and identified destructive consequences of colonialism in Africa

Case Study: Kristin Hoganson-Buying into Empire

According to Hoganson, how did the average person in the United States encounter the "world" at the turn of the 20th-century? Military interventions and state part How does Hoganson describe informal imperialism? Is her conception of informal imperialism similar to or different from other definitions that we have used so far? Informal economic empire of the US Yes--we talked about the development of investments and credit during the industrialization at coffee shops, etc. While we have discussed the first and second Industrial Revolutions from many angles, we have not yet thoroughly discussed consumption. What role did women play in the consumption of global goods and commodities? How did consumption impact the domestic sphere? Consumption became a significant form of imperial engagement The world of consumption linked the formal empire of the US state power to the informal empire of US commercial power and the second hand empire of the European power. Domestically, after the Civil war, there was an unprecedented amount of imports entering the country--mainly food. The richer the US became, the more it was able to import. American woman started buying into the global order that enabled high standard of consumption, thoroughly imperial. To be an imperial power, meant consuming the fruits of empire as well. How does Hoganson connect the consumption of global commodities with the normalization of imperialism? How was consumption related to social status and hierarchy (a) at the local level and (b) at a global level? As you made more money, you had more room for commodities and luxuries. This relates to social status in that the more you have, the higher up you became. When you spend more and interact on a global level, your status raises. Consumption marked the bounds of inclusion and exclusion that differentiated the classes. How did women's lives change as a result of changing consumption habits and patterns? Does this article reveal any cultural shifts or social shifts in everyday life? Hard to measure because no one has accounts of purchases from the time like we do now. We analyze this by geographies of consumption. However, this is not a fully transparent window into mentalite. Evidence of practice can nonetheless help us to appreciate how consumers regarded imports. Helps one understand if they knew where in the world their goods were coming from and whether material life affected worldviews and political commitments. Retailers trumpet origins as well as cookbooks and other printed materials. Imports can do more than add color and novelty to daily life: they could convey geographic knowledge. The British empire played a crucial role in bringing non-European goods to the attention of Americas Example of British imperialism benefiting Americans by facilitating their access to global production. Geographies of consumption taught that American power was increasingly global. Consumer geographies commonly drew on militaristic language. Such word choices are linked to consumer opportunity to aggressive commercial dealings. Consumer geographies did not see imperial imports a problem and turned a blind eye to laborers accounts of working conditions. Consumer geographies insist that imports have paved the path to social distinction of multiple levels Local vs. those beyond local American standard of living depended on foreign production. Americans were beneficiaries of an imperial economic and political order, and flaunted their purchases as markers of privilege.

Case Study: Amar Farooqui, Introduction to Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium

All human societies have their own "drug culture" or mind altering substance culture, different in terms of usage, among, recreational or medicinal, manner of ingestion, context, laws, ecology. Colonialism was a vehicle for the diffusion of narcotics--tobacco, alcohol, opium, cannabis, and cocaine. Opium was aggressively put into the chinese market: Major source of revenue for the colonial state in India It paid for chinese goods imported to Britain The commercial and financial operations connected with it provided avenues for remitting colonial plunder to the metropolis. Created British major accumulations of capital The Qing empire could not control the consumption so they tried to ban it. The drugs created a new culture. The colonial state of India concentrated its trade of opium to China. Misguided views of the drug allowed Indians under British influence to continue willingly trading this to China They thought use of opium was similar to alcohol Missionaries would try to point out how harmful it was but no one would listen because it was taking away from their religious job. Opium was viewed as essential to the economy East INdia company was made to give uo its monopoly over trade with India, by the provisions of the Charter Act of 1813. This private monopoly changed the economy and new ways of transaction came about. Smuggling opium into China as a private venture could not be reconciled with the comnpany's monopoly/ The company failed to control all sources of Opium in India. The English East India Company tried to neutralize the loss of its monopoly over opium in INdia through an unequal armed conflict with the Chinese empire Malwa trade created a diversion. Critical dependance of the British authorities on information pertaining to an enterprise that could thrive only by remaining underground.

