Health 2220 - Exam 1 review guide
Standards of reasonable care
-Assumes that a person is of ordinary and reasonable prudence -Bring commonsense approach to the situation -Must operate within the appropriate limitations of ones educational background
How should surfaces, clothing and laundry be cleaned to kill BBP: Bleach/water ratio, laundry water temperature
1:9 bleach to water ratio; mixed daily wash in hot water (140-150 degrees F for 25 minutes) with detergent that deactivates the virus
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A virus that attacks the immune system; may go 8-10 years before developing symptoms. Transmitted by infected blood, body fluids Signs: fatigue, weight loss, muscle/joint pain, swollen/painful glands, night sweats, fever Prevention: during sexual contact wear a condom Treatment: Anti-retro-viral therapy
What is acclimatization and who takes longer to acclimatizing?
Adjustment of the body's system to change in temperature/altitude/humidity, non healthy people would take longer
What factors can influence bp rates?
Age, gender, blood viscosity(thickness), time of day, stress, shock, physical fitness
Recreational specialist
An individual that organizes, plans and oversees leisure activities and athletic programs in recreational and national parks, playgrounds, theme parks. Required to ensure that the environment is safe.
Why is body temperature important to know
Because if you have a fever it is not safe to be doing physical activity.
Stitches
Best when done 6-8 hours after cut to avoid infection. 1/2 inch long and 1/4 inch deep might need stitches. Do not self clean the wound before going to the doctors to avoid infection if you think you will get stitches.
How and where is it taken?
Carotid artery, radial artery in wrist, femoral artery and brachial artery in infants.
Tort
Civil wrongs (not criminal act) committed against the person or property of another
And to be awarded damages what must have occurred?
Client/Athlete must prove four components: 1. Duty existed by defendant to plaintiff 2. Plaintiff shows defendant failed to perform the duty for the plaintiff. 3. Prove a connection between the failure to use reasonable care and injury suffered by the defendant or that the person's action caused the injury or made the injury worse. 4. An injury occurred to the plaintiff.
Health fitness specialist
Designs comprehensive exercise/fitness programs based on clients health history, capabilities and fitness objective.
Athletic Trainer
Directly responsible for all phases of health care in an athletic environment from injury to recovery. Must work under a physician.
Heat exhaustion
Early indicator bodys temp, regulating mechanism is becoming stressed Signs: pale, cool, clammy, 103 or lower, sweating, dizzy Management: move to cool area, hydration, remove sweating clothing, seek medical attention if no improvement
What is NOCSAE (national operating committee on standards for athletic equipment)
Established voluntary test standards to reduce injury; FB helmets, baseball helmets, and balls
Primary survey assessment
Establishes presence of life-threatening conditions, life threatening injuries may include: cardiac or breathing issues, profuse bleeding, shock, heat stroke
Heat Syncope
Fainting; associated with overexposure to heat/sun and fatigue treatment: cool down, elevate legs, fluids, rest
Shoe anatomy: Straight
Flat arch or run on inside of foot (pronator or heavier runner)
Type of fluids used to rehydrate and fluids to avoid when rehydrating
Fluid intake: before, during, and after exercise drink 24 ounces for each pound lost. Fluid replacement: 6-8% electrolyte composition in drinks, anything over 8 will cause cramping No soda, alcohol, coffee when re hydrating
To be found negligent, what must be proven?
For a caregiver/employee to be found negligent, client/athlete must prove defendant didn't provide care another reasonable person would.
How long does an adult have to file a negligence suit? What about a minor?
Generally 1-4 years. or 1-4 years after a minor turns 18.
What are the indications, contraindications and methods of use for cryotherapy
Indications: decreases pain and spasm, promote vasoconstriction and edema control, decreases metabolic rate and hence decreased need for O2 Contraindications: Cold hypersensitivity, over superficial nerves, uncovered open wounds, impaired mentation and circulation. Methods: 15-20 min at a time, let tissue return to normal then try again.
What are the indications, contraindications and methods of use for thermotherapy.
Indications: reduces pain and spasm, decreases tissue stiffness, increases metabolic rate, increases edema Contraindications: acute injury or inflammation, circulatory impairment, fever, malignant tissue, blood clot Method: Hot packs
Why is reaction to pain a vital sign and how may it be evaluated?
