Gov chapter 13

factors that have contributed to the growth of presidental power

- The presidency is a unified office with a focused purpose. - Congress has granted more authority to the executive branch. - The President can act decisively in times of crisis, increasing his or her influence. - The support staff of the President has grown over time.

The president is the chief _______ directing the more than 2.7 million civilian employees of the executive branch

Administer

The president is the commander in _______ of the 1.4 million men and women of the nation's armed forces

Chief

The president is the _______ holding the nation's executive power in domestic and foreign affairs

Chief executive

The president acts as a ________________ the ceremonial head of the us government and the symbol of the American people

Chief of state

The president is the nation's chief ______ the main architect of American foreign policy and the nation's chief spokesman to the rest of the world

Diplomat

Who had three serious but temporarily illnesses while in office

Eisenhower

Chief of party

Leader of the political party that controls the executive branch.

The president is the chief _______ proposing laws that set the congressional legislative agenda

Legislator

Vice President has _____ status. The vice presidential candidate is chosen because he can ______ the ticket helping the president get elected due to personal characteristics such as ideology, geographic background

Low, balance

Vice President succeed the president _____ times in the us history beginning with _______ replacing William Harrison in 1841

Nine, john tyler

If the president dies, who takes his place?

Vice President

• Views of the Presidency - These executive powers are broadly defined and open to ______________. • At the Constitutional Convention, some delegates argued for a _______ chief executive appointed by Congress. • They were defeated by delegates supporting a strong, independently elected executive.

interpretation, weaker

Presidential succession act of 1947

the current law fixing the order of succession to the presidency after the Vice President

Chief administrator

the director of the executive branch

• President Theodore Roosevelt once sent the __________ halfway around the world without consulting Congress. Legislators had no choice but to approve funds to bring the Navy back.( Great White Fleet)

us navy

How did the Vice President becomes acting president

1. President informs congress in writing that he cannot carry out the powers and duties of the office 2. Vice President and majority of members in cabinet inform congress in writing that the president is incapacitated

what are the three key goals for conventions

1. naming the party's presidential and vice presidential candidates 2. uniting the party's factions and leaders in one place for a common place 3. adopting the party platform stating its basic principles, policy goals, and objectives for the campaign and beyond

no President can serve more than ____ years in office

10

• Treaties and the Senate • A __________ majority of the Senate must approve all treaties before they go into effect. - This gives the ________ an important role in shaping U.S. foreign policy. - A Senate minority can kill a treaty. In 1920 the Senate rejected the Treaty of ___________.

2/3, senate, versailles

What amendment ratified the limits presidents to no more than two full elected terms in office

22

Under what amendment Vice President now formally assumes the office of president

25th

• Counting Electoral Votes • Each State has as many electors as it has members of Congress. • Each State receives at least ____ electors, two for its Senate seats and one for the House. • Counting Electoral Votes • The ______________ system gives all a State's electoral votes to the candidate who wins the State popular vote.

3, winner take all

national conventions meet for _____ days, organized around many speeches by party leaders, adoption of the party platform, and the keynote address celebrating the party and its candidates. • The convention closes with the State delegations voting for the presidential nominee and the nominee's ___________ ________.

3-4, acceptance speech

national convention

:a quadrennial meeting where major parties select their presidential ticket

Compare the differences between the Vice President back then vs now

Back then Vice Presidents are considered to be low and that they do have a lot of emphasis on presidential qualities. Now, Vice Presidents have more political experience and influences

What are some benefits of being the president

Being in the White House, Air Force one, excellent healthcare

Presiding officers of congress are followed by the heads of the _____ _________ in the order that they were created

Cabinet department

What is chief of state

Ceremonial head of government

Joe Biden had brought years of _____ _______ experience to the office

Foreign policy

Who broke the 2 term custom by being elected to 4 terms

Franklin roosevelt

Who set the custom of serving 2 terms

George washington

Can the president remove the vice president

No

Constitution sets ____ term limits for the presidency

No

Under the 25th amendment the president can fill a Vice Presidential vacancy by __________ a Vice President who must be ________ by both houses of congress Who was the first Vice President that was appointed in this fashion?

