Global history midterm

Creoles

American-born descendants of European, primarily Iberian, immigrants.

Peace of westphalia, 1648

Swedish armies, exploiting the French successes against the Hadsburgs, fough their way back into Germany. In the end, the Austria-German Hadsburg, pressured on two sides, agreed to the Peace of Westphalia(OCTOBER). The agreement proveided for religious freedom in Germany and ceded territories in Alsace to France and teh southern sides of teh Baltic Sea to Sweden. It granted territorial integrity to all European powers.

Granada

The Fall of Granada was a factor in the Spanish and Portuguese drive to acquire overseas colonies, influencing their attitude of ineffable superiority towards the cultures and religions they encountered in the New World, for which Christopher Columbus set sail later in the year of Granada's defeat.

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

Banner system

The organizational system of the Manchus for military and taxation purposes; there were eight banners under which all military houses were arranged, and each was further divided into blocks of families required to furnish units of 300 soldiers to the Manchu government

Middle passage

The voyage from Africa to America, the inhumane condition's that the prisioners had to endure in the ships

Columbian Exchange

There was a slow transfer of the plants and animals native to each continent called the Columbian Exchange. Conditions that were exchanged made it possible for the land between the continents exchanged to grow new crops, disease was also exchanged between the the Europeans, the Americas, and Afro-Eurasia, since their immune systems varied they had a hard time with death and contagion. The big winner in the Columbian Exhchange was western Europe, though the effects of the New World bounty took centuries to be fully discerned. While Asia and Africa also benefited from the Columbian Exchange in the forms of new foods that enriched diets, the Europans got a continent endowed with a warm climate in which they could create new and improved versions of their homelands.

Timur

Though he came close to matching the conquests of Genghis Khan, his forbearers were not direct descendants of the conqueror. Therefore he devised genealogies connecting him to the dominant mongol lines to give him legitimacy as a ruler, and he even found a direct descendant of Genghis Khan to use as a figurehead of his regime . Also portrayed himself as a man whose destiny was guided by God from humble beginnings to world domination

Moctezuma II

Through warfare, Moctezuma expanded the territory as far south as Xoconosco in Chiapas and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and incorporated the Zapotec and Yopi people into the empire. He changed the previous meritocratic system of social hierarchy and widened the divide between pipiltin (nobles) and macehualtin (commoners) by prohibiting commoners from working in the royal palaces

Tobacco

Tobacco cultivation and exports formed an essential component of the American colonial economy during the civil war they were distinct from other cash crops in terms of agricultural demands, trade, slave labor, and plantation culture

Luo

several ethnically and linguistically related Nilotic ethnic groups in Africa that inhabit an area ranging from South Sudan and Ethiopia

Francisco Pizarro

was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa and claimed the lands for Spain

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

was a preeminent daimyo, warrior, general, samurai, and politician of the Sengoku period[1] who is regarded as Japan's second "great unifier"

Niccolo Machiavelli

was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer. He has often been called the founder of modern political science. He was for many years a senior official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His personal correspondence is renowned in the Italian language. He was secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power. He wrote his most renowned work The Prince, where he described the term "machiavellianism"

Filippo Brunelleschi

was an Italian Renaissance historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer.[1] [2] He has often been called the founder of modern political science.[3] He was for many years a senior official in the Florentine Republic, with responsibilities in diplomatic and military affairs. He also wrote comedies, carnival songs, and poetry. His personal correspondence is renowned in the Italian language. He was secretary to the Second Chancery of the Republic of Florence from 1498 to 1512, when the Medici were out of power. He wrote his most renowned work The Prince

Auto-da-Fe

was the ritual of public penance of condemned heretics and apostates that took place when the Spanish Inquisition, Portuguese Inquisition or the Mexican Inquisition had decided their punishment, followed by the execution by the civil authorities of the sentences imposed. The most extreme punishment imposed on those convicted was execution by burning. In popular usage, the term auto-da-fé, the act of public penance, came to mean the burning at the stake.

Janissaries

were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards. Sultan Murad I created the force in 1383

Moriscos

were former Muslims who converted or were coerced into converting to Christianity, after Spain finally outlawed the open practice of Islam by its sizeable Mudejar population in the early 16th century

Jahangir

"Under jahangir the empire continued to be a war state attuned to aggressive conquest and territorial expansion."

Repartimiento

(Labor assignments) Obligation by villagers to send stipulated numbers of people as laborers to a contractor, who had the right to exploit a mine or other labor-intensive enterprise; the contractors paid the laborers minimum wages and bound them through debt peonage to their buisnesses

Huguenot

(how protestants were called in France) They continued to be persecuted , but given their numbers of population, it was impossible for the government to imprison and execute them all. In 1571, they even met in a kingdom-wide synod, where they ratified their congregational church order. They posed a formidable challenge to French Catholicism.