It means that the nerves are being affected at some level.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Liver inflammation: Can be spread through bodily fluids, virus can live in dried fluids for up to a week. Signs: Fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever Prevention: good hygiene and avoid at-risk activities Treatment: there is a vaccine
If a piece of equipment fails or injures someone, who may be held liable.
Manufacturer of components, assemblers, wholesaler, and retail store owner
Explain the methods in which the body gains and loses heat, including examples of each method.
Metabolic heat production, Conduction heat exchange(physical contact), Convection(circulation of air or water), Radiant heat exchange(sun), Evaporative heat loss (steam)
When do cycling helmets need to be replaced?
Must be replaced after impact or every 5 years
Normal (medium) arch
Neutral shoe
What are normal and abnormal signs of respiration?
Normal: adult 12-20 breaths/min, child/infant 20-40 breaths/min Abnormal: shallow breathing, irregular or gasping breaths, wheezing
What are the normal and abnormal pulse rates?
Normal: adult=60-80, children=80-100
What are normal and abnormal bp rates?
Normal: less then 120/less then 80 anything above is abnormal
Where can body temperature be taken, how is it taken and which is the best method
Oral, Axillary(armpit), rectal, ear, forehead. Best method is rectal.
Strength and Conditioning Specialist
Oversee athlete fitness, typically certified by NSCA, CSCS, CPR & FA, must work with the athletic trainer, PT, and physician when modifying a strength training program relative to injury.
Heat cramps
Painful involuntary, transient muscle spasms as a result of dehydration, electrolyte loss and muscle fatigue. Signs: dehydration, thirst, sweating, transient muscle cramps, fatigue Management: fluids and electrolytes, mild stretching/massage, rest in cool environment
Puncture wound
Penetration of tissue can result in introduction of tetanus to bloodstream. All severe lacerations and puncture wounds should be referred to physician. Highest risk of infection.
Who is affected more by heat and humidity, and why.
People who are outdoors doing physical activity.
Duty
Person is liable and responsible for clients/athletes well being due to the special relationship they have at that time.
Assumption of Risk
Person is made aware of inherent risks involved in sport/activity and voluntarily participates.
Who would be held liable in cases where equipment has been modified?
Person who modified equipment
Coach
Posses appropriate coaching licenses and certifications, provides and properly fitted protective equipment, know proper skill techniques and environmental factors associated with sport, CPR, AED, and First aid certified.
What steps can be taken to prevent heat illness and cold illnesses from occurring?
Prevention for heat: Hydration(h2o + electrolytes), take temperature and RH readings, avoid exertion during extreme conditions. Prevention for cold: Apparel geared for weather to prevent chilling, layering, waterproof and windproof
Why do blisters form, how are they prevented and initially managed.
Prevention: reduce friction, 2 pairs of socks, lubrication, "break in" shoes. Treatment: Protect and let reabsorb need to be kept clean if blister layer is removed.
What are the pros and cons of custom versus off the shelf products?
Pros - fits better to your body and needs cons - Cost more
Why should ATC, coaches, health fitness specialists have liability insurance?
Protect against damages that may arise from injuries occurring on business/school property, covers negligence in civil case.
Understand the purpose, fitting and types of mouth guards.
Purpose - protect teeth, minimize lip lacerations, absorb shock of chin blows fitting - not impede speech or breathing, extend back to last molar, dont cut as it voids warranty types - Commercial, custom
Secondary survey assessment
Recognizing vital signs: Pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature, skin color, pupils, state of consciousness, sensory changes, weakness
What does it mean if skin color is red, pale, blue, yellow
Red - High bp, carbon monoxide, heat stroke pale/white - shock, state of fright, heat exhaustion, insulin shock blue - poor O2 of blood, heart failure, airway obstruction Yellow - Jaundice
Signs of infection
Redness, heat, pain, disordered function, swelling, pus
What about 3-5%?
Reduces blood volume and can lead to health problems
what is relative humidity and how is RH measured.
Represents amount of H2O vapor within the air & determines how much H2O evaporates from the skin.
Team Physician
Serves to advise and supervise ATC, completes medical histories and conducts PPE's, diagnoses injury, decides on disqualifications, final return to play decision.
Personal protective devices available at workplaces
Sharp containers, should have proper cleaning supplies; chlorine bleach, antiseptics. Proper receptacles for soiled equipment and uniforms. Bio-hazard warning labels
Explain methods individuals can take to protect themselves from BBP exposure.
