Health 1100 Chapter 13

A person with three or more of the following risks is diagnosed with metabolic syndrome

Abdominal obesity (waist measurement of more than 40 inches in men or 35 inches in women) Elevated blood fat (triglycerides greater than 150) or on drug treatment for elevated triglyceride Low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol (less than 40 in men and less than 50 in women) or on drug treatment for HDL reduction Elevated blood pressure greater than 130/85 mmHg or on drug treatment for blood pressure reduction Elevated fasting glucose greater than 100 mg/dL (a sign of insulin resistance or glucose intolerance) or on drug treatment for elevated glucose.

arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

inflammation and cancer risks

An emerging theory is that inflammatory responses play a role in cancer development

occupational and environmental risks for cancer

Asbestos, nickel, chromate, and chemicals such as benzene, arsenic, and vinyl chloride have been shown to be carcinogens -coal tars, as in the mining profession, or with inhalants, as in the auto-painting business, or with herbicides

coronary heart disease (CHD)

Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle -the greatest killer, accounting for nearly 1 in 7 deaths in the us

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

metasisis

Cancerous cells migrate from one tumor to another part of the body

Helicobacter Pylori and Stomach Cancer

Helicobacter pylori is a potent bacterium found in the stomach lining of approximately 30 percent of Americans.107 It causes inflammation, scarring, and ulcers, damaging the lining of the stomach and leading to cellular changes that may lead to cancer -more than half of cancers are linked to this

radiation for cancer

Ionizing radiation (IR)—radiation from X-rays, radon, cosmic rays, and ultraviolet radiation is the only form of radiation that has been proven to cause human cancer

Cardiac calcium score

Measures amount of calcium containing plaque in coronary arteries

About 25 percent of your blood cholesterol level comes from foods you eat

Only 13 percent of U.S. adults meet five or more metrics with ideal levels; fewer than 1 percent meet all seven

capillaries

Smallest blood vessels

isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)

Systolic is 140+ and diastolic is 90 or less--occurs mainly in older adults

5-year relative survival rates

The percent of people alive (usually 5 years) after diagnosis divided by the percentage expected to survive with the absence of cancer based on normal life expectancy

cancer staging

The process by which cancer is divided into groups of early and late disease; useful for prognosis and guiding therapy usually 0-IV

the older you are, the greater is your risk. In fact, 78 percent of all cancers are diagnosed in adults over age 55

Tumors of the brain and central nervous system are the third most common cancers among people age 15 to 39

coronary thrombosis

a blood clot in the coronary artery

homocysteine

a blood test used to measure the amount of homocysteine in the blood

Aneurysm (Hemorrhagic stroke)

a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery

CT scan

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

Intra-arterial treatment (IAT)

a technique in which a catheter delivers clot-dissolving drugs such as tPA right to the site of injury, allowing for quick blood restoration and less long-term damage

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

ischemia

an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart muscles.

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Liver Cancer

are believed to stimulate the growth of cancer cells in the liver because they are chronic diseases that inflame liver tissue

Genetic and Physiological Risks

between 5-10% of cancers are strongly hereditary

thrombus

blood clot

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

brief interruptions of the blood supply to the brain that cause only temporary impairment. Symptoms of TIAs include dizziness, particularly on first rising in the morning; weakness temporary paralysis or numbness in the face or other regions; temporary memory loss; blurred vision; nausea, headache; slurred speech; or other unusual physiological reactions

arteries

carry blood away from the heart; all arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide

mutant cells

cells that differ in form, quality, or function from normal cells

Angina pectoris

chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen

collateral circulation

circulation formed by smaller blood vessels branching off from or near larger, occluded blood vessels

Cervical and Endometrial (Uterine Corpus) Cancer

develop in the body of the uterus, usually in the endometrium. The rest develop in the cervix those with lynch syndrome and breast cancer relatives at higher risk ervical cancer: -symptoms: bleeding outside the normal menstrual period or after menopause or persistent unusual vaginal discharge -risk factors: early age at first intercourse, multiple sex partners, cigarette smoking, and a history of infection with HPV (the cause of genital warts) -options: vaccinated with either Gardasil or Cervarix, which are designed to protect against the two types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers Endometrial cancer: risks: age, estrogen and obesity risks are increased by treatment with tamoxifen for breast cancer, metabolic syndrome, late menopause, never bearing children, a history of polyps in the uterus or ovaries, a history of other cancers, and race

