Goliath Victory- Orgo

What are some example of Structual Non- enzymatic proteins?

"CAKE" collagen actin keratin elastin

Draw the structure for ethanedoic acid.

"doic" is when you have two carboxylic acids

In H-NMR, alkanes are found more along _________ppm shifts.

0-5 ppm the more electronegative groups (electron withdrawing groups) added the more desheiding (right shift) the peak will be.

What 4 factors determine a good nucleophile?

1. Charge ( negative better nuclophile than neutral or positive group) 2.Electronegativit y (more electronegative weaker the nuceophile)..... think why 3. solvents (protic vs aprotic) 4. steric hindrance (the less bulky the better)

What is the starting reaction in the Strecker synthesis?

1.) Aldehyde 2.) Ammonium Chloride (NH4 Cl) 3.) Potassium Cyanide (KCN)

In H-NMR, carboxylic acid will have a peak shift of ______________ ppm.

10-13 ppm

In H-NMR, alkenes will have a peak shift of ______________ ppm.

5-7 ppm

In H-NMR, aromatics will have a peak shift of ______________ ppm.

6- 8 ppm

In H-NMR, aldehyde will have a peak shift of ______________ ppm.

9-10 ppm

Hydrazine is formed by. A. primary amine and carbonyl atoms B. secondary amine and carbonyl atoms C. primary amide and carbonyl atoms D. secondary amide and carbonyl atoms.

A

What functional group forms in an acid- catalyzed reaction between a secondary amine and a ketone? A. enamine B. nitrile C. imine D. alkene

A

When comparing the alcohol and its solubiltiy in water. Which among what is listed below is more soluble in when reacting with water? A. ethanol B. Propanol C. hexanol D. butanol

A shorter alcohol chains are most misicible (soluble) in water.

Which extraction procedure will completely separate an amide from the by-product of the reaction between an amine and excess carboxylic acid anhydride? A. Add 0.1 M NaOH(aq) to quench unreacted anhydride. Then add diethyl ether and separate the layers. The amide can be obtained from the ether layer by evaporating the solvent. B. Add 0.1 M HCl(aq) to quench unreacted anhydride. Then add diethyl ether and separate the layers. The amide can be obtained from the ether layer by evaporating the solvent. C. Add 0.1 M NaOH(aq) to quench unreacted anhydride. Then add diethyl ether and separate the layers. The amide can be obtained from the aqueous layer by neutralizing with HCl(aq). D. Add 0.1 M HCl(aq) to quench unreacted anhydride. Then add diethyl ether and separate the layers. The amide can be obtained from the aqueous layer by neutralizing with NaOH(aq).

A first we have to react the amine with the carboxylic acid anhybride to give you an amide and a carboxylic acid. Once you add a NaoH it will quench the carboxylic acid deprotonating it and pulling it down to the aqueous layer since it has a charge!!!!

Note the location of these strucure on the tongue. A. Fungiform B. Circumvallate C. Foliate

A. Anterior (tip of the mushroom) and side B. Back C. Sides (side folds)

H2/ LiAlH4/ NaBH4 would be best reagant used to reduce carbonyl groups.

All these reagants can be used!! note: if you want to differenitate between reduction of an alkene from carbonyl than you can use H2 instead of the other 2 reagants.

What is the final product of the strecker synthesis?

An amino group with a nitrile

All of the following can be described as an aromatic hetercycle EXCEPT: A. tryptophan B. Proline C. Thymine D. Adenine

B Proline is cyclic however, it does not have conjugated pi bonds, 4n+2 pi electrons, or planar (pi bond)

Which of the following alcohol would have the strongest acidity? A. Methanol (CH3) B. Ethanol (Primary) C. Isopropyl (secondary) D. Tertbutyl (tertiary)

B less substituted alcohols have greater acidity

IR spectrscopy are usually measure as: A. ppm B. Wavenumber C. Nanometer D. wavemeter

B wavenumber is inverse of wavelength , so similar to freqency and energy unit= cm^-1

Amino acid form through combination of peptides via a.) hydrolysis b.) condensation c.) ligase d.) lyase

B AKA called dehydration

What are the 5 types of taste bud receptors?

Bitter Salty Sweet Sour Umami

What type of amino acid (stereospecificity speaking) is formed with Gabriel vs Strecker synthesis?

Both form racemic ( D and L amino acid).

