Hearing Science Final Exam
Resistance is _________ present
Always present
When you over-drive a system, it will no longer do what?
Amplify in a linear fashion
What do waveforms have on the y-axis?
Amplitude
A wave form has __________ and ______________
Amplitude and Time
An amplitude spectrum has ___________ and _______________
Amplitude and frequency
When the system stops being linear, what do you get?
Amplitude distortion
On a waveform, the y-axis represents what?
Amplitude/Intensity
What is inside the semicircular canals?
Ampulla
What type of signal starts the process of hearing sound?
An acoustic signal
When we are diagnosing a sawtooth wave and a square wave and finding out the fundamental frequency and the harmonic stream, we will always use what?
An amplitude spectrum
When the hair cells in the cochlea are pushed back and forth, what kind of response is created?
An electric chemical response
At these critical frequencies (wavelengths) the phase of the signal striking the near ear vs the far ear (sound source at 90 degrees) would have what?
An identical phase at each ear
When fluid gets in the middle ear space what happens?
An infection
Phase
Angle along the waveform (instantaneous phase or starting phase)
Give some examples of obstacles!
Another person, chair, table, wall, drapery, windows
What type of wave is a square wave?
Another type of complex wave
Practice Problem: Draw a low-pass filter with an fu at 1000 Hz and a dB/octave drop-off of 20 dB
Answer in Notes
Practice problem: Draw a band-pass filter with an fc of 1000 Hz, a bandwidth of 400 Hz and an attenuation rate of 15 dB/octave.
Answer in Notes
Practice problem: Draw a high-pass filter with an fL at 500 Hz and a dB/octave drop-off of 10 dB
Answer in Notes
Practice Problem: Draw 2 filters with the same fc, but different bandwidths (narrowly-tuned vs broadly-tuned)?
Answer in notes
Practice: Draw an input/output graph. The amplifier is linear from 30 dB input to 90 dB output. The amplifier provides 20 dB of gain.
Answer in notes
A person's face is on what side of the manubrium and ear drum
Anterior
Which wall is the eustachian tube on in the middle ear?
Anterior wall
What direction does the cone of light reflect?
Anterior-Inferior
Which quadrant does the cone of light reflect in?
Anterior-Inferior quadrant
At what frequency does a wavelength start wrapping around the head?
Any anything below 2000 Hz
Sound can be transmitted through what?
Any kind of medium
Sound Source
Any object that has mass and elasticity can be set into vibration by an external force
What can you have dynamic range in?
Any of the senses
Instantaneous Amplitude
Any point along the curve
At what frequency will we start having a head-shadow effect?
Anything above 2000 Hz
What is an example of a signal generator?
Anything producing an acoustic signal: ex. Someone talking, playing a CD
What is background noise?
Anything that interferes with a target signal
What defines an elastic system?
Anything that will vibrate
The very end of the cochlea is called what?
Apex
Remember that displacement, distortion, acceleration, inertia, elasticity, and vibration are all about what?
Applying external force to another object
If you travel the entire length of the cochlea, you will see that the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Timpani __________
Are connected
What is meant by "shadow" in the term head-shadow effect?
Area that has different intensity or loudness (LESS INTENSITY)
Depending on the phase and the frequency, the sound waves will add together creating what?
Area where the intensity increases and areas where the intensity decreases
When does a child's central auditory pathway become fully developed?
Around 13 years old
If you hear a rattle snake, where do you look?
Around your feet
How can we look at the vibratory properties of the object?
As a resonating curve or a filtering curve
Why were phon scale and sone scales developed?
As a way to measure loudness across human beings with normal hearing to see if there was any consistency and how it was being interperated
During reverberation, levels increase as what increases?
As reflection from the surface increases
Linear
As you increase the input, the output increases in a similar fashion
At what degree does ILD and ITD have the lowest impact?
At 0 degrees (and 180)
At what degree do we localize sound the best?
At 90 degrees towards the side of our head because we are able to take advantage of the distance between both pinna
When is elasticity at its greatest?
At an objects maximum displacement
When is inertia force at its minimum?
At an objects maximum displacement
Where do you get the most error in localization when depending strictly on the auditory system?
At around 2000 Hz also known as the critical wave length
Most musical information that we listen to does not have a lot of acoustic information where?
At high frequencies
When does our Equal Loudness Contour curve begin to flatten out?
At high intensity levels
Why do objects go back and forth?
At some point the elastic force will become so great it will take over the inertia force and pull the object back to equilibrium then inertia force takes over again and overshoots equilibrium and heads in the other direction
Where is the weakest connection in this ossicicual chain?
At the incudostapedial joint
All objects resonate best where? Why?
At their natural frequencies because now it only deals with resistance and NOT reactance
When you test someone using headphones, what equipment do you use?
