Global Final prep

Sui Dynasty:

A Chinese dynasty that began 350 years after the fall of the Han dynasty and ended with the rise of the Tang dynasty. During the dynasty, there was construction of palaces and granaries; repairing the Great Wall, military expeditions in central Asia and Korea, promotion of Confucianism and high taxes and compulsory labor services (which led to rebellions/fall).

Diocletian

A Roman Emperor (before the split) who attempted to save the Roman Empire by splitting it in two, East and West. The Eastern half was wealthier and closer to important trade routes, so it survived the fall of Western Rome. It came to be known as Byzantium.

Caliph, Caliphate

A caliph was a spiritual, political and military leader of the Islamic empire as it was expanding out of Arabia. A caliphate is the territory of the caliph.

Iconoclasm

A campaign by Emperor Leo III to destroy all icons(religious art, e.g. a painting/statue of Jesus) in the Byzantine empire because he believed them to be false idols, which are clearly illegal according to 10 commandments. Good example of Caesaropapism.

Silla Dynasty

A dynasty of Korea. Tang armies had been conquering much of Korea and the Silla dynasty rallied to prevent Chinese domination of the peninsula. Since neither side wanted a costly war, they agreed that Chinese forces would withdraw from Korea and the Silla king would recognize the Tang emperor as his overlord (basically a tributary relationship).

Abbasid Dyasty

A dynasty of the Islamic empire that developed after Abu al-Abbas takes control of the Umayyad dynasty (refer above). It was an Islamic golden age. This dynasty was more focused on trade than expansion, Islam spread through more peaceful means. Militarily, they gained parts of the Byzantine Empire and defeated the Tang Dynasty (Chinese) at the battle of Talas river, which stopped Chinese advancement into central Asia. They governed using a Persian method of governance: semi autonomous states rules by an autocratic ruler (absolute power). Ulama (scholars) set rules/moral standards among people and the quadis settled disputes (acted as judges) They had increased stability and tolerance which led to more trade and wealth. Introduction of new food and industrial crops/agricultural technology leads to trade, prosperity and population There was State sponsored learning, schools, art, architecture and literature (House of Wisdom). Banks that could issue lines of credit, early joint stock company-like businesses They had more cultural blending/diffusion: Discussed more in #25. Falls after a civil war over succession to the throne

Umayyad dynasty

A dynasty of the Islamic empire that developed after the assassination of Ali (son in law of Muhammad who was killed by Sunni Muslims, reason for schism of Sunni and Shia). Leaders were the next several caliphs for Sunni people (they were ok with any educated Muslim ruling), although Shia never accepted the Umayyad religious heads. It expanded through military and trade, moved capital to Damascus, a thriving commercial city in Syria, and imposed the jizya (tax for non-Muslims). They fell to a rebellion led by Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammad's uncle after corruption sets in and powerful elite live lavishly while poor get poorer. This starts the Abbasid dynasty.

Ka'aba

A large black box that is the remains of a temple built by Abraham. Traders and religious pilgrims traveled to Mecca to worship there, and left idols and statues to many gods/goddesses. Meccans became wealthy from the mass visitation to the Ka'aba. Later, when Muhammad conquered Mecca, Muhammad smashed the idols, renewed the covenant with god and the Great Mosque was built around the Ka'aba. This became the site of the hajj for Muslims.

Justinian Code

A law code made by Justinian based on the old Roman law code. It incorporated Christian and Roman law, was for everyone in the empire and would be used in future nations in Europe.

Holy Roman Empire

A loose alliance of German and Italian states, "The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire."

Fief

A piece of land given to a vassal.

Tang Taizong

A rebel leader that began the Tang dynasty by defeating the Sui dynasty.

Clovis

A ruler of the Franks. Ho converted/promoted Christianity, unified many Germanic tribes and the Franks became the most important Roman Christian Germanic clan. They also began to be supported by church = increased political power.

Equal Field System

A system implemented in the Tang dynasty in which land was given to people based upon their need.

Political Fragmentation In Europe

After Rome falls, several Germanic kingdoms took its place.

Daoism in China

Along with Buddhism, these were the favored religions during the Tang Dynasty. Buddhist monasteries tried to appeal to the Chinese by explaining Buddhist concepts using Doaist terms, such as dao.

