GRAMMAR HESI Study Set

Comma Splice A comma splice can be corrected by replacing the comma 1 of what 3 things? Instead, you could do what 2 things? Fix the comma splices in the following sentences. - A typical magic act includes tricks and illusions, however, both depend on deception. - To evaluate a charity, you should start by examining its goals, then you should investigate its management practices.

- a type of run-on sentence where 2 independent clauses are joined by only 1 comma - a dash, semicolon, or a colon - add a coordinating conjunction or make 2 separate sentences - add a semicolon or period - add and or make 2 separate sentences

Participle Which words in this sentence are participles? - The worried professor had broken his pencil.

- a type of verb that acts as an adjective; usually ends in -ing or -ed - worried, broken

Linking Verb What don't linking verbs show? What does a linking verb explain? Which of the words in the following sentences are linking verbs? - Dr. Lopez is the new college president. - Their answers were evasive. - The sky grew dark. - Something in the kitchen smells delicious. - That exam looks difficult. - The professor seems tired.

- a verb that links, or joins, the subject of the sentence to a noun, pronoun, or predicate adjective - does NOT show action - what something is, was, or will become - is, were, grew, smells, looks, seems

Verb Which of these words in each sentence are verbs? - Juan wrote lyrics for songs. - The lights flickered. - My hair grew longer. - Amelia thought her answer was correct.

- a word or phase that is used to express an action or a state of being; express time through tense - wrote, flickered, grew, thought

Interjection Identify the interjections in the following sentences. - There were no fired reported last month, by the way. - Yikes, that test was hard.

- a word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation; does NOT have any grammatical connection to the other words in the sentence - by the way, yikes

Preposition What do prepositions often show the relationships of? In the following sentences, which words are prepositions? - Steve could run despite the pain. - The continental shelf lies beneath the ocean.

- a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence - time, place, direction, manner - despite, beneath

Pronoun Which words in these sentences are the pronouns? - Because the researcher developed a new drug, she became famous. - The students wanted their test papers graded and returned to them in a timely manner.

- a word that takes place of a noun, another pronoun, or a group of words acting as a noun - she, their, them

Adjective Which words in the following sentences are adjectives? - The cutest puppy belongs to the neighbors. - Use only academic sources for the paper. - Several hundred protesters gathered at City Hall.

- a word, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun or pronoun; usually precedes the noun that it modifies - cutest, academic, several hundred

Adverb What do adverbs do to the meaning of the words they modify? Which of the words in the following sentences are adverbs? - The bobcat is rarely seen in the wild. - He agreed to cooperate fully with officials. - Later, they met to discuss the proposal. - The taxi driver headed downtown. - She performed brilliantly. - His paper was well written. - He put the toys together carefully.

- a word, phrase, or clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb - describing, qualifying, limiting - rarely, fully, later, downtown, brilliantly, well, carefully

Subject Identify the subject in the following sentences. - The clock on the mantel was given to her by her grandmother. - The postal worker was bitten by a dog. - A series of very bad decisions doomed the project. - There are too many books to fit on the shelf.

- a word, phrase, or clause that names whom or what the sentence is about - clock, worker, a series of very bad decisions, too many books to fit on the shelf

Bad Word Pairs: Can vs. May What does can/could imply? What does may/might imply? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - I ___ make an A in the class. - You ___ leave early when the bell rings. - ___ I show you the business proposal? - If I ___ hit a home run, I ___ be chosen for the team.

- ability or power - permission - can, may, may, can, may

Nonessential Clause What should you use to set off a nonessential clause?

- adds information to the sentence but is not necessary to make the meaning of the sentence clear - commas

Essential Clause What shouldn't you use to set off an essential clause?

- adds information to the sentence that is needed to make the sentence clear - commas

Bad Word Pairs: Bad vs. Badly Bad is classified as an ___. What is it used before and after? Badly is classified as an ___ and modifies what? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - The students behaved ___ in class. - He is a ___ teacher. - He did ___ in the leading role.