Supoose that a 0.2 g/mL solution of (S)- ibuprofen in a 2 dm long cell rotates plane- polarized light +10 degrees. What is the specific rotation for (S)- ibuprofen? A.) -50 degrees B.) -25 degrees C.) +25 degrees D.) +50 degrees

C

Which ion will elute last in a cation-exchange chromatography? A. Valine B. Isoleucine C. Lysine D. Aspartate

C cation use negative charge and bind positive charges. ** so posiive charegs will elute last

The anomeric carbon on the substrate shown in Figure 3 is: Note: I included the picture but you dont need it to answer the question!!! A. a fixed stereocenter B. a nucleophilic alcohol C. observed only in acyclic carbohydrates. D. an invertible epimer.

C is wrong because acyclic carbohydrates do not have an anomeric carbon (found in ringed carbohydrates). A is wrong because anomeric carbons have a sterocenter but it is not fixed (Beta or alpha)

What are the 4 types of spectroscopy?

C13- NMR H- NMR IR UV-Vis

Which molecule will elute last in a size exclsuon chromatography? A. GGYYKKKK B. RGTGG C. RRGTGGA D. GGYS

D

Which ion will elute first in a cation-exchange chromatography? A. Valine B. Isoleucine C. Lysine D. Aspartate

D cation exchange binds to positive charges, so negative charges elute first!!!

Which among the following reagants can not be used to reduce a alkene and/or alcohol groups? A. H2 B. NaBH4 C. LiALH4 D. PCC

D. This is a reducing agent and used to oxidize alcohols

Distillation separates liquid substances based on what type of phase change? Sublimation Condensation Evaporation Melting

Evaporation and condesation, as it deals with the relationship between liquids and gases in the flask.

What is the nucleophilicity trend when placed in a polar aprotic solvent?

F-> Cl-> Br-> I- "naked up" or " smaller naked"

What is the nucleophilicity trend when placed in a polar protic solvent?

F< Cl< Br< I polar protic can hydrogen bond and F is the only atom in this group that can hydrogen. - Polar protic prefers to be free(less tightly bound) and can quickly interact with electrophile

NADH and FADH2 are both examples of coenzymes that can be coupled to an enzyme. However, the enzyme _________________binds tightly to an enzyme as it can easily bind to O2 due to its functions as a _____________ electron transfer carrier.

FADH2, single electron carrier ** since it can easily bind with oxygen, FAD/FADH2 produces a highly stable free radical species known as semiquinone

True or False. Meso compounds, diesteremers, and enationmer compound since they are chiral can rotate light along a plane polarized light.

False. all are chiral, however, meso is symmetrical along both chiral centers so overall cant rotate light.

True or False. Carboxylic acid can undergo hydrogen bonds because they can act as hydrogen donors.

False. Though carboxylic acid can undergo hydrogen bond they do so because thy can act as both a hydrogen donor and acceptor.

Which structure in the tongue does not have any taste buds?

Filiform (located at the center of the tongue)

AA's are formed by this/ these reaction (s).

Gabriel synthesis Strecker synthesis

When it comes to substitution reaction why is it that when you react an nucelophile with an electrophile that water serves as a better leaving group than alcohol?

Good leaving groups are weak bases (which comes from strong acid) Water better leaving group than alcohol

In terms of protein structure, urea disrupts _______________.

H bonds

In terms of protein structure, mercaptoethaol (chemical) disrupts _______________.

H- bonds

H2/ LiAlH4/ NaBH4 would be best reagant used to reduce alkene groups.

H2 LiALH4 and NaBh4 only reduce carbonyl groups and/ or carboxylic acids.

What are some examples of non- enzymatic proteins?

I SAM 1.) Immunoglobin 2.) Structural "CAKE" -Collagen - Actin - Keratin - Elastin 3.) adhesion proteins - cadherins - selectin - integrin 4.) Motor - myosin - dynein

The (6S, 7R) isomer incorporates the carbonyl oxgyen at position 8. Which epoxide carbon is attacked by the carbonyl of the keto epoxide intermediate to produce this outcome? Picture on opposite side A. C4 B. C5 C. C6 D. C7

If we are want to incorporate a carbonyl oxygen at position 8 then which carbon is attacked by the carbonyl carbon. Note that the carbonyl at position 8 forms a 6 carbon ring, so it must attacke C6 of the epoxide carbon. D is wrong because if the carbonyl were to attack c7 then it would form a 7 carbon ring and the carbonyl oxygen would be incorporated at position 6. **** Note that when determining the carbon position (C6) it is in relationship to the carbonyl that is attacking the carbon to form the ring. In other words the carbonyl will be the 1st position for nucleophilicn attack (even though it is the second carbon) and we count our carbons from that carbon position.