Muslims, Magyars

Along with the Vikings, they invaded the Carolingian dynasty and ended it.

Cyrillic Alphabet

Alphabet created by Cyril and Methodius (above bullet) which is used in any Slavic language (includes Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, etc)

Al Andalus

An abbasid city in the golden age.

Foot Binding

An effect of the Chinese patriarchal society, a practice in which young girls' (of higher classes) feet were wrapped tightly with strips of cloth, preventing bone growth, resulting in tiny malformed feet. This made it hard to walk and they would often need canes or people to carry them. Basically, it made them reliant on their husbands/male guardians (patriarchy) and made them more attractive.

Civil Service Exam

An exam during the Tang dynasty in which government positions were granted based on one's ability to pass the test (people chosen based on ability).

Early Japanese Culture

At first was heavily influenced by China (such as Confucianism, Buddhism, Chinese script, Confucian classics and etiquette).

Buddism in China

Attracted Chinese interest due to high standards of morality, intellectual sophistication and promise of salvation. Monasteries (buildings occupied by Monks) became large landowners and would help the poor and needy.

Missi Dominici

Basically spies that kept the emperor informed on what the counts/dukes/lords were doing.

Patriarchy in China

Became prominent after the rise in wealth/agriculture. They traced descent through father's, foot binding, etc.

Muhammads First Converts

Before Muhammad first left Mecca (Hajj), he gained some followers, mainly friends and family. When he went to Yathrib/Medina, most people converted there. When he came back to Mecca, the people of Meccan quickly converted.

Shogun, Daimyo

Both part of the feudal class structure in Japan. The Shogun was the military leader, he was the one really in charge. The Daimyo were the upper lords.

Caeseropapism

Caesar=political, papism=religious. Basically, it means that the king has power over the church. Part of the reason the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches split, as the Byzantine emperor believed he had power over the church while Pope believed he was more powerful.

Fall of the Roman Empire

Causes: Internal decay leads to disunity within the empire, external conflicts (Germanic tribes conquering parts of it), Emperor Diocletian's attempt to save the empire by splitting it into two pieces only hastened the decline Impacts: The Eastern half lived on and was renamed the Byzantine Empire, the west was plunged into a dark age. Germanic Kingdoms reigned in Western Europe. There was disruption of trade, cities abandoned/weakened, decrease in learning, loss of common language (romance languages develop).

Restoration of Centralized Imperial Rule in China

China entered a period of turmoil for 350 years after the Han, which was ended with the Sui dynasty which reunified China.

Feudalism in Europe

Comes about due to lack of a central government, so people turned to lords to protect them. Kings were large landowners, would give fiefs (land) to Lords. Lords gave food/shelter to knights and gave peasants a place to work/protection (the knights). Kings were really just figure heads, Lords had the real power, Lords ruled their manor, which was a self sufficient economic entity. Serfs (peasants) rarely left the manor.

Geographic location of Constantinople

Constantinople was located on a strategic point overlooking the Bosporus Strait which connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Black Sea, which was good for trade routes.

Moscow- Third Rome

Context: Byzantine people believed Constantinople was the 2nd Rome after Rome fell. After Constantinople fell (next bullet), Russians believed Moscow was the 3rd Rome because it inherited much of Roman culture.

England, King Alfred

Defeated England, becomes the king of England.

Heian Japan

During the Heian period, Japanese culture flourished. Chinese influence decreased somewhat and became secondary. The imperial court at Kyoto was the site of very refined, original Japanese culture and Japanese writing began to be used more (rather than Chinese writing). Etiquette was important at court, women were to wear silk gowns, heavy makeup, ankle length hair and blackened teeth. They rejected Chinese ideas such as the mandate of heaven or dynastic cycle.

Tributary Relationships in China

During the Tang dynasty, the tributary system became diplomatic policy. Basically, China was the "superior" state and the surrounding subordinate lands would recognize China as their overlords. The subordinate lands would send regular gifts to China and perform the kowtow(next bullet). In return, the subordinate lands would receive confirmation of their authority and lavish gifts. In reality, it was a better deal for the subordinates, as they got gifts and China didn't really have control over them.