- adjective, before nouns and after linking verbs - adverb that modifies an action verb - badly, bad, badly

Bad Word Pairs: Which vs. That Which is used to introduce what type of clauses? That is used to introduce what type of clauses? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - The hospital ___ flooded last July is down the street. - My house, ___ is located in Texas, was built 50 years ago. - The hospital, ___ flooded last July, is down the street. - All visitors ___ are underaged must be accompanied by adults.

- NONESSENTIAL clauses - ESSENTIAL clauses - that, which, which, that

Possessive Pronoun Which words in this sentence are possessive pronouns? - He walked across the library to return my book to me. The second book is not mine, it is his.

- a form of a personal pronoun that shows possession or ownership; does NOT contain an apostrophe - my, mine, his

Phrase Phrases can be used as what 3 things? What 2 things do phrases lack?

- a group of two or more words that acts as a single part of speech in a sentence - a noun, adjective, or adverb - lacks a subject and a predicate

Prepositional Phrase In the following sentences, what are the prepositional phrases? - The students learned the basics of grammar. - Sam left the classroom at noon.

- a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun (object) - of grammar, at noon

Sentence A sentence has what 2 things? What are the 4 types of sentences? Identify what type of sentence each of the following are. - Did you go to the store? - I went to the store. - You went to the store! - Go to the store.

- a group of words that expresses a complete thought - - has a subject and a predicate - declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory - interrogative, declarative, exclamatory, imperative

Bad Word Pairs: Farther vs. Further Farther refers to what type of distance? Further refers to what type of distance? What 3 things does further mean? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - I will have to study ___ to make good grades. - The student had nothing ___ to say. - How much ___ is it to the airport? - The walk to class is much ___ than I expected. - We expect to see ___ improvement over the next year.

- a measurable distance - a figurative distance - "to a greater degree/extent", "moreover", "in addition to" - further, further, farther, farther, further

Suggestions for Success: Eliminate Euphemisms What type of terms should be used when describing the body?

- a mild, indirect, or vague term that is substituted for one that is considered harsh, blunt, or offensive - accurate and anatomically correct

Predicate Nominative Identify the predicate nominative in the following sentence. - Professors are teachers.

- a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or identifies the subject - teachers

Bad Word Pairs: Fewer vs. Less Fewer refers to what? Is it used with singular or plural nouns? Less refers to what? Is it used with singular or plural nouns? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - ___ patients means ___ work for the staff. - It's ___ than 2 miles from school. - The professor has ___ students in his morning class than his afternoon class. - ___ students are opting for science courses. - The moon yields ___ light than the sun. - She spent ___ than $400 for this class.

- a number, things that can be counted or numbered - used with plural nouns - degree or amount, things in bulk or abstract, used when referring to numeric or statistical terms - used with singular nouns - fewer, less - less, fewer, fewer, less, less

Participial Phrase What does a participial phrase function as? What does it modify?

- a phrase that is formed by a participle, its object, and the object's modifier - an adjective - modifies the noun that either directly precedes or follows the phrase

Compound Preposition In the following sentences, which words are compound prepositions? - The department gained its reputation by means of its diversity. - According to historical records, that town is 300 years old.

- a preposition that is made up of more than one word - by means, according to

Dangling Participial Phrase Correct the following dangling participial phrases. - Taking the patient's symptoms into account, a diagnosis was made by the doctor. - After singing a thrilling ballad, the crowd surged towards the stage. - The message is on its way to other parts of our galaxy, containing information about Earth.

- a type of misplaced modifier; when the participial phrase directly precedes or directly follows a noun that it does not modify - the doctor made a diagnosis - after she sang a ballad - the message containing information about Earth

Bad Word Pairs: Good vs. Well Good is classified as an ___. What is it used before and after? Well is classified as an ___. What does it modify and when is it used to describe someone's health. Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - He did a ___ job. - She plays softball ___. - Einstein was not a ___ student. - Einstein did not perform ___ in school.

- adjective, before nouns and after linking verbs - adverb, used to modify a verb, used as an adjective when describing someone's health - good, well, good, well

In the following sentences, which words are adverbs and say whether they are modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb? - The students scored quite badly on the test. - The physician operates quickly. - The nurse wears very colorful uniforms.

