GR - Axial Skeleton

How many bones make up the skull?

22

How many intervertebral discs are there?

23

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80

23) The primary curvatures of the spine functions mainly in ________. A) accommodation of the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera B) aligning the weight of the head over the legs C) shifting the weight of the trunk to the hips and lower extremities D) increasing the ability to extend the limbs E) taking weight off the hips

A) accomodation of the thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera

24) What event causes the cervical curve to begin development? A) an infant begins to lift his or her head B) walking begins C) intrauterine events D) the birth process E) None of the answers are correct.

A) an infant begins to lift his or her head

30) The posterior tubercle is a part of the ________. A) atlas B) vertebra prominens C) sacral promontory D) axis E) thoracic vertebra

A) atlas

The posterior tubercle is a part of the A) atlas. B) vertebra prominens. C) anticlinal vertebra. D) axis. E) thoracic vertebra.

A) atlas

20) Which region of the vertebral column forms interlocking vertebral bodies that permit a relatively greater degree of flexibility than do those of other regions? A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar D) sacral E) coccygeal

A) cervical

Injury to what region of the vertebral column is usually most threatening? A) cervical B) thoracic C) lumbar D) sacral E) coccygeal

A) cervical

3) The parietal, temporal, frontal, and occipital bones are part of (the) ________. A) cranium B) skull C) facial bones D) axial skeleton E) None of the answers are correct.

A) cranium

Which of the following sutures is found in the infant but sometimes has no evident marking in the adult? A) frontal B) coronal C) squamous D) lambdoid E) sagittal

A) frontal

The coronal suture is the boundary between which bones? A) frontal and parietal B) frontal and nasal C) frontal and sphenoid D) parietal and temporal E) nasal and vomer

A) frontal and parietal

46) The ________ is/are the smallest bone(s) of the skull. A) lacrimal bones B) nasal bones C) vomer D) palatine bones E) inferior nasal conchae

A) lacrimal bones

Surgery of the spinal cord most often involves cutting of the A) lamina. B) transverse process. C) superior articular facet. D) spinous process. E) body.

A) lamina

18) An anterior exaggeration of the lumbar curve can lead to which of the following? A) lordosis B) scoliosis C) kyphosis D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) lordosis

Pregnancy can cause which of the following abnormal curvatures of the back? A) lordosis B) scoliosis C) kyphosis D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) lordosis

Which bone makes up most of the floor of the orbit? A) maxilla B) sphenoid C) frontal D) palatine E) ethmoid

A) maxilla

57) The spinous processes of the five fused sacral vertebrae form a series of elevations along the ________. A) median sacral crest B) lateral sacral tuberosity C) medial sacral hiatus D) medial sacral promontory E) lateral sacral cornua

A) median sacral crest

5) The lambdoid suture is the boundary between which bones? A) parietal and occipital B) frontal and nasal C) frontal and sphenoid D) parietal and temporal E) parietal and frontal

A) parietal and occipital

Which of the following structures makes up the superior portion of the nasal septum? A) perpendicular plate B) cribriform plate C) inferior nasal concha D) vomer E) None of the answers are correct.

A) perpendicular plate

The lumbar and cervical curves of the vertebral column are called A) secondary curves. B) primary curves. C) tertiary curves. D) quaternary curves. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) secondary curves

17) Which of the following fontanels is found at the junctions between the squamous suture and the coronal suture? A) sphenoidal B) anterior C) lambdoid D) mastoid E) posterior

A) sphenoidal

Which of the following is the connection point between the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton? A) sternum - clavicle B) vertebra - skull C) pelvis - femur D) vertebra - scapula E) vertebra - sacrum

A) sternum - clavicle

Which of the following openings is found within the frontal bone? A) supra-orbital foramen B) foramen spinosum C) foramen lacerum D) optic canal E) foramen ovale

A) supra-orbital foramen

56) The ________, which is the interface between the cervical curve and the thoracic curve, has a long, slender spinous process that ends in a broad tubercle that can be felt beneath the skin at the base of the neck. A) vertebral prominens B) axis C) T1 vertebra D) atlas E) None of the answers are correct.