Nominating, confirmed , Gerald ford

The president is the unofficial head of the ________ that controls the executive branch

Political party

Constitution gives the Vice President two formal duties which are

Preside over the senate and help decided if president is disabled under the 25th amendment otherwise the Vice President must be ready to assume the duties of presidency if necessary

What are the three requirements of the president must meet to be eligible for

President must be a natural born citizen of the United States Be at least 35 years old Us resident for at least 14 years

Who was badly wounded in an assassination attemp

Reagan

Balance the ticket

The practice of choosing a presidential running mate who can strengthen a presidential candidate's chance of being elected

Chief executive

The role of the president as head of the executive branch of the government.

Many people including the president have argued that the ____ term rule unfairly _____the right of the people to choose their president Some say it also _____ a president's influence at the end of the second term in office Supporters say the amendment protects against what? Some have argued for a single _____ year term which would free the president from worrying about reelection

Two, limits Weakens Abuse of executive power

Who suffered a stroke in 1919 and was too ill to meet with his cabinet for seven months

Woodrow wilson

caucus

a closed meeting of party members who select delegates to a national convention

treaty

a formal agreement between two or more independent states

platform:

a party's formal statement of principles

executive privilege

a right claimed by some Presidents that allows them to refuse to provide certain information to Congress or the federal courts

proportional representation

a system that gives a primary candidate a proportion of delegates equal to their percentage of the vote

swing voter

a voter who has not made up his or her mind at the start of a campaign

• Treaties • Treaties have the same legal status as an _____ of Congress. • Congress can repeal a treaty by passing a law that nullifies its provisions. • An existing law can be repealed by the terms of a treaty. • A treaty ____________ with any part of the Constitution.

act, cannot conflict

• Interpreting Laws • Congress passes many laws that set out broad policies, but do not include specific details for enforcement. • The President and other members of the executive branch must decide how these laws should be ____________ and enforced. • To do so, they must often ________________ of these laws.

administered, interpret the intent

• Bush v. Gore • In 2000,________ narrowly won the popular vote, but George W. Bush won the electoral college by one vote. • Florida's popular vote was disputed, leading to a recount stopped by a 5-4 decision of the _____________, giving Bush Florida's 25 electoral votes.

al gore, supreme court

electoral college framers agreed on a plan put forth by ___________. the created an electoral college to represent each _________ - Each state would have as many electors as it had _________ and ________________ in Congress.

alexander Hamilton, state, senators and representatives

presidential primary

an election in which a party's voters choose state party organization's delegates to their party's national convention, and/or express a preference for their party's presidential nomination

persona non grata

an unwelcome person

• The Appointment Power • The Constitution grants the President ___________ power, the ability to appoint some federal officials. - This power is necessary to ensure that presidential policies are ___________. - The President appoints some _____ of the 2.7 million federal workers. - The majority of the rest are hired according to civil service laws.

appointment, carried out, 3000

• The Removal Power • The Constitution does not say how appointed officers should be removed. - Some politicians wanted Senate ________ for removals as well as appointments. - Others argued that the President must have the power to _______ incompetent appointees. • The First Congress gave the President the power to remove any appointed officer except for _______________.

approval, remove, federal judges

• Article II • ____________ of the Constitution gives the President power to: - Command the armed forces - Make ________ - Approve or veto acts of Congress - Send or receive diplomats - "Take care that the Laws be faithfully _________." • The presidency has been called the "most powerful office in the world."

article 2, treaties, executed

• Presidential Campaigns • Presidential campaigns now begin long before the party conventions. • Candidates focus their time and money on ___________ States and ______ voters, trying to persuade uncommitted voters to support vote for them. • Voters are bombarded with ____, interviews, speeches, and press releases. • Since the 1960s, candidates also routinely _______ each other in nationally televised events. - The people vote for presidential _________, rather than _________ for a candidate.

battleground, swing, ads, debate, electors, directly

• Presidential Appointments • Presidents appoint top-ranking officials such as: - ________ members and their top aides - ____________ and other diplomats - The heads of independent agencies - All federal _______, U.S. marshals, and attorneys - All officers in the U.S. armed forces • These appointments must be a approved by a majority vote of the ________.

cabinet, ambassadors, judges, senate

• Caucuses • In States that do not hold primaries, _________ choose the delegates to the national convention. Party voters attend local caucuses where they vote for _________ to attend district conventions

caucuses , delegates

• Chief Diplomat • The Constitution does not formally give the status of _______________ to the President. But two presidential powers play a key role: - The President is the _________________ of the nation's armed forces. - The President, usually acting through the secretary of _____, negotiates treaties with foreign nations.

chief diplomat, commander, state

What are the roles of the president?