Persentism

A bias toward present-day attitudes, especially in the interpretation of history

Martin Luther

A monk, ordained priest, and New Testament professor in northeastern Germany. Luther was imbued with deep personal piety and confessed his sins daily, doing extensice penance. He then wrote a letter with 95 theses in which he condemned the indulgences and other matters as contrary to scripture.

Dyarchy

A system of administration consisting of two equal or parallel parts

Household slavery

African chiefs and kings maintained large households of retainers, such as administrators, soldiers, domestics, craftspeople, and farmers; many among these were slaves, acquired through raids and wars but also as a form of punishment for infractions of royal chiefly, or clan law.

New Sciences

Battle lines were written within philosophers and scientists. Eventually in the 1600s two scientific pioneers-Galileo and Newton- abandoned much of the qualitative scientific method of Aristotelian scholasticism in favor of the mathematized science of physics.

Protestant Reformation

Broad movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church, the beginnings of which are usually associated with Martin Luther. It began as an antipapal movement of reform in the early 16th century that demanded a return to the simplicity of early Christianity. The movement quickly engulfed the kingdoms and divided their ruling classes and populations alike. One important religious shift was the growth of popular theology, a consequence of the introduction of the printing press and the distribution of printed materials.

El Escorial

Built by Phillip II of Spain. These sites have a dual nature; that is to say, during the 16th and 17th centuries, they were places in which the power of the Spanish monarchy and the ecclesiastical predominance of the Roman Catholic religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was, at once, a monastery and a Spanish royal palace. Originally a property of the Hieronymite monks, it is now a monastery of the Order of Saint Augustine

Martha Revolt

By the early 18th century, the Martha frontier, far from being steadily worn down, was actually expanding into Mughal into Mughal areas. The Marthas had set up their own administrative system with its own forts and tax base and encouraged raids into Mughal caravans and pack trains.

African disapora

Dispersal of African peoples throughout the world, particularly the Americas, as part of the transatlantic slave trade.

Atlantic system

Economic system in which European ships would exchange goods for slaves would then be brought to America and exchanged for goods that would be carried back to the home port

El Greco

El Greco's dramatic and expressionistic style was met with puzzlement by his contemporaries but found appreciation in the 20th century. El Greco is regarded as a precursor of both Expressionism and Cubism, while his personality and works were a source of inspiration for poets and writers such as Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. El Greco has been characterized by modern scholars as an artist so individual that he belongs to no conventional school.He is best known for tortuously elongated figures and often fantastic or phantasmagorical pigmentation, marrying Byzantine traditions with those of Western painting.

John Calvin

French lawyer. A crucial doctrine of Calvin's was predestination, each human is "predestined" prior to birth for heaven or hell. Believers could only hope, through faith that sometime during a life of a moral living they would receive a glimpse of their fate. Calvin made the enforcement of morality through a formal code, administered by local authorities.

Henry IV, France

He initially kept the Protestant faith and had to fight against the Catholic League, which denied that he could wear France's crown as a Protestant. To obtain mastery over his kingdom, after four years of stalemate, he found it prudent to abjure the Calvinist faith

Louis XIV

He was of small stature- for which he compensated with high-heeled shoes- but his hardy constitution and strong self-discipline helped him to dominate even the most grueling meetings with his advisors. He enjoyed pomp and circumstance and built Versailles. It was there that Louis, the "Sun King," beamed benevolently with his "absolute" divine mandate upon his aristocracy and commoners alike. He had ridiculous taxes too.

Qianlong emperor

His reign marked both the high point and the beginning of the decline of the Qing dynasty- and of imperial China itself. Period witnessed China's expansion to its greatest size during an imperial era

Charles I, England

His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups such as the Puritans and Calvinists, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall.

Glorious revolution

In the Revolution, the defiant Parliment, dominated since the Restoration by mostly Anglican gentry, seized the initiative for reform and deposed the Catholic king, James II. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688, England became the dominant power on the world's ocean.

Privateers

Individuals or ships granted permission to attack enemy shipping and to keep a percentage of the prize money the captured ships brought at auction; in practice, privateers were often indistinguishable from pirates

Baroque

Is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music.