- adverb: badly - verb: quickly - adjective: very

Grammatical Mistakes: Subject-Verb Agreement 4) When the subject consists of 2+ words connected by the word "and", the subject and verb are ___. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb. - The faculty and the students ___ in the auditorium. - A dot and a dash ___ the letter A in morse code. - Basketball star Shauqu, comedian Hughley, and actor Tom Arnold ___ all born on March 6.

- plural - were, represent, were

Grammatical Mistakes: Pronouns that Indicate Possession These should NOT be confused with what? What are the possessive forms of the following pronouns? - I - HE - She - We - You - They - It

- possessive forms of personal pronouns have their own possessive forms - contractions - my, mine - his - her, hers - our, ours - your, yours - their, theirs - its

Personal Pronoun What 3 cases do personal pronouns come in?

- refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea by indicating the person speaking (1st person), the person spoken to (2nd person), or any other person, place, thing, or idea being talked about (3rd person); either singular or plural - subjective, objective, possessive

Suggestions for Success: Eliminate Sexist Language

- refers to spoken or written styles that do NOT reflect the presence of women in our society; use gender-neutral titles

Collective Noun What are some examples of a collective noun?

- represents a group of persons, animals, or things; singular in form but plural in meaning - class, jury, team

Grammatical Mistakes: Subject-Verb Agreement 2) When the subject and verb are ___, make sure they agree. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb. - The question that appears on all of the tests ___ inappropriate. - The deans, along with their classes, ___ going on the tour. - The number of farm workers ___ remained constant.

- separated - is, are, has

Grammatical Mistakes: Subject-Verb Agreement 5) When the subject consists of 2+ singular words that are connected by or, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, the subject and verb are ___. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb. - Neither the student nor the dean ___ on time for class. - Math or accounting ___ to be a suitable major for you. - Either the waiter or the customer ___ misplaced the bill. - Neither the doctor nor the patient ___ pessimistic about the prognosis.

- singular - was, appears, has, is

Grammatical Mistakes: Subject-Verb Agreement 3) If a group is acting as a single entity, use a ___ verb. If the group is acting separately, use a ___ verb. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb. - The faculty ___ to administer the test. - The team members ___ traveling by train, bus, and bike. - The school committee ___ voted to increase salaries. - The members of the jury ___ divided and unable to reach a consensus.

- singular, plural - agrees, are, has, are

Grammatical Mistakes: Subject-Verb Agreement 1) A singular subject requires a ___ verb. A plural subject requires a ___ verb. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb. - The nurses ___ in a hurry to get there. - She ___ baking, but she isn't anymore.

- singular, plural - were, was

Personal Pronoun Cases: 1) The subjective case indicates that a pronoun is a ___ or ___ of an action. 2) The objective case indicates that a pronoun is an ___ or ___ of an action. 3) The possessive case indicates ___ or ___. Which of these sentences is subjective, objective, or possessive and which words are pronouns? - The career counselor has been advising her. - His enthusiasm for the company does not match theirs. - She asked questions about the job.

- subject, doer, object, receiver, ownership, belonging 1st sentence- objective, her 2nd sentence- possessive, his, theirs 3rd sentence- subjective, she

Grammatical Mistakes: Pronoun Case What does the case of a personal pronoun depend on? Fill in the blanks of the following sentences. - Yolanda and ___ graduated from high school. - The mayor presented the award to Donna and ___. - The leader is ___. - The best singer in the group is ___. - If ___ hikers frighten them, the bears may attack. (we/us) - John is a better athlete than ___.

- the form of a noun or pronoun indicating its relation to other words in a sentence. - the pronoun's function in the sentence - I, me, she, she, we, I

Common Noun Definition What are the common nouns in this sentence? - A holiday is a celebration of an event.

- the general, NOT the particular, name of a person, place, or thing - holiday, celebration, event

Abstract Noun What are some examples of abstract nouns?

