Health 1-Chapter 14: Immunity and Infection

Helpful bacteria

1. produce vitamins 2. assist in nutrient digestion. 3. keep harmful bacteria in check.

Rank, in order from first to last, the stages in the life cycle of a virus, with the first step at the top.

1. virus penetrates cell 2. protein coat is removed 3. proteins are made 4. new protein coat is assembled 5. virus exits cells

Each year, malaria kills approximately how many people worldwide?

445,000

Which of the following is not a cause of bacterial pneumonia?

H5N1 influenza A

Inflammation of the lungs, which is typically caused by infection or exposure to irritants or toxins, is called

pneumonia.

What is commonly found on the skin or in the nasal passages of healthy people?

staphylococcus

Illness symptoms are generally caused by

the immune response of the body.

When a mosquito bites a person and infects the person with malaria, the mosquito is serving as a(n)

vector

"Walking pneumonia" can be caused by a mycoplasma, a type of

very small bacterium.

A very small infectious agent composed of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and that can only reproduce within a host cell is called a

virus

Which statements about ulcers are correct?

1. 90% of ulcers are caused by Helicobacter pylori. 2. H. pylori ulcers are often treated with antibiotics.

What are effective ways to deal with allergies?

1. over-the-counter antihistamines 2. avoidance of allergens 3. immunotherapy

What are types of pathogens?

1. parasitic worms 2. protozoa 3. bacteria 4. viruses

Match each link in the chain of infection (on the left) with the appropriate way (on the right) to break it.

1. pathogen matches sewage treatment 2.reservoir matches killing insects that are hosts to a pathogen 3. port of entry matches applying a bandage on a cut 4. indirect transmission matches hand washing

Which groups are likeliest to contract tuberculosis (TB)?

1. people who live in the center of urban areas 2. people with HIV

What are links in the chain of infection?

1. portal of entry 2. reservoir 3. portal of exit 4. pathogen

What are effective strategies for avoiding allergens?

1. removing carpet from bedrooms 2. using special bedding to reduce mite contact

What are symptoms of meningitis?

1. severe headache 2. stiff neck

Match each symptom of Lyme disease (on the right) with the stage (on the left) in which the symptom typically appears.

1st: bullseye rash 2nd: partial facial paralysis 3rd: recurring arthritis

The common cold may be caused by any one of more than ______ different viruses.

200

_______ are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Antibiotics, Antibiotic, Anti-biotics, or Anti biotics

What statement regarding Candida albicans is not true?

Candida albicans can be prevented by regular douching.

Which of the following diseases is caused by protozoa?

giardiasis

What is the most common way of contracting the common cold?

hand-to-hand contact

Infection of the liver commonly caused by drugs, infection, or toxins is called

hepatitis

match the different types of hepatitis with its corresponding characteristic

hepatitis A: mildest form of the virus; usually transmitted through fecal matter hepatitis B: usually transmitted sexually hepatitis C: more severe form of the virus; more commonly transmitted through drug use (by direct contact with infected blood)

Anaphylaxis results from the release of ______ throughout the body.

histamine

The period when infection is actively multiplying inside the body is called the ______ period.

incubation

What is a virus that causes respiratory infection and changes and forms new strains each year?

influenza

Which antibiotic mechanism of action is the most common?

inhibition of the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall

Acute hepatitis infection can cause _______ , a yellowing of the skin and eyes

jaundice

Increased bile pigment levels in the blood, characterized by yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes, is called

jaundice

An insect, rodent, or other organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another is called a

vector

A reservoir for a pathogen can be which of the following?

1. animal 2. person

What statements about antibiotic treatments are correct?

1. Failing to take the full course of an antibiotic can promote bacterial resistance. 2. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can flourish when exposed to an antibiotic. 3. The more often bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, the more likely resistance will develop.

Match each symptom with its appropriate cause.

1. Fever matches release and activation of cytokines 2.Runny nose matches lymphocytes destroy infected mucosal cells 3. Fatigue matches presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines

What can increase the growth of Candida albicans?

1. HIV infection 2. pregnancy 3. antibiotic use 4. oral contraceptive use

What statements accurately describe the flu?

1. It is highly infectious. 2. New strains arise every year.

Which statements regarding HPV are correct?

1. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by HPV. 2. Women as old as 26 may get the HPV vaccine if they are suitable candidates. 3. Girls as young as 11 may get the HPV vaccine if they are suitable candidates.

What statements about bacterial diseases are correct?

1. Pertussis is also referred to as "whooping cough." 2. More than 200,000 people die from tetanus each year. Clostridium difficile is joining MRSA as a type of bacteria persistent in health care facilities.

Which statements about the transmission of infections are correct?

1. Sexual contact is an example of direct transmission. 2. Most common respiratory infections are passed via direct transmission.

What statements about the actions of antibiotics are correct?

1. Some antibiotics interfere with the production of bacterial proteins. 2. Some antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.

What statements regarding toxic shock syndrome are true?

1. The toxin that produces toxic shock syndrome causes tissue damage. 2. Toxic shock syndrome involves the staphylococcus bacterium. 3. Toxic shock syndrome can ultimately cause organ failure.

Match each stage of the virus life cycle with its corresponding event.

1. The virus attaches to specific site on a cell's surface. 2. The protein coat is removed, and viral genes are turned on. 3. Genes replicate and translate to produce new enzymes. 4. Genes are inserted into a new protein coat 5. The virus buds or bursts out of the cell.

What are over-the-counter treatments for the common cold?

1. antihistamines 2. analgesics 3. decongestants

Which groups are particularly at risk of MRSA infections?