Cardiomyopathy (CMP)

disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability -feet, ankles, and legs, resulting in swelling -NSAIDs and diabetes medications also increase risks, as do chronic drug abuse and alcohol abuse

chronic diseases

diseases that occur many years, even for a lifetime

cancer

disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth

thrombolysis

dissolution of a clot

pap test

examination of cells taken from the cervix -every 2 years beginning at age 21. Between ages 30 and 65, women should have an HPV and Pap test every 5 years and a Pap test alone every 3 years

Hyperlipidemia

excessive amounts of lipids in the blood

tachycardia

fast heart rate

ovarian cancer

fifth leading cause of cancer death in the us -Ovarian cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer of the reproductive system because women tend not to discover it until the cancer is at an advanced stage -the 5-year survival is 46 percent -symptoms: bloated, having pain in the pelvic area, feeling full quickly, or feeling the need to urinate more fatigue, pain during intercourse, unexplained weight loss, unexplained changes in bowel or bladder habits, and incontinence -Primary relatives (mother, daughter, sister) are at increased risk, use of infertility drugs, never been pregnant -prevention: healthy diet, exercise, sleep, stress management, and weight control, annual pelvic exams

myocardial infarction (MI)

heart attack; death of myocardial tissue (infarction) caused by ischemia (loss of blood flow) as a result of an occlusion (plugging) of a coronary artery; usually caused by atherosclerosis; symptoms include pain in the chest or upper body (shoulders, neck, and jaw), shortness of breath, diaphoresis, and nausea

2 categories of cancer

hereditary acquired

remission

improvement or absence of signs of disease

tobacco use

increased risk of 15 dif cancers Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer deaths globally in spite of massive efforts to prevent or control smoking -risks for liver cancer, colorectal polyps, oral cancer, and colorectal cancer

stent retriever therapy

inserting a catheter in the groin and snaking it through the body to the blocked artery

lung cancer

leading cause of cancer death in the US -killed an estimated 155,870 Americans in 2017, accounting for nearly 1 in 4 cancer deaths -Detection, Symptoms, and Treatment: symptoms: persistent cough, blood-streaked sputum, chest pain or back pain, and recurrent attacks of pneumonia or bronchitis treatment: depends on the type and stage of the cancer. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy survival rates 1 year after diagnosis are only 44 percent overall.114 The 5-year survival rate for all stages combined is only 17 percent -Risk Factors and Prevention: risks increase dramatically based on the quantity of cigarettes smoked and the number of years smoked *pack-years, Exposure to industrial substances or radiation quitting reduces the risk -20% of all lung cancer deaths occur in people who have never smoked

relative risk

measure of the strength of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer. Basically, it compares your risk of cancer if you engage in certain known risk behaviors with the risk of someone who does not

benign

mild, not cancerous cant spread, grow slowly

Skin Cancer

most common form of cancer in the United States today are from a much more serious form of skin cancer known as melanoma, which affects over 87,000 people in the United States each year -Detection, Symptoms, and Treatment: Basal and squamous cell carcinomas typically develop on the face, ears, neck, arms, hands, and legs as warty bumps, colored spots, or scaly patches. Bleeding, itching, pain, or oozing ( seldom life threatening) -If melanoma has not yet penetrated the underlying layers of skin, chances of survival are over 98 percent -Treatment of skin cancer depends on the type of cancer, its stage, and its location. Surgery, laser treatments, topical chemical agents, electrodesiccation (tissue destruction by heat), and cryosurgery (tissue destruction by freezing) -Risk Factors and Prevention: anyone exposed to uv radiation, limit time in the sun 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m., and by liberally applying an SPF 15 or higher sunscreen before going outside

testicular cancer

most common types of solid tumors found in young adult men, Over half of all cases occur between the ages of 20 and 34 -95.4 percent 5-year survival rate, -risk factors: Men with undescended testicles appear to be at greatest risk. HIV and a family history of testicular cancer -most curable forms of cancer, particularly if it is caught in localized stages -testicular tumors first appear as an enlargement of one or both of the testes caused by a lump or thickening in testicular tissue -symptoms: heavy feeling, a dull ache, or pain that extends to the lower abdomen or groin area -self exams are recommended to test if you have testicular cancer

Prostate Cancer

most frequently diagnosed cancer in American males, third leading cause of cancer deaths in men 5 year recovery is almost 100% -Detection, Symptoms, and Treatment: weak or interrupted urine flow; difficulty starting or stopping urination; feeling the urge to urinate frequently; pain on urination; blood in the urine; or pain in the low back, pelvis, or thighs -prostate-specific antigen (PSA) -Risk Factors and Prevention: increased age, genetics, african-american men are more likely, having a father or brother diagnosed -Eating more fruits and vegetables, particularly those containing lycopene, a pigment found in tomatoes and other red fruits

the heart

muscular pump, size of a fist contracts over 100,000 times daily and pumps the equivalent of 2,000 gallons of blood thru the body 70-year lifetime, an average human heart beats 2.5 billion times -has 4 chambers: atria (upper 2) ventricles (pump blood out again)