Audiometer
When the basilar membrane is arch up towards the Scala Vestibuli, the hair cells bend _________ the modiolus
Away from
Are sawtooth waves made up if odd or even harmonics?
BOTH! They are made of both odd and even harmonics
Efferent fibers carry motor signals from the brain to where?
Back to the sense organ
Some people are better at dealing with ___________ than others
Background noise
The inner ear's semicircular canals is the ________ part
Balancing
High pass + low pass =
Band Pass
What gets larger as fc becomes a higher?
Bandwidth in a constant percentage
Is the base or the apex of the basilar membrane stiffer?
Base
The section of the basilar membrane where the stapes goes in is called what?
Base
What is resistance based on?
Based on the medium in which the object is vibrating
What is the mechanical part of hydromechanical energy?
Basilar and Reissner's membrane have no choice by to go along with the wave (due to its mass not being large enough to take on the inertia force)
What separates the Scala Media and the Scala Timpani?
Basilar membrane
Different frequencies take different intensities levels to do what?
Be perceived as equal in loudness to the reference of 1000 Hz
Why can't you hear sound outside of the water?
Because 99.9% of the sound gets reflected from the surface of the water due to impedance
Why can everything on Earth vibrate?
Because everything has mass, inertia, and elasticity
Why is it called the endolymphatic duct?
Because it acts as a drain
Why are people good at faking hearing loss?
Because loudness grows in such a linear fashion you can memorize loudness
In theory, why should objects go back and forth and vibrate forever?
Because of the opposing forces of inertia and elasticity
Why do tuning forks resonate at different frequnecies?
Because of their mass and stiffness characteristics
Why does a sound typically not hit both our ears at the same time
Because our head has mass, so the sound has to wrap all the way around our head
Why is the ratio scale also an exponential (logarithmic scale)?
Because the base is raised to a power (exponent)
Why is a false negative worst?
Because the child is just send away with people believing they are ok even if they are still struggling in school and aren't getting the help they need for their hearing loss
What is a false positive not worst than a false negative?
Because the child will just have to get retested or referred and then told they don't actually have hearing loss
Why is time of arrival and phase difference dominated by frequencies that are below the critical wavelength?
Because the head shadow effect doesn't have as much impact and the waves are able to wrap around
Why does the Sone Scale look very linear?
Because the input and the output are very consistent
Why is a sound typically perceived as quieter on the side not closest to the sound source?
Because the sound could be reflecting off your head and things of that sort
Why does the frequency of a signal NOT impact the time delay for sound striking the closest ear followed by striking the ear farthest from the sound source?
Because the speed of sound does not vary significantly in the medium of air (or any medium)
Why do we almost use binaural masking ALL THE TIME?
Because there is almost always background noise
Why is white noise considered to be a continuous line spectrum?
Because there is energy across all of the frequencies
Why might a client come in saying they believe they are deaf in one of their ears due to an injury?
Because they are now hearing something as half as loud or even half that
Why might a forest ranger be better at sound localization?
Because they are out in that environment all the time
Why do molecules vibrate back and forth?
Because they have mass which means they have elasticity and inertia
Why can elephants communicate so far apart with objects in their way
Because they produce sounds at about 50 Hz so the sound wave can bend around objects easily
Why don't companies just make their products work where the frequency response is located and where the system is linear
Because they want to brag about their large dynamic range and use it as a marketing tactic saying "oh this thing goes up to 130 dB"
Why does dBSPL not mean there is an absence of sound?
Because we are measuring a ratio from the reference point (softest sound the average human can perceive)
Why will vibration time decrease or go down?
Because you are using up the kinetic energy more quickly
Why does threshold go up when on-time gets less than 1024 milliseconds?
Because you begin losing energy speed at which the tone is being presented and then taken away
When we listen to intense signals with no break, our central auditory system does what?
Becomes accustom to it
When the sound wave is reflecting, the energy source is not doing what?
Being used up in a typical manner (free-field situation)
MLD has the greatest impact on frequencies ____________ 1000 Hz
Below
Would a larger man's ear canal resonate at above or below 2,500 Hz?
Below
The shearing action of the tectorial membrane and the hair cell body make the hair cells ______
Bend away from the modiolus
Different phases =
Better threshold
When the signal is coming from 90 degrees, ITD and ILD have a ____________ impact
Bigger
How do we typical hear?
Binaural hearing
What is necessary to maximize the ability to localize sound?
Binaural hearing
MAF testing takes advantage of __________________ sensitivity
Binaural hearing sensitivity
M(pie) =
Binaural masker with 180 degrees phase difference between the ears (dichotic)
Mo =
Binaural masker with no interaural difference (diotic)
Why is it that you can go into Texas Roadhouse and still have a conversation?
