(Good) The Progressive Era / Imperialism/ WW1/ The Roaring 20s

_____________ used as the campaign slogan in 1916 for Woodrow Wilson; ironically, he contradicted it two weeks after taking office again (took us into the war).

"He Kept Us Out Of War"

This policy was pursued early in World War I. Under it, the American economy flourished and grew because of its trade with belligerents. The United States refused to take sides in the Great War.

(American) Neutrality

-What appeared to be the problem with currency between the Civil War and Wilson's presidency? -How did the Federal Reserve Act alter this problem? -What were its components?

-There was only one main bank which was placed in NY so people out west could not get to it easily. -Federal Reserve Act (1913) regulated $$ in the US. -National banks join Federal Reserve system (12 regional banks w/ board of experts for oversight), allowed for issuance of paper $$, to combat any problems w/circulation

How did Elkins Act of 1903 and the Hepburn Act of 1906 seek to curb the railroad business?

1. *expanding the power of the ICC 2. Making rebates illegal 3. Restricting bribery

What were believed to be the three lasting impressions left by Roosevelt on the United States?

1. Expanding the power and prestige of the presidential office 2. Helping to shape the progressive movement 3. showing Americans that they now had responsibilities to other nations because of their newfound power

Popular muckrakers..

1. Ida Tarbell (The history of the standard oil company) 2. Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) 3. Upton Sinclair (The Jungle 4. David G. Phillips (The Treason of the Senate) 5. Frank Norris (The Octopus) [not as important]

Progressives pushed for ___________ which give the people more power. (Democracy)

1. Initiative 2. Referendum 3. Recall 4. Direct Primaries

What are the 4 Influences of Progressivism? How did they influence progressivism?

1. Populism- 2. Foreign influences- 3. Gilded age challengers of social Darwinism- 4. Science- progressives believed such expertise (from scientific advances) would solve the social problems of industrialism.

What were the causes of the Spanish-American war?

1. Remember the Mane to hell with Spain 2. American greed for power (expansion) 3. De Lome letter by Spanish ambassador 4. American peace of mind (Pres. thought if they fought it out they [American people] will feel better)

Who were the Progressive presidents and what did they do during their presidency?

1. Theodore Roosevelt-Roosevelt passed acts that would clean up meat packing industries as well as other food processing plants (the Square Deal, Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act, Conservation Reform). 2. William Howard Taft- didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), 3. Woodrow Wilson- Wilson lowers tariffs, passes the 16th Amendment, outlaws monopolies, and created twelve federal reserves (Underwood-Simmons Tariff, 16th Amendment, Federal Reserve Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act).

New Style of fighting/ Inventions used in WWI:

1. U-Boats (Subs.- German) 2. Gas 3. Trench warfare 4. airplanes 5. Tanks

Who were the progressives what were their two main goals?

1. Women (played major role) 2. urban white native- born middle class 3. intellectuals 4. Journalists 5. Educators 6. Upper class/ working class reformers Goals: a) to use the state's power to curb trusts b) halt the socialist threat by improving conditions of life.

The Amendment that legalized the income tax

16th amendment

Time period of the progressive era.

1895-1920

direct primaries

A method in which voters can directly vote for their party's candidates introduced by Robert La Follette.

Australian ballot

A method of using a secret ballot that started in Australia and was adopted in the United States starting in 1888 in Massachusetts. By 1910, all states adopted this method. Previously, political parties would manipulate and intimidate voters because their ballots were public.

The progressive movement

A movement, or groups of different reform movements, that took place at the turn of the 20th century until WWI directly caused by industrialization and urbanization. This movement: -Wanted to limit the power of corporations, improve the democracy so it benefited the people, and strengthen justice. - Sought to correct political and economic injustices from industrialization. (challenge the government corruption), improve life in the industrial age by making moderate political changes and social improvements through governmental action. -Attempted to protect the working class from the monopolistic control of big business, especially the railroad industry.

Ida Tarbell

A muckraker who exposed the oil monopoly with The History of the Standard Oil Company in 1902 and wrote a series in McClure's Magazine.

Commission plan (city)

A municipal reform in which voters elect the heads of city departments like fire, police, and sanitation rather than just the mayor. It was first used in Galveston, Texas in 1900, but was replaced by the manager-council plan of municipal government.

Socialist Party of America

A party that grew in power in the first decade of the twentieth century that was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. It was more radical than the Progressive movement and called for public ownership of railroad, utilities, and even major industries such as oil and steel. Eugene V. Debs was one of the founders of this party and was its presidential candidate for five elections. However, although Progressives and ________ joined forces on issues like workers' compensation and minimum wage, Progressives wanted to distance themselves from this group because Progressives favored only mild reforms. Public ownership of utilities, eight-hour workday, and pensions for employees were __________ ideas that were eventually adopted.