Russia and Kiev, Byzantine Influence

Eastern Orthodox accepted from Byzantium into Russia, Ivan III married last Byzantine Emperor;s niece (suggested Russia was continuation of Byzantium), idea of Moscow being the third Rome (2 bullets down)

Emperor Leo III

Emperor who got rid of Icons.

Viking Invasions

Ended the Carolingian dynasty. Vikings and others invaded, people feel threatened, so they turn to nobles to protect them. This leads to the church taking control of more secular life, as government became more fractionalized. Also leads to feudalism, as people looked for people to protect them.

Rise of feudalism as a way to provide stability and safety during the absence of a strong centralized government in Europe.

Feudalism arose because of the decentralized state in European areas. When the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 C.E., a state of chaos encompassed Western Europe for many centuries. Essentially, the people of Western Europe needed some form of a political system to defend themselves. Thus, feudalism developed.

Feudalism in Japan

Feudalism emerged in Japan because it was an archipelago (hard for there to be political unity) and there was constant warfare (people seeked protection). There was an Emperor, who was only ceremonial. The true ruler was the Shogun. The Daimyo were basically the equivalent to the European lords and the Samurai were the knights. Peasants, like in Europe, worked the land/fished in return for protection.

Charles Martel

Founder of the Carolingian Dynasty. Stopped the advancement of Muslims into France, kept them in Spain.

Mongol warriors used a variety of techniques (technologies and strategies) to conquer

Genghis Khan was a great strategist. The Mongols were oriented around extreme mobility (carried houses with them, drank their horses blood while on attack, traveled up to 62 miles/day), archers were deadly and accurate and he used psychological warfare (slaughtered a few cities to scare others into surrendering, rewarded people that surrendered with not killing them and used fake retreats).

Charlemagne

Grandson of Charles Martel. Ruler of the Carolingian dynasty. His empire spread to control almost all central Europe. He is proclaimed the first "Roman" emperor by the pope. This is the beginning of Popes vs. Empires, as it implies that the Pope is more powerful than emperor (Pope gives Charlemagne's the crown). His coronation marks the beginning of Early Modern "European" history. It also leads to the Christianization of Europe.

Greek Language an Culture

Greek culture was present in Byzantium. Constantinople was modeled on Greek city states, Byzantine Christianity was highly influenced by Greek philosophy, Greek spoken for Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Christianity) whereas Latin was spoken for Roman Catholicism in the West.

Ottoman Turks Bring the Fall of Constantinople in 1453

In 1453, Constantinople falls to Ottomans, partly because Ottomans had cannons. Ottoman empire later (at its highest point) controls all Byzantine territory.

Reasons for Emergence of Islam

Islam provided stability, monotheism and a moral system that appealed to the people of Arabia.

Islam, Muslim

Islam: "Submission to the will of Allah". Muslim: "One who has submitted to the will of Allah".

Samurai

Japanese warriors. They valued loyalty, military talent and discipline.

Justinian and Theodora

Justinian was the most important and influential emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He regained much of the old Roman Empire (although it was too costly to maintain for long), created a law code called Justinian's code and beatified Constantinople after it was largely destroyed in the Nika Revolt. Theodora was an untraditional wife and empress: she was a prostitute. She influenced Justinian to grant women rights to divorce, property and guardianship of children. Also made him stay and fight during the Nika revolt rather than run and hide from the empire.

Dar al Islam

Literally means "House of Islam", refers to the land under Islamic rule.

Lords, Knights, Serfs

Lords: Land owners that gave fiefs(land) to their vassals (people that served them). They were vassals to the king. Knights: Given land by the lords, they were vassals to the lords. They provided protection in exchange. Serfs: Neither slave nor fully free, tied to the land and mainly farmed in exchange for a place to farm and protection (knights).

Manoralism

Manors were a self-sufficient economic entity in which needs are taken care of by a local interdependent community of people (basically, it is the relationship between lords/peasants in feudalism). It was self sufficient, as peasants farmed the land and there were also artisans (a person with a specialized trade, such as a blacksmith). However, things such as iron and salt had to be purchased.