How many degrees of unsaturation are lost or gain in the base induced transformation from Mito-pH to its photoactive ring open form? A. one degree of unsaturation is gained. B. One degree of unsaturation is lost. C. Two degree of unsaturation are gained. D. The degrees of unsaturation are unchanged.

Looking at the spirallactone moiety from the transormation one double bond is gained and a ring is lost...... Degree of unsaturation depends on double bonds, multiple bonds and ring structures (pI bonds). Since a double bond is gained and a ring is lost then answer is D

What are some examples of motor "Non-enzymatic proteins"?

Myosin Dyenin Kinesin

If you add the reagant H2CrO4 to a tertpropanol solution than you'll get__________

NOTHING because it can not get further oxidized

Name the oxidizing agent used in this reaction. hydroquinone---> benzoquinone

Na2CrO7, H2SO4

Name the oxidizing agent used in this reaction. secondary alcohol ( 2-propanol) ---> ketone

NaCr2O7 and H2SO4 or strong acid (CrO3, H2SO4, and acetone)

Which of the following does not describe why a nucleophile will react more quickly with acetic anhydride than with N, N diisopropylisobutyramide? A. N, N diisopropylisobutyramide has a greater inductive effect than acetic anhydride. B. Acetic anhydride is less sterically hindered than N, N diisopropylisobutyramide. C. N, N diisopropylisobutyramide has a less stable leaving group than acetic anhydride. D. Acetic anhydride is a dronger electrophile than N, N diisopropylisobutyramide.

Nucleophile react best with electrophiles that are stonger electrohphiles (more acidic or positive in nature), that are less sterically hindered, stronger leaving group, and has more inductice effect. Remember that O is more electrophilic because it has more positively charged protons than N. Oxygen is also more electronegative than N, so it pulls more electrons away from the carbonly carbon (when comparing N, N diisopropylisobutyramide and acetic anhydride) making it more positive Inductive effect is the relationship between sigma bonds in terms of electron withdrawing (taking- acidic) or electron donating (giving- basic) ** uworld FC

Name the oxidizing agent used in this reaction. primary alcohol ( ethanol) ---> aldehyde

PCC ***oxidizing agent ffor primary alcohol

What is the starting reactants for Gabriel Synthesis?

Potassium Phthalimide and Diethyl Bromomalonate reacting in a SN2 reaction

Arrange the functional groups in from best to weakest leaving group? acid halide (Br) acid anhydride ester carboxylic acid amide

Rule: the weaker the base the better the leaving group. 1.) furthest to the right on the periodic table 2.) conjugate base of a strong acid. acid halide> acid anhydride> ester and carboxylic acid > amide

Which taste bud receptor (s) relys on ion channel for delivering action potential signals?

Sour and Salty

Which taste bud receptor (s) relys on GPCR receptor for delivering action potential signals?

Sweet, Umami, and Bitter

Which taste bud receptor relys on glutamate?

Umami

In the synthesis of tri-substiuted oxazolidines, the acetylene derivative acts as a : A. Bronsted Acid B. Bronsted base C. Lewis acid D. Lewis base

You dont need the structure (too lazy to upload picture), as a acetylene derivative is a molecule that comes from a acetylene. "Acetylene" has a pi bond. Also the passage states " an amino acid derived pro-nucleophile was reacted with an acetylene derivative.......", so acetylene must be an electrophile making the answer C!!!

Protecting groups protect carbonyl groups from undergoing reduction by transforming the carbonyl group to a ____________ group.

acetal or cyclic acetal

ELectron withdrawing group tends to make the molecule more acid/basic.

acidic

In terms of protein structure, boiling water (heat) disrupts _______________.

all forces

Rank the functional groups in order of increasing acidity: HCl CH3OH phenol HOOCCH3COOH alpha hydrogen on carbonyl

alpha carbon on carbonyl group < CH3OH< phenol< HOOCCH3COOH< HCl most acidic (lowest pKa)= HCl "CPA alpha" 5,10,15,20 Carboxylic acid--> pKa = 5 Phenol--> pKa=10 Alcohol--> pKa= 15 alpha carbon of carbonyl group--> pKa=20

List some examples of polar protic solvents:

any molecule with an OH group H-OH CH3-OH CH3CH2OH

ELectron donating group tends to make the molecule more acid/basic.

basic

One of the symptoms of COVID is ansomia. This is characterized as :

cant smell

Draw the structure of isopropyl butanoate.