Binaural masking
S(pie) =
Binaural signal with 180 degrees phase difference between ear (dichotic)
So =
Binaural signal with no interaural difference (diotic)
In diagrams in audiology, what color represents the left ear?
Blue
The ear canal also has a part that has skin on top of _________
Bone
The medial 2/3 of the ear canal is skin on top of ________
Bone
Can a clicking sound be a good thing and a bad thing or just a bad thing?
Both a good and bad thing
What happens when a sound is directly in front or behind us?
Both ears get the same intensity and both ears have the same time of arrival
When you go "ahhh" you have a fundamental frequency and your vocal folds produce what?
Both odd and even harmonics
Concha
Bowl area in the ear (H)
If you have a bowling ball and a ping pong ball rolling on at 10mph, which has more momentum?
Bowling ball due to higher mass
What structure sits on top of the middle ear space?
Brain
If MLD is impaired, what is what a sign of?
Brainstem lesion / pathology (tumor, trauma, CAPD= central auditory processing disorder)
Elastic force tries to do what?
Bring the object back to equalibrium
When listening to music do you want your head phones more narrowly tuned or more broadly tuned?
Broadly tuned
Do you want your head phones to be narrowly tuned or broadly tuned?
Broadly tuned - You want it to resonate at low frequencies, mid-frequencies, and high frequencies
Promontory
Bump coming out from the inner ear
What is the only natural way for ear wax to be removed from the ear canal?
By attaching to the little hair follicles
How do you calculate an octave?
By doubling or halving the frequency (2 f or 1/2 f)
How can the outer hair cell bodies change shape?
By getting longer or shorter
How is ones natural frequency determined?
By its mass and stiffness
Parameter #2: How is the Upper Frequency Cut-Off (fu) determined?
By locating -3 dB on the y axis and drawing a horizontal line across the filter. A vertical line is then drawn at the intersection with the filter of the higher frequency side.
Parameter #3: How is the Lower Frequency Cut-Off (fL) determined?
By locating -3 dB on the y axis and drawing a horizontal line across the filter. A vertical line is then drawn at the intersection with the filter of the lower frequency side.
How is the attenuation of sound over a distance calculated?
By measuring the dB SPL drop-off level when the medium is unbounded (free-field, no obstacles)
How is the unknown number calculated?
By multiplying the base (x) n times
How is intensity discrimination performed?
By presenting 2 separate pure-tones (>100 msec. duration, rise and fall times > 20 msec.) at the same frequency and different intensities.
How do you test for Masking Level Difference?
By presenting a noise and a pure-tone signal to one or both ears simultaneously using difference starting phases and measuring thresholds for the pure-tone signal
How is frequency discrimination performed?
By presenting two separate pure-tones (all with proper rise-time, fall-time, and on-time) at the same intensity and different frequencies -Reference vs. Comparison tone
How is the intensity of a pure tone (one frequency) measured?
By the amplitude of displacement from equilibrium
How is the amplitude response curve determined?
By the maximum permissible harmonic distortion
How is the attenuation rate determinded?
By the slope of the filter
How does a sound-wave propagate?
By using the domino effect
Which way do we localize sound the 2nd most?
By using the median/ vertical plane
Impact of resonance of Concha, External Auditory Canal, Tympanic Membrane: 1000 Hz (50 dBSPL)
C: 50 dBSPL EAC: 50 dBSPL TM: 50 dBSPL
Impact of resonance of Concha, External Auditory Canal, Tympanic Membrane: 2500 Hz (50 dBSPL)
C: 50 dBSPL EAC: 62 dBSPL TM: 62 dBSPL
Impact of resonance of Concha, External Auditory Canal, Tympanic Membrane: 5000 Hz (50 dBSPL)
C: 60 dBSPL EAC: 60 dBSPL TM: 60 dBSPL
A person inside water ________ hear sound produced out of it
CAN NOT
What is an example of a system?
CD player or listening to music on your iphone
In order to calculate the dB/octave drop-off you must do what?
Calculate the decibel levels for all the different harmonics
What is not always necessary to do when the numbers are already in exponent form?
Calculate the log of the ratio
Before you present a tone to a client what must you do?
Calibrate it to ensure you are presenting a tone that is accurate
What question does the vertical plane ask?
Can a person localize the sound source when presented directly above or below with no visual cues
What would happen if you use the auditory system alone to localize distance?
Can lead to inaccurate conclusions
The lateral 1/3 of the ear canal is skin on top of _______
Cartilage
What is the pinna made out of?
Cartilage with tissue on top of it
Helix
Cartilaginous outer rim of the ear
Tragus
Cartilaginous projection anterior to the external opening of the ear
What you open and close your mouth and continuously change the shape of your ear canal what happens?
