Grammar and vocabulary for cambridge advanced and proficiency Unit 3

C, Fill each o~ the num~ered blanks in Gffi+V) the passage with one suitable word. · · ·~ The legend of the Loch Ness Monster goes back at least 1,500 years: the Romans found a carving by the ancient inhabitants of Scotland of a strange unidentified creature that may well have (1)..................... a depiction of the monster. Modern legend, however, dates from 1933 when a local couple claimed they had seen an enormous animal. Speculation in the media was rife: supporters said the animal the couple saw (2) .....................have been a leftover from the age of the dinosaurs, while others thought it was more (3) ........................ to have been the effects of too much whisky. Actor, film director and big game hunter Marmaduke Wetherell 'found' fresh footprints which, he claimed (4)..................... only have been made by a creature over 20 feet in length. Less excitable people pointed out that surely such a large creature (5) .....................have been spotted by local people before: it (6)..................... hardly have grown to such a size unnoticed. It was, in all (7) .....................a hoax. Sure enough, museum zoologists explained that the footprints were those of a hippo - (8) .....................those of a stuffed hippo's foot. Meanwhile, other more sober, level-headed people continued to claim sightings. Surely they couldn't all (9) ...................... wrong? Sceptical scientists said that the indistinct impressions of the monster gained by such people were most (10) .....................optical illusions. They (11)..................... be otters, or floating logs. They could very (12)....................... . .. be swimming deer. Other, less sceptical scientists pointed out that it (13)..................... to be possible for science to settle the issue one way or the other, and so began the era of sonar. One university expedition produced a sonar image that might (14)..................... well have been a flipper of a large animal, but, as others pointed out, was so indistinct that it could (15)..................... as easily have been anything.

(1) been (2) might I could I may (3) likely ( 4) could (5) would I might (6) could I would (7) probability (8) probably I maybe (9) be (10) probably I likely (11) might I could (12) well (13) ought (14) very (15) just

f) Tick ( .I) each of the sentences in which didn't need to can be replaced with needn't have + -ed. 1 It's sweet of you, but you really didn't need to buy me flowers. . 2 It's a good job we didn't need to be here earlier. 3 It was strange that we didn't need to show our passports. 4 You didn't need to come and pick me up: I could have got a taxi. { 5 There was a sofa in the other room: you didn't need to sleep on the floor. 6 I didn't need to use cash as I had my credit card with me.

(rick) 1 4 5

8 Tick ( /) the modal verbs that complete each of the sentences in this passage. One, two or all of them may be possible. There shouldn 'ti might not I ought not ( 1) be a comma before the 'who' in this sentence, Kostas. Oh yes, you may well/ might well/ will well (2) say that writing English is not important for you. But you could/ may I might (3) have to write a dissertation in English one day. Punctuation and spelling should/ could/ may (4) be quite a serious problem for you. But it can! should/ could (5) always be possible for you to get full stops in the right place. And it can't/shouldn't/mustn'((6) be that difficult to spell most short words more or less correctly. You may/must/might (7) not have realised how flexible English is. For example, you may/ should/ can (8) find 'organisation' spelt with an 's' or a 'z'. It makes life easier, doesn't it?

(tick) (I) shouldn't (2) may well I might well (3) could I may I might (4) could I may (5) should (6) can't I shouldn't (7) may I might (8) may I can

0 Tick ( .I) the sentences below which express necessity, duty or advice. Example: It must be hard work on an oil rig, mustn't it? X I must be on my way if you don't mind . .I 1 The filler must be hard before you can paint over it. 2 You must be joking. 3 It must have been offside because the goal was disallowed. 4 Having to get up so early every morning is really getting me down. 5 A bike is sometimes worth having to beat traffic jams in towns. 6 Do you think I ought to give Dad a ring? 7 Should you have any problems with your computer, give me a call. 8 Doctors should respect their patients' wishes. 9 Are you saying we needn't have gone to all this trouble anyway? 10 He'd better not be late again!

.I 2 X 3 X 4 .I 5 X 6.1 7 X 8./ 9,/ 10.I

0 Tick ( ,/) the sentences that are acceptable. Correct the others. Example: You might as well come with us if you've nothing better to do. ./ 1 I won't be in the country when you two are tying the knot. 2 How much longer do you think that noise will be going on? 3 I don't think I shall be able to join you until 8.30. 4 Shall I look OK if I wear this? 5 You shall have to put two first-class stamps on this envelope. 6 I think a weekend away would be a good idea. 7 Presumably we would be laughed at if we tried it in public. 8 If he maintains his current rate of progress, he should sail through the exam. 9 Looking like that, he should compare unfavourably with the other candidates. 10 According to statistics, smokers shouldn't live as long as non-smokers.