Pragmatism

A philosophy that was prevalent during the Progressive era, taking the place of earlier transcendentalism. William James and John Dewey were big advocates of this philosophy that stated that people should have practical, rather than abstract, approaches to morals, ideals, and knowledge. Progressives took the idea that people should experiment with ideas and test them until something work in stride.

scientific management system

A practical system founded by Frederick W. Taylor that organized factory workers in such a way that the most goods could be produced. He approach was widely used in factories, but reformers in the Progressive sought to apply this approach to government. They thought the government would be more effective if put in hands of experts and scientific managers as opposed to the undemocratic and inefficient political machines.

The _______________ authorized national banks to issue emergency currency in the event of a currency shortage.

Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908)

Mann-Elkins Act of 1910

An act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversees telephone, telegraph, and cable companies.

Seventeenth Amendment

An amendment passed in 1913 that required all U.S senators be elected by popular vote instead of majority vote of the state legislature.

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 that fought for women's rights and suffrage. Carrie Chapman Catt became president of the organization in 1900 and she shifted the focus to adding a constitutional amendment for women's suffrage.

Trust busting

Any government activity designed to break up trusts or monopolies.

How did the Ballinger-Pinchot affair create even more anti-Taft sentiment amongst progressives?

Ballinger opens once-reserved land, with Taft's approval. - Taft approves opening of public lands for commercial interests, contradicting earlier words. He completely went against his conservationist views that TR had originated, making all the supporters of TR's conservationist views, turn on him.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1900 who argued for women's suffrage so they would be able to more actively care for their families in an industrial society. At first she advocated for this at a state level, but soon sought to add a suffrage amendment to the U.S Constitution. After the Nineteenth Amendment was passed, she organized the League of Women Voters.

municipal reform

Before the Progressive era, city municipalities such as water, transportation, and electricity were privately owned. The companies that controlled such were often corrupt. Thus, there was a movement to have the utilities owned by the government instead.

Alice Paul

Broke from NAWSA in 1916 to form the National Women's Party and from the beginning lobbied Congress and the president for an amendment to the Constitution.

The Nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election (1912)

Bull Moose Party

This act -Improved (Lengthened) the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices. -Exempted labor unions from restraint of trade provisions -legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.

Clayton Anti-trust Act of 1914

_____________- The presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Election of 1912

In the ______ election, the main concern of voters was whether or not the United States would become involved in World War I. Supreme Court Justice Charles E. Hughes VS. President Woodrow Wilson.

Election of 1916

The act passed that gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest. (-a reform wanted by the Populist party. -passed by president Wilson in 1916)

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

This act established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigate complaints against companies.

Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914

National Urban League (NUL)

Formed in 1911 to helped African Americans who were migrating to Northern cities from the South. Its motto was "Not Alms But Opportunity", which reflected its emphasis on self reliance and economic advancement.

National Women's Party

Founded by Alice Paul in 1916, it adopted a more militant approach than NAWSA for gaining women's suffrage including mass picket demonstrations, parades, and hunger strikes from its supporters

League of Women Voters (NAWSA)

Founded by Carrie Chapman Catt following the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment, this organization was dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded on Lincoln's birthday in 1908 by members of the Niagara Movement and a group of white progressives to end all forms of discrimination and increase educational opportunities for black children. With 100,00 members in 1920, it became the nation's largest civil rights organization.

Why was Robert LaFollette the epitome of the "progressive" spirit? What were some of his goals and achievements as the governor of Wisconsin?

He sought direct primary for pres. candidates, limits on campaign $, took control away from lumber/railroads & regulated utilities. Greatest Achievements: ridding the powerful corporations of their immense power and giving it back to the people

How did yellow journalism contribute to the war?

Influenced the American people to want war

The act that granted the Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved

Jones Act (1916)

When did WWI start? When did the U.S. get involved in WWI?

July 28, 1914- Nov. 11 1918 April 6, 1917

The ____________ by_____________ brought the meat inspection act and the pure food and drug act.

Jungle; Upton Sinclair

initiative; referendum; recall

Methods developed by Progressives in order to make the state governments more democratic: ________ where voters could compel a legislature to consider a bill _______ allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws printed on their ballots ________ enabled voters to remove a corrupt politician while still in office by majority vote And the end of WWI, twenty states, most in the Western United States, had accepted the first two while 11 also offered the third.

