HBS - Lesson 1.1 Assessment

19. Anterior, Posterior

"Anterior refers to 'front' and posterior refers to 'back'. Putting this in context, the heart is posterior to the sternum because it lies behind it."

20. Inferior, Superior

"Inferior describes what is below and Superior describes what is above something."

62. Describe the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems, as well as sensory organs such as the eye.

"Like the nervous system, the endocrine system is a regulatory system. However, instead of using electrical impulses for signaling, it produces and uses chemical signals called hormones, which travel through the bloodstream and control the actions of cells and organs."

21. Medial, Lateral

"Medial refers to being toward the midline of the body or the median plane, which splits the body, head-to-toe, into two halves, the left and right. Lateral is the side of the body or part of the body that is away from the middle."

23. Superficial, Deep

"Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones. Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body."

66. Describe the function of the circulatory, respiratory, and muscular systems.

"The circulatory system brings oxygen in the blood to the cell, The respiratory system puts blood into the blood, The muscular system allows the reparatory system to bring oxygen into the body."

3. Organ systems

"The human body is made up of several organ systems that all work together as a unit to make sure the body keeps functioning. There are ten major organ systems in the body, each of which plays a different role in helping the body work."

61. Describe the structure and function of organ systems that are used for communication.

"The nervous and endocrine systems are two forms of communication system in the human body that integrate, coordinate and respond to sensory information which is received by the human body from its surroundings."

24. Ventral, Dorsal

"The term ventral refers to the anterior (front) aspect of the embryo, while dorsal refers to the posterior (back)."

22. Distal, Proximal

"They describe the position of a structure with reference to its origin - proximal means closer to its origin, distal means further away."

49. Blood cells

A body fluid that transfers substances, such as oxygen and nutrients, to cells and transports waste products away from cells.

16. Describe another medical condition or disease where the primary system causes a serious problem with a secondary system. Share your ideas with a partner or another group.

A disease where the digestive system causes a serious problem to a secondary system is the immune system. The digestive tract could carry many diseases and one of them is celiac disease which is when people can eat food with gluten. If you digest gluten, the immune system will attack you by damaging the small intestine. If you swallow gluten, it will make your metabolism slow down which forces your body to go into survival mode.

2. System

A group of body organs or structures that together perform one or more vital functions.

47. Neuron cells

A nerve cell; the fundamental unit of the nervous system, having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane.

7. Secondary system

A secondary system is a system that has cells, tissues, and/or organs that are impacted by or work with the primary system.

48. Cartilage cells

A usually translucent somewhat elastic tissue that composes most of the skeleton of vertebrate embryos and except for a small number of structures (as some joints, respiratory passages, and the external ear) is replaced by bone during ossification in the higher vertebrates.

50. Tendon cells

A white fibrous cord of dense regular connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

38. Name all the regional terms.

Abdominal, antecubital, axillary, brachial, buccal, calcaneal, carpal, cephalic, cervical, coxal, digital, femoral, gluteal, inguinal, lumbar, nasal, occipital, olecranal, oral, orbital, patellar, pelvic, popliteal, sacral, scapular, sternal, tarsal, thoracic, umbilical, and vertebral.

17. Describe three body processes or functions that all humans have in common.

All humans could breathe which is the respiratory system, they could all digest food which is the digestive system, and they could also urinate eliminating wastes in the body and this is the urinary system.

5. Name 5 amazing facts about any primary system you choose.

Amazing facts about the digestive system: - The stomach can hold 4 pounds of food at once. - In a lifetime, people consume 40,000 pounds. - The large intestine is smaller than the small intestine. - A human could produce 32 ounces of saliva everyday. - The brain affects the digestive system because it goes through emotions and reflects on how your body would digest the food.

41. Tissue

An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function.

37. Regional term

Anatomical terms that refer to specific visible landmarks on the surface of the body.

44. Connective tissue

Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.

9. Give an example of how the skeletal system is involved with the secondary system.

Bone marrow which is located in the center of bones, creates red blood cells. Meaning the secondary system of skeletal is the organ and the bones.

