Government final

delegated powers

The government has only powers delegated to it in the constitution. there are three distinct types of delegated powers: expressed, implied, and inherent.

supremacy clause

Used to solve conflicts between national and state laws. "This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof and all treaties made, or which shall be made under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary not withstanding" -Article VI, section 2 The supremacy clause joins the national government and the states into a single governmental unit a federal government.

Representative democracy

a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.

In what ways does the Declaration of Independence reflect the Social Contract belief?

reflects The social contract belief by withdrawing their obligation to obey the monarchy, by grouping colonists to change leadership because they believed it failed to protect their rights.

Declaration of Independence

the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776 announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.

What is the purpose, the effect, and the significance of the relationship of lobbyist and members of Congress?

Purpose: to work hard to influence committee action, floor debate, and then the final vote in a legislative body. to write speeches, to provide information to officeholders, to make campaign contributions, draft legislation, & file court briefs. Effect: Shape opinions to match their own. Significance: can provide persuasive arguments and helps everyone to learn all important arguments and facts on a controversial issue.

Powers and duties of the president

-Faithfully execute the office of president of the United States -preserve, protect and defend the Constitution -be commander-in-chief of the Army and Navy of the United States and of the militia of the several states when called into actual service of the United States -require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of the respective offices -have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. -have power by in with the advice of the senate and the consent of the Senate to make treaties provided two thirds of the Senate could present concur -he shall nominate and buy and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors other public ministers and consuls judges of the Supreme Court and all other officers of the United States who's appointments are herein otherwise provided for and which shall be established by law but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the president alone in the courts of law or in the heads of departments.

What role did the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights have in creating the American Government?

-The Magna Carta gave nobleman and freeman the right to specific rights, took power from Kings. this was helpful in the formation of our government because the roles were used to give certain peoples rights.

What role did the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights have in creating the American Government?

-contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights. -contributed to colonist and the formation of our government because it was used before and the English were used to the rules and laws.

What aspects of colonial American government were related to the English roots of representative government?

-representative govt; the idea that people have a say in their own government -limited govt; the belief that government should be subject to strict limits on the lawful use of power -individual rights; the belief that government should protect individual and property rights

Steps of how a Bill turns into a law

1.) Idea from constituent or lawmaker 2.) Bill is written and placed in the hopper 3.) Bill is introduced in either house 4.) Bill is studied by House committee 5.) Bill is debated and voted on house floor 6.) approved bill is sent to senate or other house 7.) senate committee may "mark up" the bill 8.) Bill is "reported favorably" to the floor of the Senate. 9.) Bill is debated. filibuster and cloture may occur in the Senate 10.) senate approves the bill 11.) different versions made by one conference committee 12.) unified bill debated and voted on by both houses. Bill passes. 13.) bill is signed or vetoed by president 14.) two thirds of both houses of Congress needed to override veto. Approved bill becomes the law.

conference committee

A conference committee is a temporary joint committee of the two chambers. It seeks to produce a compromise bill acceptable to both houses. Conference committees can consider all those parts of a bill on which the two houses have disagreed. Many major legislative decision and compromises made at this point. Once the conferees agree, their report is submitted to both houses and must be excepted or rejected without amendment only rarely does either house turn down a conference committees work this is not surprising for two major reasons: 1.) The powerful membership of the typical conference committee 2.) The fact that it's report usually comes in the midst of the rush to adjournment at the end of a congressional session.

Checks and Balances

A fundamental principle of American government, guaranteed by the Constitution, whereby each branch of the government (executive, judicial, and legislative) has some measure of influence over the other branches and may choose to block procedures of the other branches.

What tool of checks and balances can the president implement?

Another example: the president can veto acts of Congress. Thus if the executive tries to pass laws that the president believes are unconstitutional or even just bad policy, the prez can whip out his red veto pen and prevent the bill from becoming law. The veto is perhaps the president's most powerful means of checking and balancing Congress... so powerful, in fact, that the Framers gave Congress a method to re-check the president's veto power. (A two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress can override a presidential veto, allowing a bill to become law even over the president's objections.)

Foreign policy

Article II grants the President broad discretion over foreign policy. The two most important means of establishing foreign policy are treaties and executive agreements, and these operate differently with respect to state and federal laws and the Constitution. Article II, Section 2, clause 2 grants the President "Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties" pending approval when ratified by a 2/3 majority vote of the Senate. Executive Agreements are not Constitutionally authorized, but are nonetheless agreed to be within the powers vested in the President. In addition to the power to enter into treaties and Executive Agreements, the President is named "Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy" by Article II. So while only Congress has the authority to formally declare war, controversy abounds regarding the President's ability to commit armed forces abroad in the absence of such a Congressional declaration.

Has the power of the President been expanded or limited in recent years? In what ways?

Article II of the U.S. Constitution names the president commander in chief of the armed forces and designates the president as the nation's chief diplomat. This role expanded and carried new weight as the United States became more of a global power during the twentieth century.

unitary

Centralized government. All powers held by the government are concentrated in the central government.

What is the difference between expressed, implied, and reserved powers?

Expressed power is that which is written, such as Congress's power to make law. Implied power is that which is not expressly written, but that which by extension of another power is allowed, such as the State's right to determine whether or not gays can marry within their borders. Reserved powers are those that are granted to other entities, but which do not transfer entirely, and the agencies involved do not give it up, such as Congress allowing the president to go to war; congress can still say no more war.

What were the arguments of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists? Identify the leaders from both sides.

Federalists: strong federal government (James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, john Adams) *supported ratification of new constitution Anti-federalists disapproved of the idea of a strong central government. (Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Adams, and Patrick Henry) *Also disliked: the lack of a bill of rights, the absence of god in constitution, & the ratification process.

Dictatorship

Form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

Montesquieu

French political philosopher whose major work, The Spirit of Laws, was a major contribution to political theory. Montesquieu argued that the best government would be one in which power was balanced among three groups of officials. Montesquieu called the idea of dividing government power into three branches the "separation of powers." He thought it most important to create separate branches of government with equal but different powers. That way, the government would avoid placing too much power with one individual or group of individuals. According to Montesquieu, each branch of government could limit the power of the other two branches. Therefore, no branch of the government could threaten the freedom of the people. His ideas about separation of powers became the basis for the United States Constitution. According to Montesquieu, there were three types of government: a monarchy (ruled by a king or queen), a republic (ruled by an elected leader), and a despotism (ruled by a dictator). Montesquieu believed that a government that was elected by the people was the best form of government. He did, however, believe that the success of a democracy - a government in which the people have the power - depended upon maintaining the right balance of power.

commerce clause

Gives Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states and with the Indian tribes."

Oligarchy

Government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.

how is it possible for a supreme court decision to be reversed?

If the decision is based on a law that Congress has passed, Congress can simply change the law. The Court sometimes has to rule on how they think laws made by Congress apply to certain cases. If Congress thinks the Court has gotten it wrong, they can change the law to make things clearer. If the decision is based on the Constitution, the Constitution can be amended. For example, the Supreme Court has said that the Constitution bans school-sponsored prayer. If enough people wanted to, they could pass an amendment allowing such prayers. Finally (and this is the most common way of overturning Court decisions) a later Supreme Court can decide that a certain decision was wrong. For example, the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education effectively overruled the decision in made 58 years before in Plessy v. Ferguson.

Limited government

In a limited government, the power of government to intervene in the exercise of civil liberties is restricted by constitutional law. The United States is a constitutionally limited republic. The Magna Carta and the United States Constitution represent important milestones in the limiting of governmental power.

describe the factors that can influence a supreme court decision

Individual justices are also influenced by personal background, political views, relationships with other judges, and even by the clerks who assist them. The Solicitor General, who represents the federal government at the Supreme Court, also shapes the court's agenda. As the chief government lawyer in cases before the courts of appeals, the Solicitor General decides which cases the government should ask the court to review and what the government's position will be in them. The Solicitor General's power to petition the court to review cases is important because the Supreme Court can rule only on cases that are brought before it. The court cannot simply choose to examine a law or case of its own accord. he Supreme Court is influenced by what it believes the majority of American people support.

interest groups

Interest groups are made up of people who join together for some political purpose. Interest groups do attempt to affect the outcome of primaries and other nominating contests. Interest groups are concerned with influencing some aspect of the nation's foreign-policy. Interest groups are private organizations and are not accountable to the public. their members, not the voters, pass judgment on their performance. There are public interest groups and economic interest groups.

In what ways was the concept of federalism incorporated into the Constitution? Why was federalism a demand of the Founding Fathers? What amendment most supports this concept?

It was incorporated into Article I and the Tenth Amendment. Article I, section 8 of the Constitution limits the powers of the United States Congress by specifically listing powers delegated to the national government. Article I, section 9 specifically limits the powers of Congress, as do Amendments 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution reserves those powers not delegated to the federal government to the states. Federalism was a demand for the founding fathers to ensure the avoidance of tyranny, to allow more participation in politics, & to use the states as "laboratories" for new ideas and programs. 10th amendment supports the concept of federalism the most.

Foreign policy

Made up of all the stands and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries- diplomatic, military, commercial and all others. The president has the major responsibility for both making and conducting foreign-policy and to do this depends on a number of officials and agencies. Involves tree tees and alliances international trade the defense budget for an economic and military aid the united nations and other international organizations nuclear weapons testing and this disarmament negotiations.

What is the difference between Judicial constraint and judicial activism?

Judicial activism denotes the proactive role played by the judiciary in securing the rights of the citizens and promotion of justice in the society. The courts take a liberal view of 'locus standi' and promote PIL (public interest litigation). The basis for such judicial pro-activeness is Article 32 which empowers the individuals to approach courts in cases where their fundamental rights have been violated. Sometimes the courts encroach on the powers of elected representatives in the name of judicial activism. One of the examples for this is : National anthem must be played before screening of films: Supreme Court . Judicial restraint is an approach where courts restrict themselves to the task of interpreting existing laws and disposing cases that are brought in front of the court. This view is based on the questionable origins of judicial review or PIL which is not specifically mentioned in the constitution. The proponents of judicial restraint emphasize on the principle of separation of powers enshrined in the constitution and hence refrain from encroaching on the executive and legislative powers of the elected representatives.

What were the philosophies of Montesquieu and Locke? Give specific examples of how does our American Government system reflects these views

Locke's philosophies were 1.) a government gains authority through the consent of the governed. The duty of that government is to protect the natural rights of the people, which Locke believed to include LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. If they fail to protect these rights, its citizens would have the right to overthrow that government. Montesquieu- 1.) the key to political liberty lies in the separation of powers. 2.) Montesquieu defines freedom, politically, as obedience to the laws.

media

Means of communication that reach large widely dispersed audiences simultaneously. mass media has a huge effect on the formation of public opinion.

Where does the power lie? Monarchy Oligarchy Dictatorship Unitary Representative democracy

Monarchy- with a single ruler Oligarchy- with a small number of people. (These people might be distinguished by nobility, wealth, family ties, education or corporate, religious or military control.) Dictatorship- one person (a dictator) or political entity Unitary- most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government Representative democracy- power is divided among 3 branches (judicial, legislative, & executive) and one president

What is the nomination process?

Nomination processes consist of two main types of elections held at the state level: Primary: Like in "regular" elections, participants go to local polling stations and vote for their preferred candidate in the privacy of a single person voting booth. Caucus: Essentially, caucus goers gather in a local meeting place to determine who will be awarded their delegate(s). The voting process for caucuses differs between political parties and between the states, but in most instances they are more public and include deliberations and discussions among the caucus attendees. These discussions and deliberations can occur before, during, or after voting. It also isn't uncommon for caucuses to have multiple rounds of voting. Delegates: Representatives who cast votes at a political party's national convention. Binding: If a primary or caucus is "binding" that means the delegates won in that contest are legally bound to vote for a particular candidate at the parties national convention. Non-Binding: If a primary or caucus is "non-binding" that means the delegates won in that contest are not legally bound to vote for a particular candidate at the parties national convention. Winner-take-all: The winner in this type of contest (which is generally a primary) is awarded all the delegates in that state. Proportional: Delegates are awarded to each candidate based on how well they performed in the contest. Most proportional contests have a minimum threshold candidates much reach to be awarded delegates. Open: Persons of all political affiliations can vote in this type of contest. Closed: Only persons registered as affiliated with the party holding the contest can vote. But wait, there's more! Delegates won via a state contest are known as pledged delegates, as in they are pledged to a particular candidate. There is another category of delegates known as unpledged or super delegates. Unpledged delegates are mostly comprised of current and former party leaders and officials. They have the ability to support any candidate they wish.

Inalienable Rights

Personal rights held by an individual which are not bestowed by law, custom, or belief, and which cannot be taken or given away, or transferred to another person, are referred to as "inalienable rights." The U.S. Constitution recognized that certain universal rights cannot be taken away by legislation, as they are beyond the control of a government, being naturally given to every individual at birth, and that these rights are retained throughout life.

political parties

Political parties are The vital link between the people and their government, between the governed and those who govern. They seek to modify the contending views of various interests and groups, encourage compromise and so help to unify rather then divide the American people.

What are the different factors that influence decision making of law-makers and to what degree are these factors influential?

Political parties, staff, colleagues, the president, organized interest groups and constituents. Political parties have a high degree of influence. Staff and colleagues have an extremely high degree of influence. The president influence is very strong. Organized interest groups are of the most influence in Washington. Constituents have a high degree of influence because they make up a large part of a member's reputation.

veto

Refusing to sign a bill. The measure must then be returned to the house from where it originated, together with the president's veto message. Although it rarely does, the Congress may then pass the bill over the presidents veto by a two thirds vote of the full membership of each house. The president may allow the bill to become law without signing it by not acting on it within 10 days not counting Sundays, of receiving it. A pocket veto is if Congress adjourns it's session with in 10 days of submitting a bill to the president and the president does not act, the measure dies. Another element to the presidents veto power is within the passage of line item veto act of 1996 the law gave the chief executive the power to reject individual items in appropriations bills.

Considering the varying points of view in Congress and the likelihood of the House and Senate to have opposing majority parties, how can differences in proposed bills be worked out? Whose responsibility is it?

Sometimes the resolution of differences between house and senate proposals may be accomplished through a conference committee. A conference committee is a temporary committee formed in relation to a specific bill. It's task is to negotiate a proposal that can be agreed to by both chambers. Each committee is made up by members of the house and members of the senate called conferees. They are drawn primarily from the committee with jurisdiction over the bill. Through a combination of informal negotiations and formal meetings, the conferees try to come up with a compromise, drawing on elements of the competing proposals that were adopted by each chamber. If a proposal can garner the support of the majority of the house conferees and also separately a majority of the senate conferees, then a negotiated proposal is embodied in a conference report. This conference report can then be considered considered in one chamber, and if agreed to is then considered in the other chamber. Regardless of which chamber is first, the conference report is considered under sets of procedures used for other business. Reaching a vote on a conference report in the senate may require a cloture process. For the bill to move to the next step and become a law requires both chambers to agree to the conference report without changes.

Legislative elastic clause

The "elastic clause" enlarges legislative power by enabling Congress to use any means it thinks reasonable to put these powers into action. This clause also authorizes Congress to enact legislation necessary to carry out the powers of the other branches, for example to organize and reorganize the executive branch.

Domestic policy

The Appointments Clause gives the executive branch and the President, not Congress, the power to appoint federal officials. The President has the power to appoint federal judges, ambassadors, and other "principal officers" of the United States, subject to Senate confirmation of such appointments. "Principal officers" here includes ambassadors and Members of the Cabinet. Although the Senate may opt not to confirm a Presidential appointment, Congress cannot limit or eliminate the President's powers to make the appointments. The power to appoint "inferior Officers" mentioned in Article II vests in the President only by Congressional approval. While Congress cannot itself exercise the power to make such appointments, Congress may vest this power in the judiciary or in Cabinet officials. Along with the power to appoint comes the power to remove. Except where statutorily limited, the President may remove any executive branch officer. Congress cannot prevent removal entirely, but may limit removal by requiring a showing of good cause, provided the office from which the person is being fired is one where some measure of independence from the President is desirable.

electoral college

The Electoral College is a process, not a place. The founding fathers established it in the Constitution as a compromise between election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens. The Electoral College process consists of the selection of the electors, the meeting of the electors where they vote for President and Vice President, and the counting of the electoral votes by Congress. The Electoral College consists of 538 electors. A majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the President. Your state's entitled allotment of electors equals the number of members in its Congressional delegation: one for each member in the House of Representatives plus two for your Senators. Read more about the allocation of electoral votes. Under the 23rd Amendment of the Constitution, the District of Columbia is allocated 3 electors and treated like a state for purposes of the Electoral College. For this reason, in the following discussion, the word "state" also refers to the District of Columbia. Each candidate running for President in your state has his or her own group of electors. The electors are generally chosen by the candidate's political party, but state laws vary on how the electors are selected and what their responsibilities are. Read more about the qualifications of the Electors and restrictions on who the Electors may vote for. The presidential election is held every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. You help choose your state's electors when you vote for President because when you vote for your candidate you are actually voting for your candidate's electors. Most states have a "winner-take-all" system that awards all electors to the winning presidential candidate. However, Maine and Nebraska each have a variation of "proportional representation." Read more about the allocation of Electors among the states and try to predict the outcome of the Electoral College vote. After the presidential election, your governor prepares a "Certificate of Ascertainment" listing all of the candidates who ran for President in your state along with the names of their respective electors. The Certificate of Ascertainment also declares the winning presidential candidate in your state and shows which electors will represent your state at the meeting of the electors in December of the election year. Your stateÂ's Certificates of Ascertainments are sent to the Congress and the National Archives as part of the official records of the presidential election. See the key dates for the 2016 election and information about the roles and responsibilities of state officials, the Office of the Federal Register and the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), and the Congress in the Electoral College process. The meeting of the electors takes place on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December after the presidential election. The electors meet in their respective states, where they cast their votes for President and Vice President on separate ballots. Your state's electors' votes are recorded on a "Certificate of Vote," which is prepared at the meeting by the electors. Your state's Certificates of Votes are sent to the Congress and the National Archives as part of the official records of the presidential election. See the key dates for the 2016 election and information about the roles and responsibilities of state officials and the Congress in the Electoral College process. Each state's electoral votes are counted in a joint session of Congress on the 6th of January in the year following the meeting of the electors. Members of the House and Senate meet in the House chamber to conduct the official tally of electoral votes. See the key dates for the 2016 election and information about the role and responsibilities of Congress in the Electoral College process. The Vice President, as President of the Senate, presides over the count and announces the results of the vote. The President of the Senate then declares which persons, if any, have been elected President and Vice President of the United States. The President-Elect takes the oath of office and is sworn in as President of the United States on January 20th in the year following the Presidential election. Roles and Responsibilities in the Electoral College Process The Office of the Federal Register coordinates the functions of the Electoral College on behalf of the Archivist of the United States, the States, the Congress, and the American People. The Office of the Federal Register operates as an intermediary between the governors and secretaries of state of the States and the Congress. It also acts as a trusted agent of the Congress in the sense that it is responsible for reviewing the legal sufficiency of the certificates before the House and Senate accept them as evidence of official State action

What role did the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights have in creating the American Government?

The English bill of rights to freedom of speech and it forbade excessive crimes and crow punishments this contributed because it was later used as the first amendment.

Will of the people

The Will of the People was written to change the conversation about judicial review, to shift the focus of the academy. The Will of the People establishes three propositions: (1) that ju- dicial review has been exercised for over 250 years, at least 150 of them quite vigorously;7 (2) that for roughly the last seventy years, and surely by 2005, there has been widespread public acceptance—and perhaps warm embrace—of the practice;8 and (3) that the Court is, and always has been, accountable to the will of the majority.

Appointment Power

The authority vested in the president to fill a government office or position positions filled by presidential appointment include those in the executive branch in the federal judiciary commissioned officers in the Armed Forces and members of the independent regulatory commissions

Magna Carta

The charter that King John of England issued in 1215, recognizes the right of persons to certain basic liberties, such as due process, later also embodied in the American Constitution

Divine right

The divine right theory of government posits that a ruling authority, such as a monarch, derives power directly from God. As a result, the king is not answerable to the aristocracy, the church, the people or anyone else

What power of checks and balances can Congress implement in regards to the President and the Judicial Branch?

The power of judicial review (the power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a government action)

What is the President's role in regards to framing American foreign policy?

The president's authority in foreign affairs, as in all areas, is rooted in Article II of the Constitution. The charter grants the officeholder the powers to make treaties and appoint ambassadors with the advice and consent of the Senate -the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (1977) authorizes the president to impose economic sanctions on foreign entities.

2 extra presidential roles

The six presidential roles you just read about are written in the Constitution. The President must also fill two other roles—chief of party and chief citizen. The President is automatically the chief of party—the leader of the political party that controls the executive branch. Political parties are not mentioned in the Constitution, but they are an important part of government. Finally, the President is chief citizen. This means the President should represent all of the people of the United States. Citizens expect the President to work for their interests and provide moral leadership.

Domestic policy

The term "domestic policy" refers to the plans and actions taken by a national government to deal with issues and needs present within the country itself. Domestic policy is generally developed by the federal government, often in consultation with state and local governments. The process of dealing with U.S. relations and issues with other nations is known as "foreign policy." In the United States, domestic policy can be divided into several different categories, each concentrated on a different aspect of life in the U.S. Regulatory Policy - focuses on maintaining social order by outlawing behaviors and actions that endanger the public. This is typically accomplished by enacting laws and policies banning individuals, companies, and other parties from taking actions that might endanger social order. Distributive Policy - focuses on ensuring the fair provisions of taxpayer-supported government benefits, goods, and services to all individuals, groups, and corporations. Ex: public education, public safety, roads and bridges, and welfare programs. Redistributive Policy - focuses on one of the most difficult and controversial aspects of domestic policy: the equitable sharing of the nation's wealth. The goal of redistributive policy is to fairly transfer funds raised through taxation from one group or program to another. Constituent Policy - focuses on creating government agencies to help provide services to the public. Over the years, for example, new agencies and departments have been created to deal with taxes, to administer programs like Social Security and Medicare.

English bill of rights

act that the Parliament of England passed December 16, 1689. creates separation of powers, limits the powers of the king and queen, enhances the democratic election and bolsters freedom of speech.

Describe John Locke

an English philosopher, physician, & political theorist widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism"

Social contract

an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society; individual surrenders liberty in return for protection. We also give up some freedoms, because we want the protection society can offer. Three Enlightenment thinkers are usually credited with establishing a standard view of social contract theory: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. They each had different interpretations of social contracts, but the underlying idea was similar

Presidential role

chief of state: Chief of state refers to the President as the head of the government. He is the symbol of all the people. In the United States, the President also rules over the government. In many countries, the chief of state reigns over government but does not rule. Examples of this can be found in England, Denmark, Japan, Italy, and Germany. 2) chief executive: The President is also chief executive, vested by the Constitution with broad executive powers. This power is used at home on domestic issues and also extends to foreign affairs. The executive power is limited, however, by our government's system of checks and balances. (3)chief administrator: As chief administrator, the President is in charge of the executive branch of the federal government. This branch employs more than 2.7 million civilians.4) chief diplomat: The President is also the nation's chief diplomat, the main author of American foreign policy. Everything the President says and does is closely followed, both at home and in other countries. (5) commander in chief: In addition, the Constitution makes the President the commander in chief of the armed forces. This power gives the President direct and immediate control of the military. 6) chief legislator: As chief legislator, the President shapes public policy. The President may suggest, request, and insist that Congress enact laws he believes are needed. Sometimes, Congress does not agree with the President and decides against legislation. Working with Congress takes up a major part of the President's time.7) party chief, and (8) chief citizen. Chief of state refers to the President as the head of the government. He is the symbol of all the people.

examples of separation of powers

example 1: For example, the President appoints judges and departmental secretaries. But these appointments must be approved by the Senate. The Congress can pass a law, but the President can veto it. The Supreme Court can rule a law to be unconstitutional, but the Congress, with the States, can amend the Constitution. example 2: while the President is the Commander in Chief of the armed forces (the guy ultimately in charge of the military), however, the President must ask Congress for funds for war, permission to use the military (after a brief time period) AND the power to declare war rests solely within Congress.

Executive Order

executive orders are subject to judicial review and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the Constitution.[2]Executive orders are orders issued by United States Presidents and directed towards officers and agencies of the U.S. federal government. Executive orders have the full force of law, based on the authority derived from statute or the Constitution itself. The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power

expressed, implied, and inherent powers (examples)

expressed power example: expressed powers in Congress include the ability to declare war, the authority to collect taxes, initiate and approve legislation and establish federal courts. Implied power example: Power to incorporate a national bank, Power to create military and naval academies, & the Power to construct a dam and power plant, generate electricity, and sell the surplus electricity. inherent power example: The power to regulate immigration, to deport aliens, to acquire territory, to grant diplomatic recognition to other states and to protect the nation against rebellion.

Bill of rights

first 10 amendments to the Constitution make up the Bill of Rights. Written by James Madison in response to calls from several states for greater constitutional protection for individual liberties, the Bill of Rights lists specific prohibitions on governmental power. the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people.

Federalism

form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status. It's distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1787, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established.

Monarchy

system of government in which one person reigns, usually a king or queen. The authority, or crown, in a monarchy is generally inherited. The ruler, or monarch, is often only the head of state, not the head of government.