Sioatrial node

natural pacemaker for the heart

Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer

nearly 28,500 men and women get cancer linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV causes most cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers in females and most oropharyngeal, anal, and penile cancers in males and cancers of the back of the throat, tongue, and tonsils

neoplasm

new growth (tumor)

reproductive and hormonal factors of cancer

not having children or having them later in life, recent use of birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, and opting not to breast-feed all appear to increase risks of breast cancer

Poor Nutrition, Physical Inactivity, and Obesity

one-third of annual cancer deaths in the United States may be due to lifestyle factors -obesity may be 1/5 cancer deaths -high BMI and death rates from cancers of the esophagus, colon, rectum, liver, stomach, kidney, pancreas, and others, as well as a high risk of endometrial cancer

drugs for Angina pectoris

organic nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitroglycerin

infectious disease and cancer

over 10 percent of all cancers in the United States are caused by infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites -Worldwide, approximately 15 to 20 percent of human cancers have been traced to infectious agents

intermittent claudication

pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

Stress and Psychosocial Risks

people who are under chronic, severe stress or who suffer from depression or other persistent emotional problems do show higher rates of cancer than their healthy counterparts as well as Sleep disturbances, an unhealthy diet, and emotional or physical trauma may weaken the body's immune system, increasing susceptibility to cancer

preventricular contractions (PVCs)

premature heart beats in the ventricles

systolic blood pressure

pressure of blood in the arteries when the heart muscle contracts

diastolic pressure

pressure of blood on the arteries when the heart muscle relaxes, as blood is reentering the heart chambers

electrocardiogram (ECG)

recording of the electrical changes that occur in the myocardium during a cardiac cycle

alcohol

risks for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, colon and rectum, liver, larynx, and female breast, pancreas and prostate cancer and melanoma -binge drinking puts more of a risk for cancer women: more than 8 drinks a week men: more than 15 drinks a week

Colon and Rectal Cancers

second most commonly diagnosed cancer in both men and women as well as the second leading cause of cancer deaths -Detection, Symptoms, and Treatment: stool changes, bleeding, cramping or pain in the lower abdomen, and unusual fatigue Treatment often consists of radiation or surgery. Chemotherapy -Risk Factors and Prevention: over age 50, who are obese, who smoke, who have a family history of colon and rectal cancer, who have a personal or family history of polyps, type 2 diabetes or inflammatory bowel problems such as colitis prevention: regular exercise; a diet with lots of fruits, vegetables, and grains; limiting consumption of red and processed meats; maintaining a healthy weight; avoiding tobacco products, and moderation in alcohol consumption

bradycardia

slow heart rate

arterioles

small arteries

venules

smallest veins

reducing risks of CVD

suboptimal diet, followed by tobacco smoking, high body mass index (BMI), high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, and physical inactivity hypertension, smoking, high body fat, and high blood glucose -Cardiometabolic risks: combined risks that indicate physical and biochemical changes that can lead to both CVD and type 2 diabetes

carcinogens

substances that cause cancer in our environment like food or smoking etc

angioplasty

surgical repair of a blood vessel

Hypertension

sustained high blood pressure -Untreated hypertension damages blood vessels and increases your chance of angina, heart failure, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and heart attack kidney damage, vision loss, erectile dysfunction, and memory problems

Coronary bypass surgery

takes a blood vessel from another site and implants it to bypass blocked arteries and transport blood

ideal cardiovascular health

the absence of clinical indicators of CVD and the presence of certain behavioral and health factor metrics behaviors: Not smoking Sufficient physical activity A healthy diet An appropriate energy balance and normal body weight health factors: Optimal total cholesterol without medication, Optimal blood pressure without medication, Optimal fasting blood glucose without medication

blood

the human body contains approximately 6 quarts of blood transports nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, and enzymes throughout the body. Blood also helps to regulate body temperature, cellular water levels, and acidity levels of body components, and it helps to defend the body

lifetime risks

the probability that an individual, over the course of a lifetime, will develop cancer. men: 42% probability women: 33% probability

biopsy

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

Atherosclerosis

thickening and hardening of the arteries condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries -most common form of coronary artery disease (CAD)