Causes those wax glands to push out droplets of ear wax
What can natural frequency also be called?
Center frequency (fo)
fc =
Center frequency or natural frequency
The process of the 8th cranial nerve sending a signal to the brain steam and then to the brain is called what?
Central Auditory System
Once the action potential is in the 8th cranial nerve it travel all the way to where?
Central Auditory pathway
Why can adults function with a lower signal to noise ratio?
Central auditory system is not fully developed until 13 year +
Everyone produces ________ to help lubricate the tissue and prevent infections
Cerumen
What is our challenge to do over Christmas break?
Change a tire: See how lug nuts move better with a cheater bar because of increased leverage
If velocity changes, what happens to acceleration
Changes in both positive and negative ways
Scala Media
Channel inside the cochlea (membrane that has endolymph)
Please name the characteristic, coefficient, mantissa, and final answer by solving this: log10^1=? or 10^?=1
Characteristic: 0 Coefficient: 1 Mantissa: 0 Final Answer (?): 0 log10^1=0 or 10^0=1
Please name the characteristic, coefficient, mantissa, and final answer by solving this: log10^121=?
Characteristic: 2 Coefficient: 1.21 Mantissa: 0.0828 Final answer (?): 2.0828
Please name the characteristic, coefficient, mantissa, and final answer by solving this: log10^1500=? or 10^?=1500
Characteristic: 3 Coefficient: 1.5 Mantissa: 0.176 Final Answer (?): 3.176
Which is a worst situation, a tone burst or a clicking sound?
Clicking sounds-You get information from a whole bunch of different frequencies than you intend to
If you were blindfolded and someone played a bell very loudly farther away from you, would you think it was closer or farther away?
Closer
Where do individual nerve fibers that are sensitive to high frequencies end up?
Closer the base of the basilar membrane
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
What is the snail shaped portion of the cochlea called?
Cochlea
Why can people have hearing loss only at certain frequencies?
Cochlea is sensitive to very specific frequencies
What is the Scala media also referred to as?
Cochlear Duct
Summating potential
Collecting of excitatory responses across multiple individual hair cell bodies
Is there an interaural time difference from when a sound hits one ear versus the other?
Commonly yes
To find what has the best frequency response, what do you do?
Compare the input and the output
How do you measure distortion?
Comparing it to the frequency response of the output signal
What does interaural mean?
Comparing one ear to the other
A sinusoidal wave results in a ____________signal
Complex
Vowels typically are _______ _________
Complex Periodic
What type of signal would the sound "ahhh" make?
Complex Signal
When pure tones occur at the same time, what is created?
Complex signal
Most sounds that we deal with are considered what?
Complex signals
What do we deal with in most everything that we listen to?
Complex signals
What do we produce with our voice?
Complex signals
If the wave is NOT a sinusoid (pure-tone) then it has to be a _________
Complex wave
When amplitude distortion occurs, what happens to complex tones?
Complex-tones become even more complex with all the additional frequencies
What is the reciprocal of stiffness?
Compliance
Air molecules go back and forth through what?
Compression and rarefaction
What is the shape of the tympanic membrane?
Concave
The _______ of the tympanic membrane also enhances the signal
Concave Shape
When someone has a hearing aid, which part of the pinna is that fit into?
Concha
What is the second thing you look for on the ear drum?
Cone of light
Children should have a minimum of a ____________ dB S/N ratio to maximize learning
+15 to +20 dB S/N ratio
When you halve the distance you will get a 1 to 2 ratio which always gives you a log of -0.3, so you know that your answer will be
+6 dB SPL
If you have 1 speaker producing 60 dBIL, but you are having a party and hook up 7 more, what is the additional output?
- 8:1 ratio = 8 - log(8) = 0.9 - 0.9 x 10 = +9 Total output: 69 dBIL
What are the 5 main phases on a waveform?
-0 degrees -90 degrees -180 degrees -270 degrees -360 degrees
What is the dB/octave drop-off for harmonic 99?
-20 x log(99) = -39.9 dBSPL
What is the other equation you can use to find dB/octave drop-off?
-20 x log(hi)
When you double the distance you will get a 2 to 1 ratio which always give you a log of 0.3, so you know that your answer will be
-6 dB SPL
If you step on a nail, what would happen in terms of efferent and afferent nerve fibers?
-Afferent fibers would send signal to brain saying that hurt -Efferent fibers would send the message from the brain back to the foot saying pick up your foot
What can a complex signals vary in?
-Amplitude -Frequency -Starting Phase
How do you classify all sound waves?
-By the presence or absence of periodicity (aperiodic or periodic) -degree of the complexity of the wave (how many pure-tones are combined that make up the complex waveform )
Which parameters does the low-pass filter NOT have?