4. Name all the body systems.

Circulatory system, digestive system, endocrine system, integumentary system, muscular system, nervous system, reproductive system, skeletal system, urinary system, cardiovascular system, and reproductive system.

51. Ligament cells

Dense regular connective tissue that attaches bone to bone.

69. How do different body systems work together to complete specific functions, such as movement and communication?

Different body systems work together by carrying the functions. For instance, the respiratory system and circulatory system distribute oxygen to the muscles and blood.

52. What do you notice is the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues and the structure of the epithelium?

I noticed the main difference between the structure of the connective tissues and structure of the epithelium is that the epithelium tissue is far more organized than the connective tissue.

6. Give one fun fact about the respiratory system.

In the respiratory system, red blood cells make about 250,000 trips around the human body before returning to the bone marrow where they were created to die.

55. How does this structure of the connective tissues and the structure of the epithelium relate to function?

It relates to the function because the connective tissue has blood vessels connected to it and the epithelial does not have any blood vessels to it.

58. How would the head and neck muscles affect your ability to communicate?

It would affect the ability to communicate because all of these are something we have to use everyday or even every minute of our life and these are very important to us.

54. Name the bones of the skull.

Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic process, frontal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bone.

56. Name the 3 main muscles of the head and neck.

Orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, and temporalis.

8. Give an example of how the respiratory system is involved with the secondary system.

Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body. Meaning the secondary system of respiratory is the organs, lungs, and diaphragm muscle.

42. Epithelial tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities.

43. Muscle tissue

Soft tissue that composes human muscle and gives rise to the muscle's ability to contract.

57. Describe specific motions that you would not be able to complete if you damaged your temporalis, your orbicularis oculi, or your orbicularis oris.

Some motions that would not be able to damage the temporalis is when you're chewing food, you're moving your jaw in order to chew the food. So when the temporalis is damaged, you won't be able to chew food. The orbicularis oculi functions your eye because it has a band around your eye and you won't able to see if the orbicularis oculi was damaged. Lastly, the orbicularis oris controls the lips and the mouth's movements, so when this part is damaged, you won't be able to move your mouth.

18. Directional terms

Terms used to explain where one body structure is in relation to another.

70. What is the advantage of using regional and directional terms when discussing location in the body?

The advantage of using regional and directional terms is that it helps describe a location of the body part. When you discuss something, it allows a faster and better understanding with ese terms and also saves time.

46. Cells

The basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles - all enclosed by a membrane.

39. What are the benefits of using universal terms and anatomical position to refer to locations on the human body?

The benefits of using universal terms and anatomical position is that it helps people involved or working in the medical field to what part of the body they're talking about. It is a way to communicate in the medical professional way to recognize where a specific body part is located just so people like doctors could talk through these specific terms easily.

34. Example of a deep directional term.

The bones in an appendage are located deeper than the muscles.

11. Give an example of how the circulatory system is involved with a secondary system.

The circulatory system works when the system carries chemical signals and the speed of digesting the food. This process is known as the endocrine system.

10. Give an example of how the digestive system is involved with a secondary system.

The digestive system and the circulatory system directly works together because the circulatory system helps absorb nutrients in the body.

15. Describe an example that demonstrates how one human body system impacts the effectiveness of another.

The digestive system impacts the effectiveness of another body system like the circulatory system and the respiratory system. The digestive system absorbs nutrients through the circulatory system and if the circulatory system won't be able to circulate blood and oxygen which is the respiratory system, then the digestive system won't be able to process the food properly.

1. Identity

The distinguishing character or personality of an individual.

60. How does the distribution of tissues contribute to our appearance and to our identity?

The distribution of tissues contributes to our appearance and to our identity because it relates to how you will look. For example, the muscle tissues will contribute to the body size which appears on you when someone is looking at your body.

32. Example of a proximal directional term.

The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

27. Example of an inferior directional term.

The foot is part of the inferior extremity.

25. Example of an anterior directional term.

The forehead is anterior to the back of the head.