1. athletes 2. hospitalized patients

Match each type of bacteria with its corresponding shape.

1. bacilli is rod-shaped 2. cocci is spherical shaped 3. spirochete is spiral-shaped 4. vibrios is comma-shaped

Match each organism with the disease it causes.

1. bacterium matches tuberculosis 2. virus matches cold sores, genital herpes 3. fungus matches athlete's foot 4. protozoa matches amoebic dysentery

What are strategies to prevent antibiotic resistance?

1. being aware that antibiotics are ineffective at treating viruses 2. taking the full course of antibiotics, even if you feel better

Match each type of infection with its definition.

1. bronchitis matches infection of the airways 2. meningitis matches infection of the tissues around brain 3. conjunctivitis matches infection of the layer of cells surrounding the eyes.

Which groups are particularly at risk of contracting the flu and are strongly encouraged to get the flu vaccine?

1. caregiver of children up to 5 years old 2. nursing home residents 3. health care workers

What are the best ways to prevent MRSA infection?

1. engaging in frequent hand washing 2. practicing good hygiene

What are symptoms of Lyme disease?

1. erratic heart rhythms 2. arthritis 3. bullseye red rash

Which of the following might initiate an asthma attack?

1. inhaling animal dander 2. exercise 3. inhaling pollen

True or false: The only way to treat a virus is with rest and plenty of fluids.

False

True or false: Any bacteria found in the body should be treated with an antibiotic.

False Reason: Our bodies harbor helpful as well as harmful bacteria. Helpful bacteria must remain in the body to maintain functions. Ridding the body of helpful bacteria has potentially serious health consequences.)

Which statement about the ways in which pathogens can enter the body is not correct?

Inhaled pathogens commonly attack the digestive system, causing diarrhea.

Which statement is true about specific bacterial infections?

Most urinary tract infections are caused by E. coli.

Which of the following statement regarding pneumonia is incorrect?

Pneumonia is caused by insects carrying the virus.

Which statement regarding treatment of viral illnesses is not correct?

Some antiviral medications prevent the virus from entering body cells.

Which statement about the H5N1 influenza is true?

The H5N1 virus does not infect humans easily, but when it does, it can be deadly.

What produces spores and feeds on organic matter?

fungi

_______ can cause yeast infection, athlete's foot, and ringworm

fungi

Which statement is not correct?

The measles virus may lead to meningitis.

True or false: Some ulcers and their related infection can be cured by taking antibiotics.

True Reason: Not all ulcers are due to bacterial infections, but those that are caused by H. pylori can be cured by antibiotics.

Match each herpesvirus with the disease or diseases it causes.

Varicella-zoster: chickenpox and shingles Herpes simplex: cold sores and the STI herpes Epstein-Barr: infectious mononucleosis

Which statement about the transmission of infections is not correct?

Vectors, such as rats or ticks, are examples of direct transmission of pathogens.

Which statement about viruses is true?

Viruses can only replicate inside the cells of another organism.

A natural environment in which a pathogen typically lives is called

a reservoir

Match each over-the-counter treatment for the common cold with its corresponding characteristic.

analgesics: Examples of these pain relievers are Tylenol, Motrin, and Aleve. decongestants: These may dry out mucous membranes in the throat, making a sore throat worse antihistamines: These are better at treating allergies than colds.

Synthetic or naturally occurring substances that are used as drugs to kill or prevent the growth of bacteria are called

antibiotics.

What is a disease in which chronic inflammation and periodic constriction of the airways cause wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing?

asthma

The H5N1 virus is also referred to as

avian influenza.

Streptococcus refers to a group of ______ that cause disease in humans.

bacteria

What is the most abundant living thing on earth?

bacteria

What is the most effective way to prevent the flu?

being vaccinated annually

How do people contract Giardia?

by consuming contaminated food by drinking contaminated water

How can people who have petted animals at a petting zoo best prevent contracting E. coli?

by washing their hands after they pet the animal

Worm infections generally originate from which of the following?

contaminated food or drink

When do symptoms of infection first appear?

during the prodromal period

A condition that is ______ is one that habitually exists in a given population.

endemic

The seasonal epidemics of malaria in certain areas of South Africa is an example of a(n) ______ infectious disease.

endemic

The rapid spread of a disease or health-related condition is known as a(n)

epidemic

The severe, recurrent mosquito-borne infection caused by the protozoa Plasmodium is known as

malaria, maleria, or milaria

An inflammation of the tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord is called

meningitis

Which disease causes swelling of the salivary glands?

mumps

A disease epidemic that is unusually severe and widespread is called a

pandemic

What is a pathogen that causes intestinal and other infections and includes pinworms?

parasitic worm

Which person should take the most precautions if living in an area with Zika-infected mosquitos?

pregnant women

A microscopic, single-celled organism that often produces recurrent, cyclical attacks of disease is a

protozoan

Protozoa are which of the following?

single-celled organisms

A genus of spherical bacteria that are known to cause skin infections, rheumatic and scarlet fever, and pneumonia is called

streptococcus

A genus of spherical bacteria that are known to cause skin infections, rheumatic and scarlet fever, and pneumonia is called

streptococcus.

When an infection is spread to large portions of the body by blood or lymph, it is referred to as a(n) ______ infection.

systemic

The family of viruses responsible for cold sores, mononucleosis, and chicken pox is called

the herpesvirus

How is West Nile virus transmitted?

through a mosquito bite

True or false: The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a cause of genital warts.

true

A chronic bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs is called

tuberculosis