- the name of a quality or a general idea - love, peace, trust, hope

Antecedent Which words in these sentences are the antecedents? - Because the researcher developed a new drug, she became famous. - The students wanted their test papers graded and returned to them in a timely manner.

- the noun or pronoun to which a pronoun refers to - researcher, students

Predicate - Predicates include what and the words that modify it? Therefore, a predicate indicates what? Identify the predicate in the following sentences. - Plant respiration produces oxygen. - Stonehenge has existed for many centuries. - Reporters should call the subjects of their stories. - Watching fishing boats is a relaxing and pleasant way to spend an afternoon.

- the part of the sentence that tells what the subject does or what is done to the subject - the verb and the words that modify the verb - action - produces, has existed, should call, is a relaxing and pleasant way to spend an afternoon

Direct Object What questions do direct objects answer? Identify the direct object in the following sentences. - The Scottish fiddler played a lively reel. - The students watched the professor distribute the exams. - The crowd in the stadium jeered the quarterback.

- the person or thing that is directly affected by the action of the verb - whom or what - reel, professor, quarterback

Indirect Object A sentence can ONLY have an indirect object if it has what? What questions do indirect objects answer? What are indirect objects in between? Identify the indirect object in the following sentences. - The professor gave his class the test results. - Habitat for Humanity gave him an award for his work. - A woman on a bench tossed a pigeon some crumbs.

- the person or thing that is indirectly affected by the action of the verb - a direct object - to whom, for whom, to what, for what - the verb and direct object - his class, him, pigeon

Bad Word Pairs: Amount vs. Number Amount is used when referring to what? Number is used when referring to what? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - The nurse had a ___ of charts to complete. - The nurse had a huge ___ of paperwork to complete. - He puts a small ___ of butter on his bread. - The new theater has a large ___ of seats than the old one.

- things in bulk - individual, countable objects - number, amount, amount, number

Imperative Sentence

makes a command or request

Declarative Sentence

makes a statement

Exclamatory Sentence

makes an exclamation

What are some examples of prepositions?

about, along, as, at, before, below, but, except, for, from, in, of, on, out, to, up, with, without

What are some examples of subordinating conjunctions?

after, because, before, until, since, when

Interrogative Sentence

asks a question

Grammatical Mistakes: Incorrect Apostrophe Usage What aren't apostrophes used for? In the following sentences, identify where the apostrophe belongs. - Whether she can win the nomination is anybodys guess. - Both farms crops were lost in the flood. - Our childrens children will reap the benefits of our efforts. - Sam is equipment manager for both the boys and girls teams. - The coaches and players dream came true. - There are three 5s on the licence plate. - 1980s highest grossing film was called Mr. Smiths home. - The 1980s highest grossing film was about the Inezes car.

- apostrophes ARE used to show possession or to show that letters have been omitted - to make a word plural, for years, or surnames - anybody's, farms', children's, boys' and girls', players', 5's, 1980's, Smith's, 1980s', Inezes'

Suggestions for Success: Eliminate Profanity and Insensitive Language

- be sensitive to language that excludes or emphasizes a person or group of people with reference to race, sexual orientation, age, gender, religion, or disability

Dependent Clause In the following sentences, identify the dependent clauses. - The professor distributed the examinations as soon as the students were seated. - Van Gough's paintings began to command high prices after he died. - Isodora, who personified modern dance, died in an accident.

- begins with a subordinating conjunction and does not express a complete thought and therefore cannot stand alone as a sentence - as soon as the students were seated - after he died - who personified modern dance

Grammatical Mistakes: Subject-Verb Agreement 6) When a subject consists of both singular and plural words that are connected by or, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, choose the verb that is ___ to the verb. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb. - Either the students or the teaching assistant ___ responsible. - Neither the sailors nor the boat ___ harmed. - Neither the boat nor the sailors ___ harmed. - Either my daughters or my wife ___ that plant daily.

- closest - is, was, were, waters

Independent Clause In the following sentences, identify the dependent clauses. - When the puppies were born, the breeder examined them carefully. - The professor distributed the examinations as soon as the students were seated.

- expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence - the breeder examined them carefully - the professor distributed the examinations

Suggestions for Success: Eliminate Cliches What is a cliche?

- expressions or ideas that have lost their originality over time because of excessive use

Predicate Adjective Identify the predicate adjective in the following sentence. - My professors are wonderful.

- follows a linking verb and helps to explain the subject - wonderful

Grammatical Mistakes: Sentence Fragments What should you supply to correct a sentence fragment? Correct the following sentence fragments. - While the students were taking a test. - Because the number of voters has declined. - Jessica speaks Spanish fluently. And reads French well. - Annie has always wanted to become an orthopedist. That is, a bone specialist.

- incomplete sentences - an independent clause - , the professor walked around - add "the" to the beginning - and - -that is,

Bad Word Pairs: Who vs. Whom Both words are what? When should you use the word "who"? When should you use the word "whom"? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - ___ did you choose as our team leader? - ___ passed the chemistry test? - Susan, ___ the professor favors, is very bright. - ___ holds the purse rules the house.

- interrogative and relative pronouns Who- nominative case, use for subjects and predicate nominatives - use if he, she, they, I, or we can be substituted Whom- can be substituted as the object of the verb - use if him, her, them, me, or us - whom, who, whom, who

Subcoordinating Conjunctions These type of conjunctions connect what types of clauses? What part of the sentence are they usually used at? They connect ideas of what importance? In the following sentences, what are the subcoordinating conjunctions? - While the nurse was away on vacation, the hospital flooded. - We don't do volunteer work unless it's for a good cause. - Since he doesn't like math, he should avoid calculus. - Football is a popular sport, even though its' dangerous.

- joins two clauses or phrases; part of the sentence is dependent on the rest of the sentence to complete its meaning - dependent and independent - beginning - unequal - while, unless, since, even though

Suggestions for Success: Eliminate Text-Speak

- language that is often used in text messages, emails, and other forms of electronic communication

Grammatical Mistakes: Unclear or Vague Pronoun Reference Correct the vague pronouns in the following sentences. - The teacher and the student knew that she was wrong. - Take the radio out of the car and fix it. - After putting the dress in the closet, Cathy gave it away.

- makes a sentence confusing and difficult to understand; make sure to explain who the sentence is referring to - the student, the radio, the dress

Bad Word Pairs: Among vs. Between Among is used to show a relationship involving what? Between shows a relationship involving 1 of what 3 scenarios? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - The professor will distribute textbooks ___ the students in our class. - What's the difference ___ this book and other grammar books? - I can't decide ___ the chemistry class, the biology class, or the anatomy class. - I can't decide ___ these shirts.

- more than 2 persons or things being considered as a group - 2 persons or things, to compare 1 person of thing with an entire group, or to compare more than 2 things in a group if each is considered individually - among, between, between, among

What are the 3 pronoun cases? In what 4 ways can a pronoun function as?

- nominative, objective, possessive - as a subject, a complement, an object of a preposition, or a placement for a possessive noun

Grammatical Mistakes: Run-On Sentences What is a type of a run-on sentence? Identify how to fix the following run-on sentences. - The professor thought the test was too easy the students though it was too hard. - A television addict is dependent on television I have suffered this addiction for years.

- occurs when 2 or more complete sentences are written as though they were on sentence - comma splice - , but - separate into 2 sentences

Proper Noun Definition What are the proper nouns in this sentence? - James drove to Williamsville in a Toyota in March.

- official name of a person, place, or thing; capitalized - James, Williamsville, Toyota, March

Bad Word Pairs: Affect vs. Effect When used as a verb, what does affect mean? When used as a noun, what does affect mean? When used as a verb, what does effect mean? When used as a noun, what does effect mean? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - The chemotherapy had a strange ___ on me. - The ___ skin turns red and may blister. - Your opinion will not ___ my decision. - As a result of exercising, I was able to ___ a number of changes in my life.

