Health psych exam 3

Unrealistic optimism

a. - negative things won't happen to me, beneficial preventing worry and anxiety, issues with preventing/precaution taking, lack of cooperation with medical treatment adherence.

Passive optimism

a. are not exerting any control to prevent negative event

Active optimism

a. exerting control to ensure the negative will not happen.

1. Effects of Stress on the Body

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1. Moderating Variables

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Buffering Hypothesis

1. social support buffers link between stressors and illness by helping us cope effectively. Especially helpful in times of high stress

1. Psychology and Illness

a. Personality is associated with: stress, coping strategies, social support, health habits, psychological reactions, self report.

James-Lange

a. - the theory that different feeling states stem from the feedback from the viscera and voluntary musculature to the brain. This theory hypothesizes that there are as many physiological responses as there are different intrapsychic feelings and that each of these responses precedes rather than follows the feeling

Cannon-Bard

a. - the theory that emotional stress results from the influence of lower brain centers (the hypothalamus and the thalamus( on higher ones (the cortex) rather than from sensory feedback to the brain produced by peripheral internal organs and voluntary musculature - according to this theory, the thalamus controls the experience of emotion, and the hypothalamus controls the expression of emotion, both of which occur simultaneously

1. Health Promotion

a. Any event, process or activity that facilitates the protection or improvement of the health status of individuals, groups, communities or populations. i. The objective is to prolong life and to improve quality of life, that is to prevent or reduce the effects of impaired physical and/or mental health in those individuals who are directly or indirectly affected. ii. Early models focused primarily on disease prevention iii. More recent models are influenced by the biopsychosocial model which takes into account the psychological and social determinants of health

1. Community Health Psychology

a. Attempts to work with groups or communities to identify how they see the issue and to explore opportunities for change

1. Stress Response Hormones

a. Cortisol b. Adrenaline

1. Wellness

a. Is the notion that individual health care and health care programs should actively involve the promotion of good mental and physical health rather than being concerned merely with the prevention and treatment of illness and disease

1. Behavior Change Approach

a. Is to bring about changes in individua; behavior through changes in their cognitions - relies heavily upon the provision of information about risks and benefits of certain behaviors - aim to increase individuals knowledge about the causes of health and illness i. Health information can be disseminated through leaflets, mass and social media campaigns, visual displays or one - to - one advice. Information is often presented as factual and attributed to an expert source

1. stress & Illness

a. People who have suffered recent illness have stronger tendency to recall recent stressful events than people who have remained well b. Studies which rely on self-reported stress and self-reported illness are also unreliable. i. People with high levels of anxiety and depression are both more likely to self-report stress and more likely to self-report illness ii. This can obviously lead to spurious correlations between stress and illness.

Types of Influence

a. Researchers found that a particular region of the chromosomes showed the effects of accelerated aging - stress seemed to accelerate aging about 9 to 17 additional years. b. Stress can worsen diabetes in two ways. c. First, it increases the likelihood of bad behaviors, such as unhealthy eating and excessive drinking (indirectly) d. Second, stress seems to raise the glucose levels of people with type 2 diabetes directly (directly)

1. Social Cognition Models

a. Social cognition models suggest that there is a close relationship between people's beliefs, attitudes and their intentions to act in particular ways b. Consequently, by bringing about changes in knowledge and beliefs, it is hoped to bring about behavior change

1. Types of Stress

a. Stress is the feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or though that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous

1. Resilience

a. The process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult or challenging life experiences, especially through mental, emotional, and behavioral flexibility and adjustment to external and internal demands b. A number of factors contribute to how well people adapt to advertise, predominant among them the ways in which individuals view and engage with the world, the availability and quality of social resources and specific coping strategies

Acute stress

a. short term stress that goes away quickly, it helps you manage dangerous situations, it also occurs when you do something new or exciting, all people have acute stress at one time or another.

Chronic Stress

a. stress that lasts for a longer period of times, any type of stress that goes on for weeks or months is chromic stress, you can become so used to chronic stress that you don't realize it is a problem. b. When you have chronic stress, your body stays alert, even though there is no danger, over time, this puts you at risk for healthy problems including, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, obesity, depression or anxiety, skin problems, menstrual problems

Schachter-Singer

a. the theory that experiencing and identifying emotional states are functions of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretations of the physical state

Diathesis stress model

a. the theory that mental and physical disorders develop from a genetic ir biological predisposition for that illness (diathesis) combined with stressful conditions that play a precipitating for facilitating role