______________- President Wilson's policy of condemning imperialism, spreading democracy, and promoting peace internationally.

Moral Diplomacy

____________ are a group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics.

Muckrakers

______________- Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

New Freedom

____________- Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

New Nationalism

Who caused the sinking of the U.S.S marine?

No one. Internal malfunction.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Occurred in 1911 when a fire caused the deaths of approximately 150 women workers because they were locked in the building and had no fire escapes. This tragic event convinced many progressives to push for reforms of safety and health conditions in factories.

Jacob Riis

One of the first photojournalists who wrote articles about tenement life and published How the Other Half Lives in 1890

Eugene V. Debs

One of the founders of the Socialist Party and was the party's presidential candidate for five election from 1900 to 1920. He was a former railway union leader and led the Pullman Strike in 1894, after which he was jailed. He openly criticized business and was a championed. _______ won 6 percent of the total votes in the election of 1912 (Woodrow Wilson won), when the Socialist Party reached its peak.

Muller v. Oregon

People challenged an Oregon law that limited women to a 10-hour workday, but the Supreme Court upheld the law in 1908, which set the precedent of the Supreme Court using its power for social reform.

What is Seward's folly?

People thought it was a bad idea that Sec. of State W. Seward Purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million because it was cold and they felt no one would go there.

Child Labor Act of 1916

Prohibited the shipment the interstate commerce of products manufactured by children under 14 years of age. However, the Supreme Court found this act unconstitutional in 1918 in Hammer v. Dagenhart.

Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909

Raised the tariff on most imports that angered the Progressives because Taft signed and endorsed the tariff

Nineteenth Amendment

Ratified by Congress in 1920, this amendment guaranteed women's right to vote in all elections at the local, state, and national levels. Wilson originally did not support women's suffrage, but the dedication efforts of women on the homefront during WWI helped convince him.

Urban migration

Referring to the time between 1910 and 1930 when a million African Americans traveled north to seek jobs in the cities. Previously, in the nineteenth century, 9 out of 10 African Americans lived in the South. This was because of the deteriorated race relations in the South, destruction of cotton crops by the boll weevil, and job opportunities that opened in the North when the white workers left to fight in WWI. It slowed in the 1930s, but increased again during WWII, with over 4 million African Americans migrating between 1940 and 1970. In the North, they still faced racial tension and discrimination

What were some of the factors that led TR to oppose Taft, after being his main endorsement in 1908?

Roosevelt was personally involved in a merger with the U.S. Steel Corporations when Taft went after it causing TR to oppose Taft.

Conservation

Roosevelt was the first president to actively protect the nation's natural resources. For example: 1. Used the Federal Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 million acres of land as a national reserve 2. Won passage of the Newlands Reclamation Act in 1902 3. Hosted a White House conference about the subject in 1908 where he established the National Conservation Commission under Gifford Pinchot

What did Taft's signing of the Payne-Aldrich Bill do to the Republican Party?

Signing of the bill split the Republican Party, because it raised the tariffs which were initially supposed to be lowered.

Elkins Act of 1903

Strengthened the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission by giving it more authority to stop railroads from granting rebates to their favored customers.

Hepburn Act of 1906

Strengthened the regulatory powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission by giving it the authority to fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads.

A torpedo from a German submarine hit a French passenger liner, called the Sussex in march 1916. Wilson demanded the Germans refrain from attacking passenger ships. In this statement, Germany said they would temporarily stop these attacks but might have to resume in the future if the British continued to blockade German ports.

Sussex Pledge (1916)

How did Roosevelt and Pinchot represent a moderate approach to conservation and preservation?

TR and G. Pinchot focus on efficient use of natural resources and forestry conservation. - TR creates federal reserves of land, while spurring the growth of conservationist clubs, such as the Sierra Club, seeking to preserve the wilderness.

Why did Teddy Roosevelt attempt to regain the nomination of the Republican Party in 1912?

TR attempted to regain the nomination because Taft had thrown away his policies.

How could Roosevelt be considered moderate, in terms of his attacks on trusts?

TR responds to public's demands, but does not seek to overturn the entire system.

Ultimately, what did Roosevelt see as the main purposes of attacking some corporations and not others? Why?

TR thought that the purpose of only attacking some corporations would prove that the govt., not business controlled the nation. He thought it would end a lot of corruption in the business industry and show society he had their best interests in mind.

How could Taft be considered more of a "trustbuster" than Roosevelt?

Taft could be considered more of a "trustbuster" than Roosevelt because he started 90 lawsuits against trusts versus Roosevelt's 44 suits.

How did Taft view "dollar diplomacy" as a means of strengthening America's position throughout the world?

