GMS 6440 Fundamentals Final

to measure total body H2O

"X" must cross the cell membrane freely (and behave just like H2O). we use titrated H2O and heavy water D20

to measure volume of ECFV

"X" must not enter cell but must equilibrate throughout plasma and interstitial space. we use insulin - a sugar which is foreign to the body (also radio labeled sodium or chloride)

T/F: CRISPR only allows us to target one site in the genome

FALSE ability to target many site in the genome simultaneously

T/F: catalytic receptors is a small group of receptors

FALSE it is a large group of receptors

T/F: Acetylcholine acts on alpha and beta receptors.

False

T/F: Afferent nerves transmit information from the central nervous sytem to the peripheral nervous system.

False

T/F: All transport through membrane channels is classified as "Active" transport.

False

T/F: Dimerization is important for some catalytic receptors, but never for steroid hormone receptors.

False

T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase.

False

T/F: Glia are only present in the central nervous system.

False

T/F: Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits urination primarily by inhibiting the detrusor muscle.

False

T/F: Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins.

False

T/F: Receptors for Thyroid Hormone and steroids are always on the surface (plasma membrane) of target cells.

False

T/F: Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus) of target cells.

False

T/F: Referred pain is caused by convergence of somatic and autonomic information within the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract.

False

T/F: Regarding secondary active transport of glucose, the movement of glucose is from a compartment of high concentration to a compartment of low concentration.

False

T/F: The cell bodies of postganglionic neurons are in the central nervous system.

False

T/F: The nervous system is usually divided into 3 anatomical components.

False

T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the external sphincter of the bladder.

False

T/F: There is only one type of channel in cell membranes.

False

T/F: Normally, humans have 2 lobes in the right lung and 3 lobes in the left lung.

False 3 lobes in the right lung and 2 lobes in the left lung

T/F: Water and small solutes move across the capillary wall by active transport.

False All movement across the capillary wall is passive, driven by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressures.

T/F: Filtered wastes from the glomerulus will move in the following order: Bowman's capsule-proximal tubule-distal tubule-loop of Henle-collecting duct.

False Bowman's Capsule - proximal tubule - loop of Henle - distal tubule - collecting duct

T/F: Using Cre recombinase, we can control DNA recombination and delete specific genomic areas flanked by FLP sequences.

False Cre recognizes LoxP sites

T/F: Most of the sodium in the body is inside the cells.

False It is extracellular

T/F: Cardiac muscle contraction is considered to be voluntary movement.

False It moves involuntarily.

T/F: CRISPR has a broad application

TRUE

At what point in time does the electrochemical equilibrium potential exist?

at equilibrium

example of the receptor gyanylyl cyclase

atrial natriuretic peptide receptor

when stretch receptors in the bladder are activated it increases activity in the ________ that synapse in _________

autonomic afferents; spinal cord

autonomic reflexes can require _____________ to carry the information from the ___________ to the ________ and autonomic _________

autonomic reflexes can require afferent neurons to carry the information from the receptors to the CNS and autonomic efferents

T/F: We cannot control copy number of inserted DNA as well as insertion site (position) using the conventional transgenic approach. Insertion of DNA construct into ROSA26 locus can be a solution to overcome these insertional effects.

True

T/F: To measure the volume of the entire extracellular fluid compartment, we use a substance that moves freely across the capillary but cannot enter the cell.

True An example is insulin

T/F: All water movement in and out of cell is passive.

True Water movement is drive by solute (osmotic) gradients across the cell wall

T/F: Sodium (Na) is effectively impermeable at the cell wall.

True Any Na that does enter the cell will be immediately removed by the Sodium potassium ATPase in the cell wall.

how to measure an unknown volume when something is added

V = (added-lost)/concentration at equilibrium

what is homologous recombination

a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA

in a bending arm the bicep ______ and the tricep ______

bicep contracts and tricep extends

in a stretching arm the bicep ______ and the tricep _____

bicep extends and the tricep contracts

Skeletal system major organs

bones cartilage bone marrow

THR is located ____________

bound to the DNA in the nucleus

filtration of the urinary space flow

bowman's capsule, proixmal tubules, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct

PNS cell bodies of the pre ganglionic neurons are in the ______ and ________

brain and sacral spinal cord

major organs of the nervous system

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

why cant we hold our breath long

brains respiratory control center senses blood's CO2 levels and moves diaphragm and rib muscles, overriding voluntary controle

what is digestion

breakdown of food substances into simpler forms

Easy movement across membrane ----> no movement

hydrophobic molecules: O2, CO2, N2 small uncharged polar molecules: glycerol large uncharged polar molecules: glucose, sucrose (NO MOVEMENT) Ions: H+, Na+, HCO-, K+, Ca++, Cl-, Mg++ (NO MOVEMENT)

metabolic acidosis can result in

hyperkalemia

function of the automatic nervous system

involuntary/visceral funtions maintain optimal internal environment sensory and motor

types of channel pathways

ion and water channels

types of facilitated transport

ion and water channels and solute carriers

Na ions are major cations in _____ so directional changes in Na concentration indicate ____________

plasma, osmotic changes

the PNS preganglion neurons are ________. the post ganglionic neurons are

pre --> long post --> short

the SNS preganglionic neurons are ________. the post ganglionic neurons are ___________

preganglionic --> short postganglionic --> long

describe neurotransmitters/receptors of the ANS for CNS (2 ways)

preganglionic neural cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar spine short pre ganglionic neurons project to the ganglia near the spinal cord preganglionic release of AcH which acts on post ganglionic neurons both ganglionic neurons are long project to effector organs release norepi pre ganglionic neurons in spinal cord project to the adrenal medulla release AcH post ganglionic neuron cell bodies dont project and release the NT into the blood stream which circulates to the effector organs adrenal medulla releases NE and epi

what are the 3 primary forces involved in physiological functions

pressure, electrical, and chemical

describe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and where there is a problem

problem at the receptor level ADH normally acts via its V2 receptors in the kidney collecting duct to increase water reabsorption to blood. however, in this disease the V2 receptors may be defective, so vasopressin cannot work, water is not reabsorbed and the patient produces large volumes of dilute urine

the spinal cord can _______ and ______ information

process and integrate

Functions of the digestive system

processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water and the breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats, stores energy reserves, generates heat that maintains body temperature

thalamus responsibilities

processes much of the information reaching the cerebral cortex from the rest of the CNS

To generate conventional transgenic mice, DNA will be injected into: - embryonic stem (ES) cells - fertilized mouse eggs

fertilized mouse eggs

sympathetic nervous system characteristics

fight or flight activity increase in response to stressful stimuli (physical or psychological) readies the body for physical activity diffuse stimulation of organ systems

how to use CRISPR for knock out mouse

have the cas9 nuclease, sgRNA 1 and 2, inject into the single cell embryo, embryo transfer into pseduopregnant, knockout mouse (with sgRNA 1 and 2 we have double knockout)

major organs of the cardiovascular system

heart, blood, blood vessels

describe hypertonic contraction

heavy sweating loss of excess water without equivalent loss of NaCl ECF and ICF volume decreases dehydration increase in osm

high [___] outside of the cell causes a lower [___] such as _____ inside the cell

high [Cl-]; lower [A-]; proteins

channels move from areas of ________ concentration to _________ concentration

high concentration to low concentration

passive transport goes from _____ concentration to ____ concentration

high concentration to low concentration

what is the foundation of all physiology

homeostasis

receptors occur in different locations depending on the type of _____________

hormone

hormones are like a ___________ signal; the nervous system is like a __________ signal.