- to influence or to change - emotional response or disposition - to bring about or accomplish - result or outcome - effect - affected - affect - effect

Bad Word Pairs: Bring vs. Take Bring conveys action ___ the speaker to carry an object where? Take conveys an action ___ from the speaker to carry an object where? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - Please ___ your textbooks to class. - Please ___ your textbooks home. - Could you ___ these cookies to grandma's house? - Do 3 pages in the workbook and ___ them back completed on Monday.

- towards, from a distant place to a near place - away, from a near place to a distant place - bring, take, take, bring

Grammatical Mistakes: Comma in a Series

- use a comma to separate 3+ items in a series or list, place a comma between each item in the list and before the conjunction

Bad Word Pairs: Hear vs. Here Hear is classified as a ___. What is its definition? Here is classified as an ___. What is its definition?

- verb - "to recognize sound by means of ear" - adverb - "at or in this place"

What 3 things can act as adjectives? What is a type of verb form that acts as an adjective? What type of ending does this verb form usually have? In the following sentences, which words act as adjectives and are they verbs, pronouns, or nouns? - That book belongs to you because it was in your class. - The professor was scowling at the worried students. - The professor's class was different from my biology class.

- verb, pronouns, nouns - participle -ed or -ing - pronouns: that, your - verbs: scowling, worried - nouns: professor's, biology

Grammatical Mistakes: Comma in a Compound Sentence What is the rule? A compound sentence has 2 or more ___ clauses. In the following sentences, identify whether or not a comma should be used. - The professor though the test was too easy but the students thought it was too hard. - The ball flew past the goalie but the score didn't count.

- when 2 independent clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction, place a comma before the conjunction - independent - comma after easy, comma after goalie

Noun Definition What are the nouns in this sentence? - The waiter took the plate to his girlfriend.

- word or group of words that names a person, place, thing, or idea - waiter, plate, girlfriend

Grammatical Mistakes: Misplaced Modifier Make sure that the modifier is next to what? What is a type of misplaced modifier? Correct the following misplaced modifiers. - I fear my teaching assistant may have discarded the test I was grading in the trash can. - The mayor chided the pedestrians for jaywalking angrily. - The press reacted to the story leaked from the Pentagon with horror. - Before traveling abroad, passports were obtained by the students.

- words or groups of words that are NOT located properly in relation to the words they modify - the word, phrase, or clause it modifies - dangling participial phrase - I fear the test I was grading may have been discarded in the trash can by my teaching assistant. - angrily chided - reacted with horror - Before traveling abroad, students obtained passports.

Correlative Conjunctions What are some examples of correlative conjunctions? In the following sentence, which words make up the correlative conjunctions? - Neither the strikers nor the management was satisfied.

- work in pairs to join words or phrases - as/as, both/and, either/or, neither/nor, nor/but, not only/but also, whether/or - neither/nor

What are the 3 characteristics of a linking verb?

1. form of the verb "to be" 2. refer to the 5 senses 3. reflect a state of being

What are some examples of pronoun use?

1. when the pronoun is the subject 2. when pronouns are the subject in a compound subject 3. when the pronoun is the object of a preposition 4. when the pronoun replaces a possessive noun

What are the 7 coordinating conjunctions?

FANBOYS= for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Bad Word Pairs: Learn vs. Teach

Learn- to receive or acquire knowledge Teach- to give or impart knowledge

Bad Word Pairs: Lie vs. Lay What is lie never followed by? What are the different forms of lie? What is lay followed by? What are the different forms of lay? Fill in the blank with the correct word in the following sentences. - I am ___ the book on the table now. - I ___ down yesterday to rest. - I had ___ down to rest. - I have ___ the book on the table before.

Lie- to recline or rest - a direct object - lie, lay, lain, lying Lay- to put or place - ARE followed by a direct object - lay, laid, laying - answers: lying, lay, lain, laid

Clause

a group of words that has a subject and a predicate

Conjunction

a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses

What questions do adjectives answer?

What kind? Which one? How many? How much?

Bad Word Pairs: i.e. vs. e.g.

i.e.- that is, specifies or explains e.g.- for example, gives an example

What are the 3 verb tenses?

past, present, future