Taft's international solution to winning friends. - Give $$$ to American businesses for investment in foreign countries, and they will love America. - Strengthens economy at home, and defenses abroad.

Pan-Americanism and James G. Blaine

The 1884 nomination for the Rebublican presidential candidate. ________________ stated that events in the Americans affected the U.S. and we thus had reason to intervene.

What were the components of Roosevelt's "Square Deal"?

The 3 C's: 1. Control of Trusts (i.e. RR's) 2. Consumer Protection (i.e. Meat inspection) 3. Conservation (i.e. Sierra Club).

How did the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 and Clayton Anti-trust Act of 1914 attack the third-wall of privilege?

The acts attacked the third-wall of privilege by adding more restrictions on business and by starting to eliminate trusts.

Gifford Pinchot

The first director of the U.S Forest Service and was in charge of the National Conservation Commission set up by Roosevelt and was liked and respected by the Progressives. However, he was fired in the Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

trust-busting w/ Roosevelt

The nickname given to Roosevelt as he broke up what he saw as "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled the competition. Roosevelt became the first president to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. He broke up the railroad monopoly of the Northern Securities Company, owned by John Pierpont Morgan in 1904 with a Supreme Court decision backing Roosevelt's case. He also took antitrust action against Standard Oil and more than 40 other corporations. However, Roosevelt supported what he saw as "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated the market.

Hiram Johnson

The reform governor of California who fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. He was successful.

____________ got the Meat inspection act and pure food and drug act passed after reading The Jungle.

Theodor Roosevelt

The term "muckrakers" came from ____________ because....

Theodor Roosevelt; Meant to be an insult but taken as a compliment.

How were the progressives similar to the populist party.

They fought for some of the same things.

Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902

This act provided money from the sale of public land for irrigation projects in western states

Why did direct election of the US Senators become a large portion of the goals sought by the Progressives?

This was started by a series of articles titles "The Treason of the Senate" by David G. Phillips, which revealed the Senate's corruption.

Why was Alaska purchased?

To serve as a buffer for Russia.

The _____________- pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Underwood Tariff

How did T. Roosevelt and W. Wilson differ in their progressive ideologies?

W. Wilson believed in New Freedom, which favored small enterprise and unregulated and unmonoplized markets. TR believed in New Nationalism with reform and regulation, and extreme social welfare, but also in the continuing existence of trusts.

anthracite coal miners' strike of 1902

When coal miners went on strike for a greater part of the year of ________, and people feared that without coal, they would freeze in the winter. President Theodore Roosevelt tried to mediate the dispute by calling the leaders of the United Mine Workers and the company to the White House, but was angry when the company leaders refused to compromise. The threatened to take over the mine with federal troops, and the owners finally agreed to a 10 percent wage increase and a nine-hour work day to the miners. The commission did not grant union recognition. This was the first example of Roosevelt's Square Deal policy.

Despite Wilson's progressivism, especially within the first 18 months of his presidency, what did he not use his political capital for?

Wilson didn't use his capitalism for the better treatment towards blacks. He was adored by the majority of the country especially during his first 18 months, yet he accelerated segregation and did nothing to support blacks.

How did the Underwood Tariff of 1913 lead to the implementation of the graduated income tax?

With the lower tariffs implemented by the Underwood Tariff of 1913, the government needed another revenue source so they created a graduated income tax.

Also known as the "Great War", this war broke out in Europe over the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, this was the first war in which "total war" was waged, and sucked the reluctant United States into it in 1917.

World War I

Why was alcohol a critical component of the progressive agenda? How did the Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTM) help mobilize in favor of prohibition?

contributed to corruption in the government and it was bad for family values. The WCTM held protests in saloons to lobby for laws for prohibition.

What did Wilson mean by the "triple wall of privilege"?

he seeks to attack the "Triple Wall of Privilege" a) tariffs b) banks c) trusts

How was the Payne-Aldrich Bill a betrayal of Taft's campaign promises to reduce protective tariffs for businesses?

it was a high protective tariff for American businesses, and progressives cried foul, as the bill's original purpose was to lower tariffs.

How did the "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907 "pave the way" for fiscal reforms necessary at the time?

led the way for fiscal reforms by showing that the banks weren't able to increase the volume of money in circulation, which led to the Aldrich-Vreeland Act

Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle to...

show the terrible working conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry.

Progressivism began as a ________ movement and grew into a _________ movement.

social; political

The progressive movement was a response to...

the challenges of industrialization, urbanization and immigration.

The purpose of progressivism....

to gain understanding of the diverse and influential reform movements of turn of the century America.