-Center Frequency -Lower-frequency cut-off -Bandwidth
Which parameters does the high pass filter NOT have?
-Center Frequency -Upper-frequency cut-off -Bandwidth
What are the components of sound?
-Dimensions -Frequency -Period -Phase -ect.
When looking at a Pinna what do you need to pay attention to?
-Does everything look correct? - Are there any growths? -Is there anything atypical?
When looking into the middle ear space medially (if the eardrum was removed), what structures do we need to know?
-Eustachian Tube -Oval Window -Round Window
What has efferent and afferent fibers?
-Eyes -Ears -Feet
How you find decibels for a 20:1 ratio?
-Find log (20) -Multiply by 20
How do you find the amount of decibels in a 1.3:1 ratio?
-Find log(1.3) -Multiply by 20
What structures do we need to know on the stapes?
-Footplate -(Anterior and Posterior)Crus -Head of the Stapes
What structures do we need to know on the Malleus?
-Head of the Malleus -Neck of the Malleus -Manubrium
Reasons why ear wax needs to be present in the ear
-Helps keep the tissue and skin moist -Maintains PH balance -Does not let ear canal dry out
Which parameters do the low pass filter have?
-High-frequency cut-off -dB/octave drop off (attenuation rate)
Why can you have the same fc for two different filters, but have a different band-width?
-How broadly tuned the filters are -the dB/octave drop-off
What does acoustic impedance deal with?
-Impedance -Reactance
What does the Organ of Corti have
-Inner Hair calls -Outer Hair Cells
Structures on the pinna that we need to know
-Lobule -Tragus -Antitragus -Helix -Antihelix -Concha
Which parameters do the high pass filter have?
-Lower-frequency cut-off -dB/octave drop off (attenuation rate)
What makes sound occur?
-Mass/matter -Elastic force -Inertia -Vibration -ect.
Why do men happen to have a lower fundamental frequency?
-Oral Cavity -Vocal fold thickness
What landmarks do we need to know on the tympanic membrane?
-Pars flaccida -Longs process of incus -Umbo -Pars tensa -Light reflex (Cone of light)
Give examples of background noise.
-People talking -lawn mower -Air Conditioner
If absorption is good, what happens?
-Reflection will be a lot less -Reverberation time would also be a lot less
If absorption is low, what happens?
-Reflection will be greater -Reverberation time will be greater
What structures do we need to know on the Incus?
-Short process -Body -Long process
For masking level difference what terms do we need to know?
-Sm -Mm -S0 -M0 -S(pie)
What are 2 examples of pressure?
-Tennis shoe stepping on hand vs. high heal stepping on hand -Covering a water hose to have it spray farther
If you have one speaker that produces 60 dBIL and place another speaker that produces 60 dBIL with it, what is the new total output?
-The ratio is 2 speakers / 1 speaker which is 2:1 = 2 -log (2) = 0.3 -10 x 0.3 = +3 - r = 60 + 3 Total output: 63
What structure relating to balance do we need to know?
-Utricle -Saccule -Ampulla -Semicircular canals
What determines whether or not a system is broadly or narrowly tuned?
-What it is used/needed for -How much you are willing to spend
How do you find the amount of decibels in a 2:1 ratio?
-log (2) -Multiply by 20
What impedes sound?
-resistance -reactance
Which directional terms will Dr. Bob be focusing on using?
-superior, inferior -anterior, posterior -medial, lateral
By the end of the semester, we will understand how a sound is produced by an object and how that sound is ...............
-transmitted across the medium -Travels though the peripheral auditory system -Through the central auditory system
For the test, we will have to look at a picture of a input/output graph and be able to tell....
-where the system is linear on input and output -how much gain the system has -where the system is no longer linear
Curve of audibility
.....
What is MLD's impact?
...........
1 Hz = _________ megaHz
.000001 megaHz
1 Hz = _________ kilohertz
.001 KHz
Calculate the fundamental frequency of a square wave if 2 waveforms (cycles) take place in 0.004 seconds.
.004 / 2 = .002 sec for 1 cycle f = 1/.002 = 500 Hz
Constant percentage filter: Bandwidth =
.707(fc)
Constant percentage filter: fL =
.707(fc)
If you are sitting still in a car, what is your acceleration?
0
When you have your Cruz control set to 70 mph what is your acceleration?
0
How much dB improvement is there with MmSm, M0S0, and M(pie)S(pie)?
0 dB
What is the outer hair cells decibel threshold?
0 dB SPL
MmSm results in what?
0 dB improvement
MoSo results in what?
0 dB improvement
What does dBIr always equal?
0 dBIL
Where is the softest sound a person can hear in dB?
0 dBIL
Why can there be negative dBIL?
0 dBIL is just average softest sound a human can hear.
