Health Final

The major advantage of what type of survey is that they eliminate the need for later data entry?

Computer-assisted surveys

Which of the following is the process of correcting any typographical or other errors in data files?

Data Cleaning

Which statistic is reported from 0% to 100%, where higher percentages indicate a greater presence of heterogeneity?

I2 Statistic

What is the major limitation when using existing clinical records?

Records are often incomplete

Which of the following typically spells out expectations and procedures for disclosing conflicts of interest, avoiding research misconduct, reporting research ethics or personal violations, and otherwise exhibiting professionalism?

Responsibility conduct of research training programs

Which of the following is defined as looking up every article cited by eligible articles in order to identify other articles that might be relevant but not indexed in the selected databases?

Snowballing

Which of the following examines the distribution of the duration of time that individuals in a study population experience from an initial time point until some well-defined event, which can be death, discharge from a hospital, or some other outcome?

Survival Analysis

T or F? A confounder may make the association between an exposure variable and an outcome variable appear more or less significant than it truly is

True

What type of variables typically result from counting something so there are gaps between acceptable values?

Discrete Variables

The creation of fake data is referred to as...

Fabrication

What statistical test could be used to compare the mean ages of cases and controls participating in a case-control study?

Independent samples t-test

Which displays cumulative survival rates in a study population?

Kaplan-Meier plots

For what type of questions must decisions be made about how many entries to include on a scale and whether there will be a neutral option?

Ranked questions

A valid study will have a value of kappa that is close to which number?

1

Studies that can be completed within what time frame may not require further review by the research ethics committee after initial approval?

1 year

For what type of variables is it not possible to create a histogram or boxplot?

Categorical variables

What types of question forces respondents to select answers that do not truly express their status or opinions?

Close-ended questions

Which of the following is a major function of an ethics review board?

Conduct continuing review of long-term research projects

Which of the following usually requires that a particular deliverable, such as a commissioned report, be submitted to the funding agency by the end of the agreement?

Contact

T or F? For close ended questions and quantitative surveys, a codebook is even more essential because it provides clear instructions for how to code and enter free-response comments

False

T or F? Most research studies require the use of complex statistics such as regression

False

T or F? Research ethics committees are usually composed of at least five members with similar backgrounds

False

What type of statement provides essential information about research projects to potential research participants so that they can make a thoughtful decision about whether to enroll in a study?

Informed Consent

Which of the following uses regression models to examine causal patterns among variables, assuming a recursive model in which all causality is unidirectional

Path Analysis

Which is the highest cost associated with interviews?

Personnel

Which of the following calculates the correlation between two binomial variables?

Phi coefficient

Which of the following are the two main threats to the validity of a meta-analysis?

Poor quality of included studies and publication bias

Factors that might influence the relationships between key exposures and outcomes are referred to as...?

Potential Confounders

Which of the following is normally submitted by the researcher so that the funder can confirm that there is a reasonable match between the sponsor and the proposed research plan before inviting a full proposal to be written and submitted?

Preproposal

Which of the following is defined as the assurance that individuals get to choose what information they reveal about themselves?

Privacy

When a funder reaches out to a researcher and asks that person to submit a _____, the organization might offer a contract rather than a grant.

Solicited proposal

Which of the following is a test that measure lung function?

Spirometry

T or F? Boxplots can be especially helpful for displaying the distribution of responses when the responses are skewed

True

T or F? Coercion could include social pressure or requests from authority figures that make it difficult for an individual not to agree to enroll in a study

True

T or F? Only a few out of every hundred calls made by random-digit dialing may yield one person willing to participate in the survey

True

T or F? Proposals for analysis of existing data may be significantly shorter than proposals for new data collection

True

T or F? Regression models seek to understand the relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable

True

T or F? The decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis is based on the likelihood that the result of a test was due to chance

True

T or F? The disadvantage to using a spreadsheet program is that it is easy to accidentally enter new data or an existing row of data or to input inconsistent codes, which makes cleaning the data more difficult.

True

T or F? The ethical principle of distributive justice seeks to ensure that the benefits and burdens of research are equitable

True

T or F? The goal of recruiting is to maximize the participation rate among members of a sample population so as to yield a study population that is reasonably representative of the source population

True

T or F? When interpreting results of a systematic review, studies that find no statistically significant results for an item of interest are just as valuable as those that find significant association.

True

True or False? When Starting a tertiary analysis, the most important decision is the selection of a topic that is narrow enough that all relevant publications can be acquired.

True

In comparative statistics, what type of error occurs when a test indicates a significant difference between two or more populations even though the null hypothesis is true?

Type 1 error