hormones - wireless phone signal nervous system - land based telephone signal

hormones are made from _____ or ______. secreted into the ____________ and then are carried to _________

hormones are made from endocrine glands or nerve cells. secreted into the blood and then are carried to target cells

hormones elicit ________ changes by binding onto __________ at __________ and _______

hormones elicit physiological changes by binding onto specific receptors at target cells and tissues

general characteristics of g coupled receptors

huge class of receptors contain a domain at the 5,6 cytoplasmic loop that binds G proteins (GTP binding proteins) the c terminal region binds intracellular proteins

example of an organism

human

describe the primary active transport pump

hydrolysis of ATP causes 3 Na+ ions to move from inside to outside of the cell. occurs in exchange for two K+ ions from outside the cell to inside the cell. then returns to the initial state

functions fo the female reproductive system

produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones supports developing embryo from conception to delivery provides milk to nourish newborn infant

example of a macromolecule

protein molecule, DNA molecule

changes in plasma volume (or ECF volume) causes changes in plasma ______ and _______

protein; hematocrit

what are impermeant anions

proteins, DNA, molecules that are negatively charged but not permeable to the cell membrane

what is PAM

protospacer adjactent motif target DNA muscle immediately precede a PAM codon (5'-NGG-3')

plasma volume is about ____% of body weight

4-5%

intracellular fluid is about ___% of body weight

40%

the weight of the plasma membrane is made of about ____% proteins

40%

when moving a muscle __% of energy is used to move and __% of energy is used to generate heat

40% used to move 60% used to generate heat

what to administer IV when dehydrated?

5% glucose solution because it is iso osmotic and distributes throughout the ECF glucose enters the cell and takes water with it the glucose is metabolized and disappears as a free particle because it gets incorporated into other larger molecules so it no longer exerts an osmotic effect

lipids compose ___% of the mass of the plasma membrane

60%

in non obese humans: _____% of body weight is water _____% of body weight is proteins ____% of body weight is minerals ____% of body weight is fat

60% water 18% proteins 7% minerals 15% fat

how many skeletal muscles are there

650

over _____% of the most genome is similar to humans

95%

________ continually creates the gradients for Na+ and K+

Na+/K+ ATPase

what kind of pump in the primary active transport pump

Na+/K+_ATPase

T/F: The hypothalamus can directly control preganglionic sympathetic neurons.

True

T/F: The hypothalamus regulates both autonomic and endocrine function.

True

T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone.

True

GR and MR intracellular receptors are mostly....

cytoplasmic

intracellular receptors may be located in the

cytosol or nucleus

what are the orientation results of the loxP sites

inversion deletion translocation

type II CRISPR consists of

1. Cas9 nuclease 2. the crRNA array that encodes the guide RNAs 3. PAM codon 4. auxiliary transactivating crRNA

steps of metabolic acidosis

1. H+ gradient factors H+ inward movement in acidosis 2. electrically "silent" exchange of 1H+ with 1K+ 3. excessive extracellular plasma H+ results in extrusion of extra K+ into extracellular space (plasma) 4. K+ uptake is therapeutically acutely enhance by insulin injection which stimulates muscle cells membrane Na/K ATPase

what are loxP sites

34 base pair sequence that is the target of cre recombinase

3 steps of the CRISPR

1. adaptation - short pieces of viral DNA integrat3ed into the CRISPR locus 2. crRNA biogenesis - crRNA are transcribed from the CRISPR locus 3. interference - crRNA are incorporated into complexes that target invading nucleic acids. the crRNA guides the complex to these invading sequences and then Cas proteins degrade the invading DNA

steps of GCPR activation and signal transduction

1. ligand binds to receptor and activates it. receptor interacts with the G protein and get a conformational change. exchange GDP with GTP (occurs due to GEF) 2. ligand unbinds and the G protein (still attached to the GTP) dissociated from the receptor 3. alpha GTP and beta gamma subunits dissociate 4. both alpha GTP and beta gamma can now interact with their appropriate effectors (E1 and E2) 5. alpha catalyzed hydrolysis of GTP to GDP inactivates alpha and promotes reassembly of the trimer 6. members of the RGS family of G protein regulators stimulate GTP hydrolysis with some but not all alpha subunits

how is CRSIPR used to edit mouse genome

1. select target area of the genome (20 base pair target sequence followed by the PAM NGG codon) 2. design the sgRNA (guide should match the target) 3. assemble the cas9 sgRNA construct

criteria for measurement of volume of a particular fluid compartment

1. substance x must be freely distributed through entire compartment 2. must be non toxic 3. not metabolized 4. easily measured

steps of gene targeting (homologous recombination)

1. targeting vector design 2. gene targeted to embryonic stem cells through homologous recombination 3. targeted ES cells selected, expanded and cryopreserved 4. determination of homologous recombinants (see if it is inserted in the right place) 5. targeted ES cells injected into an early mouse embryo 6. embryo implanted into a pseudopregnant foster mother; birth of chimeras 7. breeding of chimeras for germline transmission

urine production/day

1.5L/day/70kg

carbs compose ___% if the mass of the plasma membrane

10%

Na+ concentration gradient

10:1 outside to inside

filtration rate of blood/day

170L/day/70kg

anatomy of the motor efferents of the autonomic nervous system

2 neuron chain pre ganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the CNS post ganglionic neurons have cell bodies in the peripheral ganglia

the crRNA unit contains a ____ nucleotide guide sequence and a partial direct repeat

20

extracellular fluid is about ____% of body weight

20%

how many bones are in the body

206

K+ concentration gradient

25:1 inside to outside

action of the atrial natriuretic peptide receptor

ANP binds to the receptor --> change in conformation of receptors --> dimerise --> activation fo guanylyl cyclase --> converts to GTP --> the cGMP can activate various downstream messengers (protein kinase G, cGMP dependent phosphodiesterase, or ion channels) to modulate cell function

specificity of GPCR

AT1 AT2 receptor (specific for Angiotensin II) muscarinic receptors (specific for AcH) PTH receptor (specific for parathyroid hormone)

What molecule is the source of energy for primary active transport to occur?

ATP

describe ATP in the primary active transport pump

ATP --> ADP w/ phosphate --> phosphate is released

primary active transport is the site of ________

ATP hydrolysis

small amount of hormone (can/cannot) elicit a large response on a cell

CAN

the somatic and automatic nervous system both have _________ and _________ components

CNS and PNS

CRISPR/Cas9 system allows for _______ stranded breaking in the _______ in precisely controlled locations. allows for gene _________ or _______ of gene in the region

CRISPR/Cas9 system allows for DOUBLE stranded breaking in the GENOME in precisely controlled locations. allows for gene SILENCING or EDITING of gene in the region

What is a major factor that regulates an electrolyte's electrochemical equilibrium potential across a cell membrane?

Concentration (chemical) gradient

what is a transgenic mouse

DNA is randomly inserted into the genome by injecting the male pronucleus shortly after fertilization

how to diagnose a heart attack

ECG

the adrenal medulla releases _____ and _____ directly into the ________

Epi and NorEpi bloodstream

T/F: The area of nerve axon not wrapped by myelin sheath (non-myelinated area) is called nodes of Ranvier where action potential is insulated.