Post Emancipation societies

Ant-vagrancy laws scirntific racism and socialdarwinism violence minstrelsy as popular cultrueThe images of Africa show poverty, then the city Lagos, Nigeria which shows a growing advanced civilization.

conspicuois consumption

Buying an displaying items to gain honor, prestige, or social status Western world proud to have goods Choice of what to buy shows social status Displaying and showing your goods is the most important part Generates envy and a feeling of being lesser in others

Wahhabism/Salafism

Called for a return to "pure" Islam Fought Polytheism Movement defeated in 1818 Many of these ideas are precursors to terrorist views Ultra conservative understanding

Air pollution and the IR

Coal mining in Britain 1700: 2.5 mil tons per year 1800: 10 mil tons per year 1861: 57 mil tons per year Rapid expansion Soot from burning coal-poor air quality, bad vision, respitory issues. Smog Lung problems, death, acid rain, heavy pollution around coal mines

Suez Canal

Connects the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean via the Red Sea It enables a more direct route for shipping between Europe and Asia, effectively allowing for passage from the North Atlantic to the Indian Ocean without having to circumnavigate the African continent. The waterway is vital for international trade and, as a result, has been at the center of conflict since it opened in 1869. Ottoman Empire Growing instability Religious tension Serbian revolution Egypt Several changes in power But too large and strong to conquer Centuries-old trading relationships Due to proximity Results: Loans to ottoman Empire to combat internal turmoil Suez Canal The growing economic and military power of industrializing nations changed the way the world was connected Railroads canals and other infrastructure

Animals and the IR-industrial rev

Demand for animal products-whale oil-Used as lubricant (before synthetic lubricant) Gold standard Not as bad scent used in candles as well Source of light Grey whales most desirable Global decline Bison-killed for sport-American policy Force native americans into reservation PArt of american policy 1800s westward expansion Americans are trying to control native americans and avoid fighting Kill bison because they were primary food source Forced NA into specific areas where they must venge for their own source of food

Chinese Brotherhoods

Developing network of chinese entrepreneurs that facilitated the Chinese migration out of China Known to be thugs and take advantage of the people trying to find work elsewhere

Informal Imperialism

Economic imperialism, not gathering more land but copping consumers for your product, by getting more consumers you control them bc of their demand Subtley spreads control through debt, technological superiority, ownership of land/industry, forces countries to agree to uneven trade agreements. For example, the British Empire defeated China militarily in 1842 and forced the Chinese government to sign a treaty granting favorable trade and access to Chinese markets. But the British did not occupy the country or seize direct control of its government. American government—through its Central Intelligence Agency, or CIA)—helped the Guatemalan military to overthrow Arbenz and install a dictator sympathetic to the American companies.

European Migration (19th-cen) (50 million

European origins Western Europe Southern and Eastern Europe Destinations Indigenous people "don't really matter" Our land now More colonial administration to help facilitate development of colonies United States Latin America Australia and NEw Zealand European Asia Russia increasing expanding westward to siberia and colonizing it (10mil) Why Emigrate from Europe? (PUSH factor) Overpopulation Industrial revolution extended life which increased population growth rapidly Many places could not handle it Taxes and poverty Due to large populations To maintain infrastructure that is declining from overpopulation Less access to land for subsistence peasantry High urban population leading to people living on top of each other Forced to move there to find work Transition to industrial economies Have to work in factories to live Industry lead to Increased dependence on market volatility Different uses for land Increased susceptibility to famine Unemployment From overpopulation

Opium Wars

First opium war 1839-1842 Second Opium War 1856-1860 Fought the British Empire over the British trade of opium and China's sovereignty The wars and events between them weakened the Qing dynasty and forced China to have to trade with the other parts of the world China was no longer the largest economy in the world All foreign traders gained rights to travel within China

Deforisization and Ir

From 1620-1920 many of the forests in the United States have disappeared due to the industrial revolution Trees were cut down to make room for factories and fuel them

Maji Maji Rebellion

German east africa response to german colonialism led by prophet Kinjikitile "Bokero" Mgwale (1905) forged a movement unifying 29 different ethnic groups mass rebellion based on beliefs in a shared ancestral "racial" heritage in opposition to Europeans German side: US, europeans, AA soldiers

Opium in india

Indian Deindustrialization Pushed India towards agriculture and it became a Supplier of Raw Cotton and Opium Grown in Western India Trade began to favour Britain Smugglers sold opium on the black market They used this money to buy tea, silk, and porcelain They took back Chinese silver Massive profits gained from opium trade

Kiowa

Indigenous tribe in North America that was driven out by US expansion 19th century Global population doubled 1500: 400-500 million 1800: 950 million Global Indigenous Mortality Decline of 100 million people Conquest Diseas

Jomo Kenyatta "Facing Mount Kenya"

