Health Exam 1 Ch 3
According to studies in psychoneuroimmunology, how does long-term stress affect immunity? A) Stress only affects short-term immune system function. B) Long-term stress impairs the body's ability to fight infection. C) Long-term stress affects cognitive function and memory. D) The immune system's response to stress is determined by genetics.
B
A healthy way to deal with anger is to A) suppress it. B) distract yourself with an activity you enjoy. C) avoid the people who make you angry. D) express it constructively.
D
What is the function of cortisol during the stress response? A) It increases heart and respiratory rates. B) It decreases the appetite. C) It mobilizes nutrients to be available for energy. D) It improves breathing and relieves pain.
C
Being quick to anger, distrusting others, and having a cynical attitude are toxic characteristics of which personality type? A) Type D B) Type C C) Type B D) Type A
D
Carrying a heavy course load, working at a demanding part-time job, and having ongoing conflicts with her roommate resulted in Jana becoming so mentally and physically drained that she ended up in the hospital. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome had she reached? A) Alarm B) Resistance C) Tolerance D) Exhaustion
D
Eduardo's football team is playing the number one team in their division. They have to win this game to qualify for the regional championship. Eduardo is stressed because of the extreme importance of this game. This kind of stress is A) chronic stress. B) eustress. C) distress. D) acute stress.
D
The peripheral nervous system regulates body functions that are not under conscious control.
F
The pituitary gland functions as control center of the sympathetic nervous system, directing the body's stress response.
F
The quality of coping well in the face of problems, adversity, and trauma is known as psychological adaptation.
F
The sympathetic nervous system slows body systems as part of recovery from the stress response.
F
Utilizing a variety of technological devices reduces a person's stress levels because it allows for constant access to friends and work- or school-related issues.
F
Exercise can "burn off" the stress hormones that would otherwise have deleterious psychological and physiological effects.
T
Extreme stress may cause hair loss.
T
Health care professionals who work long hours are particularly prone to stress, overload, and burnout.
T
Higher incidences of the common cold among college students during finals week can be related to impaired immune functioning due to stress.
T
Living in a dangerous neighborhood is considered an environmental stressor.
T
People who are Type A personalities can incorporate stress management and coping strategies to learn to handle stressful situations more like Type Bs.
T
Psychological hardiness is a desirable trait that involves having a sense of control, commitment, and the ability to thrive on challenge.
T
Stress has been identified as one of the key modifiable risk factors for heart attack.
T
Students from other countries who attend college in the United States without a strong social support network will likely experience more stress-related illnesses than American students.
T
Suppressing anger can be as unhealthy as expressing it aggressively.
T
The balance or equilibrium of all body systems is known as homeostasis.
T
The body's stress response can be triggered by a dangerous situation that is completely imaginary.
T
When people use cognitive restructuring, they focus on learning to manage stress by modifying how they think and talk to themselves.
T
When the body's stress response is activated, which of the following occurs? A) Blood flow to muscles decreases. B) Salivation increases. C) Blood-clotting ability increases. D) Blood-clotting ability decreases.
C
Which of the following best describes a Type C personality? A) Relaxed B) Hostile C) Stoic D) Distressed
C
Compare and contrast the following relaxation techniques for stress management: yoga, tai chi, meditation, biofeedback, visualization, and hypnosis.
Yoga: Combines meditation, stretching, and breathing exercises designed to relax, refresh and rejuvenate. Tai chi: Graceful form of exercise that consists of a defined series of postures or movements. Meditation: Sitting quietly for a period of time, controlling breathing, and calming the mind. Biofeedback: Monitoring and learning to control physical responses to stress using equipment that monitors various vital signs and body functions. Visualization: Creating peaceful mental scenes using imagination. Hypnosis: Guided focus on a thought, object, or voice to become more responsive to suggestion
Name the three qualities that characterize psychologically hardy people and explain how they would manifest these qualities.
1. Control: being in control of thoughts and actions and taking responsibility for their behaviors 2. Commitment: have a sense of their purpose and healthy self-esteem 3. Challenge: enjoying taking on life's challenges without becoming overwhelmed and see them as an opportunity for growth
The best dietary approach to combat stress is to consume sympathomimetics to maintain energy.
F
The hypothalamus is the gland that secretes ACTH.
F
The parasympathetic nervous system initiates the body's fight-or-flight response.
F
Katya is afraid of public speaking, but Jim is not. However, both will have the same stress response when they deliver a speech to a large audience.
F
Massage therapy has been shown to offer some relaxation benefits, but studies show that it has no real benefit in stress management.
F
Describe at least three techniques to improve time management.
1. Do one thing at a time. 2. Clean off your desk so you have an organized workspace. 3. Find a clean comfortable place to work and avoid interruptions. 4. Prioritize your tasks. 5. Reward yourself for work completed. 6. Work during times you are focused and at your best. 7. Break larger tasks into smaller pieces and allocate a certain amount of time to each. 8. See time as precious and value each day.
Describe five strategies that are effective in managing anger
1. Identify your anger style. 2. Learn to recognize patterns in your anger responses and how to de-escalate them. 3. Find the right words to de-escalate conflict. 4. Plan ahead so that you can minimize angry confrontations or situations that provoke anger. 5. Develop a support system of friends who can listen and support you. 6. Develop realistic expectations of yourself and others. 7. Learn how to turn complaints into requests in communicating with others. 8. Leave past anger in the past. 9. Seek professional help, if needed.
Describe at least three habits that contribute to a sense of happiness.
1. Set realistic goals. 2. Avoid an extreme focus on money or acquiring material things. 3. Learn how to enjoy the moment. 4. Count your blessings; express gratitude for the good things in your life. 5. Try new things to stay fresh and make positive changes. 6. Forgive past hurts and forget them. 7. Make yourself a top priority. 8. Don't spend time with negative, toxic people.
Julio works two jobs, attends school part-time, and helps care for an ailing parent. Describe at least three physical symptoms he may experience as a result of his stress levels.
1. Tension headache or migraine headache 2. Stomachache, acid stomach, nausea, indigestion 3. Cold or sweaty hands 4. Skin breakouts or rashes 5. Diarrhea, gassiness, or constipation 6. Dry mouth, jaw pain, or grinding teeth 7. Muscle cramps, backache, stiff neck 8. Increased urge to urinate 9. Hand tremors 10. Heart pounding or palpitations 11. Hyperventilation 12. Fatigue
A school examination is an example of a(n) A) stressor. B) response. C) problem. D) antidote to stress.
A
An effective way to avoid overcommitment is to A) say "No" in a kind but firm manner. B) schedule time for others' needs first. C) withdraw from others so they won't bother you. D) promise to help fix others' problems at a later time.
A
Debilitating tension and strain are associated with negative stress, also known as A) distress. B) eustress. C) acute stress. D) adaptive stress.
A
Effective coping strategies that can help alleviate daily stress include A) being realistic and managing your time. B) resisting change and maintaining the status quo. C) vowing to avoid repeating mistakes. D) avoiding exercise to prevent becoming overtired
A
Feeling extremely burdened by the demands made on us is a state known as A) overload. B) conflict. C) discord. D) depression.
A
Joe is an overachieving sales manager who puts a lot of pressure on his employees. When his sales team doesn't perform up to his expectations, he often confronts them, criticizing their performance and threatening to fire them. He accuses them of trying to make him appear incompetent to his boss. Which component of Joe's personality most increases his risk for cardiovascular disease? A) Hostility B) Competitiveness C) Poor communication D) Compulsiveness
A
Low self-esteem and low self-efficacy are which type of stressors? A) Internal B) External C) Background D) Environmental
A
Selena and Lucy are servers in the same restaurant. Selena finds the job stimulating and enjoys the fast pace. Lucy, on the other hand, finds the work stressful and exhausting. Which internal factor explains their different perceptions? A) Appraisal B) Self-esteem C) Ideation D) Self-efficacy
A
Steps you can take to reduce stress include A) exercising regularly and learning to laugh at life's ups and downs. B) maintaining a strenuous and structured exercise program. C) setting high goals and diligently tracking those goals as part of striving to be the best. D) taking a long time to adapt to change.
A
The function of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is to A) return the body to a state of homeostasis. B) enable the body to deal with increasing amounts of stress. C) increase the body's awareness of the stress response. D) change the body's response to stress.