A) vertebral prominens

52) The ________ arise at the junction between the vertebral pedicles and laminae, and are divided into a superior type, which projects cranially, and an inferior type, which projects caudally. A) costal processes B) articular processes C) vertebral bodies D) transverse processes E) spinous processes

B) articular processes

1) The divisions of the skeletal system include (the) ________. A) dorsal and ventral B) axial and appendicular C) proximal and distal D) cranial, caudal, and anterior E) None of the answers are correct.

B) axial and appendicular

Which of the following describes the occipital bone? A) covers the parietal lobes of the brain B) contains the foramen magnum C) bears mandibular fossa D) is paired in the adult E) makes up the forehead

B) contains the foramen magnum

Problems with proper growth of the skull can be caused by A) expansion of the brain. B) early closure of the sagittal and coronal sutures. C) ossification of the bony processes that form the temporomandibular joint. D) retarded ossification of the fontanels. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) early closure of the sagittal and coronal sutures

15) The bony structure of the orbit is composed of which of the following? A) maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, and palatine only B) ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine C) zygomatic, nasal, frontal, and sphenoid only D) zygomatic, nasal, frontal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal, and temporal E) None of the answers are correct.

B) ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine

The bony structure of the orbit is composed of which of the following? A) maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, and palatine only B) ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine C) zygomatic, nasal, frontal, and sphenoid only D) zygomatic, nasal, frontal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal, and temporal E) None of the answers are correct.

B) ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, lacrimal, maxilla, zygomatic, and palatine

33) Choose the correct combination matching the type of rib to its associated number of ribs. A) true ribs; 6 B) false ribs; 4 C) true ribs; 4 D) floating ribs; 4 E) true ribs; 10

B) false ribs; 4

59) The broad, triangular ________ articulates with the clavicles of the appendicular skeleton and the costal cartilages of the first pair of ribs. A) xiphoid process B) manubrium C) sternal body D) jugular notch E) interarticular crest

B) manubrium

The point of attachment for muscles that extend and rotate the head is the A) styloid process. B) mastoid process. C) posterior clinoid process. D) articular tubercle. E) external occipital protuberance.

B) mastoid process

Which of the following bones contain the infraorbital foramen? A) zygomatic B) maxilla C) frontal D) ethmoid E) sphenoid

B) maxilla

10) Which of the following lists includes only facial bones? A) frontals, nasals, parietals, and occipital B) maxillae, palatines, mandible, zygomatics, lacrimals C) sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae, and mandible D) inferior conchae, vomer, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimals, and sphenoid E) None of the answers are correct.

B) maxillae, palatines, mandible, zygomatics, lacrimals

45) The anterior two-thirds of the bony palate is formed by the ________ of the maxillae. A) alveolar process B) palatine process C) frontal process D) orbital surface E) perpendicular plate

B) palatine process

40) The external surface of each ________ bone bears a pair of low ridges, which mark the attachment of the temporalis muscles. A) temporal B) parietal C) frontal D) occipital E) sphenoidal

B) parietal

44) The nasal conchae of the ethmoid ________. A) are perforated by foramina that allow passage of the branches of the olfactory nerves B) provide additional time for warming, humidifying, and dust removal before incoming air reaches more delicate portions of the respiratory tract C) form part of the nasal septum, a partition that also includes the vomer and a piece of hyaline cartilage D) separate the right and left sides of the cribriform plate E) stabilize the position of the brain

B) provide additional time for warming, humidifying, and dust removal before incoming air reaches more delicate portions of the respiratory tract

16) Which of the following bones forms most of the posterior wall of the orbit? A) frontal bone B) sphenoid bone C) ethmoid bone D) zygomatic bone E) maxilla

B) sphenoid bone

27) Which of the following structures can most easily be felt on the dorsum? A) transverse process B) spinous process C) vertebral body D) intervertebral disc E) pedicle

B) spinous process

4) Which of the following sutures marks the boundary between the temporal bone and the parietal bone of each side of the skull? A) sagittal B) squamous C) frontonasal D) coronal E) lambdoid

B) squamous

22) The primary curves of the vertebral column are the ________. A) cervical and thoracic B) thoracic and sacral C) dorsal and ventral D) thoracic and coccygeal E) cervical, lumbar, and sacral

B) thoracic and sacral

31) Ribs 1-10 articulate with the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae and facets on (the) ________. A) spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae B) transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae C) spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae D) xiphoid process of the sternum E) None of the answers are correct.

B) transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae

Which of the following is true of the foramen magnum? A) It allows passage of the carotid arteries into the head. B) It is located between the parietal and occipital bones. C) It is located in the inferior surface of the occipital bone. D) It is the second largest foramen in the cranium. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) It is located in the inferior surface of the occipital bone

32) The true ribs ________. A) consist of twelve pairs B) are the only ribs that are unpaired C) attach to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions D) attach only to the vertebral column E) attach directly to the body of the sternum by bone to bone contact

C) attach to the sternum by separate cartilaginous extensions

Which of the following vertebral column levels has the thickest intervertebral disc? A) between C1 and C2 B) between C7 and T1 C) between T12 and L1 D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) between T12 and L1

Which of the following bones makes up most of the medial wall of the orbit? A) frontal bone B) sphenoid bone C) ethmoid bone D) zygomatic bone E) maxilla

C) ethmoid bone

51) In the normal adult, there are ________ distinct curvatures to the vertebral column. A) five B) three C) four D) seven E) six

C) four cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

47) The lateral edge of each nasal bone articulates with the ________. A) temporal process of a zygomatic bone B) nasal crest of a palatine bone C) frontal process of a maxilla D) orbital surface of a maxilla E) frontal crest of the frontal bone

C) frontal process of a maxilla

The frontal bone of an infant is separated into two bones by the A) coronal suture. B) anterior suture. C) frontal suture. D) sagittal suture. E) longitudinal suture.

C) frontal suture

37) Bones of the axial skeleton form the ________ axis of the body. A) transverse B) coronal C) longitudinal D) horizontal E) diagonal

C) longitudinal

55) Vertebrae with large, oval-shaped bodies, triangular vertebral foramina, and stumpy spinous processes describe the ________ vertebrae. A) cervical B) sacral C) lumbar D) coccygeal E) thoracic

C) lumbar

19) Compression injury is most likely to occur in which of the following? A) coccygeal vertebrae B) cervical vertebra C) lumbar vertebra D) sacral vertebra E) thoracic vertebra

C) lumbar vertebra

7) The small depression on the temporal bone with which the mandible articulates is called (the) ________. A) temporal fossa B) temporal foramen C) mandibular fossa D) mandibular foramen E) None of the answers are correct.

C) mandibular fossa

Which of the following can be found on cervical vertebrae only? A) facets B) transverse processes C) multiple foramina D) laminae E) spinous processes

C) multiple foramina for the nerves, arteries, veins to go through

2) The facial bones ________. A) enclose the cranial cavity B) consist of the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, nasal, lacrimal, and zygomatic bones C) protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts D) form a specialized joint that stabilizes the positions of the cranium and vertebral column while permitting a considerable range of head movements E) comprise the "braincase" that surrounds and protects the brain

C) protect and support the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts

42) The ________ processes are vertical projections of the sphenoid bone that are important sites for attachment of muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate. A) styloid B) anterior clinoid C) pterygoid D) posterior clinoid E) zygomatic

C) pterygoid

36) Which of the following organ systems would most likely be affected by a broken rib? A) endocrine B) digestive C) respiratory D) excretory E) All of the answers are correct.

C) respiratory

Which of the following contains the foramen ovale? A) frontal B) temporal C) sphenoid D) ethmoid E) maxillary

C) sphenoid

The temporomandibular joint is A) the location of the insertion of the temporalis muscle. B) the suture between the temporal and maxillary bones. C) the site of the articulation between the cranium and mandible. D) the first suture to be completely ossified in the adult skull. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) the site of the articulation between the cranium and mandible

28) Which of the following can be found on CERVICAL vertebrae only? A) facets B) transverse processes C) transverse foramina D) laminae E) spinous processes

C) transverse foramina

Compression fracture is most likely to occur in which of the following bones? A) mandible B) ethmoid C) vertebra D) rib E) parietal bone

C) vertebra

49) In the condition called spina bifida, the most common neural tube defect (NTD), a portion of the spinal cord develops abnormally such that the adjacent ________ do not form. A) spinous processes B) pedicles C) vertebral arches D) transverse processes E) vertebral bodies

C) vertebral arches

The facial bone that is midsagittal structure is the A) maxilla. B) lacrimal. C) vomer. D) palatine. E) zygomatic.