Shower post participation, HBV Vaccination, cover wounds/rashes/sores
Avulsion
Skin is torn from body = major bleeding. Placed avulsed tissue in moist gauze, plastic bag and immerse in cold water, send to doctor. Possibly sewn back on.
What is a weight chart, who should use weight charts and how would you explain to a client how to use it.
Sports that practice in heat should use a weight chart, determines hydration, urine color and volume
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Spreads via blood of infected person. Signs: Jaundice, mild abdominal pain, decreased appetite, nausea, fatigue, muscle/joint pain, dark urine Prevention: Avoid sharing needles i.e needle pricks in healthcare, toothbrushes, razors, earrings, tattoos and piercings Treatment: Very expensive, no vaccine
flat (low) arch; may be overpronator
Stability shoe
Good Samaritan Law
Statues that protect people from legal liability when assisting others in an emergency situation.
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic?
Systolic: pumping pressure of the heart (ventricle contraction) Top # Diastolic: Residual pressure between beats (heart filling pressure) bottom #
What does blood pressure measure?
The pressure to push blood through the body
How does state of consciousness relate to the CNS?
The worse the injury the longer someone will be unconscious.
Abrasion
Top layer of skin wears away exposing numerous capillaries. Exposure to dirt and foreign materials. Increased risk for infection. Clean with soap and water
Understand the use, ingredients and usage of topical counter-irritants.
Topical counter-irritants are skin irritants which make the skin feel hot or cold, but doesn't penetrate through the skin to the muscular tissues. They cause numbness to ease the pain. Ingredients: either menthol (cooling) or capacin (heat).
Heat stroke
Unable to cool itself Signs: 104 or higher, red, hot, strong pulse, mental confusion, rapid shallow respiration, dizzy Management: cool down now, cold tub up to neck, cold/wet towel, multiple ice bags, call 911 immediatly
incision
Wounds with smooth edges (paper cut, scalpel, skate blade, glass)
Negligence
alleged when a person fails to do something a reasonably prudent person would do and damages occur to another person or their property.
Liability
being legally responsible for the harm one causes another person
What can abnormal constriction or dilation of the pupils indicate?
could mean a head injury
High arch (underpronator/supinator)
cushioning shoe
Explain hyponatremia, how can it be prevented and how is it treated?
fluid/electrolyte disorder resulting in abnormally low sodium concentration in blood caused by ingesting too much fluid before, during, and after exercise treatment: no water only electrolytes
Shoe anatomy: Semi-curved
foot to fit normal arch
RICE: Ice
for acute strains, sprains, contusions, and inflammatory conditions. If its hurts use it. Dont use ice if patient has poor circulation or is sensitive to cold.
Explain flash to bang and when activity may resume.
from time lighting is sighted to thunder clap count, and divide by 5 to calculate the number of miles away. 30 minutes after last thunder or lighting can return to activity.
RICE: Elevation
goal is to get the area above the heart, reduces internal bleeding due to forces of gravity, prevents pooling of blood in injured area, preventing edema.
Why is recognizing skin color changes important?
good indicator of health state, comes primarily from presence of blood in the subcutaneous blood vessels.
RICE: Compression
helps swelling from forming. make sure to apply distal to proximal. from toes/fingers to heart.
What's the relationship between RH, air temperature & sweat evaporation?
humidity makes it hotter outside
RICE: Rest
immobilization and protection will help an injury from further damage. initiate early and easy ROM as long as indicated
What might happen if one loses more that 2% body weight in an exercise bout?
it will affect the body physiologically, and the performance of the person
Shoe anatomy: Curved
more forefoot stability, high arch (supinator)
Explain personal safety precautions practice.
non-latex gloves, gowns, aprons, masks and shields, eye protection, resuscitation masks, wash hands immediately after contact with anti-germicidal agent.
Who is predisposed to having altitude sickness symptoms and what are these symptoms?
people will sickle cell trait, symptoms include headache, nausea, nose bleed, dyspnea sleep disturbances
What does PEARL stand for?
pupils equal and reactive to light
Laceration
sharp or pointed object tears tissues - results in wound with jagged edges. Possible stitches
Statues of limitations
specific length of time an individual can sue for injury resulting from negligence.
How can a persons' urine color be used to check for dehydration?
the darker the urine the less hydrated
Why is the pulse taken?
to determine circulation status, how well is the blood being pumped around the body
What does a safe shelter for lightening need to include?
walls on every side, plumbing might help keep it away. No trees or it there is a ditch no water.