Mecca, Importance, Early Reaction to Islam

Mecca was a center for polytheist worship and trade. It contained the Ka'aba (polytheistic pilgrimage site), so he fled to Medina fearing his life was at risk if he stayed in Mecca. He later came back to Mecca and conquered it, and the people quickly converted to Islam. Mecca is the holiest city to Muslims (it is where it all started).

St. Cyril and St. Methodius

Missionaries that spread Eastern Orthodox religion to Eastern Europe and Russia. Created the Cyrillic alphabet.

Arabia

Modern day Saudi Arabia. Had many trade routes, pockets of Christian and Jewish communities existed but the majority of people were polytheistic "pagans" (pagan=religious belief other than one of the main world religions). Men and women had relative equality. Coastal areas supported towns/agriculture, oases supported trade/agriculture.

Mosque, Minaret, Muezzin

Mosque: An Islamic place of worship (Islamic church). The Great Mosque is built around the Ka'ba and is the site of the hajj for Muslims. Minaret: A tall, slender tower that is typically part of a mosque, with a balcony from which a muezzin calls Muslims to prayer. Muezzin: a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

Herding/ pastoralists

Most Nomadic peoples/Empire were herders who lived off of animal products. They were excellent horsemen, as they were raised on horseback.

Seal of The Prophets

One of Muhammad's teachings was that he was the "Seal of Prophets", meaning he was Allah's (God's) last prophet.

4th Crusade

Original purpose was to free Holy Land from Muslims. However, Venetian traders diverted crusaders to Constantinople. It is unknown why they did this, 2 possible reasons: 1) Venetians wanted to weaken hold of Byzantine trade so their profit would increase, 2)Pope wanted to weaken Byzantine Emperor.

Kowtow Rituals

Part of the tributary relationship. Basically, it was a ritual in which subordinates knelt before the emperor of China and touched their foreheads to the ground to show their inferiorness.

Similarities between Islam, Judaism, an Christianity.

People of the Book refers to to the monotheistic followers of Christianity and Judaism. They all believe in the same god (Christian God = Islamic Allah = Jewish Yahweh), monotheism, heaven, hell, day of judgment and life after death, moral code, ethical behavior, etc.

Treatment of Conquered people by Muslims.

People of the book had a higher position of people with other faiths, although they could not serve in the military. They mostly allowed conquered people to observe their own religions (especially people of the book) but anyone who wasn't Muslim (including people of the book) had to pay a tax for not converting. Additionally, wealth/positions of authority was reserved for members of the Arab military aristocracy, so even those who converted did not enjoy access to wealth and positions of authority.

Impact of Persia, Mesopotamia, India and Byzantium on Islam

Persia: Abbasids used Persian method of governance: semi- autonomous states controlled by an autocratic (all powerful) ruler. They also adopted Persians literature, poetry and political science (such as the semi-autonomous states) Mesopotamia: The veiling of women was an idea adopted from Mesopotamia and Persia India: Indian math (such as Hindi numerals), science and medical knowledge. Byzantium: Conflict was off and on with Byzantium, trade also occurred

Technological Innovations of the Tang and Song

Porcelain: Aesthetically appealing and had high demand (trade) Gunpowder: Used in primitive weapons Magnetic Compass: An improved compass Chinese Junks: Large ocean-going ships Sternpost Rudder: Used to steer the boat Printing: Woodblock and movable type invented Metallurgy: Was improved and used more often

Medina

Previously called Yathrib, but renamed to Medina ("City of the Prophet") when Muhammad fled Mecca and came there. He was seen as a spiritual, political and military leader. Spiritual = living example of Islamic faith, Political = led his people and negotiated peace Military = because Meccans interfered with Muslims and their trade routes, Muhammad led Islamic warriors into Mecca and conquered the city

Vladimir, Yaroslav the Wise

Prince Vladimir converted to Eastern Orthodox and forced his subjects to as well (baptism of Russia). Yaroslav the wiese was the greatest Kievan Rus (Kievan Rus = First Russian Civilization) Ruler. He codified Russian laws (adopted from Byzantine). Promoted education, built religious buildings, promoted caesaropapism, sponsored arts and encouraged connections with Byzantine Empire.