A
Which part of the nervous system is responsible for triggering the release of stress hormones? A) Sympathetic nervous system B) Central nervous system C) Peripheral nervous system D) Parasympathetic nervous system
A
You are speeding down the highway and see the flashing lights of a police car in your rearview mirror. Your heart begins to pound as you slow down, but the police car passes you in pursuit of someone else. Your physical reaction occurs at which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A) Alarm B) Resistance C) Exhaustion D) Recovery
A
Briefly describe each stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
Alarm phase: A stressor disrupts the body's stability, and the sympathetic nervous system initiates the fight-or-flight response. Resistance phase: The body makes an attempt to return to homeostasis but stays somewhat activated in response to the stressor. Exhaustion phase: The physical and emotional energy used to fight a stressor has become depleted and the body is tired and drained. In cases of prolonged stress, the immune system may become impaired.
Alyssa is a hard-driven perfectionist who finds her fast-paced job in marketing to be enjoyable and rewarding. She has high self-esteem and takes responsibilities for her mistakes. Which of the following attributes best protect Allison from developing cardiovascular disease? A) She has a Type C personality. B) She has psychological hardiness. C) She has no family history of CVD. D) She has a Type D personality.
B
An example of a tangible stressor is A) worrying about an upcoming exam. B) a confrontation with an angry coworker. C) feeling nervous about making a public speech. D) thinking about the next family vacation.
B
An ongoing state of physiological arousal in response to ongoing or numerous perceived threats is A) eustress. B) chronic stress. C) distress. D) acute stress.
B
As part of the stress response, the hormone epinephrine is released. What are some of the changes that are triggered in the body due to its release? A) Heart and respiratory rates decrease B) Heart and respiratory rates increase C) Digestion speeds up D) Visual perception is decreased
B
Creating pleasant mental images that promote relaxation is a technique known as A) anger management. B) visualization. C) dream therapy. D) meditation.
B
Misplacing your cell phone, spilling coffee all over yourself as you are trying to get out the door, and then missing the bus are examples of A) chronic stressors. B) hassles. C) pressure. D) overload.
B
Relaxation techniques are used for stress management because they A) improve memory and focus. B) calm anxiety and improve coping skills. C) increase metabolic rate and prevent weight gain. D) increase strength and flexibility.
B
Stress among college students is associated with A) dropping out. B) lack of physical activity and substance abuse. C) increased use of social supports. D) poor problem-solving skills.
B
The 2011 Stress in America survey reported which two concerns to be the leading causes of stress in American adults? A) Housing and health issues B) Money and work issues C) Family responsibilities and money issues D) Relationships and health issues
B
The reaction that occurs in our bodies when we perceive danger is the A) alarm response. B) fight-or-flight response. C) adaptation response. D) resistance response.
B
Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of long-term stress? A) Long-term stress causes 80% of all deaths in the United States. B) Long-term stress can lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and weight gain. C) Long-term stress increases the size of the hippocampus. D) Long-term stress does psychological damage but has no physiological effects.
B
You just realized that you have a 10-page paper due tomorrow and you have not even started it yet. Which part of the brain determines the overall reaction to this type of stress? A) Brain stem B) Hypothalamus C) Cerebral cortex D) Pituitary gland
B
You just realized that you must take two extra courses this quarter and get straight A's if you want to go to law school. This situation is an example of A) conflict. B) pressure. C) change. D) hassles.
B
Provide at least three tips each for overcoming test anxiety.
Before the test: 1. Manage your time to allow for adequate study and preparation. 2. Build your test-taking self-esteem by reminding yourself of reasons you will pass the exam. 3. Eat a balanced meal beforehand. During the test: 1. Manage your time in terms of how much time you need to complete the test, review your answers, and deal with items that are difficult for you. 2. Slow down, pay attention, and read carefully. 3. Stay on track.
A corporate executive takes an early retirement from his high-stress city job and moves to a small rural community. He takes up painting again after 30 years and sells his work at weekend art fairs. This is an example of A) stress inoculation. B) cognitive coping. C) downshifting. D) stress management.
C
A student who gets good grades, is president of her sorority, and works 25 hours a week at her job would likely be experiencing stress due to A) hassles. B) coping. C) overload. D) conflict.
C
Among college students, stress related to academic performance is often associated with A) a tendency toward hypertension. B) increased need for professional counseling. C) more frequent upper respiratory tract infections. D) substance abuse.
C
An example of an event that is likely to be associated with eustress is A) bouncing several checks. B) getting sick right before finals. C) getting a promotion at work. D) forgetting to complete an assignment.