68. Describe the function of the skeletal, integumentary, lymphatic, immune, and nervous systems.

The function of skeletal system allows the body to have movements, protects the inner organs, and enables blood flow. The integumentary system protects the body, prevents dehydration, sense pains and temperature. The lymphatic system functions the the fluid levels by maintaining them, removes waste, and absorbs digestive tract. The immune system functions to keep the harmful things away from the body, The nervous system functions by receiving information into the brain.

26. Example of an posterior directional term.

The heart is posterior to the sternum.

28. Example of an superior directional term.

The heart is superior to the stomach.

12. Give an example of how the nervous system is involved with a secondary system.

The nervous system controls the digestive tract. This takes place when the brain takes over the behavior of eating and drinking where the digestive system delivers sensory info to the brain.

64. Describe the function of the organs in the digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems.

The organs of the digestive system are the mouth, stomach, and intestines and they function by "turning the food you eat into something useful for the body. When you eat, your body uses this system to digest food so your cells can use it to make energy." The organs of the respiratory system are the nose, larynx, trachea, diaphragm, bronchi, and lungs and they function by "supplying the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing." The organs of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra and they function by "filtering out excess fluid and other substances from your bloodstream. Some fluid gets reabsorbed by your body but most gets expelled as urine."

14. Give an example of how the respiratory system is involved with a secondary system.

The power that gives the body is the respiratory system and without this system, you won't be able to breathe and get circulating blood in the body. In order for the digestive system to properly function, it needs oxygen for the food to fully move into the digestive tract and the body to digest the food well.

36. Example of a dorsal directional term.

The shoulder blades are located on the dorsal side of the body.

30. Example of a lateral directional term.

The shoulder is lateral to the sternum.

13. Give an example of how the skeletal system is involved with a secondary system.

The skeletal system depends on the digestive system based on the nutrients it receives where the skeletal system then makes healthy and muscular bones.

53. Skull

The skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses and protects the brain and chief sense organs and supports the jaws.

33. Example of a superficial directional term.

The skin is superficial to the bones.

29. Example of a medial directional term.

The sternum is medial to the shoulder.

59. Explain how the structure of epithelium and the structure of connective tissue, specifically bone, relate to the function of the tissue.

The structure of the epithelium and structure of connective relate to the function of tissue because they all use each other to function and control together. The epithelial tissue has protective layers in which the blood vessels function in order to connect which means it relates with the connective tissue.

63. Describe the structure and function of organ systems that provide power.

The system that gives you power is the digestive system. "The purpose of the digestive system is to turn the food you eat into something useful for the body. When you eat, your body uses this system to digest food so your cells can use it to make energy. The organs involved in this system include the mouth, stomach, and intestines." Food gives you proteins which helps give you power.

67. Describe the structure and function of organ systems that provide protection for the human body.

The system that provides protection for the human body is the skeletal system. "The skeletal system provides the shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting and protecting our bodies, allowing bodily movement, producing blood cells, and storing minerals. This system consists of bones, cartilage, and joints." The skeletal systems protects the internal organs.

65. Describe the structure and function of organ systems that provide movement.

The system that provides you movement is the muscular system. "This system is made up of muscle tissue that helps move the body and move materials through the body. Quite simply, muscles move you. Muscles are bundles of cells and fibers that work in a simple way: they tighten up and relax."

35. Example of a ventral directional term.

The toes are ventral of the foot.

31. Example of a distal directional term.

The wrist is distal to the elbow.

40. Your friend assures you that "anterior" and "posterior" can always be used interchangeably with "ventral" and "dorsal". Politely explain to him/her that this statement is not always true.

These terms cannot be used interchangeably because they both can't exactly link in together. For example, an animal with four legs cannot work with these terms all together. Like an anterior is the front side of the animal and a posterior is the back side. While the ventral is the abdominal underside of the animal and the dorsal is the upper side or back side of the animal. These terms can't always be the same because they have a specific meaning and location to it.

45. Nervous tissue

Tissue type that makes up the central and peripheral nervous systems.