C) vomer

35) The most inferior portion of the sternum to which the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles attach is called the ________. A) manubrium B) body C) xiphoid process D) sternal angle E) sternal groove

C) xiphoid process

12) The temporal processes are part of which bone? A) occipital B) temporal C) zygomatic D) sphenoid E) maxilla

C) zygomatic

34) Which of the following organs is protected by the rib cage? A) lungs B) heart C) thymus D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct

The large "soft spot" on top of an infant's head A) occurs where the parietal and frontal bones have not yet grown together. B) is one of several fontanels in an infant skull. C) is covered in fibrous connective tissue. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) All of the answers are correct

Bones within the temporal bone that are important to hearing are called A) acoustic bones. B) external acoustic meatus. C) internal acoustic meatus. D) auditory ossicles. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) auditory ossicles

48) The ________ extends to the smooth articular surface of the head of the mandible. A) alveolar part B) mylohyoid line C) coronoid process D) condylar process E) mandibular fossa

D) condylar process

25) The vertebral arch ________. A) projects dorsally and often caudally from the midline B) is the part of the vertebra that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column C) arises at the junction between the pedicle and the lamina D) forms the lateral and posterior margins of the vertebral foramen E) are interconnected by ligaments and separated by pads of fibrous cartilage

D) forms the lateral and posterior margins of the vertebral foramen

Which bone is not part of the skull? A) ethmoid B) sphenoid C) palatine D) hyoid E) zygomatic

D) hyoid

Which of the following features belongs to the occipital bone? A) mental foramen B) mandibular foramen C) coronoid process D) hypoglossal canal E) mylohyoid line

D) hypoglossal canal

The largest of the paranasal sinuses is (are) located within which of the following bones? A) frontal bone B) sphenoid C) ethmoid D) maxillae E) nasal bone

D) maxillae

41) The sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones form the ________. A) posterior cranial fossa B) internal nares C) anterior cranial fossa D) middle cranial fossa E) crista galli

D) middle cranial fossa

53) The transverse foramina function in ________. A) permitting rotation of the head B) providing additional surface area for muscle attachment C) maintaining the cervical curvature without muscular effort D) protecting the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins, which are important blood vessels supplying the brain E) permitting nodding of the head but prevent twisting

D) protecting the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins, which are important blood vessels supplying the brain

43) The convex anterior surface of the frontal bone is called the ________, or forehead, which functions as an attachment site for muscles of the scalp. A) squamous part B) frontal crest C) orbital part D) supra-orbital margin E) alveolar part

D) supra-orbital margin

26) The major function of the vertebral body is to ________. A) allow twisting motions B) provide support C) protect the spinal cord D) transfer weight along the axis of the vertebral column E) provide a passageway for nerves

D) transfer weight along the axis of the vertebral column

58) Ribs 8-10 are called ________ ribs. A) floating B) vertebrosternal C) true D) vertebrochondral E) tubercle

D) vertebrochondral

11) Features of the maxillae include ________. A) sinuses B) alveolar processes C) orbital surfaces D) inferior orbital fissures E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

38) The axial skeleton functions in ________. A) housing special sense organs for taste, smell, hearing, balance, and sight B) providing an extensive surface for the attachment of muscles that adjust the positions of the head, neck, and trunk C) forming a framework that supports and protects organs in the ventral body cavities D) the production of blood cells by the red marrow found in portions of the vertebrae, sternum, and ribs E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

39) The ethmoid contains ________. A) an interconnected network of air cells, which produce mucous secretions that flush the surfaces of the nasal cavities B) the cribriform plate, which is perforated by foramina C) a perpendicular plate, which forms part of the nasal septum D) a prominent bony ridge to which is attached the falx cerebri, a membrane that stabilizes the position of the brain E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

9) Bones of the skull that articulate with the zygomatic bone include (the) ________. A) temporal bone B) frontal bone C) maxillary bone D) sphenoid E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

Features of the maxillae include A) sinuses. B) alveolar processes. C) orbital surfaces. D) inferior orbital foramina. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) all of the answers are correct

False ribs are also known as A) vertebrosternal ribs. B) vertebrochondral ribs. C) vertebral ribs. D) floating ribs. E) both vertebrochondral ribs and floating ribs.