Introduction What does it mean to be modern in the early 20th century Progress and modernity are defined in different ways Jomo Kenyatta wrote an account of his own Kikuyu community which stressed the cohesion of pre colonial society and identified destructive consequences of colonialism in Africa. 5Ws Jomo Kenyatta, One of Kenya's leading nationalists in the 20th century Account to his Kikuyu community 1937 Kenya How did Kenyatta characterize Kikuyu culture? A person gets their human dignity from the culture they inherit The Kikuyu culture was strong and filled with tradition Their "Culture" was their government, religious ideas, and fundamental concept of justice and morals How did European colonialism change African culture, according to Kenyatta? African culture is so connected to their lands and the Europeans took that away from them, thus, totally upheaving their culture and traditions The European colonization took everything pertaining to African culture away from them. Europeans attempting to civilize them ruins their culture Did Kenyatta believe that there was a tension between tradition and modernity? Focused on the question of what does civilization mean and the difference of European progressivism and prior African civilization Do you think this primary source shows and articulation of "race," "nationalism," and/or "anticolonialism"? He is against the current colonialism but if it was done better and more inclusive of the African people, it could have actually helped the local people But instead, European colonialism in his region used the local people to fuel western consumerism Kenyatta called for them to fight for their culture of else the Europeans would "drive their fangs more deeply into their vitality and strength every day" He was Anti-colonization

Congo Free State

King Leopold's (Belgium) Congo Free State Rhetoric of colonizing the congo Humanitarianism White Man's burden No Taxation on trade Practice Forced locals to sign contracts giving power to King Leopold Legal legitimacy Violence and Torture

Case Study: Adam Hochschild-King Leopold's Ghost

King's rule over the colony was carried out by white men in charge of districts and river stations throughout the territory called remote Congo posts. At the Congo posts they had African servants serving them. The White men are always dressed in white. Leopold was after whatever could be quickly harvested. He found a way to attract other people's capital (crops) to his investment schemes while he retains half the proceeds. Ivory gathering. He claimed his main goal was not profit however. Transactions in money for Africans were not allowed. Children were put to work at these posts. Death toll extremely high among porters who were forced to carry loads long distances. One instance Lefranc found 30+ children screaming while they watch their friends being flogged because they laughed in front of a white man. These are called chicotte beatings. Just like terrorizing people is a part of conquest, so is forcing someone else to administer the terror. When? 1890s How were Congolese people affected by Belgian colonialism? How did the lives of Congolese change? How did Congolese men/women/children similarly or differently experience colonialism? For example, how did Ilanga (pp. 131-133) remember her encounters with soldiers? The Belgians took her sister's baby out of her hands and threw her on a field so she would carry baskets and do work Her husband was having difficulty walking and they killed him in front of her. They were forced to move for 10 days like this and then were taken in canoes to the white men's town in Nyangwe. Children were not spared the rigors of Leopold's regime. Three children colonies: military, religious instruction and vocational education and vocational education, These children colonies were meant to furnish children. They lived in barracks holding 1500 children How did Belgian officials in the Congo justify their use of violence against Congolese people? They hid behind catholic religion The fact they they "thought" most kids were orphans. Children's colonies were ruled by the chicotte and the chain Death rate and disease in children colonies was exceptionally high. What effect did Belgian colonialism have on the ecological landscape of the Congo? Specifically, how did colonial practices affect elephants and rubber vines? Nowhere di the boom have a more drastic impact on people's lives than in the equatorial rain forest where wild rubber vines snaked high into trees, that covered nearly half of King Leopold's Congo. The industrial world rapidly developed an appetite for rubber tires, insulation, tubing, etc. Total congo rubber earnings increased ninety six times over between 1890 and 1904. What was the process of collecting rubber from wild vines? Rubber is a coagulated sap that comes from spongy vines. To gather the rubber you had to slash the vine with a knife and hang a bucket to collect the slow drip of think mily sap. If you cut through you killed the vine which was a officially forbidden but widely practiced act. Normally you make a small incision. Work was physically painful and ardous. Some people captured women and held them hostage until their husbands produced enough rubber to get them back. Hostage taking set the congo apart from most other forced labor regimes. King Leopold assigned a quota needed to be met by each village. Chicotte prevailed. They would use this if people did not meet quota. Some villages people had to wear a numbered metal disk to prove you met your quota White men would chop off body parts of black men. Myth of black cannibalism. Conclusion: The world was reordering in favor of capitalist industrial empires, largely located in Europe, the US and Japan Imperialism, conquest, and exploitation were widely accepted practices Created New global relationships Produced massive inequalities Engendered new understandings of "peoplehood"

Minstrel Shows

Minstrelsy was Popular Culture in post emancipation societies Minstrel shows were the foundation of cultural musical theatre White people depicted black people in shows African Americans were caractured as dumb, lazy, and uncivilized Characters Jim crow Most famous Tattered clothing but "happy go lucky" Zip Coon/ Dandy Jim Act white but they would never accept him Wore suit and tie Uncle Tom Made famous by book Loyal and faithful servant Buck Jezebel/Mulatto Seductive women

Qing Empire

Most stable global empire. based on centralized merit based beauracracy. China controlled trade in Qing territory-European trade restricted to Canton with Chinese middlemen-Europe wanted tea, silk, and porcelain. Expansion was no longer necessary. Opium a problem-caused Opium Wars in 1839-1842 and Second in 1856-1860.

Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab

Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)\ Traveled throughout islamic world to gain more global experience Brings these ideas back to Saudi Arabia Attacked degradation of Islam at the local level Called for a return to "pure" Islam Fought Polytheism Movement defeated in 1818 Many of these ideas are precursors to terrorist views Ultra conservative understanding Part of the Islamic Revitalization

Oh susanna 1884

Musical written by Stephen Foster from Ohio for a minstrel show First performed in Pittsburgh 100,000 copies of the song album sold Performed in the North and South Performed in blackface African Americans were portrayed as blustering but ignorant; and the death of 500 was turned into a punchline.

Anti-colonial nationalism

Nationalism in colonies were intertwined with anti-colonialism How people think of themselves is important Local understanding of "race" and "peoplehood" were important in all nationalisms. Western civilization was "backward" Western empires destroyed ancient civilizations Anti-Colonial nationalists Rejected western culture and took pride in local traditions and cultures Reclaimed pre-European "ancient" cultures of superior civilizations Used these identities to fight against colonization/imperialism Taking local sovereignty away from local populations Total destructions of their societies as they knew it How can the destruction of these societies be progressive? Westerners destroyed ancient civilizations Leads to a rise in nationalism among newly freed nations

Rubber

New and renewed global demands for natural resources (like food and rubber) affected the industrial world differently than the non-industrial world New Industrial demand for rubber (late 1800s) Global supply Tropical Africa (vine) Tropical Latin America (tree) Local environments Dense forest/jungle Would take decades to develop plantations Rubber and the Congo Free State Rubber vines in Dense Jungle No systematic way to obtain rubber Needed local guides Needed local labor Rubber Collection Make small incisions v. Kill the vine Climb 100 feet or more Spread sap all over body to dry Peel of excruciating pain Became an everyday commodity of empire Belgium profited greatly off of the rubber industry and exhibited their wealth during world fairs Leopold finesses congo, france finesses indochina

Railroads

New technology developed in the second industrial revolution and urbanization. New markets need new infrastructure facilitating global investments in railroads and canals. Allowed travel in short time. Allowed nations to connect empires-facilitates colinization. Asian indentirued servants went to railroads in east africa. New railroads furthered industrial revolution. Changed human relationship with nature-Economic Change The world was smaller and more accessible for people and commodities Environmental Change The world was transformed to facilitate connections regardless of the environmental cost Cultural/ Social Change The world was now experienced through a window on a train People developed a new sense of time and space Intellectual Change Humans began to see change as "progress" and "moving forward

Kinjikitile Bokero Mgwale

Prophet (spirit medium) claimed to be possessed by a snake spirit called Hongo Developed a belief that the people of German East Africa had been called upon to eliminate the Germans. German anthropologists recorded that he gave his followers war medicine that would turn German bullets into water Empowered with this new liquid, Bokero's followers began what would become known as the Maji Maji Rebellion. Led Maji Maji Rebellion

Commissioner Lin Zexu "Letter to Queen Victoria"

Questioning the Document: Who was Lin Zexu? When/Where was he writing from? Appointed by Emperor to put an end to Opium crisis China Who was Queen Victoria? Where was she from? Queen of England What type of document is this? Letter What is the document about? What is it trying to convey? It is about the opium problem Saying that the British are hurting their people through the opium Getting people addicted and not receiving benefits Illegal trade Why was this document written? Put an end to Opium problem Analyzing the Document: 5ws Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria named commissioner to put an end to the opium trade Qing China 1839 Opium was destroying Chinese life How did Lin Zexu view China's relationship with Britain? He believed the British were using the Chinese people to make money off of them by getting the Chinese addicted to opium What was wrong with opium in China, according to Lin Zexu? What arguments did Lin make in opposing opium? People were getting addicted to it and dependant on it Calls opium a "source of evil" He made opium illegal in China When appealing to Queen Victoria, he tried to persuade her using God and the blessing of a long life with stability and security for ages