What is the softest sound a person can hear in the units of pressure?
0.0002 dynes/cm^2
In the case of dBSPL, the reference point is always what?
0.0002 or 10^-4
Practice problem: Io= 0.001 watts/cm^2, what is the intensity level?
0.001/10^-16 = ? 10^-3/10^-16 = 10^13 log (10^13) = 13 13 x 10 = 130 dBIL
Calculate the output when the Po = 0.005 dynes/cm ^2
0.005/0.0002 = 25 log (25) = 1.397 1.4 x 20 = 27.96 dBSPL
Practice Question: What is the fundamental frequency of a sawtooth wave that has 4 cycles completed in .032 seconds?
0.032/4 = 0.008 f= 1/0.008 = 125 Hz
In an ideal situation, the reverberation time in schools would be what?
0.4 - 0.6 seconds
What is the distance from the near ear to the far ear when the sound source is at 90 degrees for an average sized child head?
0.4 milliseconds
What is the ideal classroom reverberation time?
0.4-0.6 seconds
If 40 dBSPL is our reference, and there is the perception that loudness is half as loud, how many sones are there?
0.5 Sones
What is the distance from the near ear to the far ear when the sound source is at 90 degrees for an average sized adult head?
0.5 milliseconds
What is the distance from the near ear to the far ear when the sound source is at 90 degrees for a large adult head?
0.6 milliseconds
Snow has an absorption coefficient of how much?
0.75 (0.0-none, 1.0 total)
The outer hairs cells have a threshold of how much?
0dB
2^0=
1
Each semicircular canal has ____ ampulla
1
How many structures is the 8th cranial nerve?
1
If the period to complete 1 cycle is 1000th of a second or .001 seconds what is its freequency?
1 / .001 = 1000 Hz
If the period to complete 1 cycle is 500th of a second or .05 seconds what is its frequency?
1 / 0.05sec = 20 Hz
40 dBSPL at 1000 Hz in the Sone Scale equals what?
1 Sone
40 phon equal how many sones?
1 Sone
How many afferent fibers are there connected to 10 outer hair cell?
1 afferent fiber
360 degrees of a waveform =
1 complete cycle
Period
1 cycle
From 800 - 4000 Hz (frequencies important for speech) the DLi is approximately ________
1 dB
How many degrees do you need there to be to tell that there are 2 sound sources when one starts at 0 degrees in front of you?
1 degree difference
How many efferent fibers are there connected to each inner hair cell?
1 efferent fiber
1024 milliseconds is basically what?
1 second
What is the time frame for hertz?
1 second
How long does a signal have to be one for energy loss not to occur?
1 second or longer
1 second = how many miliseconds
1,000 ms
Which is more complex? A waveform made up of 2 pure-tone or a waveform made up of 1,000 pure-tones?
1,000 waveforms (dependent on signal)
1 second = ______ microseconds
1,000,000 microseconds
How fast does sound travel in water?
1,473 yards/sec
What is a typical DLf at 1000 Hz?
1-2 Hz
Calculate the dBSPL when you know the Po is 0.002
1. 0.002/0.0002 = 1 2. Log (1) = 1 3. 1 x 20 = 20
Calculate the dBSPL when you know the Po is 0.02 in exponent form
1. 0.02 = 10^-2 / 10^-4 = 10^2 =100 2. log (100) = 2 3. 2 x 20 =40
Calculate the amplitude spectrum for the following waveform. We know that 10 cycles occur in 1,000,000 microseconds
1. 1,000,000 ms /1,000,000 = 1 s 2. 1s/10 cycles = p =0.1 seconds 3. p= 0.1 second f=1/0.1 = 10 Hz -Draw a line on 10 Hz on the x-axis all the way to 45 dB
Calculate the dBIL when you know Io is 10 ^ -14
1. 10^-14 / 10^-16 = 10^2 = 100 2. log (100) = 2 3. 10 x 2 = 20 dBIL
Sound processing through the auditory system: If there is an acoustic energy at ____1____, that signal is going to be increased by about ______2______ due to the resonating characteristic of the _____3______
1. 2,500 Hz 2. 12 dB 3. External Ear Canal
1000 Hz at 40 dBSPL equals _____1_____ phons and ______2_____ sones
1. 40 Phons 2. 1 Sone
Sound processing through the auditory system: ____1___ carries _____2_____ signals along the junctions of the ___3___. The majority of signal travel the ____4___ pathway, crossing over at the ____5____.
1. 8th cranial nerve 2. chemical-electrical 3. Central auditory pathway 4. contralateral 5. Superior olivary complex
Sound processing through the auditory system: _____1_____ strikes the ___2____
1. Acoustic signal 2. Pinna
What are the 2 types of nerve fibers?