C
Common physical effects of unresolved stress include A) diabetes and autoimmune disease. B) kidney disease and hair loss. C) cardiovascular disease and weight gain. D) lung cancer and prostate cancer.
C
Regular exercise helps in stress management by A) improving a person's appearance. B) slowing heart and respiratory rates. C) raising endorphin levels and improving mood. D) raising endorphin levels and increasing the need for sleep.
C
Susan was anxious about making a presentation at work. In an effort to overcome her anxiety, she practiced her presentation in front of several friends. This is an example of A) coping. B) cognitive restructuring. C) stress inoculation. D) dichotomy.
C
The physiological state in which the body's systems are functioning normally is known as A) distress. B) eustress. C) homeostasis. D) adaptation.
C
Tiffany has been under a great deal of stress during the past year and has experienced unexplained weight gain. Which of the following hormones may be linked to her weight gain? A) Epinephrine B) Norepinepherine C) Cortisol D) Insulin
C
Effective time management practices involve A) doing the tasks you find the most interesting first. B) piling work materials on your desk as a reminder to do them. C) asking others to take responsibility for some of your work. D) prioritizing your tasks and doing one thing at a time.
D
Environmental stressors of which people are often unaware are A) frustrations and conflicts. B) overload. C) family stressors. D) background distressors.
D
Increased plaque build-up in the arteries and increased blood pressure can indicate a direct relationship between stress and A) respiratory disease. B) cancer. C) digestive disorders. D) cardiovascular disease.
D
Megan's neighbor plays her stereo so loudly that Megan cannot concentrate. The loud music is an example of which type of distressor? A) Natural B) Internal C) Conflict-based D) Background
D
Physiological responses such as increased heart rate and blood pressure occur in response to stress during which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A) Homeostasis B) Exhaustion C) Resistance D) Alarm
D
Sasha wakes up suddenly when she hears a strange noise. After a few moments, she realizes that the noise was caused by her cat jumping up on her dresser and not an intruder. Which part of Sasha's nervous system is responsible for slowing the body functions that were stimulated by her stress response? A) Central nervous system B) Peripheral nervous system C) Sympathetic nervous system D) Parasympathetic nervous system
D
Stress created by overuse of technology and the constant state of connection is known as A) technodistress. B) technosis. C) technology dependency. D) technostress.
D
Telogen effluvium and alopecia areata are two stress-related conditions that result in A) low back pain. B) digestive problems. C) hair turning gray. D) hair loss.
D
A tangible stressor is a thought or fear that initiates a stress response.
F
At the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the body achieves complete calm.
F
College students suffering from overload have a good chance of performing well on tests because they are used to dealing with high-pressure situations.
F
Experiencing discrimination due to race, nationality, age, religious beliefs, or sexual orientation is not a significant stressor because it will strengthen an individual's coping skills.
F
In the long run, minor hassles are never as stressful as major life changes.
F
Meditation stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to promote relaxation
F
Explain how prolonged or chronic stress negatively affects physical and psychological health.
Prolonged or chronic stress can lead to cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, digestive problems, compromised immunity, substance abuse, hair loss, and lowered sex drive. It can also lead to depression and problems with memory or concentration.
How does the cultivation of spirituality assist in stress management?
Spirituality helps in developing a sense of one's purpose in life and encourages people to live their days more fully. Spiritual practice can link individuals to their community and encourage a connection with like-minded people. It can help in developing a perspective on what is truly important in life.
A person with a high stress level has an increased risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
T
ACTH signals the adrenal glands to release the hormone cortisol as part of the stress response.
T
Allostatic load is the wear and tear on the body caused by prolonged or excessive stress responses.
T
Anger is often the result of frustrations, resentments, perceived threats, or unmet expectations.
T
As part of the stress response, the adrenal glands release the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, which stimulates various body functions.
T
Both eustress and distress can trigger the fight-or-flight response.
T
By simplifying his or her life, a process also known as "downshifting," a person can experience less stress and pressure
T
Chronic stress may cause weight gain.
T
Consistently elevated stress hormone levels decrease the immune system's ability to fight infections.
T
Coping is the process of managing situations or conditions to lessen the physical or psychological effects of excess stress.
T
Cortisol is the hormone that makes stored nutrients available for energy as part of the stress response.
T
