HDF 415 Exam 3

d

Plagiarism can be: a. neither intentional or unintentional b. unintentional c. intentional d. intentional and unintentional

d

Researchers conducting studies with non-human animal subjects are responsible for a. housing of the animals during the study. b. housing of the animals after the study. c. monitoring the animals' health during the study. d. all of the above

a

A(n) ________ hypothesis predicts a directional effect, whereas a(n) _________ hypothesis predicts an effect in either direction. a. one-tailed, two-tailed b. two-tailed, one-tailed c. null, alternative d. alternative, null

e

If we find that an inferential test for an experiment is significant, this means that a. the condition means significantly differed b. the null hypothesis should be accepted c. the null hypothesis should be rejected d. a and b e. and and c

b

If we reject the null hypothesis when it's really true, we have made a a. correct decision b. Type 1 error c. Type 2 error d. none of the above

c

If we retain the null hypothesis when it's really false, we have made a a. correct decision b. Type 1 error c. Type 2 error d. none of the above

b

The _________ is the group of individuals a researcher wants to learn about in a study, whereas the _______ is the groups of individuals tested in a study. a. sample, population b. population, sample c. population, sampling error d. sampling error, population

d

The __________ Act provides specific standards for the acquisition, housing, and care of animals in the United States. a. Animal Protection b. Animal Shelter c. Animal Safety d. Animal Welfare

a

The __________ a population is the population to which the researcher wishes to generalize the results of the study. a. target b. general c. accessible d. universal

d

The decision to reject the null hypothesis in a statistical test is made when a. p = alpha b. p < alpha c. p > alpha d. a and b e. a and c

a

The difference in scores that occurs when we test a sample drawn out of the population is a. sampling error b. stratifies error c. cluster error d. a and b

d

The first APA ethical code was based on a. the Belmont Report. b. criticism of the Milgram 1963) study. c. criticism of the Zimbardo 1973) study. d. the Nuremberg code.

c

The value of an inferential statistic calculated to compare conditions in an experiment represents a. the chance that the null hypothesis is true b. the chance that the null hypothesis is false c. the effect of the independent variable with sampling error removed d. the amount of sampling error

consent forms

a form provided to the participants at the beginning of a research study to obtain their consent for the study and explain the study's purpose and risks, and the participants rights as participants

Frequency distribution

a graph of a distribution showing the frequency of each response in the distribution

Line graph

a graph of the means for different conditions in a study where each mean is graphed as a point and the points are connected in a line to show differences between mean scores

Bar graph

a graph of the means for different conditions in a study where the bar height represents the size of the mean

Scatterplot

a graph showing the relationship between two dependent variables for a group of individuals

Population

a group of individuals a researcher seeks to learn about from a research study

Standard deviation

a measure representing the average difference between the scores and the mean of a distribution

Confederate

a person who is a part of a research study but acts as though he or she is not, to deceive the participant about the study's purpose

Confidence intervals

a range of values that the population mean likely falls into with a specific level of certainty

Distribution

a set of scores

Inferential statistics

a set of statistical procedures used by researchers to test hypotheses about populations

Simple random sampling

individuals are chosen at random from the population such that all members have an equal chance of being selected

Probability sampling

individuals are chosen at random from the population such that the chance of any one individual being selected is known.

Stratified sampling

individuals are chosen at random from the population such that the proportion of individuals with a particular characteristic is equivalent in the population and the sample

Quota sampling

individuals are chosen from the population (non-randomly) such that the proportion of individuals with a particular characteristic is equivalent in the population and the sample.

Haphazard sampling/Volunteer sampling

individuals are chosen from the population such that available individuals are chosen

Confidentiality

it is the researchers responsibility to protect the participants' identity and right to privacy (including participant responses) during and after the research study

Descriptive statistics

measures that help us summarize data sets

Deception

misleading participants about the purpose or procedures of a research study

Informed consent

obtaining consent from participants for participation in research after the participants have been informed about the purpose, procedure, and risks of the research.

One-tailed hypothesis

only one direction of an effect or relationship is predicted in the alternative hypothesis of the test (certain direction)

Critical region

portion of distribution of sample means containing extreme scores - size is equal to alpha level

Alternative hypothesis

predicts an effect or relationship in the population; there is an association

Null Hypothesis

predicts no effect or relationship in the population; no association (always assume true)

p value

probability of obtaining sample values when the null hypothesis is true - compared with alpha to determine if null hypothesis can be rejected

Beneficience

refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study. A risk-benefit analysis should be conducted to ensure that the benefits of a study outweigh the risks to the participants

Respect for persons

refers to the treatment of participants in research studies; informed consent is an important element of this principle

Type I error

rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true

Type II error

retaining the null hypothesis when it is false

Nuremburg Code

set of ethical guidelines developed for research with human participants based on information gained during the Nuremberg trials after WWII.