False Myelin sheath insulates action potential. Action potential propagates faster by skipping myelinated axon, and jumping from nodes of Ranvier to another node.

T/F: Normal movement of blood flow in the heart is: left atrium-left ventricle-lung-right atrium-right ventricle.

False Right atrium - right ventricle - lung - left atrium- left ventricle

T/F: To determine success of homologous recombination of targeting vector in ES cells, Northern blotting will be utilized.

False Southern Blotting

T/F: The capillary is the main barrier between the intracellular and extracellular fluids

False The cell wall (plasma membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluid. The capillary separates the interstitium and the plasma, both sub- compartments of the extracellular fluid.

T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a double-stranded break in the DNA is induced by the enzyme, CRISPR.

False The enzyme is Cas9

T/F: The osmolality of the body fluids is greater when all the solutes are large.

False The total number of particles, irrespective of size, determines osmolality.

T/F: Eating a meal high in salt, without drinking any water will lead to an increase in both intracellular and extracellular fluid volume.

False This is a Hypertonic expansion: Ingest NaCl stays extracellular, increases the ECF osmolality, H2O moves OUT of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium. Decrease in ICFV, increase in ECFV.

T/F: The urinary system is normally composed of two kidneys, two ureters and two bladders.

False Two kidneys, two ureters, and ONE bladder

T/F: A pure water solution can safely be infused intravenously to a dehydrated person.

False Water will enter the surrounding cells causing swelling and lysis. The potassium released in to the extracellular fluid by cell lysis can be fatal. A 5% glucose solution is iso-osmotic to body fluids, so safe to infuse. After metabolism of the glucose this is equivalent to giving pure water.

T/F: A normal lean person consists of ~ 95% water.

False ~60% water

add pure water what happens with ICFV and ECFV

H2O into the gut --> absorbed into the blood --> passes capillary wall into interstitum --> crosses into the cell --> distributes throughout body fluid compartment till osm of ICF and ECF are equal ICFV expands ECFV expands osmolality falls

Hypertonic expansion: ECF volume: Plasma [Na+]: ICF Volume: Hematocrit: [Plasma Protein]:

Hypertonic expansion: ECF volume: increase Plasma [Na+]:incr3ease ICF Volume: decrease Hematocrit: decrease [Plasma Protein]: decrease

type ______ CRISPR is the basis for current genome engineering applications and comes from _________

II; streptococcus pyogenes

Na+ channel is a ____ conductor in the "resting" cell membrane. Na+ channel contributes ________ to resting potential

Na+ channel is a very poor conductor in the "resting" cell membrane. Na+ channel contributes very little to resting potential

Where is the concentration of [K+] greater: - in the cytoplasm - in the extracellular fluid

In the cytoplasm

Where is the concentration of [Na+] greater: - in the cytoplasm - in the extracellular fluid

In the extracellular fluid

Which of these ion choices is primarily responsible for establishing a typical cell membrane's "resting" potential? - Mg++ - Na+ - K+

K+

K+ permeability of resting membrane is very _______ due to _______. Na permeability is ____________

K+ permeability of resting membrane is very large, due to the open K+ channels in membrane. Na+ permeability is much less

What chemical component of the plasma membrane prevents ions from readily and freely moving across the membrane?

Lipids (phospholipids)

Distribution of major electrolytes in the cytoplasm vs extracellular: - Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3- - Ca++ - Impermeant Anions

Na+: cytoplasm < extracellular K+: cytoplasm > extracelluar Cl-: cytoplasm < extracellular HCO3-: cytoplasm < extracellular Ca++: cytoplasm < extracellular Impermeant Anions: cytoplasm > extracellular

ion distribution: large chemical gradients for K+ and Na_ are maintained by __________

Na/K ATPase active transport pumps

the ECF primary solute is ____. It is the major determinant of ________. Determines the ECF _______.

NaCl Osmalality Volume

NaCl is _________ Reflection coeffecient = _______ Generates a ________ osmotic effect Net movement of H2O is _______

NaCl is "impermeable" Reflection coeffecient = 1.0 Generates a sustained osmotic effect Net movement of H2O is 0 - no net movement

add isotonic NaCl effect on ECFV and ICFV

NaCl stays in the ECF iso-osmotic (no movement of H2O across the cell) increase ECFV no change in osm because infused NaCl is iso-osmotic

SNS usually release _____ which acts on either _______________

NorEpi alpha or beta adrenergic receptors

PNS causes ______ of the bladder wall and ________ of the internal sphincter muscle

PNS causes contraction of the bladder wall and relaxation of the internal sphincter muscle

what are the functions of the muscular system

Provides movement Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature

which skeletal muscle proteins is ropelike and which is ladder like

Ropelike - myosin ladder like - actin

effect of stimulation on PNS and CNS with jaguar encounter and thanksgiving: intestinal motility

SNS decrease PNS increase

effect of stimulation on PNS and CNS with jaguar encounter and thanksgiving: nasal secretions

SNS decrease PNS increase

effect of stimulation on PNS and CNS with jaguar encounter and thanksgiving: saliva production

SNS decrease PNS increase

effect of stimulation on PNS and CNS with jaguar encounter and thanksgiving: urination

SNS decrease PNS increase

effect of stimulation on PNS and CNS with jaguar encounter and thanksgiving: glucose release

SNS increase PNS decrease

effect of stimulation on PNS and CNS with jaguar encounter and thanksgiving: heart rate

SNS increase PNS decrease

effect of stimulation on PNS and CNS with jaguar encounter and thanksgiving: relaxes/dilates airways

SNS increase PNS decrease

effect of stimulation on PNS and CNS with jaguar encounter and thanksgiving: blood pressure

SNS increase PNS slight decrease

SNS stimulation causes __________ of the bladder wall and ________ of the internal sphincter

SNS stimulation causes relaxation of the bladder wall and contraction of the internal sphincter

(trasngenic/targeted) modification lead to random insertion of the recombinant DNA into the host genome, while (transgenic/targeted) modifications are directed to a specific site in the genome

TRANSGENIC modification lead to random insertion of the recombinant DNA into the host genome, while TARGETED modifications are directed to a specific site in the genome

T/F: knock ins and out are typically germline

TRUE

T/F: because of the structural similarities between some hormones, some receptors can bind other hormones

TRUE Mineralcorticoid receptors can also bind to glucocorticoid receptors alpha adrenergic receptors, originally described as preferentially binding NE can bind Epi beta adrenergic receptors, originally describes as preferentially binding Epi can Also bind NE

T/F: insertion of the transgene into the host genome is random

TRUE both in terms of location and in terms of the number of transgene copies that are inserted

T/F: Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the target cell through a channel in the receptor.

True

T/F: Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system constricts the airways.

True

T/F: Both endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in controlling the activities of many different organ systems to maintain homeostasis.

True

T/F: Cell Membrane Potential is controlled by the relative degree of ion permeability as well as ion concentration gradients existing across a cell's plasma membrane.

True

T/F: Cre-loxP system also can be used to eliminate floxed-stop codon and induce expression of a transgene.

True

T/F: Electrolytes are pumped and leak across cell membranes simultaneously but independently.

True

T/F: Excessive extracellular acid (i.e., [H+] ) will raise the concentration of extracellular potassium ion concentration.

True

T/F: GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors.

True

T/F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target cells/tissues.

True

T/F: In our body, approximately 8 liters of intestinal juices are secreted into the GI tract daily, but only 100 ml of water is secreted into the feces.

True

T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, guide RNA directs the enzyme to cut the DNA at a specific site in the genome.

True

T/F: In the gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle is the major muscle type.

True

T/F: In the lung, gas exchange occurs mostly at the alveoli.

True

T/F: Movement of a charged electrolyte is determined by the major forces of voltage plus chemical concentration gradients

True

T/F: Negative feedback in the autonomic nervous system requires an afferent signal.

True

T/F: Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases are one type of Catalytic Receptor.

True

T/F: Regarding primary active transport, solutes move from a compartment of low concentration to a compartment of high concentration.

True

T/F: Rhabdomyolysis can lead to cardiac muscle cell pathology as the result of creating a condition of hyperkalemia (excessive K+ concentration in the plasma).

True

T/F: Specificity of hormone action in the target cells is determined by receptors.

True

T/F: Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist (homologue), will bind to the mutated estrogen receptor fused to the Cre-recombinase, and translocate Cre-recombinase into nucleus.

True

T/F: The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract is in the medulla oblongata.

True

T/F: The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine directly into the blood stream.

True

T/F: The autonomic nervous system has 3 divisions.

True

T/F: The electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeant ion species is controlled by the concentration gradient.

True

filtration and absorption rates are _____

about equal

what are the two proteins in skeletal muscle

actin and myosin

neuron communication is by

action potential and neurotransmitter release

what are the types of active transport and what are they powered by

active transport of molecules can be either primarily or indirectly (secondarily) powered by ATP

GPCR signaling cascades - adenylyl cyclase - PLC - PLA2

adenylyl cyclase --> cAMP --> PKA --> enzyme P; ion/water channel, secretory protein, gene transcription PLC --> IP3/DAG --> Ca++/PKC --> enzyme P; ion/water channel, secretory protein, gene transcription PLA2 --> arachidonic acid --> leukotriene, prostaglandin; HETE --> ion channel, secretion gene, transcription

diversity of the GCPR

adrenergic receptors (epi and norepi) muscuarinic receptors (AcH) peptide/glycoprotein receptors (VPN; PTH, Angiotensin II, Somatostation; TSH, FSH) calcium receptor

all water movement is ______. driven by ______ and ____ gradients across the capillary between _______ and _______

all water movement is passive. driven by hydrostatic and osmotic gradients across the capillary between interstitium and plasma

list the adrenergic receptors and subtypes

alpha receptors: - alpha 1 beta receptors: - beta 1 - beta 2

alveoli are surrounded by _______ and exchange ___ and ___ between ____ and ______

alveoli are surrounded by capillaries and exchange o2 and co2 between alveoli and bronchioles

what is a cerebral infraction

an aneurysm in the carotid artery presages a hemorrhagic stroke

what is cre recombinase

an enzyme derived from the P1 bacteriophage that catalyzes site specific recombination of DNA between two loxP sites

subtypes of GPCR

andrenergic receptors alpha and beta (a1, a2, b1, b2) vasopressin (V1 and V2)

the hydrostatic pressure at the ______ end of the capillary is _______ than the colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure in the capillary. so water and solute is __________

arterial; higher; is forced out into the interstitium

arteries contain (oxygen/deoxygenated) blood while veins contain (oxygen/deoxygenated) blood

arteries --> oxygenated blood veins --> deoxygenated blood

circulating hormones bind to _______

circulating hormones bind to the receptors on the targeted cells

secondary active transport is also called

co-transporter or symporter

how to measure ICFV

calculate from total body water - ECFV = ICFV

where is urine collected

calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

enteric nervous system characteristics

can autonomously regulate primary and accessory digestive organs "the brain of the gut" influenced by the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems but these outside systems are not necessary

cell surface receptors: fast or slow

can be either

what is the CAS proteins

capable of cleaving segments of DNA that are then guided into place by the protospacer. bacteria can now insert foreign DNA

_________ is where exchange occurs between blood and body tissues. _________ and ________ are passed into the __________ and where __________ and ____ of the cells are taken up by the blood and travels till _________.

capillaries is where exchange occurs between blood and body tissues. nutrients and oxygen are passed into the interstitial fluid and where waste and products of the cells are taken up by the blood and travels till excreted

hyperkalemia can cause

cardiac arrhythmias

describe neurotransmitters/receptors of the ANS for PNS

cell bodies of the pre ganglionic cells are in the CNS (brain and sacrospinal cord) long preganglionic neurons synapse in ganglia close to innervated organs in the ganglia the pre ganglionic neuron releases AcH post ganglionic neuron projects to effector organ and also releases AcH

receptors for water soluble, lipid insoluble hormones are located on the _______

cell surface

receptor classifications

cell surface (plasma membrane) receptors intracellular (cytosolic, nuclear) receptors

the nervous system can be divided into two anatomical components:

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)

certain steroid hormones (ER and PR) have well described _____________ signaling actions via interaction with other signaling mechanisms (Src tyrosine kinase)

certain steroid hormones (ER and PR) have well described non-genomic (rapid) signaling actions via interaction with other signaling mechanisms (Src tyrosine kinase)

spinal cord divided into ....

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal divisions

changes in any ion channel's permeability or ion concentration gradient will _________ the membrane potential and can be either _______ or __________

changes in any ion channel's permeability or ion concentration gradient will modify the membrane potential and can be normal or pathological conditions

what is a knock in or knock out mouse

changes introduced into an endogenous gene via homologous recombination with manipulated DNA from a gene

what is assimilation

changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms

ionotropic receptors signal via ....

channel opening and ca++ and na+ entry into the cell

types of membrane transport proteins

channels and transporters

explain transgenesis

college fertilized eggs (male and female pronucleus) college the transgene transgene is injected into the male pronucleus of the fertilized modified fertilized egg is implanted into psuedopregnant female transgenic mouse

ICF volume response to changes in ECF osmotic _________

concentration (NOT VOLUME)

electrochemical equilibrium potential for a single highly permeable ion species is controlled by the _____________

concentration gradient

concentration gradient (decreases/increases) and electrical gradient (decreases/increases) as ________

concentration gradient decreases and electrical gradient increases as more ions flow through leak channels

general characteristics of ionotropic receptors

consist of membrane spanning subunits that associate to form an ion channel ligand binding to the extracellular domain results in channel opening and allows cation (Na+, Ca++) entry into the target cell

leak channels are ________

continuously open

describe skeletal muscle

contractile proteins form an alternating pattern of light and dark bands called striations

stimulation of somatic motor neurons causes __________ of the external sphincter

contraction

control of urination: urine is made in the _______ continuously it is stored in the ________ until it is _________ from the body there is a ________ phase and _________ phase of bladder function there is ________________ control of bladder function ______ is the controlled elimination of urine the ability to keep urine in the bladder is called _______ ___________ is leaking urine

control of urination: urine is made in the kidneys continuously it is stored in the bladder until it is excreted from the body there is a filling phase and emptying phase of bladder function there PNS, SNS, and somatic control of bladder function micturition is the controlled elimination of urine the ability to keep urine in the bladder is called continence incontinence is leaking urine

midbrain responsibilies

controls many sensory and motor functions, including eye movement and the coordination of visual and auditory reflexes

referred pain is the result of

convergence of visceral and somatic afferents at the level of the spinal cord

pons responsibilities

conveys information about movement between the cerebellum and cerebrum involved in the control of urination, respiration, and blood pressure

movements of the skeletal system require a ____________ of ______________

coordinated pairing of two nearby muscle groups

in secondary active transport movement is _______

coupled

cas9 is directed by

crRNA

genetic modifications to the mouse genome - conditional gene manipulation

cre/lox system

cre/lox system of generating reporter mice: - spatial expression: - level of expression: - utility in other applications:

cre/lox system of generating reporter mice: - spatial expression: higher possibility for false posititves - level of expression: not proportional - utility in other applications: has flexibility, in that the mice can be used for numerous applications

the conditional knockout will express both the ____ and the _____ gene

cre; loxP flanked

cas9 nuclease is responsible for

cutting the DNA and causes double stranded break in DNA

T/F: channels do not have carrier specificity

false; channels DO have carrier specificity

when someone has renal failure they have an (increase/decrease) in RBCs

decrease

when cre is turned on it can lead to

deletion of the gene of interest early in development leading to developmental effects

functions of the respiratory system

delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) provides oxygen to blood stream removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream produces sounds for communication

insulin deficiency causes

diabetes

organization of smooth muscle fibers

different directions

Although composition of ICF and ECF are__________, the total osmolality is ______________

different; equal (~ 290-300 mosm/Kg H2O).

catalytic receptor singling often requires _______ with subsequent activation of ___________________ that are either a part of the ______ or _________

dimerization; intracellular enzymes; receptor; closely associated

the steroid hormone receptors bind to the DNA as _______

dimers

the nervous system is (directly/indiretly) connected which makes the signal _________

directly connected; makes the signal more direct and rapid

functions of the endocrine system

directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems adjusts metabolic activities and energy use by the body controls many structural and functional changes during development

when the body does not function within its normal range, organ system malfunction, resulting in ....

disease

Parkinson's occurs when there is ________________-

disregulation in the Basal ganglia

functions of the cardiovascular system

distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

describe hypotonic expansion

drinking water ECF and ICF expand, fall is osmolality increase in total body water cell swells

during pregnancy a mothers blood volume increases _____% to ________ to a developing baby

during pregnancy a mother's blood volume increases 25-40% to carry nutrients to developing baby

Add pure NaCl (salty meal) effect on ECFV and ICVF

eats salty food with no water take in excess NaCl absorbed from gut into plasma distributes throughout ECF cannot enter cell increase in ECF osm oulls H2O out of cell incresae ECFV and decrease ICFV increase osm everywhere

concentration gradient is caused by ________ gradient

electrical

___________________ sense the change in voltage or electrical potential across the membrane

electrical field sensors

what are examples of hormone rapid effects

enzyme activation, ion channel modulation

kidneys produce _______ which is required for red blood cell production

erythropoietin

examples of smooth muscle

esophagus and stomach

K+ leak channel is an ____________ conductor in the resting cell membrane

excellent

functions of the renal and urinary systems

excretes waste products from the blood controls water balance by regulating volume of urine production stores urine until voluntary elimination regulation blood ion concentrations and pH

solute carriers are ________ transport

facilitated

T/F: loxP sites are coding regions

false LoxP sites are in non coding regions and should not interfere with expression of gene X in cells that do not express Cre

major function of the kidney

filter blood and excretion of waste

shape of the esophagus at rest

folded

for each species of electrolytes, their electrochemical equilibrium potential is controlled by the ________ and ______

for each species of electrolytes, their electrochemical equilibrium potential is controlled by concentration gradients and degree of permeability of the membrane to that ion species

osmotic equilibrium is possible because the cell membrane is __________ to water

freely permeable to water

For a neutrally charged molecule, "Active" transport means that the molecules move across a membrane:

from a low concentration to a high concentration

physiology is the study of

function

cell surface GPCR signal via ____________ to ultimately elicit change in the level/activity of .......

g proteins; intracellular calcium, protein kinases, or phospholipases

glia and neurons are both present in

ganglia

major cell types of the PNS are

ganglia and nerves

gene fragment transgene: - time: - vector construction - off target effects - spatial expression - level of expression - success rate

gene fragment transgene: - time: ~6 months - vector construction: less involved - off target effects: < 10% - spatial expression: similar to endogenous - level of expression: 1-5x endogenous levels - success rate: ~100%

rationale for development of reporter mouse strains

gene of interest cannot be easily identified using other approaches ability to visualize specific cell types without postmortem processing

gene targeting - time: - vector construction - off target effects - spatial expression - level of expression - success rate

gene targeting - time: ~12 months - vector construction: more involved - off target effects: rare - spatial expression: endogenous - level of expression: endogenous - success rate: ~80%

gene targeting of generating reporter mice: - spatial expression: - level of expression: - utility in other applications:

gene targeting of generating reporter mice: - spatial expression: endogenous - level of expression: endogenous - utility in other applications: no other applications

genomic fragment transgene of generating reporter mice: - spatial expression: - level of expression: - utility in other applications:

genomic fragment transgene of generating reporter mice: - spatial expression: similar to endogenous - level of expression: 1-5x endogenous levels - utility in other applications: no other applications

tracts or pathways are

groups of axons traveling together in the CNS

nerves are

groups of axons traveling together in the PNS

nuclei are

groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS with a central nucleus

ganglia are

groups of neuronal cell bodies ion the PNS

how do we control for litter effects in conditional knockout

groups should be counterbalances with littermates

tyrosine kinase associated receptor examples and general characteristics

growth hormone and interleukin-6 R consist of a single membrane molecule with extracellular, trans membrane and intracellular portions (domains) that may exist in slightly different forms (alpha and beta) ligand binding to the extracellular domain can lead to the formation of homodimers (alpha, alpha), heterodimers (alpha, beta) or heterotetramers (a, b, a, b) and activation of the receptor unit the activated receptor has no intrinsic kinase activity but can itself activate closely associated tyrosine kinases such as JAK or Src that subsequently phosphorylate various cytosolic proteins

receptor guanylyl cyclase characteristics

have an extracellular domain upon ligand binding to this domain, receptors dimerize and the intracellular guanylyl cyclase domains are activated the activated guanylyl cyclase converts GTP to cyclic GMP the cGMP can activate various downstream messengers (protein kinase G, cGMP dependent phosphodiesterase, or ion channels) to modulate cell function

general characteristics of the catalytic receptors

have an extracellular domain or domains ligand binding to the domains may result in receptor dimerization (binding of 2 receptors together to make a functional unit) ligand binding to the extracellular domains results in the activation of an intracellular catalytic domain

the lipid component of plasma membranes form a barrier separating __________ from __________

intracellular space from extracellular space

hypertonic contraction: ECF volume: Plasma [Na+]: ICF Volume: Hematocrit: [Plasma Protein]:

hypertonic contraction: ECF volume: decreases Plasma [Na+]:increases ICF Volume: decreases Hematocrit: increases or no change [Plasma Protein]: increases

the __________ is important for the coordinated regulation of visceral function by the ANS and endocrine system

hypothalamus

hypotonic contraction: ECF volume: Plasma [Na+]: ICF Volume: Hematocrit: [Plasma Protein]:

hypotonic contraction: ECF volume: decrease Plasma [Na+]: decrease ICF Volume: increase Hematocrit: increase [Plasma Protein]: increase

hypotonic expansion: ECF volume: Plasma [Na+]: ICF Volume: Hematocrit: [Plasma Protein]:

hypotonic expansion: ECF volume: increase Plasma [Na+]: decrease ICF Volume: increase Hematocrit: decrease or no change [Plasma Protein]: decrease

cerebellum responsibilities

important for coordination of movement and for posture and balance

in a hypertonic solution the solute concentration ______ and the cells ______

in a hypertonic solution the solute concentration increases and the cells shrink

in a hypotonic solution the solute concentration ______ and the cells _______

in a hypotonic solution the solute concentration decreases (more dilute) and the cells expand and burst (hemolysis)

in channel transport the molecule acts like a ______ and comes in contact with the ______ receptor binding site that acts like a _______ and will "______________"

in channel transport the molecule acts like a key and comes in contact with the ligand receptor binding site that acts like a lock and will "unlock" or "lock" the gate

in the case of GR, it is maintained in the __________ in an ________ state, bound to ___________. at this time there is no ________________ binding of _____________ to the GR results in ____________, translocation of the ____________ complex to the _________, ________ with another activated GR, DNA binding and _____________ initiation

in the case of GR, it is maintained in the cytosol in an inactive state, bound to hsp90 (heat shock protein). at this time there is no GR mediated transcription binding of glucocorticoid (cortisol) to the GR results in dissociation from hsp90, translocation of the hormone GR complex to the nucleus, dimerization with another activated GR, DNA binding and transcription initiation

in the case of THR, it is already present in the ____________. in the absence of ____, it is bound to the __________ and acts as ___________. _______ enters the target cell, enters the _______, and bind to the ______. after this ___________________

in the case of THR, it is already present in the nucleus. in the absence of T3, it is bound to the DNA and acts as transcription repressor T3 enters the target cell, enters the nucleus, and bind to the THR. after this transcription is initiated

the autonomic afferents of the medulla oblongata synapse ......

in the nucleus of the solitary tract

purpose of the villi and microvilli

increase surface area to efficiently digest and reabsorb proteins carbs and fats

Describe membrane permeability to glucose

infused iso osmotic glucose glucose taken up by the cells, water follows glucose is incorporated into other molecues (glucose particles disappear) equivalent to infusing pure water

describe isotonic expansion

infusion of 0.9% NaCl only ECF expansion and no change in osmolality increase in total body water edema

describe hypertonic expansion

ingest NaCl without water increase in ECF osmolality H2O moves out of cells to restore osmotic equilibrium decrease in ICFV increase in ECFV increase in osmolality no change in total body water cell shrinkage

hyperkalemia can be therapeutically corrected by

injecting insulin into cells

negative voltage flow

inside of the cell to outside of the cell

receptors for lipid soluble steroids, thyroid hormones, or vitamin d metabolite are

inside the target cell, in the cytosol or the nucleus

insulin is produced by the ______ in the _____

insulin is produced in the beta cells in the pancreas

the spinal cord transmits information from and sends information to

internal organs, muscle, skin, brain

interstitial fluid is about ___ of the _____

interstitial fluid is about ¾ of the extracellular fluid

receptors for lipid soluble, water insoluble hormones are located on the _______

intracellular compartment

catalytic subunits are an intrinsic part of the ______________

intracellular domain

nicotinic AcH receptor is an example of _______ and its action....

ionotropic receptor nerve cell --> paracrine --> AcH --> Ca++ influx into the nicotinic receptor on the adrenal chromaffin cell --> epi secretion

ions are ______ polarized and don't interact with _________

ions are highly polarized and don't interact with lipids

isotonic contraction: ECF volume: Plasma [Na+]: ICF Volume: Hematocrit: [Plasma Protein]:

isotonic contraction: ECF volume: decrease Plasma [Na+]: no change ICF Volume: no change Hematocrit: increase [Plasma Protein]: increase

isotonic expansion: ECF volume: Plasma [Na+]: ICF Volume: Hematocrit: [Plasma Protein]:

isotonic expansion: ECF volume: increase Plasma [Na+]: no change ICF Volume: no change Hematocrit: decrease [Plasma Protein]: decrease

In the ling term, it is the _______that maintain fluid volume

kidney

major organs of the renal and kidney system

kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder

genetic modifications to the mouse genome - what is gain of function mutations

knock in over expression of genes of interest, expression of reporter genes

genetic modifications to the mouse genome - what is loss of function mutation

knock out mice - delete specific gene

order of blood vessels

left ventricle --> aorta --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary where O2 is supplied and nutrients to the tissues --> venule --> vein --> vena cava --> right atrium

another name for inotropic receptors

ligand gated ion channels

ion channel types

ligand gated, voltage gated, leak, stretch activated

the plasma membrane has a ____________

lipid bilayer

components of the plasma membrane

lipids (phospholipids), proteins, carbohydrates

describe PNS innervation of blood vessels

little innervation. decreases in blood pressure are mediated mostly by sympathetic withdrawal

describe isotonic contraction

loss of salt and water in equivalent amounts examples: diarrhea, vomiting decrease ECF ONLY cardiovascular collapse

describer hypotonic contraction

loss of salt without an equivalent loss of water adrenal insufficiency fall in ECF increase in ICF cell swelling kidneys cant retain enough sodium ECF osm decreases, H2O leaves ECF into ICF, cell swells, decrease osm everywhere

active transport goes from ______ concentration to _____ concentration

low concentration to high concentration

water moves from a ____ to ____ solute concentration

low to high

someone who is obese will have a (higher/lower) % of total body water because there is more fat which __________

lower %; doesn't have a lot of water

top 2 types of cancer

lung is 1, colon is 2

brainstem is composed of

medula, pons, and midbrain

membranes resting potential of _______ mV is due primarily to the _______. ___ channel and other ion channels have much ________ effect on resting potential

membranes resting potential of -90 mV is due primarily to the K+ electrochemical equilibrium potential. Na+ channel and other ion channels have much less effect on resting potential

what are the ideal controls for the conditional knockout

mice that contain neither the loxP allele or the Cre mice expressing only the Cre recombinase mice expressing only the loxP flanked gene

example of an organelle

mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus

levels of organization in the body

molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

efferent is .....

motor and autonomic CNS --> PNS information comes from the CNS to alter the function of skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle, or organs and glands

direction of digestive system

mouth --> esophagus --> stomach --> small intestine --> large intestine

there is no voltage difference without _________

movement

what is circulation

movement of substances in body fluids

what is simple passive diffusion

movement path across a membrane lipids does not involve a protein

components of the esophagus

mucosa, connective tissues, mucous glands, smooth muscle

what does gastric juice include

mucous, digestive enzyme, HCl

PNS release Ach which acts on _______ receptors on the ____________

musarinic target organ

example of a cell

muscle cell, nerve cell

major organs of the respiratory system

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

what is the basic structure and functional unit of the kidneys

nephron

receptor tyrosine kinases example and characteristics

nerve growth factor NGF binds to its receptor causes dimerization and activation of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase the insulin receptor is a tetramer with 2 alpha and 2 beta chains the insulin binds to the alpha chain causing a change in confirmation of the receptor leading to interaction fo the alpha and beta chains and activation (by autophosphorylation) of the intrinsic tyrosine kinase in both cases the activated tyrosine kinase directs the tyrosine phosphorylation of various cytosolic proteins

the major cell types in the CNS are

neurons and glia cells

the enteric nervous system is a network of ______________________

neurons innervating the gut

neurotransmitters are stored in the _______ and released into the ________ and bind to ________ on ________

neurotransmitters are stored in the vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the post synaptic cells

both SNS and PNS use AcH acting on _______ receptors in ganglia

nicotinic

what is a iso-osmotic solution

no net H2O movement

someone is dehydrated, can you administer pure water IV? why?