Georgia Negro Peon "The New Slavery in the South, an Autobiography"

Questioning the Document: Who- Transcription of an interview immigrant/sharecropper, describing what life looked like on the farms and plantations at the ending of slavery. He was a man born into slavery in Georgia during the Civil War. He was freed when he was about 21, 1904. What- He was explaining how he was still living on plantations and basically didn't have a choice to leave or stay. They weren't exactly "free" after the ending of slavery. Where- Georgia plantation When- 1904 Analyzing the Document: What did life look for the average African American in the South? forced to sign contracts binding them to these plantations. They were treated very similarly in terms of physical and verbal abuse. What were their working conditions? He noted that punishments got worse after slavery. There were chains and whips still involved. Did the experiences of African American women differ from African American men? If so, how? He knew women that were treated the same as the men in terms of clothing and work. African American women were often taken as mistresses and brought into the house to live in. Although these were better living conditions, they were still sexually assaulted. Women were paid less than men Describe how the average life of a "free" African American compared/contrasted to the average life of an enslaved African American. the difference is that when free they were paid. They also theoretically had the option to leave these plantations, but this would be difficult with the existence of violence and intimidation. Similarities include the treatment and punishments of the slaves, the work they did. When the man tried to escape his plantation, police officers showed up and agreed that he was till "bound" to his previous "owner" They did not know how much money the white man made leading them to believe their wages were fair

Social Darwinism

Racial nationalism is rooted in Social Darwinism Rise of Social Darwinism Not from Darwin Adapted from his science on animals to apply to humans New Branches of Science Craniology Physiognomy

White man's burden

Requirement of the white man to impose their culture and way of life on the other races to improve their lives Other places are infantilized and need to be taught how to handle themselves The White Man's Burden 1899 Written by Rudyard Kipling Won nobel prize in literature Reason for Belgian take over of Congo

Colombian exposition

Set a record for the most people in a single place at that time Largest event at that time Huge spectacle and specific infrastructure was built for the fair Arrival of US a world industrial power Chicago important industrial center First ferris wheel, moving walkways

Asian migration-19th century

South Asian Migration (29mil) Southeast Asia Mostly Plantation systems East and South Africa Caribbean Why Emigrate from Asia? (PUSH Factor) Overpopulation Industrial revolution extended life which increased population growth rapidly Many places could not handle it Taxes and poverty Due to large populations To maintain infrastructure Less access to land for subsistence peasantry Land transitioning into cash crop economies Cotton and other cash crops Family farms are being eliminated Transition to cash-crop economies Land transitioning into cash crop economies Cotton and other cash crops Family farms are being eliminated Mono-crop production led to Soil depletion Increase dependence on market volatility Increased susceptibility to famine Where do Asian Immigrants Go? (PULL factor) Indentured Servitude before slave society Pilgrims indentured servants Sell aspect of produce or service in exchange for passage European-controlled indentured servitude Turn towards this as slavery on decline Decline of Slavery in the Americas Indentured Servitude used to fulfill labor needs Typically Asian servants Destinations: Railroads in East Africa Plantations in Tropical Africa Plantations in the Caribbean Silver Mines in Latin America Anywhere that there used to be slaves or a need to build a colonial infrastructure

Tenskwatawa "Vision of the Great Good Spirit"

Summary Tenskwatawa- from nobody to Shawnee prophet Formed and confederation of Native American tribes 1805 Called for a return to a religiously and culturally "pure" past Go back to a time before the European invasion Defeated in 1813 His ideas formed the basis for much of the resistance in the Ohio River Valley 5Ws Tenskwatawa Shawnee tribe 1810 Anti Colonial efforts The Great Good Spirit wants a reversion to pre colonial ways of life How did Tenskwatawa understand and interpret a growing American empire in the Great Lakes? He viewed it as destroying their way of life and independence. Once the White man came they began to rely on their goods and could not self sustain themselves. Needed guns and iron. Went away from bows and arrows The white man made them weak and needy How did he envision life before American encroachment onto Native American sovereignty? Life was filled with true happiness. They were strong and happy They were taught by their creator and he gave them everything They had a sense of self before the White Man came in How could Native Americans maintain their cultural and spiritual sovereignty, according to Tenskatawa? The great Good Spirit is going to give them a holy town "All red men to go and share shining power" Pray there every morning and night and the fish and game will be plentiful again.