Quran, Hadith, Shariah

Quran: Islamic holy book - written by Muhammad's followers - contains the information revealed to Muhammad by Allah over a span of 23 years. It is the final source on religious matters, basically an Islamic bible. Hadith: A collection of Muhammad's sayings, interpretations, approvals and disapprovals Shariah: Islamic holy law, emerged during the centuries after Muhammad and offered detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life.

An astounding amount of cross-cultural interaction (cultural diffusion) occurred because of Pax Mongolia

Refer to Pax Mongolia bullet. Also contributed to by Mongol law, Yassa, which forbade theft, bearing false witness, adultery and forbade blood feuds(killings).

Constantine

Renamed the city of Byzantium to Constantinople (modern Istanbul). His legacy was the absolute power of the emperor. He and his successors controlled secular and theological issues, known as Caesaropapism. Basically, the combination of Church and state.

Medieval Church

Sacraments: A religious ceremony or act of the Christian Church that shows commitment to the church, such as baptism. Canon Law: Law of the church laid down by declarations of the pope. Chivalry: Widely recognized code of ethics and behavior for feudal nobles (lords). Monasticism: a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work, i.e. become a monk. St. Benedict: strengthened the early monastic movement by providing it with discipline and a sense of purpose. He wrote a set of rules/guidelines that called for monks to spend their time in prayer, meditation, and work. Monasteries: A building occupied by Monks. Became places of learning, many Monks were scribes.

Louis the Pious

Son of Charlemagne's. Was a weak king, broke his empire into 3 for his three sons, who went to war because they weren't happy about the division.

Urbanization in China

Started due to fast-ripening rice and new agricultural techniques such as artificial irrigation (bringing water to crops through reservoirs, canals, etc) and the use of manure. Urbanization is basically the growth of cities.

Germanic Kingdoms

Succeeded the Roman Empire. Reigned in Western Europe.

Byzantine Trade

The Byzantine Economy was partially based around this. Constantinople dominated trade routes that connected Asia, Africa and Europe. The government taxed transactions and the people benefited from a continued access to luxury goods.

Dome of the Rock, Importance of Jerusaleam.

The Dome of the Rock is a shrine sacred to Muslims and Jews. The shrine is built upon Mount Moriah rock, from which Muhammad ascended to heaven. This shrine is in Jerusalem.

The Franks, Carolingian Dynasty

The Franks were a Germanic tribe located in modern France. The Carolingian Dynasty was a dynasty of the Frankish Empire.

Economic Unification of Northern and Southern China

The Grand Canal did this by making it easier to transport goods to Northern/Southern China.

Hijra

The Hijra is Muhammad's fleeing to Medina/Yathrib, as his new monotheistic religion threatened Mecca's draw to the Ka'aba (polytheistic pilgrimage site), so he fled to Medina fearing his life was at risk if he stayed in Mecca. The Hijra occurred in 622 CE, and is the first year of the Muslim calendar.

Hippodrome and Chariot Racing in the Byzantine Empire

The Hippodrome was an arena where chariot races were held. The two main teams, the Blues and Greens were both chariot racing teams and political parties.

Baghdad, House of Wisdom

The House of Wisdom was a major intellectual center during the Islamic golden age located in Baghdad. Scholars would meet here and discuss various ideas/concepts.

Bushido Code

The Samurai code, codified the Samurai way of life. Promoted discipline, loyalty and honor.

Seljuk Turks and the Battle of Manzikert

The Seljuk Turks conquered most of Anatolia from Byzantium at Battle of Manzikert. Anatolia was Byzantium's main source of grain, wealth and military recruits.

Vietnam and China

The Tang dynasty entered Vietnam and launched efforts to absorb them into Chinese society. Vietnam readily adopted Chinese agricultural methods/irrigation systems, schools and administrative techniques. Vietnam also entered a tributary relationship with China. However, they resented Tang rule (and rebelled multiple times) and when the Tang dynasty fell, they regained their independence. They retained their indigenous religious practices, although they were influenced by Indian/Chinese Buddhism.