fibrillation

uncontrolled quivering or twitching of the heart muscle

breast cancer

women have 1 in 8 lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer chance is about 1/53 from birth to 49 -second leading cause of cancer death for women -Detection, Symptoms, and Treatment: observable on mammograms, often before lumps can be felt. However, mammograms are not foolproof monthly breast exams symptoms: a lump in the breast or surrounding lymph nodes, thickening, dimpling, skin irritation, distortion, retraction or scaliness of the nipple, nipple discharge, or tenderness. treatments lumpectomy to radical mastectomy to various combinations of radiation or chemotherapy. Among nonsurgical options selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs) such as tamoxifen and raloxifene -The 5-year survival rate for people with localized breast cancer has risen from 80 percent in the 1950s to over 90 percent today -Black women's survival rate is 11 percent lower overall than that of white women -Risk Factors and Prevention: family history, menstrual periods that started early and ended late in life, weight gain after the age of 18, obesity after menopause, recent use of oral contraceptives or postmenopausal hormone therapy, never having children or having a first child after age 30, consuming two or more alcoholic drinks per day, and physical inactivity smoking, having dense breasts, type 2 diabetes, high bone mineral density, shift work and sleep deprivation

angiography

x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material

hereditary cancers

-About 90% are NOT inherited Genetic Susceptibility -Incidence of breast cancer is higher on women with a family history of this disease -Lung cancer is higher in smokers with a family history of this disease - leukemia is greater in an identical twin -Neuroblastoma occurs with increased frequency among siblings -Colon cancer is more likely to occur in women who have a history of breast cancer.

heart function

-Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium after circulating through the body. -Blood moves to the right ventricle and is pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where it receives oxygen. -Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart. -Blood from the left atrium moves into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to all body parts

types of cancer

-carcinomas: Epithelial tissues (tissues covering body surfaces and lining most body cavities) are most common sites of carcinomas, affect the outer layer of the skin and mouth as well as the mucous membranes. They metastasize through the circulatory or lymphatic system initially and form solid tumors. -sarcomas: occur in the mesodermal, or middle, layers of tissue—for example, in bones, muscles and general connective tissue, metastasize primarily via the blood in the early stages of disease. These cancers are less common but generally more virulent than carcinomas. They also form solid tumors. -lymphomas: develop in the lymphatic system—the infection-fighting regions of the body—and metastasize through the lymphatic system, form solid tumors Hodgkinson's is an example -leukemias: Cancer of the blood-forming parts of the body, particularly the bone marrow and spleen, is called leukemia. A nonsolid tumor, leukemia is characterized by an abnormal increase in white blood cells.

CVD is the leading cause of death in the world

1.1 TRILLION is the projected STAGGERING COST OF CVD in the United States by 2035 based on the fact that 45% of the population will have at least one cardiovascular problem.

declined in the United States by nearly 33 percent in the last decade

1/3 adults, suffer from one or more types of CVD

At rest, the average adult heart beats 70 to 80 times per minute; a well-conditioned heart 50 to 60 times per minute to achieve the same results. If your resting heart rate is routinely in the high 80s or 90s, it may indicate that you are out of shape or suffering from some underlying illness. stressed heart may beat more than 200 x a minute

50 percent of adults in the U.S. are likely to be labeled as hypertensive

approximately 45 percent, African Americans have the highest rates of high blood pressure in the United States and globally

750,000 Americans have a HEART ATTACK each year in the United States

embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream. -moving clot

metabolic syndrome

A cluster of conditions that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. believed to increase the risk for atherosclerotic heart disease by as much as three times the normal rates.37 Women are more likely than men to have metabolic syndrome

Global Burden of Disease (GBD)

A comprehensive and comparable assessment of mortality and loss of health due to disease, injuries, and risk factors for all regions of the world

congestive heart failure

A condition resulting from the heart's inability to pump out all the blood that returns to it; blood backs up in the veins leading to the heart, causing an accumulation of fluid in various parts of the body -treatment that includes diuretics ("water pills") to relieve fluid accumulation; drugs such as digitalis that increase the pumping action of the heart; and drugs called vasodilators

plaque

A deposit of fatty material on the inner lining of an arterial wall

Peripheral Artery Disease

A form of peripheral vascular disease in which there is partial or total blockage of an artery, usually one leading to a leg or arm.

cardiovascular disease

A general term for all diseases of the heart and blood vessels. ex: heart, arteries, arterioles (small arteries), veins, venules (small veins), and capillaries (minute blood vessels)

tumor

A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably.

Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

A population health status measure that incorporates measures of death and disability and allows for measurement of the impact of categories of diseases and risk factors.

stroke

A sudden attack of weakness or paralysis that occurs when blood flow to an area of the brain is interrupted -ischemic (caused by plaque formation that narrows a blood vessel or a clot that obstructs a blood vessel) or hemorrhagic (due to a weakening of a blood vessel that causes it to bulge or rupture)