Kiowa legend "I bring death"

Summary Kiowas are a Native American Tribe who was driven out by American expansion and "Manifest Destiny" Everyone was getting Smallpox. It killed hundreds of them There was nothing anybody could do The Legend is about how Saynday turned the deadly disease to the Pawnee, their enemy Smallpox was depicted as a white man on a horse who brought death everywhere he went Saynday convinced him to turn and go to the pawnees becasue they are richer and more highly populated Saynday protected his people 5Ws Kiowa (Saynday, the Old Uncle) Legend 19th century American plains Avoiding Smallpox epidemic Questioning the Document So, who would have heard this legend? Kiowa children When and where would this legend have been heard? This legend would have been told and passed down throughout generation among the Kiowa People Analyzing the Document "Legends" and "Myths" are often interpreted merely as "stories." But, how can we use a Native American legend as a historical source? How can we use it as a source of oral history? Or of historical knowledge? We can us Native American Legends as historical sources because they are all based on events but told in story form. If you can read a Native American Legend knowing it is exaggerated and inanimate and animals are personified and you can look at the message then they are important sources. We have looked at children's book, patriotic songs, and speeches to think about the worldview of those who wrote/read/heard these songs and stories. How would you describe a Kiowa worldview from this legend? The KIowa world view in this legend was fear and death. They were scared of Small pox after being nearly wiped out. Saynday confronted the small pox and demonstrated the strength of all the Kiowa people. How did the Kiowa people understand and interpret a growing (Anglo) American empire in the Great Plains? The Kiowa people viewed the American Expansion as them taking their land, kicking them out and leaving them with small pox that killed them on the way out. How did disease shape the worldview of the Kiowa? The disease left the Kiowa being plagued for over a hundred years everytimg they came in contact with white man What effect did (Anglo) Americans have on Kiowa society? Americans slowly killed the Kiowa society unintentionally

Banana Republics

Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.

Second IR

The "second" Industrial Revolution was both the motive and the means for imperialism New Industrial Nations Germany Italy Japan US Furthered British Technological Advances Urbanization and Imperialism Rise of Multinational Corporations The second Industrial Revolution and New Imperialism caused cultural change within imperial centers. The mega-rich from the second industrial revolution had more of a net worth in terms of today's dollars

Middle Class Cultures

The Rise of a "middle class" influenced new cultures of domesticity, consumption and leisure Conspicuous Consumption Buying an displaying items to gain honor, prestige, or social status Western world proud to have goods Choice of what to buy shows social status Displaying and showing your goods is the most important part Generates envy and a feeling of being lesser in others Conspicuous Waste Buying enough goods but don't need them Consuming more than what is being used Conspicuous Leisure Glorification of non-productivity and idleness Ability to go on holidays, take off from work, wife doesn't work. Display this idleness expresses wealth The ability to not work is only available to very few Changing Meanings of Womanhood and Consumption Gendered divisions of labor Industrialization leads to more noticable gender divisions Women consuming/staying at home and men working in factories Women no longer making clothes Making food Changing meanings of womanhood Women became consumers for the household

Rise of the middle class

The Rise of a "middle class" influenced new cultures of domesticity, consumption and leisure Modern american society emerges in this time periods Malls Market places Types of goods Social symbols They become emblems of emerging middle class status No longer worried about not being able to buy things because there were products for everyone at all different prices

Manifest Destiny

The United States and "Manifest Destiny" The Power of Words Westward Expansion v. Conquest and Colonization Indian Removal and Indian Genocide Manifest Destiny Divine right to reach the Pacific Brought "civilization" to the rest of the continent and the world

Cult of Domesticity

The household as a Woman's Domain Child-rearing Cooking/Cleaning Disseminated throughout much of society Ads Literature Music The Virtues of "true Womanhood' Piety Purity Submission Domesticity

Racialization

The process by which the other becomes defined as by a racial category that justifies their subordination. African Americans became black/negro within european consciensness. Blackness and slavery became interchangable and equated. Exemplified by Minstrel Shows-started by nostalgia from whites of an idyllic past-African Americans characterized as dumb, lazy, and uncivilized. Foundation of musical theatre Characters-Jim Crow-famed. tatterd clothing but happy go lucky. Zip Coon/Dandy Jim-Acted white but not accepted-wore suit and tie. Uncle Tom-made famous by a book-loyal servant. Buck. Jezebell/Mulatto-seductive woman

New Imperialism

The second Industrial Revolution and New Imperialism caused cultural change within imperial centers. Africa was the primary target of the new imperialism among Europeans, while the former Spanish empire was the primary target of the US Age of Capitalism International race for new colonies to meet industrial needs Europe and US gained: 20% of the world's land 10% of the world's population What made the "New Imperialism" new? More intentionally imperial Rapid colonization over decades, not centuries Few settlers from colonizing countries Larger local populations Explicit worldview for European/white racial and moral superiority Factors in Explaining New Imperialism: New weapons- Maxim Gun (machine gun) Pharmacology- Quinine to combat malaria Transportation- Steamboats, Railroads Myth of new markets