0 1,/ 2,/ 3,/ 4 Willl... 5 You will... 6 ,/ 7 ,/ 8 ,/ 9 ... he will... 10 ... smokers won't ...

0 Finish each of the following sentences in two different ways so that they are as similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed before them. Example: If I were you, I'd have the lobster. a I think you ought to have the lobster. b You really should have the lobster. 1 I really must be going now. a I've absolutely . . .......... b I really mustn't. .......... 2 It may be possible for you to go there without a visa after all. a It may not . . .......... b You might not . . . . .......... 3 She should take some form of identification with her, shouldn't she? a She'd . . .......... b It might be . . .......... 4 Don't you think it's time we made our excuses and left? a Hadn't . . .......... b Oughtn't .. .......... 5 Why ever did you go to so much trouble with the refreshments? a You really needn't . . . .......... b It really , . . . . .......... 6 There is to be no talking whatsoever during the examination. a Candidates will not.................. .. . . .. .......... b Silence is to . .. ..........

1 a got to go now. b stay any longer. 2 a be impossible for you to go there without a visa after all. ( or: be necessary for you co have a visa to go there after all.) b have to have / get a visa to go there after all. 3 a better take some form of identification with her, hadn't she? b best (or: a good idea) if she took some form of identification with her, mightn't it? 4 a we better make our excuses and leave? b we to make our excuses and leave? 5 a have gone to so much trouble. b wasn't necessary (for you) to go to so much trouble. 6 a be allowed to talk (at all) during the examination. b be observed during / throughout the examination.

Which of the above points do these sentences illustrate? My mother will most certainly object to my going away over Christmas. 2 We should qualify for the World Cup easily next time. 3 l suppose it is just conceivable that we could get knocked out on penalties again. 4 Soula would be furious if she found out what you were doing. 5 Will we get there before nightfall, do you think?

1 emphasising certainty 2 in my opinion ... 3 emphasising that it is just possible 4 predicting what would happen 5 asking for a prediction

0 Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. Example: I think you may very well have put your finger on the problem there. 1 Our neighbours must ..........................fortune on that new garden furniture of theirs. 2 It couldn't......................... you spoke to; I wasn't even in the country at the time. 3 It's well past dinner time; surely the conference should .........................by now. 4 She can't .........................very well to have left the party so early. 5 I might .........................like this would happen. 6 You could......................... know beforehand that you couldn't come.

1 have spent a 2 have been me 3 have finished I be over 4 have been feeling 5 have known I guessed something 6 have let me

0 Tick ( /) the pairs of sentences that express approximately the same idea. Put a cross (X) by those where there is a clear difference in meaning. Examples: 9 I may well have been a little bit late in arriving. It's quite possible I was a little bit late . .I 10 We may not get there in time for the speeches. We couldn't get there in time for the speeches. )( 1 This could be the chance we've all been waiting for. This might be the chance we've all been waiting for. 2 This may very well be the last chance for peace. This might very well be the last chance for peace. 3 That's probably the postman dropping in the weekly free newspaper. That'll be the postman dropping in the weekly free newspaper. 4 They won't have read our fax yet. I doubt if they've read our fax yet. 5 The exam results should be here by now. The exam results should be here any day now. 6 They must have taken a short cut to get here. They had to take a short cut to get here. 7 You could have done yourself a nasty injury. You might have done yourself a nasty injury. 8 The washing machine shouldn't be making such a strange noise. The washing machine couldn't be making such a strange noise.

1.I 2.I 3,/ 4,/ 5X 6X 7.1 8 X

Which one of these sentences does not contain the idea of necessity, duty or advice? 1 You'd better have a good excuse or you're in trouble. 2 This film should be really good: it's had great reviews. 3 You must try harder than that if you're going to make the team. 4 You should have got up earlier - then you wouldn't be late. 5 We may not need to give in to their demands.

2

Which one of these sentences does not illustrate one of the points above? 1 He'll probably be getting off the plane now. 2 They must be enjoying themselves; just listen. 3 You could have done the car a lot of damage. 4 He may well come along later. 5 I think that socket should work now.

