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State Granger laws were designed primarily to a. regulate big business. b. regulate prices. c. decrease wholesale commodity prices. d. require banks to be more generous in granting loans.

a. regulate big business.

During the late 1800s, an adult male immigrant from which of the following locations would most likely be a skilled worker? a. Poland b. Wales c. Italy d. Greece

b. Wales

Who of the following represented the American notion that through hard work, even a poor immigrant could become tremendously successful? a. Andrew Carnegie b. John D. Rockefeller c. Jay Cooke d. Thomas Edison

a. Andrew Carnegie

New corporate managers pioneered which system to track expenses and revenues in the late nineteenth century? a. Cost accounting b. Balanced spending c. Line-by-line bookkeeping d. The management revolution

a. Cost accounting

Which of these factors were the critical determinants of workers' occupational opportunities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Gender and race b. Age and ethnicity c. Ethnicity and skills d. Skills and race

a. Gender and race

What did the Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Homestead Strike of 1892 have in common? a. Government troops helped put down both strikes. b. The American Railway Union led both strikes. c. The leaders of both strikes were jailed. d. The American public supported the strikers.

a. Government troops helped put down both strikes.

Which of the following statements characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century? a. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female. b. By the 1920s, the two-career marriage was the middle-class norm. c. Young women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until they married. d. In 1890, almost half of all married white women worked outside the home.

a. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female.

The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers in which industry? a. Railroads b. Coal c. Steel d. Copper

a. Railroads

Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant? a. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union. b. The strike was the culmination of a long history of poor labor relations at Homestead. c. The steelworkers were led by immigrant German Marxists. d. It ended when the strike leaders were held in contempt of court and jailed.

a. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union.

Which of the following describes the traveling salesmen of the late nineteenth century? a. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products. b. Many men sought these jobs because they appreciated independence and autonomy. c. Salesmen, like workers, organized to improve their wages and working conditions. d. Nineteenth-century salesmen were little different from their eighteenth-century predecessors.

a. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products.

Why did Chinese immigrants come to the United States in the nineteenth century? a. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China. b. Chinese immigrants came to open laundry businesses in American cities. c. The burgeoning population of China created widespread famine and shortages. d. Chinese men sought jobs as indentured servants in the houses of rich Californians.

a. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China.

How did John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation's oil refining capacity by the 1880s? a. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust b. By implementing the process of vertical integration c. Through expanded sales and production overseas d. By inventing the process that extracted kerosene from crude oil

a. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust

What was the purpose of the Hatch Act, passed by Congress and President Grover Cleveland in 1887? a. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education b. To establish state-regulated farms to sell produce at a cheaper rate c. To provide funds to farmers struggling to pay debts d. To fund large corporate farms, encouraging the growth of the farming industry

a. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education

The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by a. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882. b. passing a civil rights law that protected them from anti-immigrant violence. c. establishing a quota limiting Chinese immigration to 10,000 per year. d. paying white workers higher wages to do agricultural work.

a. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882.

The outcome of the implementation of scientific management was a. resistance from workers. b. resistance from managers. c. decreasing production efficiency. d. that workers found unions less appealing.

a. resistance from workers.

"It looks to me like slavery to have a man stand over you with a stop watch." This statement by an iron molder refers to a. scientific management. b. industrial unionism. c. yellow-dog contracts. d. working conditions for breaker boys.

a. scientific management.

New immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected growing emigration from a. southern and Eastern Europe. b. north and central Europe. c. the British Isles. d. eastern Africa.

a. southern and Eastern Europe.

Founded in 1867, the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry a. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families. b. built railroad networks to lower farmers' transportation costs. c. worked with state and national banks to reduce inflation. d. agitated for laws to exclude immigrants from the Homestead Act.

a. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families.

The development of print advertising illustrates the significance of which late-nineteenth-century phenomenon? a. The importance of proper labeling on food packages b. Businesses creating demand for brand names c. Government intervention to ensure pure food and drugs d. Consumers' desire for information about the products they consumed

b. Businesses creating demand for brand names

Which of the following statements characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America? a. Except for the lowest-paid factory workers, most male heads of household were able to support their families through their own labor. b. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines. c. Women's household work was crucial in maintaining the family, and this work was commonly done by older daughters because wives were employed outside the home. d. As children grew older, their material needs increased, which strained family budgets and made supporting the children's adolescent years hardest on families.

b. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines.

Why was clerical and office work appealing to white working-class women in the late nineteenth century? a. Factory work was too difficult to obtain because it paid higher wages. b. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work. c. Women were often promoted to better-paying positions in the company. d. There was a decrease in demand for domestic servants.

b. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work.

Which of the following technological innovations made it possible for Gustavus F. Swift to undercut the prices of local butchers? a. Automatic coupler b. Refrigerated car c. Friction gear d. Air brake

b. Refrigerated car

Why was the Haymarket incident of 1886 significant? a. It led to an eight-hour day for McCormick workers. b. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor. c. It created greater public respect for unions. d. It demonstrated the professionalization of Chicago's police force.

b. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor.

Which of the following statements describes the Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century? a. They came in greatest numbers prior to 1850. b. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants. c. Chinese immigrants were mostly women escaping sexual slavery. d. Most were unemployed and depended on government assistance to survive.

b. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants.