Isabella

Isabella I (Spanish: Isabel I, Old Spanish: Ysabel I; 22 April 1451 - 26 November 1504) was Queen of Castille. She was married to Ferdinand II of Aragon. Their marriage became the basis for the political unification of Spain under their grandson, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. After a struggle to claim her right to the throne, she reorganized the governmental system, brought the crime rate to the lowest it had been in years, and unburdened the kingdom of the enormous debt her brother had left behind. Her reforms and those she made with her husband had an influence that extended well beyond the borders of their united kingdoms. Isabella and Ferdinand are known for completing the Reconquista, ordering conversion or exile of their Muslim and Jewish subjects in the Spanish Inquisition, and for supporting and financing Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage that led to the opening of the New World and to the establishment of Spain as the first global power which dominated Europe and much of the world for more than a century. Isabella was granted the title Servant of God by the Catholic Church in 1974.

Salon

Italian then French. Gatherings done to discuss intellectual conversations with poetry and such with the goal of educating themselves. Done mostly in the 17th and 18th century.

Gekokujo

Japanese term for "overthrowing or surpassing one's superiors"

John Locke

Known as the "Father of Liberalism" He basically came up with the concept of the Social Contract. His great work affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His contributions to classical republicansim and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Indepence.

Chattel slavery

Literally, an item of movable personal property; chattel slavery is the reduction of the status of the slave to an item of personal property of the owner, to dispose of as he or she sees fit.

Indulgences

Partial remission of sins after payment of a fine or presentation of a donation. Remission would mean the forgiveness of sins by the Church, but the sinner still remained responsible for his or her sins before God.

Mercantilism

Political theory according to which the wealth derived from the mining of silver and gold and the production of agricultural commodities should be restricted to each country's market, with as little as possible expended on imports from another country.

Manumission

Process by which slaves are legally given freedom

Nicolaus Copernicus

Renaissance mathmatician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the universe. The publication of his book On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres triggered teh Coppernican Revolution and made contributions to the Scientific Revolution.

Safavid Empire

Ruled over the gunpowder empires, and they ruled one of the greatest Persian Empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia. Also established the official religion of the Empire, Twelver school of Shi' a Islam

Charles V

Son of Isabella and Ferdinand. He inherited Castile-Aragon, now merged and called "Spain" and the Hadsburg territories but also became the ruler of the Aztec and Inca Empires in the Americas, which Spanish adventures had conquered in his name between 1521 and 1536. After a victorious battle against France, Charles V won the title of emperor from the pope, which made him overlord of all German principalities and supreme among the monarchs of Western Christianity. This title did not mean much in terma of power and financial gain in either the German principalities or western Christiany as a whole, it made him the titular political head of western Christianity and thereby the direct conterpart of Sultan Suleyman in the struggle for dominance in the Christian-Muslim world of Europe, the Middle-East and northern africa. Charles V deputized his younger brother Ferdinand I to the duchy of Austria in 1521 to shore up the Balkan defenses, he was able to send him troops only once. Austria had to pay the Ottomans tribute and, eventually a truce. Charles despaired of being able to ever master the many challenges posed by the Ottomans as well as by France and the Protestants. He decided that the only way to ensure the continuation of Hababurg power would be a division of his western and eastern territories. He bestowed Spain, Naples, and the Netherlands, and the Americans to his son Philip II. Charles hoped that his son and brother woudl cooperate and help each other militarily against the Ottomans.

Kangxi

The Kangxi Emperor is considered one of China's greatest emperors.[3] He suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan and assorted Mongol rebels in the North and Northwest to submit to Qing rule, and blocked Tsarist Russia on the Amur River, retaining Outer Manchuria and Outer Northwest China. His actions brought long lasting stability and relative wealth

Songhay Empire

The Songhay began their imperial expansion in the mid-1400s, toward the end of the dry period in West Africa, during which control of the steppe region was sometimes difficult to maintain. Mali, which had its center in the much wetter savanna, lost its northern outpost, Timbuktu, to the Songhay in 1469. In the following decades, Mali slowly retreated southwestwad. It then became a minor vassal of the Songhay. At its height, the Songhay Empire stretched from Hausaland in the Savanna southeast of Gao all the way westward to the Atlantic coast

Bakufu

The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa bakufu and the Edo bakufu, was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867. The heads of government were the shoguns, and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.