no; the cells at the infusion site will swell and then burst. that releases K+ into the plasma which can be fatal (ECF osm is so low H2O enters cells and causes lysis) because the cell membrane potential is mainly determined by outward diffusion of K+. if plasma K+ goes up (hyperkalemia) this reduces the outward diffusion of K+ which depolarizes nerve and muscle and leads to spastic paralysis (respiratory/cardiac muscle)

ER and PR intracellular receptors are mostly....

nuclear

glia cells consist of

nuclei and tracts or pathways

what is respiration

obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide, releasing energy from foods

describe hypothyroidism

once cause is antibodies that inhibit TSH receptors on thyroid cells. thus TSH cannot stimulate thyroid hormone production and secretion by the thyroid gland and people with this disease have low blood levels of thyroid hormones

electrochemical driving forces in a membrane are permeable to _______

only one ion species

activation of the SNS and PNS system effect

opposing effects (often)

usually the PNS and SNS perform _____ functions except in ________

opposite male sexual arousal

leptin: organ, target, effect

organ: adipose tissue target: brain effect: suppresses appetite

cortisol: organ, target, effect

organ: adrenal gland target: body cells effect: assists body in resisting stress; mobilizes fats for energy; depresses inflammatory response

erythropoietin: organ, target, effect

organ: kidney target: bone marrow effect: stimulates production of blood cells

insulin: organ, target, effect

organ: pancreas target: body cells effect: lowers blood sugar

growth hormone: organ, target, effect

organ: pituitary gland target: liver, muscle, bone, cartilage effect: stimulates growth

gastrin: organ, target, effect

organ: stomach target: stomach effect: secreted in response to food; stimulates production of hydrochloric acid to break down food

thyroid hormone: organ, target, effect

organ: thyroid gland target: body cells effect: maintains metabolism, regulates blood pressure, promoted normal development of the nervous system, muscles, and skeleton; regulates hydration of skin

hormone production and secretion is highly _______

organized

positive voltage flow

outside of the cell to the inside of the cell

major organs of the female reproductive system

ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

what is absorption

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

channels are (passive/active)

passive

Across a cell's plasma membrane, movement of water is _______________.

passive through a channel

movement of water and small solutes across capillary walls are always _______ and determined by two sets of pressures, _________ and _______.

passive; hydrostatic and oncotic

describe urea permeability

permeable; diffuses into the cell down a concentration gradient slowly. takes water with it no change in cell osmolality; cell swells

endocrine system major organs

pituitary gland, thyroid glans, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries, endocrine tissues in other organ systems

plasma is about ____ of the _____

plasma is about ¼ of the extracellular fluid

functions of the nervous system

provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions (input) coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems (integrate) directs immediate responses to stimuli (response)

what are the functions of the skeletal system

provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells

oncotic pressure ....

pulls fluid and small solutes back in (absorption)

functions of primary active transporters (ATPases)

pump electrolytes (ions) out of one compartment into another solute gradients for osmotic stability ion gradients for bioelectricity ion gradients for "secondary active transport"

hydrostatic pressure ....

pushes out water and solutes (filtration)

describe the autonomic nervous system

receives sensory information from and controls the function of glands, vasculature (blood vessels) and internal organs. regulates breathing, blood pressure, feeding, elimination, metabolism, etc.

describe the somatic nervous system

receives sensory information from and controls the function of skeletal muscles of the body. it also has other sensory functions that monitor the eternal environment (taste, temperature, etc.) and sense pain

major classes of catalytic receptors

receptor guanylyl cyclases receptor serine/threonin kinases receptor tyrosine kinases tyrosin kinase associated receptors receptor tyrosine phsophatases

this catalytic receptor is very prevalent

receptor tyrosine kinases

reflexes require ______ that can detect changes in the parameter that is being controlled

receptors

describe cell surface receptors and its divisions

receptors for small proteins, peptides, amino acids and other small molecules G protein couples receptors, inotropic receptors, catalytic receptors

describe intracellular receptors

receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and vitamin d metabolites

how do you get a transgenic mouse

recombinant DNA --> inject DNA into the male pronucleus of the fertilized egg --> --> transgenic mouse that now expresses the exogenous DNA in its cells

causes of heart attack

reduced coronary artery blood flow which causes angina pectoris or myocardial infarction

hypothalamus responsibilities

regulates autonomic, endocrine (hormone), and visceral functions

brainstem responsibilities

regulates breathing, blood pressure, digestion, elimination coordinates muscle movement by communicating with the cerebellum and other brain regions and with the spinal cord regulates levels of arousal

role of beta 2 adrenergic receptors

relaxing effects (epi > norepi) GI tract urogential system airway some blood vessels

what is excretion

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

What are the characteristics of life?

respiration, digestion, absorption, assimilation, circulation, excretion

role of alpha 1 adrenergic receptor

responsible for the contractile effects of norepi/epi (blood vessels, urogenital, sphincters)

parasympathetic nervous system characteristics

rest and digest coordinated processes needed for basic survival in a hospitable environment fine control over individual organ systems (no diffuse stimulation)

describe cardiac muscle

rich with capillaries, connective tissue supplies blood to the elongated muscle cell

order of blood flow with valves

right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary aorta --> lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid valve --> left ventricle

lobes of the lungs

right lung: 3 left lung: 2

what is the organization of skeletal muscle fibers

same direction

active types of transport

secondary active transport and primary active transport

what does the stomach's inner layer do

secretion of gastric juice

medula oblongata responsibilities

sensing and controlling vital autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, and blood pressure bidirectional communication with the spinal cord, periphery, and other brain regions receives sensory (afferent) information for regulation of balance, movement, blood pressure, etc.