chief of state, chief executive, chief administrator, chief diplomat, commander in chief, chief legislator, party chief, chief citizen,

• Means of Gaining Power • The debate continues over how much power the President should have relative to _________.

congress

nominating the president • The system of nominating the President is not mentioned in the _____________ and has been created by the two major parties. • Each party's national committee sets the time and place of its __________________.

constitution, national convention

• From September to November, the presidential candidates hold ________ and give speeches. On the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, the voters cast their ballots and choose the president-elect=

debates, general election day

• The National Conventions • Today a party's nominee is usually ______________ the convention.

decided before

• Making Undeclared War • Only Congress can ____________; however, many U.S. presidents have sent armed forces into combat abroad without a declaration of war: - John Adams had the U.S. Navy fight French warships in 1798. - Ronald Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada in 1983 to block a military coup. - George H.W. Bush ordered the ouster of Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega in 1989. - Bill Clinton sent troops to the _________ in the 1990s.

declare war, balkans

• Growth of Power, cont. • Congress has __________________ to the executive branch to carry out the many laws passed by the legislative branch. - Certain Presidents have used the influence of their office to increase the scope of presidential power. • The size of the ______ supporting the President has grown, allowing involvement in more areas of government. - Presidents have a unique ability to use _____ ______—such as radio, television, and the Internet—to attract public attention to their policies and goals.

delegated authority, staff, mass media

• Power of Recognition • The President recognizes the legal status of other nations on behalf of the United States. • Countries usually recognize each other by exchanging ____________ representatives. • . • Out of political necessity, the United States recognizes some nations whose conduct it does not agree with. • ____________ a new nation, such as Panama or Israel, can help ensure its success. • __________ foreign diplomats or recalling U.S. diplomats from a foreign country is a strong expression of disapproval and sometimes a step toward _____.

diplomatic, recognizing, expelling, war

•• Direct Popular Election • The ______________ election plan abolishes the electoral college. Voters would vote directly for President and Vice President. • The plan has popular support but faces several obstacles: - It would take a constitutional amendment to get rid of the electoral college. - It would make individual States ______________. - It would force candidates to campaign ____________, at great expense.

direct popular, less important, everywhere

• Proposed Reforms • The __________ plan lets every State congressional district select its own electors by popular vote. • The ____________ plan gives each candidate a share of the State electoral vote equal to their share of the State popular vote. • These plans require no constitutional amendment but do not guarantee that the winner of the national popular vote will win the election. More elections might have to be decided by the House.

district, proportional

• The Ordinance Power • The President can issue ________________—rules and regulations that have the force of law. This is called the ordinance power. - The President must have this authority in order to use some of the executive powers granted by the Constitution. - In addition, Congress has delegated the authority to direct and regulate many legislative policies and programs to the President and the executive branch.

executive orders

• Executive Privilege • Congress has never officially recognized the right of ___________________. - The President's advisers and staff must be able to speak freely to give good advice. To do so, they must believe that their words are ____________ unless the President chooses to reveal them publicly.

executive privilege, conidential

• The Chief Executive • The President enforces and carries out all ______ _____. This authority comes from two sources: - The ____________, which requires the President to "faithfully execute the Office of President" and "protect and defend the Constitution." - The ______________ requirement that the President "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed."

federal laws, oath of office, constitutional

• The Election of 1800 • In 1800, the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans faced each other again. • For the first time, each party nominated two candidates, one for President and one for Vice President. - John Adams and Alexander Hamilton formed the __________ ticket, while Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr were the Democratic-Republican candidates. • Each party also nominated ________ who, if chosen, swore to vote for their party's presidential and vice-presidential nominees.

federalist, electors

How did the process of choosing a president change over time?

first electors cast two votes for president each for a different candidate. the winner becomes president and the other candidate becomes vp then the 12th amendment added separate electoral votes for pres. and vp.