Caravel

The caravel was a vessel of paramount importance in the 15th and 16th centuries, when it was used to traverse the immense barrier to the New World. During these centuries, the caravel was a ship with a distinctive shape and admirable qualities. A gently sloping bow and single stern castle were prominent features of this craft, and it carried a mainmast and a mizzen mast that were generally lateen-rigged. Along with its shallow draft and ability to sail windward, these qualities helped the caravel achieve fame as it was propelled across the Atlantic and southward along the rocky western coast of Africa. This is the vessel that was used for the majority of transatlantic exploration as well as other famous expeditions, such as the numerous journeys made to circumnavigate South Africa in attempts to reach India during the Age of Discovery. Popular explorers such as Bartolome Diaz, Vasco da Gama, and Christopher Columbus relied on the caravel in their many sojourns into the unknown. Why did they choose this diminutive vessel, with humble origins in the 13th century as a coastal fishing boat, for the vanguard into the New World and other unexplored realms? This answer to this question involves intensive research of a variety of sources. From the perspective of nautical archaeology, far too little is known about this amazing exploratory vessel, for there is no archaeological evidence (in terms of extant hull remains) to rely on. What must be studied and interpreted instead are historical documents, the iconographic record, archaeology of similarly built craft, ethnographic parallels, and the few remaining shipbuilding treatises that deal with caravels and Iberian shipbuilding.

Catholic Reformation

The period of Catholic resurgance in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Tent, and ending at the close of the Thirty Years War. Composed of 4 major elements: ecclasiatical or structural reconfigurationl, religious orders, spiritual movements, political dimensions.

Absolutism

Theory of the state in which the unlimited power of the king, ruling under God's divine mandate, was emphasized. In practice, it was neutralized by the nobility and provincial and local communities.

Passion plays

Today's Passion Plays are descendants of the Quem Quaeritis Easter liturgy and the Visitatio Sepulchri liturgical dramas from the 10th and 11th centuries. Today's Passion Plays also look back to the medieval Mystery Plays which involved the whole community and were performed during the feast of Corpus Christi. Medieval liturgical drama was used as an aid for devotion and teaching and Mystery Plays had a range of devotional and social uses

Mehmet II

Under Mehmet II, "the Conqueror", they finally assembled all their resources to lay siege to the Byzantine capital. Mehmet's siege and conquest of Constantinople is one of the stirring events of world history. The Ottomans bombarded Constantinople's walls with heavy cannons. The weakest parts of the Byzantine defenses was teh central section of the western walls, where it was relatively easy to tunnel into the soil underneath. Here, Mehmet stationed his heaviest guns to bombard the masonry and had his sappers undermine the foundations of the walls. The last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI, perished in the general massacre and pillage which followed the Ottoman occupation of the city. Mehmet then quickly repopulated Constantinople and appointed a new patriarch at the head of teh eastern Christians, to whom he promised full protection as his subjects. In quick succession, he ordered the construction of the Topkapi Palace, the transfer of the administration from Edirne (former capital) to Istanbul, and the resumption of expansion in the Balkans, where he succeded in forcing the majority of rulers into submitting to vassal status. Mehmet's ongoing conquests eventually brought him to the Adriatic Sea, where one of his generals occupied Otranto on the heel of the Italian peninsula.

Gouache

Watercolors with a gum base

The Forty-Seven Ronin

an 18th-century historical event and a legend in Japan in which a band of rōnin (leaderless samurai) avenged the death of their master. A noted Japanese scholar described the tale as the best known example of the samurai code of honor

Neo-confucianism

an attempt to create a more rationalist and secular form of Confucianism by rejecting superstitious and mystical elements of Taoism and Buddhism that had influenced Confucianism during and after the Han Dynasty

Suleyman I

commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and "Kanuni" (the Lawgiver) in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to his death in 1566. Under his administration, the Ottoman state ruled over 20 to 30 million people. became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529

New model army

formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration. It differed from other armies in the series of civil wars referred to as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms in that it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country (including in Scotland and Ireland), rather than being tied to a single area or garrison. Its soldiers became full-time professionals, rather than part-time militia

Haciendas

is a Spanish word for an estate. Some haciendas were plantations, mines or factories. Many haciendas combined these productive activities. Owned by Spaniards

Ewuare

king of the Benin Empire from 1440 until 1473. Ewuare became king in a violent coup against his brother Uwaifiokun which destroyed much of Benin City. After the war, Ewuare rebuilt much of the city of Benin, reformed political structures in the kingdom, greatly expanded the territory of the kingdom, and fostered the arts and festivals

Prester John

legendary Christian patriarch and king popular in European chronicles and tradition from the 12th through the 17th century. He was said to rule over a Nestorian (Church of the East) Christian nation lost amid the Muslims and pagans of the Orien

Topkapi Sarayi

or the Seraglio[3] is a large palace in Istanbul, Turkey, that was one of the major residences of the Ottoman sultans for almost 400 years (1465-1856) of their 624-year reign.

Mestizos

term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish America to mean a person of combined European and Amerindian descent, or someone who would have been deemed a Castizo (one European parent and one Mestizo parent)

Humanism

term was coined by theologian Friedrich Niethammer at the beginning of the 19th century. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.