1. Afferent nerve fibers 2. Efferent nerve fibers
What is the rationale for dBHL?
1. All audiometers calibrated with the same standards 2. All audiograms can be interpreted in the same way 3. The dBHL provides an easier method to interpret and explain results
What are the 5 dimensions of a sound wave?
1. Amplitude 2. Phase 3. Frequency 4. Period 5. Wavelength
What 3 things must a ratio scale have?
1. An absolute zero 2. Must be able to say the one unit on the scale is so many times greater or less than another unit 3. Successive units are generated by multiplying or dividing each successive number
Sound processing through the auditory system: When the cochlea ___1__ towards the ___2___, this causes the __3__ to bend ___4___ from the ___5___, creating an ____6___ response in the ___7___
1. Arches up 2. Scala Vestibuli 3. Cilia 4. away 5. Modiolus 6. Excitatory 7. Hair cell body
What are the 3 impedance matchers in the middle ear?
1. Area ratio of the ear drum to the stapes footplate 2. Lever action of the ossicles 3. Buckling of ear drum
When stapes makes a wave in the fluid, it always travel from the ___1___ towards the ___2___ of the cochlea.
1. Base 2. Apex
Sound processing through the auditory system: Wave in the cochlea travel from the __1___ to the ___2___ until a ________3_______ is found in the _____4_____, which is the _______5______.
1. Base 2. Apex 3. Frequency specific location 4. Basilar Membrane 5. Traveling Wave Theory
Sound processing through the auditory system: The ____1____ is frequency specific, in other words ___2___ based on its ____3____ and ____4____ characteristics
1. Basilar Membrane 2. Tonotopic 3. Mass 4. Stiffness
What are the 5 step to covert a waveform to an amplitude spectrum?
1. Calculate the fo (h1) 2. Calculate the harmonic stream (x-axis) 3. Calculate the dB/harmonic drop-off (y-axis) -20 x log(hi) 4. plot the information for the x axis and y axis 5. mark the dB/octave drop-off
What 3 steps do you have to take to calculate energy loss problems?
1. Calculate the ratio 2. Find the log of the ratio 3. Multiply by 10
What do you to calculate the dB/octave drop-off?
1. Calculate the ratio 2. Then calculate the log of the ratio 3. Then multiple by 20
The dBSPL formula requires that you do what three things?
1. Calculate the ratio (Po/Pr) 2. Calculate the log of the ratio 3. Multiply by 20
The dBIL formula requires you to do what 3 things?
1. Calculate the ratio of Io/Ir 2. Calculate the log of the ratio 3. Multiple by 10
Sound processing through the auditory system: When a group of ___1___ have an ____2___ response at the same time, a ____3___ is created within the ____4___.
1. Cell bodies 2. Excitatory 3. Summating potential 4. Organ of corti
How does sound travel through the central auditory pathway?
1. Cochlea 2. 8th cranial nerve 3. Cochlear Nucleus 4. Superior Olivary complex 5. Inferior colliculus 6. Medial geniculate Body 7. Auditory cortex
What are the 3 parts that the 8th cranial nerve split into?
1. Cochlea 2. Semicircular canals 3. Saccule and utricle
What are the 3 main functions the auditory system is responsible for?
1. Code the acoustic signal accurately (code frequency) 2. Accurately replicate the intensity 3. Accurately replicate the temporal aspects of the sound
What three main things in the organ of corti/ cochlea are responsible for?
1. Codes the stimulus from the oval window for frequency 2. Code the stimulus for intensity 3. Codes it for temporal aspects of speech
Sound processing through the auditory system: If there is any energy at 5,000 Hz the ____1____ will ___2____ increasing the intensity by ___3____
1. Concha 2. Resonate 3. 10 dB
What is a SLP or Audiologists 3 main responsibilities?
1. Diagnose disorder 2. Treat disorder 3. Refer when appropriate
When you know anatomy and physiology of the ear, evaluation leads of ______, which leads to proper ________
1. Diagnosis 2. Treatment
What 2 things do intermodulation create?
1. Difference tones 2. Summation tones
If you have a very high frequency waveform, you would have something with a very short wavelength you will have low ___1___ and high ___2___
1. Diffraction 2. Reflection
If you have very lower frequency waveform, you will most likely have high _____1____ and low _____2______
1. Diffraction 2. Reflection
What are the two contributing factors to displacement?
1. Distance change 2. Direction change
Sound processing through the auditory system: In order of the middle system to function properly the ____1____ must continually ___2___ middle ear ____3____
1. Eustachian Tube 2. Equalize 3. Pressure
What is an SLPs or audiologists 3 main jobs?
1. Evaluate 2. Treat 3. Refer
What are the 2 types of responses you can get in the cell body?