• Who is Nominated? • Sitting presidents eligible for another term are usually nominated. • Nominees have almost always held elected office, with ________ being the most common nominees. • A long public record is common but not a necessity. • The overwhelming majority of nominees have been white, _____, Protestant, and ________.

governors, male, married

• Opposing Views • Presidents like Theodore Roosevelt have supported broad powers. - Roosevelt supported the "stewardship theory," arguing that the President should try to do whatever would ______________, using whatever powers could be claimed. • Presidents like William Taft have favored ________ presidential powers. - Taft felt that Presidents could not simply assume powers that they felt were needed to serve the people. All executive power had to be based clearly on the Constitution.

help the public, limited

Election of 1800 Instead, it took the _______ of _______________ 36 separate votes to break the tie and elect Jefferson as President, making Burr the Vice President. • The ____ Amendment, ratified in 1804, separates the vice presidential and presidential elections. • Each presidential elector now casts one vote for President and one vote for ____ _________.

house, representative, 12th, vice president

• The House • Electors are not required by the Constitution to pick the winner of the popular vote in their State. • It is possible that a presidential election will need to be decided in the _____. - House votes are by ______, not individual members, which gives small States undue influence. - If a majority of State representatives cannot agree on a choice, the State loses its _____. • The House vote also requires a majority of ___ States, which could be difficult to achieve. A minority party could also control a majority of state delegations.

house, state, vote, 26

• Imperial Presidency • In recent years, some critics claim that the presidency has grown too powerful. • They refer to this increase of power as an_________ presidency because presidents often take actions without consulting Congress. • Supporters of the imperial presidency argue that the President often needs to act more swiftly than would be possible if he or she ____________ for congressional approval.

imperial, had to wait

• Defending the Electoral College - It is a _____________. Reforms may have unknown flaws. - The present system usually identifies the president-elect quickly and clearly. - The electoral college promotes the nation's two-party system. - Only ___ presidential elections have ever gone to the House of Representatives.

known process, 2

• Defects in the Electoral College • The winner-take-all system and the unequal distribution of State electoral votes means that the winner of the electoral vote might _____ the popular vote. • This has happened ____ times. Fifteen Presidents have won with less than a majority of the popular vote.

lose, five

presidential elector

one of a group of individuals who cast the formal votes that choose the President

electoral vote

one of two votes cast by an elector, one for President and one for Vice President

• Race for the Presidency • The race for the presidency begins long before the election. - ____________ years before the election, potential candidates begin to explore their chances, organize, and ____________. - From January to June of the election year, primaries and caucuses help decide the party's frontrunner. In August and __________, major parties hold conventions, adopt platforms, and nominate their presidential candidate

one to four, raise funds, september

Election of 1800 As per the electoral college rules, each Democratic-Republican elector cast two __________ votes, one for Jefferson and one for Burr. • As a result, Burr and Jefferson ______. • Popular opinion favored Jefferson, who had run as the party's formal presidential candidate. But there was no rule stating that he should win the electoral tie.

presidential, tied

• United States v. Nixon - However, the Court also ruled that executive privilege cannot be used to ________________ from being heard in a criminal proceeding, as that would deny the 6th Amendment guarantee of a fair trial.

prevent evidence

• Recess Appointments • The president can make ________ appointments to fill vacancies when the Senate is not in session. - These appointments ______ at the end of the congressional term they were made. - They are _____________ because they allow the President to bypass the Senate confirmation process.

recess, expire, controversial

• Primary Reform Proposals • Critics have suggested that a series of ________ primaries or a single national primary would be more efficient than the long, costly State-by-State primary system.

regional

Chief citizen

representative of all the people

Presidential succession

scheme by which a presidential vacancy is filled

• The Confirmation Process • This graphic outlines the process of nominating and approving or rejecting a presidential appointee. - Under the custom of ________________, the Senate will only approve federal appointees supported by the Senators from their state who belong to the President's party. • Presidential Appointees • Presidential appointees are sometimes criticized for lacking independence and simply __________ presidential views.

senatorial courtesy, parroting

The Framers of the Constitution debated whether to have the President chosen by Congress or by the popular vote of the people. - Opponents of congressional selection felt it would upset the ____________________ between the executive and legislative branches. - Opponents of popular election felt that the people would not know enough about the candidates to make ______________.

separation of powers wise choices

What is the presidential succession act of 1947

sets the order of succession after the vice president

• Selecting Delegates • The Republican Party leaves the process of picking delegates largely up to ______ laws. • The Democratic Party also enforces some national party rules to promote participation by minorities, women, and grass-roots organizations.

state

• Choosing Electors • Presidential electors cast the actual votes for President and Vice President. Electors are chosen by the results of the State popular vote on election day. • Electors meet at their ______________ after the election and cast one electoral vote for President and one for Vice President. The results are sent to Washington and tallied. • The Framers expected electors to use their own _________, but now electors are expected to vote for their party's candidates.