4 (predicting)

Modal verbs 1 Entry test 1 Fill each of the gaps in these sentences with an appropriate word or phrase. EXAMPLE: It's highly unlikely that we'll get there much before lunch time. a We ... ...... . .. in touch until later this week regarding your estimate. b Do you think they... ...... . .. us to use calculators in the exam? c I've heard there's a possibility that the match .. .. ... . called off. d I don't think anyone in their right .. . . conceivably doubt that he's guilty. e John phoned the box-office and they say you ............ any trouble getting a ticket at the door. f Presumably you ... ...... . .. wanting to go out tonight if you're feeling ill?

a (probably I certainly I definitely) won't be I are unlikely to be b will I should / ought to allow c will be I may be I might be I could be d mind could e won't have / shouldn't have f won't be

FOR MODAL VERBS PREDICTING THE FUTURE, SEE SECTION 1. 2 Fill each of the gaps in these sentences with an appropriate word or phrase. EXAMPLE: I suppose you could have a point when you say wages are low. a You ............ well think it's possible, but I doubt it. b You won't ............ of me before but I used to live next door to your sister. c You're a bit overweight; you ............ . . doing more regular exercise. d That ............ Vangelis over there - hasn't he gone away for the week? e That's absurd; they really ............ taken your motorbike by mistake, surely? f They got here so fast, they ............ . . run all the way. g I've been looking for you everywhere: you ............ . have told me you'd be here!

a may I might b have heard c should be I ought to be ( or: should have been I ought to have been I could do with; unlikely: could be} d can't be I couldn't be e can't have I couldn't have f must have g might have / could have I should have I ought to have told

3 Fill each of the gaps in these sentences with an appropriate word or phrase. EXAMPLE I think we had better leave soon as it's getting late. a Please, you really .. .. ..... . about clearing up afterwards: I can do it when you've gone. b You will really a move on if you're going to finish painting that room today. c In my opinion, you as hard on him as you were. d You can't go on like this - you simply ..... . .. a holiday sometime. e You gone to so much trouble just for me. f You to come and see me off, but I'm glad you did. g All visitors to this site are the reception desk on arrival.

a shouldn't worry I needn't think I needn't worry I don't need to worry b have to get c shouldn't I needn't have been d must I have to take I have e needn't have I shouldn't have f didn't need I didn't have g to report I to go to

f) Which of the professions said what? Write the number of the profession next to the letter for the statement. Then, write what you think the 'it' refers to where it's underlined. Example: It may be necessary to take it away to put more memory in. You write: a O (computer) (0 computer engineer) 1 lawyer 2 barman 3 hotel receptionist 4 gardener 5 sailor 6 dentist 7 teacher 8 pilot (a It may be necessary to take _rr away to put more memory in.) b It may have to come out; we might well not be able to save _rr. c It should only be about ten minutes; then we expect the all-clear for take-off. d With any luck we'll get a centimetre or two over the weekend. We could certainly do with _rr. e Very light now, yes, but tt might just get up later on, in which case ... f We may be able to get tt overturned on appeal. g it certainly won't be ready until the maid has been in. h Is that ll, or will you be wanting another? i It will certainly improve if you try harder to imitate the patterns that native speakers use.

b 6 (a tooth) 8 (the wait or delay) d 4 (rain) e 5 (the wind) f 1 (the verdict) g 3 (a hotel room) h 2 (your last drink) i 7 (your intonation I spoken language)

Vocabulary SECTION 4 Possibility, probability and certainty Instead of using modals (see Section 2), we can express ideas of possibility, probability and certainty in other ways. 1 LIKELIHOOD We can use a number of words and phrases to say how likely it is that something will happen. Here are examples: • verbs and verbal phrases: I bet you never write to her. I'd stake my life on his honesty. I don't doubt that he could do the job. I can't see the situation changing much in the foreseeable future. I assume he knows what he's doing. • adjectives and adjectival phrases: He's highly unlikely to arrive before nine. He's bound/ certain/ sure to arrive at some point. • noun phrases: The chances are that interest rates will fall in the near future. There's every chance / likelihood of interest rates coming down. There's a strong /a distinct possibility that interest rates will be reduced. It's odds on/ the odds are that she'll succeed. • adverbs and adverbial phrases: Presumably, he'll be back. In all probability, today. Maybe even this morning - conceivably within the next half an hour. Doubtless he'll ring first. 1 Which of these sentences suggest that something is likely to happen? a She's hardly likely to tell us what really happened, is she? b There's an outside chance of a tornado hitting this region. c I presume we'll be having our weekly meeting on Friday. d I can't see why they shouldn't all pass.

c and d

3 Underline the options that can best complete each of the following sentences. Sometimes only one, sometimes both, are possible. Example: They won't most certainly I most certainly_ won't approve of the scheme. 1 He'll no doubt be I He should be late for the meeting. 2 She shall I She will go on to greater things, I have no doubt. 3 The whole team may as well I might as well give up and go back to carpentry. 4 Will I Shall I in any way be exploited in this new position? 5 I reckon they ought to I might just down tools and go home. 6 It shall I will be touch and go whether she survives. 7 The outcome might I can rest on this last handful of votes. 8 I have to say that I won't definitely I definitely won't attend the meeting.

e 1 He'll no doubt be 2 She will 3 may as well I might as well 4 }will 5 ought to / might 6 will 7 might 8 won't definite!),(= I'm not sure) I definitely won't (= I'm certain I won't)