Water pollution and ir

Urban sewage and industrial waste Agricultural fertilizers and animal waste Rabid rise of waterborne diseases

Usman dan Fodio

Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) Leader of Fulani Uprising of 1804 Called for a return to "pure" Islamic past Due to Christian encroachment in Islamic lands Waged jihad against unbelievers Holy struggle of conversion or bringing Islam to various populations Central role of women Result: the Sokoto Caliphate (Empire), 1804-1903

Fulani Uprising

Usman dan Fodio is leader-1754-1817. Wanted return to pure islamic past due to Christian encorachment on Islamic lands. Waged jihad against nonbelievers-conversion and bringing Islam to various populations. Women were central. Resulted in the Sokoto caliphate-1804-1903

Anti-vagrancy laws

Vagrancy= the state of living as homeless There was massive homelessness after the emancipation of slaves because slaves were no longer "employed" therefore plantation owners no longer housed them A part of post-emancipation societies Britain 1834 emancipation 1838 Vagrancy Act US 1865 emancipation 1866 Vagrancy Act Brazil 1888 Emancipation 1900 Laws Regulating Beggars Must register to be a beggar

Islamic Revitalization

Wahhabism, c. Late 18th century to 1818 (and beyond) Fulani Uprising and the Sokoto Caliphate 1804-1903 Abd-al Qadir's Anti-Colonial Movement 1830-1880s Witnessed the changing world around them Rejected formal colonialism and informal imperialism of western powers Revitalized Islamic traditions as core identity New governments where the state advocates for God's will An "arbiter" between God and the people Desire to create theocracies- a system of government where the state facilitates God's will Islamic Revitalization in the Arabian Peninsula: Wahhabism/Salafism Muhammad Ibn abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)\ Traveled throughout islamic world to gain more global experience Brings these ideas back to Saudi Arabia Attacked degradation of Islam at the local level Called for a return to "pure" Islam Fought Polytheism Movement defeated in 1818 Many of these ideas are precursors to terrorist views Ultra conservative understanding Islamic revitalization in Northern Nigeria: Fulani Uprising (1804) Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817) Called for a return to "pure" Islamic past Due to Christian encroachment in Islamic lands Waged jihad against unbelievers Holy struggle of conversion or bringing Islam to various populations Central role of women Result: the Sokoto Caliphate (Empire), 1804-1903

"Petitions of Chinese Indentured Laborers in Cuba to the Chinese Government

Who? What? Where? When? Why? People born in China that experienced the Chinese migration and now in Cuba How did these indentured laborers describe their experiences? Chinese gangsters in change of sending people to other parts of the world "cheat" the people by telling them they will get rich They also lie about where they are going They feel trapped by the gangsters Families are separated How were these laborers recruited? By lying about their ability to get rich and where they were headed What did their work and living quarters look like? How do they describe their punishments for infractions? How would you compare and contrast the lived experiences of indentured women with those of (a) African American slaves and (b) the lives of sharecroppers as described by a Georgia Negro Peon? Denton J. Snider "World's Fair Studies" Appeal of Douglass in the Chicago Daily Tribune Summary Frederick Douglass spoke on behalf of the African 5Ws Frederick Douglass - former slave, abolitionist, and writer Speech at the World's Fair in Chicago, 1893 Why was Douglass at the World's Fair? What did Douglass speak about while at the World's Fair? How did Douglass use the popularity of the fair as a political platform to speak on behalf of African Americans?

Case Study: Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture; "A New View of Women's Rights"