state capital, judgment,

The district conventions choose delegates to the ______ which then selects the State delegates who will represent the party at the national convention.

state convention

electoral college

the group of people chosen from each State and the District of Columbia to formally select the President and Vice President

Commander in chief

the leader of the nation's armed forces

Chief diplomat

the main architect of American foreign policy and the nation's chief spokesman to the rest of the world

Chief legislator

the main author of the nation's public policies

Executive Article

the name given to Article II of the U.S. Constitution, which establishes the office of the President

keynote address

the speech opening a national convention

each elector would cast how many electoral votes - The candidate with the most electoral votes would become __________. - The candidate with the ________-most votes would become Vice President.

two, president, second

• Growth of Power • Presidential power has grown over time. Why has this happened? - Compared to Congress, the executive branch is a ______________ with one leader, capable of quicker decisions. - As the role of the federal government has grown and the country has endured ____ and other major crises, citizens have looked to the presidency for decisive leadership. Ex...Great Depression

unified office, wars

• Limits on Power - In 1952, the Supreme Court ruled that President Harry Truman could not use his powers as commander in chief to take control of _______________ during the Korean War. (Youngstown Sheet & Tube C. v. Sawyer) • In 2006, the Court ruled that President George W. Bush could not use ________ __________ to prosecute "enemy combatants" and held that part of his plan violated the Geneva Conventions and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. (Hamdanv. Rumsfeld)

us steel mills, military tribunals

presidential primaries details of delegate-selection ______ from state to state In some States, the presidential primary chooses _______ to the national convention. In others it expresses a preference among presidential contenders. In some States it does both. Many States choose _____________ for their primaries.

vary, party delegates, early dates

war powers resolution - The results of the undeclared __________ led Congress to pass the War Powers Resolution of 1973. - There is still a debate over whether this Resolution is constitutional or not.

vietnam

• War Powers Act • The ______________ states that the President can commit military forces to combat only - If Congress has declared war, OR - If Congress has authorized military action, OR If an attack on the nation or its armed forces has taken place. In this case, Congress must be notified within _________ and can end the commitment of troops at any time

war powers act, 48 hours

In general, the President can remove _________ they appoint.

whomever

• Primaries Today • State primaries were once __________affairs. • The Democratic Party's rules now____this method forcing many states to change their primary laws and abandon it • Most States now use the ____________ representation method. • More than half the primary States now hold a _______ primary, with the delegates being chosen at a State party convention, usually based on the preference vote.

winner takes all, bans, proportional, preference

• Executive Agreements Presidents can make executive agreements ________ Senate approval. - These agreements cannot overrule state or federal law. - Executive agreements do not become part of American law. Only those agreements made by the __________________ remain in force.

without, current president

• Congressional Resolutions • Congress has not declared war since ______________. • However, Congress has passed eight joint resolutions authorizing the President to use military force abroad, such as: - In 1955, Congress let President Dwight Eisenhower position the U.S. Navy to block Chinese aggression toward Taiwan. - The _____ Resolution of 2002 authorized the use of force against Iraq.

world war 2, iraq

evaluation of the primary - They force potential nominees to test their political strength and prove their ____________ as main contenders. - Primaries also make the nomination process more ____________. - Primaries are less important to the party in power, which typically will either nominate the ________ President or the candidate endorsed by the President.

worthiness, democratic, sitting

election of 1796

• In 1796, the Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson finished a close second to Federalist John Adams. • Jefferson then became Adams's Vice President, even though they were political rivals

list executive powers

• Issues executive orders • Appoints many public officials

battleground State

• a State in which either candidate could win

imperial presidency

• a critical view of the presidency that argues that Presidents have become too powerful, isolated from Congress, and unaccountable for their actions

executive agreement

• a pact between the President and the head of a foreign state or their subordinates; it has the same standing as a treaty but does not require approval by Congress

district plan

• a plan in which each State chooses electors as it chooses members of Congress

proportional plan

• a plan that gives each presidential candidate a share of the State electoral vote equal to his or her share of the State popular vote

direct popular election

• a plan that would abolish the electoral college and replace it with a direct popular vote for president

national popular vote plan:

• a plan to reform the electoral system to accomplish a direct popular vote

winner-take-all

• contest where the candidate who wins gets all the delegates chosen at the primary

executive order

• directives, rules, or regulations issued by the President that have the force of law

recognition

• the act of acknowledging the legal existence of a country and its government

ordinance power

• the authority to issue executive orders