carbonyl has lowest priority, so it dominates and is listed last

Which of the following conditions will result in the greatest increase in the rate of distillation of a substance? A. decrease the vapor pressure B. decreasing the temperature C. decreasing the atmospheric pressure D. decreasing the mole fraction of the substance

decreasing the vapor pressure will remove vapo particles, thereby, slowing distillation. decreasing mole fraction of the substance decreased surface area, less water will be present on the suface for evaporation, so distillation decreases. answer C

In chair conformation, the dashed configuration is said to be pointing___________.

down

If you add the reagant H2CrO4 to an ethanol solution than you'll get__________

ethanoic acid

10 mL of 0.5 M calcium hydroxide is required to titrate 50 mL hydrochloric acid. WhIch ofthe following gives the inital concentration of the acid? A. 1/5 M B. 1/10 M C. 5 M D. 10 M

first write out the formula and balance it out. Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl--> 2H20 + CaCl2 10mL * 0.5 M Ca (OH)2= 5 mols of Ca(OH)2 we need to have 2 times that added of HCl, so we need 10 mmol. Answer A

The greater the atmospheric pressure, the _________ the boiling point?

greater because it require more energy for liquid to boil

What are some general rules to remember what an electron withdrawing group is?

halogen no lone pair electrons positive charge

What are some general rules to remember what an electron donating group is?

has lone pair electrons resonance cyclohexanes

What is the function of spectroscopy when running an experiment?

helps us determine the structure of a molecule

In terms of protein structure, salt disrupts _______________.

ionic bonds

In terms of protein structure, pH change disrupts _______________.

ionic bonds (protein shape)

If you add the reagant H2CrO4 to an 2-propanol solution than you'll get__________

ketone

In term of thermodynamics.......Compound 1 were stable to mixing so this liposome is most likely under _____________ control. Compound 3 when mixed forms new liposomes with an average size expected for the effective final lipid concentration, so this liposome most likley under ________________ control.

kinetic, thermodynamic kinetics only cares about the speed that of a reaction while thermodynamic reaction forms intermediates and new substances which can be the products, so it cares about changes in substance formation based on spontaneity.

Which structure will elute first in a gas chromatography methane or methanol?

methane as it is more nonpolar which is similar to gas

Which functional group is more polar methylamide or methanol?

methylamide *** The more acidic and resonance the more polar Amide > Acid > Alcohol > Ketone ~ Aldehyde > Amine > Ester > Ether > Alkane

Steric theory (aka shape theory) relates to which sense? What does it state?

olfactory odors fits in its receptor like a lock-and-key

The vibrational theory relates to which sense? What does it state?

olfactory vibration frequency gives things its specific odor profile

Protecting groups are important as it avoids for ________________ functional groups to undergo reduction when reducing agent are placed in a solution.

protecting groups protect carbonyl groups and allows for carboxylic acids to get reduced

In a substituion reaction, when reacting a carboxylic acid (electrophile) with an methanol (nucleophile), what can you do to kick off the alcolhol of the carboxylic acid

protonate the alcohol with an acid to make it a better leaving group because alcohol is a poor leaving group.

Lactam though normally forming a strong bond can be broken via hydrolysis when ____________________.

ring strain (5 or 6 carbons which is less stable) forms

In spectroscopy, electron donating groups are more shielded/ deshielded.

shielding because it has more electrons to give off.

Which sense(s) dont synapse at the Thalamus?

smell and taste

Which taste bud receptor relys on the binding of H+?

sour

List the orbitals in increasing acidity. sp sp2 sp3

sp3<sp2<sp

When determining nucleophile trends, nucleophile in polar protic solvents focuses on_______________ while those in polar aprotic solvents focuses on _____________ respectively.

sterically hindrance (how tightly bound), how basic

Name the oxidizing agent used in this reaction. primary alcohol ( ethanol) ---> Carboxylic acid

strong acid (CrO3, H2SO4, and acetone)

In terms of protein structure, enzymes disrupts _______________.

the linear peptide bonds (think of when we eat!!!!!!!!!!)

In terms of boiling point, atmospheric pressure is defined as

the pressure of gas that is right above the liquid

Chair flip. If we start off with a dashed methyl group on the axial location, then when we go a chair flip the methyl group would take_______________.

up equatorial

Which of the following best describes a chemical species that is measured to have a Kb= 3.2 x 10^ -18? A. weak base B. strong acid C. weak acid D. strong base

use the Kax Kb= 10^-14 formula - you get a Ka of around 10^4 remember is Ka>1 then its a strong acid B.

boiling point occurs when

vapor pressure equals atmospheric pressure