Who? Women who migrated as indentured servants across the world When? 19th Century (1903) What? Indentured women worked and earned wages in every colony that imported them, except Mauritius. How did women experience indentured servitude, as described in this passage? The institution of indenture did not promote traditional, stable families. Planters did not separate couples or children from parents as they had with Afrians/ Bond of coolies *families* had already been broken; most landed without their original wives and husbands/siblings/families. Indentured women realized that planters wanted them not for their wombs but their backs--to raise and bend them, whacking at weeds in indenture service and to lie flat on them in sexual service. How does the author frame her "new view of women's rights"? Dependant upon how many men she lived with and where. How did demographic realities shape the lives of indentured women? There were not enough women in India to maintain the population that was able to live there due to the mass amount of land. They earned nothing for months and years as they repaid planters for rations provided when they were pregnant They were forced to go back to work after having kids Or they could not afford to have families How did indentured women create families? ex) one Indian woman was killed and her baby inside of her was cut from inside of her. A week later, another indentured servant gave a bloodless birth to a stillborn baby with fair skin and straight hair. She had refused the help of a midwife. The child's father was said to be an Indian in charge of the estate's child workers. They had lived together but she never produced a baby, Eliza Jones, so she faked it so she could stay with him. How did gender hierarchies change as a result of the system of indentureship? How did gender hierarchies remain the same? Many African women internalized and aspired to British notions of civilizations Coolie was not it They thought indian men were inferior because of the strange gods they ate and the alien languages they spoke. Ironclad control that planters exercised over the movements of the indentured. The pass system enforced by constables kept them largely confined to plantations where few black women lived residential segregation and mutual distrust kept blacks and Indian for the most part sexually separate. Gender hierarchies remain the same. However, the scarcity of women gave them POWER. She was able to move around and leave a husband if he was not an adequate care taker. Coolie women were assigned tasks requiring less strength such as weeding and fertilizing. But when they did do what men did they were paid less. Indian women continued to be economically dependant on men after leaving India but had their pick of which men to depend on. Coolie women could marry up in caste. More women than men were upper class. Some men were considered "untouchables" Those who had privileges that made them attractive to immigrant women. Some of these men were able to pay off the indentured women's debt and set her free from a plantation. Women used their scarcity to survive as best they could in an exploitative environment. How would you compare and contrast the lived experiences of indentured women with those of (a) African American slaves and (b) the lives of sharecroppers as described by a Georgia Negro Peon?

World's fairs

World's Fairs displayed industrial innovations and wealth gained from empire National level that displayed wealth of empire Consuming fruits displayed wealth Eiffel tower built for World's Fair in Paris Conspicuous display of National Wealth: World's Fairs To display economic and imperial power of host nations Convention center Spectacles Amusement Park Global Display of Power and Prowess Early Fairs London, New York, Paris, Chicago Brussels= wealth from rubber industry in Congo World's Columbian Exposition Chicago 1893 Set a record for the most people in a single place at that time Largest event at that time Huge spectacle and specific infrastructure was built for the fair Arrival of US a world industrial power Chicago important industrial center First ferris wheel, moving walkways Women at the Fair Places particularly for women at the fair Not just balconies or perches Modern technologies available for women to buy for the home Displaying the People of Empire at Chicago Fair Dahomey village West Africa Eskimo Village Pacific northwest Compare to industrialized nations "Darkies Day at the fair" Minstrel show Recognizable caracteritures Displaying the People of empire before Fairs Put people on display South African Women displayed her body naked paraded around Europe Saartjie Baartman

Abd al-Qadir

charismatic Islamic leader from Algeria. initially comitted to overthrowing Islamic empire. Resitence to French freedom-seized lands and imposed religion and culture. Resistence lasted 15 years and killed 300,000 people.

Imagined communities

communities that are socially constructed by those who see themselves as part of them. The nation is an imagined political community. Nations are imagined because even the members of the smallest nations will not know most of the other members. Imperialism also represents iaginied commmunities because people of different backgrounds and locations are the part of the same community.

Civic Nationalism

elief in the superiority of political ideals like equality, liberty and democracy Grounded in the constitution and the law That the US is superior than all other places because of this We have the burden of bringing it to the rest of the world

Racial nationalism

ideaology that advocats for racial definition of national identity, belief that us is melting pot for other races, social darwinism and eugenics, wanted to bring the ideals of civic nationalism to inferior races.

Abolitionism

movement to end slavery and atlantic slave trade. Used political cartoons and political culture to bring reality of slavery to public conscience. Abolitionism was aided by slave resistences. Not the same thing as anti-racism

Consumerism

onsumerism normalized imperialism Urbanization and the Rise of Working Class led to a changing culture of consumerism Textiles, restaurants and housing became abundant Four "Dreams" of Consumerism Abundance Democracy of goods Freedom of choice Novelty Conspicuous consumption Conspicuous waste Conspicuous leisure

religious nationalism

the linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny. Religious nationalism is the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious, belief, dogma, or affiliation. This relationship can be broken down into two aspects: the politicization of religion and the influence of religion on politics.

American Imperialism

the period when America sought to control the political and economic fortunes of weaker nations such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War Haiti-early 20th century, at first imformal, but competition from Europe. When political unrests hits Haiti w/ coups and upheavels, Americans take control under ideals of civility