Which of the following statements describes the experiences of the new immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920? a. These groups found adjustment to the new country easier than earlier groups had. b. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home. c. They quickly assimilated into American culture and gave up their customs and languages. d. The new immigrants were welcomed much more graciously than were the Irish in 1840.

b. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home.

Which of the following arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay "Wealth" (later called "The Gospel of Wealth")? a. Industrialization only led to a decrease in the standard of living, especially for the working classes. b. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose. c. Industrialization would bring economic decline in the United States as it did in England, a mature industrial power. d. Industrialization had allowed the poor to raise themselves to nearly same level as the wealthy.

b. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose.

The Knights of Labor advocated which of the following reforms in their 1878 platform? a. The right to bear arms b. Workplace safety laws c. The family wage d. Workers' revolution

b. Workplace safety laws

Gustavus Swift boosted productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860s by using a. horizontal integration. b. assembly lines. c. the closed shop. d. the foreman system.

b. assembly lines.

As American industry expanded in the late nineteenth century, its energy source shifted from a. electricity to steam. b. water to coal. c. coal to iron. d. steam to water.

b. water to coal.

Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War? a. A shortage of agricultural products b. Slowing immigration c. A higher standard of living d. Rapid price inflation

c. A higher standard of living

What late-nineteenth-century development made it possible for rural Americans to participate in the national consumer culture? a. Store chains b. Automobiles c. Catalogs d. Billboards

c. Catalogs

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? a. Closed shop—force applied on a comparable industry to bring pressure on the primary target b. Yellow-dog contract—workers in one industry organized into a single organization, regardless of skill c. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees d. Trade union—all jobs reserved for union members

c. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees

Why did so few African American men hold factory jobs in the United States in 1890? a. There were almost no factories in the South, where the majority of African Americans lived at that time. b. White-dominated labor unions generally refused to allow blacks to join and seek industrial employment. c. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants. d. Black workers intensely disliked factory work and preferred agricultural or casual urban labor.

c. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants.

Which business strategy did John D. Rockefeller pioneer in the late nineteenth century? a. Vertical integration b. The corporation c. Horizontal integration d. Middle management

c. Horizontal integration

Which magazine was the first to take advantage of advertising revenue to build mass readership, with over one million subscribers? a. The Atlantic Monthly b. Time Magazine c. Ladies' Home Journal d. The Saturday Evening Post

c. Ladies' Home Journal

Which of the following were skilled workers with a relatively high degree of autonomy in the 1870s? a. Domestic servants b. Labor gangs c. Machinists d. Assembly-line workers

c. Machinists

Why has the labor movement always been relatively weak in American politics? a. Historically, labor unions have not been interested in engaging in the political process. b. Poor leadership has often hindered the political effectiveness of the labor movement. c. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress. d. Industrial workers put other concerns ahead of labor issues, making it difficult for labor to present a cohesive platform.

c. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress.

Which of the following describes vertically integrated corporations? a. These corporations concentrated on one function in the production process. b. They made it difficult for a few corporations to monopolize an industry. c. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses. d. These corporations operated using predatory pricing.

c. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses.

In 1891, the Texas Alliance proposed cooperative enterprise to a. provide a safe place for farmers' savings. b. reduce the influence of government in agriculture. c. give farmers access to cheap credit. d. fight inflation.

c. give farmers access to cheap credit.

Established in 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) a. encouraged companies to cooperate in setting prices. b. investigated in-state shipping. c. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates. d. helped to transition companies into public ownership.

c. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates.

The Supreme Court decision to overturn Granger laws in Wabash v. Illinois (1886) led to a. passage of the Gold Standard Act. b. passage of the McKinley Tariff. c. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. d. the implementation of the Specie Resumption Act.

c. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

After the Civil War, Republican economic policies led to a. huge budget deficits. b. significant tax increases. c. the dominance of large corporations. d. sustained inflation.

c. the dominance of large corporations.

Which of the following policies did the Greenback-Labor Party support in the 1870s? a. Ending Reconstruction b. The gold standard c. The graduated income tax d. Inflation

d. Inflation

The introduction of mass production in the late-nineteenth-century American economy had which of the following advantages? a. Mass production made work more interesting. b. It gave workers a greater sense of accomplishment. c. It gave workers greater control over the pace of their work. d. Mass production increased workers' output.

d. Mass production increased workers' output.

Which of the following was a consequence of mass production? a. Workers became masters of their craft. b. Workers' wages increased as they grew more productive. c. Craft workers became more valuable to industry. d. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.

d. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.

Why was the American Federation of Labor more successful than the Knights of Labor in the late nineteenth century? a. The AFL was open to all workers. b. The Knights were too restrictive. c. The Knights' push for practical job interests was not idealistic enough. d. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions.

d. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Which of the following was a nineteenth-century example of a trade union? a. The Greenback-Labor Party b. The Grange c. The Farmer's Alliance d. The American Federation of Labor

d. The American Federation of Labor

What did Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, and John D. Rockefeller have in common? a. All these men were immigrants into the United States. b. Each one began his career as an industrial mechanic. c. They succeeded through horizontal integration. d. They succeeded through vertical integration.

d. They succeeded through vertical integration.

In terms of membership, the Knights of Labor discriminated a. by ethnicity. b. against women. c. against unskilled laborers. d. by excluding the Chinese.

d. by excluding the Chinese.

The United States had become the leading steel producer in the world by 1900 because of a. incorporation. b. government subsidies. c. the transportation revolution. d. the Bessemer process.

d. the Bessemer process.