Belmont report

set of ethical guidelines that researchers must adhere to

Cluster sampling

individuals are chosen at random from groups within the population

d

A distribution is an a. descriptive statistic b. inferential statistic c. value that represents a typical score d. set of scores e. none of the above

c

According to ethical guidelines, at the end of their participation participants are often be fully informed as to the purpose of the study and given an explanation of any deception used in the study. This process is called a. dehoaxing b. desensitizing c. debriefing d. deflating

a

Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by a. an review board at each institution where research is conducted IRB). b. a committee that is part of the federal government. c. a group of judges. d. just the researchers themselves.

b

As part of the respect for persons aspect of the Belmont Report, it is recommended that researchers a. reduce risks of harm. b. include an informed consent process. c. ensure that all groups of individuals can benefit from the research. d. none of the above

b

As researchers, we usually set a alpha at .05 because a. this allows us to remove all error from our statistical test. b. this sets our Type I error rate at 5%. c. this sets our Type II error rate at 95%. d. b and c e. all of the above

c

In Milgram's 1963) study of obedience, results showed that a. none of the participants were willing to shock the confederate. b. most participants quit the study before it concluded. c. most of the participants were willing to "shock" the confederate at the highest level. d. all of the participants were willing to "shock" the confederate at the highest level.

d

In inferential statistics, we look for evidence against the a. alternative hypothesis b. scientific hypothesis c. independent variable hypothesis d. null hypothesis

b

Informed consent is an important element of this principle. a. beneficence b. respect for persons c. justice d. harm reduction

b

Unlike a stratified random sample, the _______ sample will make use of convenience sampling techniques such as recruiting participants from a participant sign-up pool or asking students sitting in the library to fill out the survey. a. simple random sample b. quota sample c. volunteer sample d. haphazard sample

c

Use the following description for questions 3) - 4). An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Participants aged 60 and older who responded to an ad in the local newspaper were recruited for the study. All of the participants were presented with the same study list. Then half of the participants were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the participants were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all participants were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. Which sampling technique was used for this study? a. simple random sample b. quota sample c. volunteer sample d. stratified random sample

c

Which of the following describes a quota sample? a. people who respond to a mailed survey make up the sample b. all students who sign up for a study make up the sample c. 60% of the population is left-handed so 60% of the participants chosen are also left-handed d. participants are selected from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in the area

c

Which of the following measures indicates the most common score in a distribution? a. range b. standard deviation c. mode d. a and b only e. none of the above

b

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals are chosen from a pre-existing group? a. simple random sample b. cluster sample c. haphazard sample d. stratified random sample

c

Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the largest amount of sampling error? a. stratified random sample b. simple random sample c. volunteer sample d. none of the above

b

Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error? a. cluster sample b. simple random sample c. volunteer sample d. none of the above

d

Which of the following would be a violation of ethical guidelines for conducting research with animal subjects? a. use of chimpanzees b. use of untrained personnel c. release of the animals into the wild at the completion of the study d. both b and c e. all of the above

a

__________ participants may be more likely to respond to e-mail contacts, whereas __________participants may be more likely to respond to phone contacts. a. younger, older b. older, younger c. male, female d. female, male

Institutional review boards

a committee of knowledgeable individuals who oversee the ethics of research with human participants conducted at an institution

Power

ability of a significance test to detect an effect or relationship when one exists

APA Code

based on the Nuremberg code, 1) confidentiality, 2) informed consent, 3) right to withdraw, 4) deception, 5) risk vs. benefit

two-tailed hypotheses

both directions of an effect or relationship are considered in the alternative hypothesis of the test

Alpha level

chosen by the researcher - how willing the researcher is to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true

Statistical significance/significant test

determine the likelihood of obtaining sample data when null hypothesis is true

Range

difference between the highest and lowest scores

Sampling error

difference in scores from the population to the sample

Debriefing

discussing the purpose and benefits of a research study with participants, often done at the end of the study

Outliers

extreme high or low scores in a distribution

Justice

fair selection of participants; researchers are responsible for ensuring that all participants have a fair chance of receiving potentially beneficial treatments in research as well as ensuring that potentially harmful conditions are not exclusively administered to a specific group

Coercion

forcing participants to participate in research without their consent

Variability

indicates how much the scores in the distribution differ from each other across the response scale

Non-probability sampling/Convenience sampling/Purposive sampling

individuals are chosen at non-randomly from the population such that available individuals are chosen and the chance of any one individual being selected is not known

Exempt studies

studies that have the smallest amount of risk involved. They are typically studies that involve educational or cognitive testing of participants, where there is no physical or psychological risk and little or no risk of loss of social standing if confidentiality were to be breached.

Expedited studies

studies that involve minimal risk. They are reviewed by only 1 member of the IRB and may involve a small amount of physical or psychological harm

Full review studies

studies with the highest amount of risk. Every member of the IRB reviews the research proposal. Studies where a special population has a risk of harm.

Mean

the calculated average of the scores in a distribution (interval or ration data UNLESS there is an outlier)

Internal validity

the degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior

External Validity

the degree to which the results of a study apply to individuals and realistic behaviors outside the study

Distribution of sample means

the distribution of all possible sample means for all possible samples from a population

Sample

the group of individuals chosen from the population to represent it in a research study

Median

the middle score in a distribution (ordinal data with outlier)

Mode

the most common score in a distribution (nominal data)

Response rate

the percentage of people out of the total number available who respond to a survey

Variance

the standard deviation squared

Central tendency

value that represents typical score in a distribution

Risk-benefit analysis

weighing the risks against the benefits of a research study to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks