Hallmarks of cancer

Genome instability

Alternates genomes of cancer cells increasing rates of mutations. This facilitates the acquisition of other hallmarks

Activating invasion and metastasis

Cancer cells can change the way they attach to other cells to spread to other areas in the body. This is intergal so they can escape death and establish themselves elsewhere.

Evading growth suppressors

Cancer cells diregard checkpoint signals that normally pause growth and division. This allows the cancer cells to grow and divide unchecked. Related to loss of tumor suppressor genes.

Resisting cell death

Normal cells intiate apoptosis in response to DNA damage. Cancer cells can by pass or ignore apoptosis signals which coupled with evading growth surpressors allows them to divide and grow

Sustaining proliferative signaling

Normal tissues control the production and release of growth promoting cells. However, cancer cells deregulate these signals. This allows them to enter the cell cycle and continue to divide. These signals influence cell survival and energy metabolism.

Inducing Angiogenesis

The process of angiogenesis is critical for sustained tumor growth. Tumor cells have aquired the ability to singal imput from pro-angiogenic growth factors allowing them to deliever oxygen and nutrients for their gain.

Evading immune destruction

Immune survillence pro actively prevents tumor formation. Cancer cells navigate phases to evade immune destruction

Enabling replicative immunity

Activate telomerease to restore and maintain telemeres at end of chromosomes. Protects chromosome which retain their ability to divide over and over again.

Reprogramming of energy metabolism

Emerging hallmark which changes their glucose metabolism. They upregulate glucose transporters which gives them the energy they need to divide and grow.