afferent is ______

sensory information foes into the CNS PNS --> CNS sensory receptors detect changes in the internal or external environment and translate the information into electrical signals. the afferent neurons convey this information to the CNS

parasympathetic nerve activity to each tissue is usually under _____________________

separate control

what does the plasma membrane do

separates the internal environment (cytoplasm) from the extracellular fluid

the heart and lungs are ______ connected and occupy the _________ and protected by the ________

serially thoracic cavity ribs

in gene targeting the genome and vector are very (different/similar)

similar

types of membrane transport pathways

simple diffusion facilitated diffusion secondary active transport primary active transport

passive types of transport

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

example of a tissue

simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue

the pump/leak model has ________ and ______ transport events

simultaneous and independent

sympathetic nerve activity to multiple muscle tissues can be increased

simultaneously

the crRNA and tracrRNA can be fused together to create a chimeric, ____________-

single guide RNA

major organs of the muscular system

skeletal muscle and associated tendons

what are the 3 muscle types

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

example of an organ system

skeletal system, digestive system

example of an organ

skin, heart, kidney, brain, stomach

hormones binding to cell surface receptors also elicit _________. they activate _________

slow genomic signaling; intracellular pathways which can lead to gene transcription or repression

intracellular receptors: fast or slow

slow, but some can become faster by binding with proteins in cell membranes

what kind of muscle is the large intestine

smooth muscle

visceral effectors of the efferent motor neurons of the ANS

smooth muscle including blood vessels glands cardiac muscle

types of transport pathways

solute carriers and pumps

the presence of ______ creates the osmolality of the body fluid

solutes

the nervous system can be divided into 2 functional components:

somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

what is homeostasis

something staying the same, maintaining a stable environment

there are _________ for each hormone on at the target site

specific receptors

specificity of the GPCR is governed by _________ and allow _______

specificity of the GPCR is governed by the structure of the hormone or transmitter and allows a particular hormone to exert a precise action on a target cell

SNS cell bodies of the post ganglionic neurons are near the _____________

spinal cord

the CNS can be divided into what 7 parts

spinal cord and brain that consist of medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebral hemispheres

role of beta 1 adrenergic receptors

stimulatory effects of epi and norepi on the heart

Anatomy is the study of

structure

cerebral hemisphere responsibilities

subcortical nuclei including the basal ganglia basal ganglia are important for control of movement and posture and some aspects of complex behavior cerebral cortex important for generation of skilled movements, reasoning, learning, and memory. large surface area in humans can also influence autonomic function

hormone actions at target cells can be amplified by

successive generation of large numbers of intracellular signaling molecules

glia cells are

support cells

divisions of the ANS

sympathetic parasympathetic enteric

what are examples of hormone slow developing or longer genomic actions

synthesis of new proteins: enzymes (x), channel proteins, regulatory proteins

extra H2O in the interstitial space is

taken up by the lymphatic vessles

hormone/receptor interactions can alter ___________ by a variety of mechanisms

target cell function

PNS cell bodies of the post ganglionic neurons are in or near _____________

target tissue

major organs of the digestive system

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

parts of the diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

CNS consists of

the brain and spinal cord

receptors for lipid insoluble peptide or catecholamines are on

the cell surface plasma membrane

the concentration gradient is ________________ to the electrical gradient

the concentration gradient is equal and opposite to the electrical gradient

the hypothalamus secretes an ______ or _____ hormone and controls the ___________

the hypothalamus secretes an inducing or repressing hormone and controls the production of another hormone in the pituitary gland

the major forces governing electrolyte movement in cells are ________ and __________

the major forces governing electrolyte movement in cells are electrical forces (voltage=potential) and chemical concentration gradients

the majority of ECF osmolality is determined by ________ which _________ to produce a molecules and ___________ in solution

the majority of ECF osmolality is determined by electrolytes (ions) which associate to produce a molecules and dissociate in solution

the nervous system uses _________ which are produced in the _______ and travel through ________ to _________

the nervous system uses neurotransmitters which are produced in the nave cell body and travel through axons to the axon terminals

osmolality is

the number (NOT SIZE) of free, dissociated, particles in solution

what is the electrochemical driving force

the sum of electrical and chemical forces. can be in the same or opposite directions

the ________ is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time where there is __________ when the electrical and chemical forces are ____________

the voltage is the potential that arises at equilibrium at a time when there is no further change when the electrical and chemical forces are equal and opposite

metabolic acidosis means

there is a certain condition that cause excessive pH drop in extracellular fluid that results in excessive K+ in the blood plasma

describe pseudohypoparathyroidism and where there is a problem

there is a problem at the G protein level PTH normally acts at kidney and bone and exerts effects to increase blood calcium levels. in patients with this disease it cannot do so because the G alpha proteins that the PTH receptor normally signals through is defective cannot regulate calcium properly, are hypocalcemic

describe smooth muscle

these spindle shaped cells, each containing a dark nucleus are grouped in irregular bundles

SNS cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in the __________ and ___________ of the ___________

thoracic; lumbar; spinal cord

why is the intestine rich in blood vessels

to generate juice and reabsorb digested molecules into the blood

why do we littermate

to reduce variability. especially when mice are on mixed background strains

in intracellular receptors hormone binding converts the receptor into a _______________, which associates with specific parts of the DNA called ____________ and elicits _________________

transcription factor; hormone response elements (HRE), gene transcription (can be increased or decreased)

intracellular receptor signaling results in

transcriptional activation or repression

activation of steroid hormone/THR/VDR may elicit _______________ as opposed to activation of transcription

transcriptional repression

_____ is the gene of interest that is preceded by a promoter or cell type specific promoter

transgene

T/F: The cellular K+ Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential is regulated by concentration differences across plasma membranes, assuming that the membrane's relative permeability to K+ is very high.

true

T/F: structure is always related to function

true

T/F: a solute can fall into two transport categories

true; some passive some active depending on the carriers

what are alleles

two forms of a gene obtained from each parent

what is heterozygous

two forms of the gene that are differnet

what is homozygous

two forms of the gene that are the same

what is a genotype

two types of genes that are inherited

what are the three types of CRISPR systems

type I, II, and III

active transport results in the _______ distribution of molecules in/out of cells

uneven

electrolyte concentrations are ______ distributes between cells and extracellular fluids

unevenly

the female reproductive system has a close connection to the _________ system

urinary

to measure volumes plasma volume

use 131 iodine labelled albumin or Evans blue dye which binds to plasma proteins and stays in the plasma

how do you get a chimeric/targeted mouse

use a targeting vector (gene of interest with two homology arms and the gene we are trying to change and replace) --> modified gene targeted in Embryonic Stem cells through homologous recombination ---> ---> ---> ---> gene targeted mouse

the ANS has many reflexes that control .....

visceral functions

dilution principle

volume (v) = quantity of sub added (x)/concentration at equilibrium (c)

example of a molecule

water molecule, glucose molecule

components of urine

water, amino acids, hippuric acid, urea, others

when a solution is dilute, it moves to the _______ concentration. the cell then ______ and _____ till concentration of solutes are _______

when a solution is dilute, it moves to the higher concentration. the cell then expands and dilutes till concentration of solutes are equal

how does the CRISPR/Cas9 work

when a virus infects a cell bits of viral DNA get inserted into CRISPR sites. allows bacteria to record the viruses they were exposed to and keep record of viral infection. the sequences act as guides to attack invading viruses by disrupting their genetic code

when oncotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure the direction of fluid ____ and fluid is taken up from the ________

when oncotic pressure exceeds hydrostatic pressure the direction of fluid is reversed and fluid is taken up from the interstitium (reabsorption)

what is gastric bypass surgery

when the upper stomach is cut and reconnected

what is a reporter gene

where specific genes would be localized with specific cell types

with forward flow of blood, hydrostatic pressure ________ and because fluid ______ the capillary the impermeable plasma proteins become ______ and oncotic pressure _______

with forward flow of blood, hydrostatic pressure falls and because fluid leaves the capillary the impermeable plasma proteins become concentrated and oncotic pressure increases

Is there potential for eventual CRISPR application in humans?

yes

what happened with gene targeted mice

you get a chimeric mouse which is a single mouse that is composed of cells with distinct genotypes cells from the donor and the host