The Five Pillars

The basic teachings of Islam(Must be memorized, but not Arabic) Faith: All Muslims must make a statement of faith: Allah is the one true god, Muhammad as his prophet and submission to him Prayer: 5 times a day facing Mecca Alms (charity): 2.5% income should be given to charity, small good deeds also considered charity Fasting: Ramadan - 9th month of Islamic lunar calendar, daily fasting from dawn to dusk for 29/30 days. Purpose: produce self restraint and purity. Festival of Eid breaks the fast Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in life (if physically/economically capable) and perform the rituals that go along with it.

Battle of Tours

The battle at which Charles Martel defeated the Muslims, effectively "saving" Western Europe and Christendom from a "fate worse than death". He pushed them back into Spain.

Song Dynasty

The dynasty that began after the fall of the Tang dynasty. The Tang fell due to careless leadership and a large scale peasant rebellion. After the Tang, China entered a period of disunion which was ended with the rise of the Song.

Reasons for leaving Steppes

The environment was not suitable for their needs. There was insufficient rainfall (and subsequently food) for their herds. Additionally, China begins to push into the region, pushing the nomads out.

Bedouin

The indigenous people of Arabia who lived in nomadic tribal units (based on kinship ties)

Fast Ripening Rice

The introduction of fast-ripening rice leads to increased food supplies which leads to population growth and urbanization.

Schism of 1054

The splitting of the Christian church into Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Caused mainly by a power struggle. Pope in Rome was not restricted by any leaders, so they took the role of unifying the people. The Patriarch in Constantinople was under the authority of the Emperor (Caesaropapism) and the emperor influenced the church greatly. Caused also by Doctrinal Issues such as how to worship, wording of prayers, the trinity (God, Jesus, Holy Spirit) Pope and Patriarch excommunicate each other(deny church service)

Treaty of Verdun

The war between Louis the Pious's three sons was ended with the Treaty of Verdun. It divided the empire in 3, which weakened centralization, allows for Vikings, Muslims and Magyars to more easily defeat them.

Decentralized Rule of Charlemagne

To administer kingdom, he created positions that governed different areas. Counts rules in areas throughout France, Dukes were usually members of royal family that supervised larger areas (and counts).

Islamic Trade Networks, Importance

Trade was important to the Islamic Empire Umayyad/Abbasids maintained roads for military and administration and overland trade occurred over revived silk roads. Camels were important, as they could better survive the desert. Caravanserais were inns that offered lodging for caravan merchants. Maritime trade was made possible by the Chinese compass, the lateen sail (increased maneuverability) from Asia/India and the astrolabe (for calculating latitude) from Greece. Trade leads to banks and letters of credit (checks) called sakk. Entrepreneurs made group investments rather than alone, to decrease risk of loss.

Ulamas, Quadis, Womens Rights, Madrasa

Ulama: Scholars that set rules/moral standards among the people Qadis: Judges Women's rights: Quran says that both genders equal, but women should be protected (e.g. outlawed female infanticide: deliberate killing of newborn females, as some view males as preferable). Muhammad spoke of education of women, women holding jobs, inheriting property, divorce. However, the male patriarchy is also promoted: descent through males, strict control of women's social/secual lives to ensure children are of the husband Quran speaks of women being treated with sensitivity and respect which has been interpreted in different ways. Cultural traditions in some traditionally patriarchal places have been absorbed into Islam Madrasa: Institutions of higher education often supported by Muslim rulers

Homage

When a knight(or lesser lord) promises loyalty to a lord in exchange for land.

Theme System

administrative technique used by Byzantine government. Themes are provinces ruled by appointed loyal generals. These generals collected taxes, provided justice and security and could conscript peasants in times of crisis. They allowed the Byzantine empire to fend off Islamic invaders until 1453.

Sunni Islam

believe that any educated Muslim can be selected by the Islamic community to lead Muslim people. Followed the political leadership of the Islamic empires. Sunnis accept changes in religious thought.

Shia Islam

believe that the Caliph should be a blood relative of Muhammad, such as his cousin and son-in-law Ali. Ali, his son Husayn, and 73 members of his family were slain by Sunni Muslims in what is known as the "Martyrdom at Karbala" Angry Shias who were already angry, broke from the Sunnis. Shias tend to have a strict interpretation of the Quran

Grand Canal

built during the Sui dynasty in China, it integrated the economies of north and south China.