E) both vertebrochondral ribs and floating ribs

21) Which of the following spinal curvatures is/are convex anteriorly? A) sacral only B) thoracic and sacral C) cervical only D) lumbar and thoracic E) cervical and lumbar

E) cervical and lumbar

54) During development, the body of C1 fuses to the body of C2, creating the prominent ________ of the axis. A) bifid process B) pedicle C) vertebral prominens D) costal process E) dens

E) dens

Which of the following bones supports some of the weight of the brain? A) frontal bones B) lacrimal bones C) zygomatic bones D) parietal bones E) ethmoid bone

E) ethmoid bone directly on top

14) Which feature of the palatine bone articulates with the maxilla to form the posterior portion of the bony palate? A) perpendicular plate B) ethmoidal crest C) conchal crest D) nasal crest E) horizontal plate

E) horizontal plate

Which of the following bones might be broken during strangulation? A) mandible B) temporal bone C) sphenoid bone D) nasal bone E) hyoid bone

E) hyoid bone

50) The vertebral column ________. A) provides a passageway for cranial nerves that begin or end at the spinal cord B) consists of 26 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx C) helps maintain the curved position of the body while sitting or standing D) provides a column of support, bearing the weight of the hips and lower limbs E) is divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions

E) is divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions

13) Which of the following is TRUE of the vomer bone? A) It performs the same functions as the conchae of the ethmoid. B) It is attached to the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. C) It articulates with the mandible and both the zygomatic bones. D) It supports the olfactory epithelium. E) It forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum.

E) it forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum

Which of the following bones bear teeth? A) maxillae B) mandible C) palatine bones D) lacrimal bones E) maxillae and mandible

E) maxillae and mandible

8) Which of the following features belongs to the mandibular bone? A) supraorbital margins B) supraciliary arches C) frontal suture D) lacrimal fossa E) mental foramen

E) mental foramen

Someone who is referred to as having a "large chin" likely has a very prominent A) mandibular notch. B) mandibular body. C) maxilla. D) mandibular angle. E) mental protuberance.

E) mental protuberance

6) The structure that cradles and protects the pituitary gland is called the ________. A) crista galli B) greater wing C) lesser wing D) dorsum sellae E) sella turcica

E) sella turcica

29) Which type of vertebra has a transverse costal facet? A) coccygeal B) sacral C) cervical D) lumbar E) thoracic

E) thoracic

Which type of vertebra has a transverse costal facet? A) coccygeal B) sacral C) cervical D) lumbar E) thoracic

E) thoracic

The ________ is superior most portion of the cranial vault, with the frontal bone as it's floor.

anterior cranial fossa

61) The sphenoid bone contains the foramen rotundum and superior orbital fissure.

false

69) The first cervical vertebra is the axis.

false, atlas

64) The sphenoid bone has two condylar processes.

false, mandible

65) The mandible is the upper jawbone.

false, maxilla

66) The lacrimal bones form the cheekbones and some of the lateral wall of the orbit.

false, maxilla

62) The temporal bone contains the foramen magnum and forms part of the wall of the jugular foramen.

false, occipital bone

63) The most massive portion of the temporal bone is the squamous part, which surrounds and protects the sense organs of hearing and balance.

false, petrous part

The anterior two-thirds of the hard palate is part of the ________ bones.

maxillary

The ________ processes are vertical projections of the sphenoid bone that are important sites for attachment of muscles that move the lower jaw and soft palate.

pterygoid

The ________ bone makes up most of the floor of the middle cranial fossa.

sphenoid

Soft spots in the infant skull located near the "temples" on the lateral side of the head are called ________.

sphenoidal fontanels

60) The zygomatic process is part of the temporal bone.

true

67) The inferior nasal conchae are paired scroll-like bones, each of which attach to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity on each side of the nasal septum.

true

68) The coccyx actually consists of three to five coccygeal vertebrae that have usually begun fusing by age 26.

true