1. Excitatory response 2. Inhibitory response
Sound processing through the auditory system: From there, if the acoustic energy is going to travel through the _____1_____toward the _____2_____
1. External ear canal 2. Tympanic membrane
How do you find harmonics of the fundamental frequency?
1. Find Fo (Fo=harmonic 1) 2. Multiply Fo by whichever harmonic you are trying to find
How would you calculate the fundamental frequency and the first 5 harmonics of a square wave?
1. Find Fo = h1 2. Multiply h1 by 3, 5, 7, and 9
How do you calculate the first 5 harmonics?
1. Find the fundamental frequency (fo) = h1 2. Multiple the fo by whatever harmonic you are trying to find
What are the three main types of surfaces that a reflection can strikes?
1. Flat Surface 2. Concave Surface 3. Convex Surface
Sound processing through the auditory system: ____1___, ___2___, and ___3___, characteristics of the acoustic signal must be accurately represented in the ____4____ movement (waves) within the ____5____
1. Frequency 2. Intensity 3. Temporal 4. Fluid 5. Cochlea
The transfer of energy must replicate the original signals (acoustic signals) _____1_____ , ______2_____, and _____3_____
1. Frequency 2. Intensity 3. Temporal Characteristics
Speed at which a sound travel has nothing to do with its ______1_______ and everything to do with the ______2______ itself
1. Frequency 2. Medium
Sound processing through the auditory system: When the ___1___ of the wave matches the resonating characteristics of the ___2___, the basilar membrane ___3___ towards the __4___, creating an ___5___ response in the cell body. The wave then ___6__ and the energy ___7___. When the cell body has an excitatory response, the ______8______ energy is converted to ____9____ energy.
1. Frequency 2. Basilar membrane 3. Arches up 4. Scala Vestibuli 5. Excitatory response 6. Crashes down 7. Dissipates 8. Hydromechanical 9. Chemical-electrical
What are the two areas that we will focus on for hearing of difference limen?
1. Frequency 2. Intensity
Factors to consider when purchasing equipment?
1. Frequency distortion 2. Amplitude Distortion
3 Distortion Types
1. Frequency distortion 2. Transient distortion 3. Amplitude distortion
What are the 3 parameters that our ability to localize sound with our auditory system depends on?
1. Frequency of the acoustic signal 2. Level (intensity/loudness) if the acoustic signal 3. Time of arrival and phase of the acoustic signal
Sound processing through the auditory system: There are two types of ___1___. ___2____ are not embedded in the ____3____. They are predominately innervated by ___4___ nerve fibers, and have a threshold of ___5___.
1. Hair cells 2. Inner Hair Cells 3. Tectorial Membrane 4. Afferent 5. 50 dB
If you take a 5000 Hz signal you have ______1______ reflection and ______2_____ diffraction, so the head-shadow effect will have a _____3______ impact.
1. High 2. Low 3. Larger
How would you rate Texas Road House on these three factors?
1. High reflection 2. Low absorption 3. Medium transmission
At the base of the cochlea, there is ___1___ stiffness and ___2___ mass
1. Hight stiffness 2. Low mass
What are the 3 ways in which we localize sound?
1. Horizontal Plane 2. Median Plane 3. Distance
Sound processing through the auditory system: The middle ear acts as an ____1____ by using ___2___
1. Impedance matcher 2. Transfer function
Our brain wants to receive a lot of information from the ______1_____ and our brain stem wants to send a lot of the message back to the ______2______
1. Inner Hair Cells 2. Outer Hair Cells
Sound processing through the auditory system: ____1___ is ___2___ in two primary ways. First is the ______3________ of the BM and the second are the _____4____ of the nerve fibers.
1. Inner ear 2. Tonotopic 3. Resonating characteristics 4. Tuning curves
Resistance is ____1____ getting turned into ____2____
1. Kinetic Energy 2. Friction
So what about the child sitting in a classroom with a unilateral hearing loss?
1. Language system is not fully developed 2. Central auditory pathway is not fully developed 3. Classroom acoustics (poor reverberation time) are not ideal in most schools 4. Poor signal to noise ratio throughout most of the classroom 5. Unable to localize sounds in a classroom setting leading to confusion
When you are pelting on a bike and then stop you continue moving due to what two things?
1. Law of Inertia 2. Momentum
During decompression, the sound wave becomes ______1______ and we perceive it to be a ______2______ frequency
1. Longer 2. Lower
What 3 main things should you take away from the Equal Loudness Contours?
1. Looks like our curve of audibility 2. Our perception of loudness is very consistent across intensity levels (Curves stay pretty similar across all frequencies) 3. Curve starts to flatten out at high intensity levels
At the apex of the cochlea, there is ___1___ stiffness and ___2___ mass
1. Low stiffness 2. High Mass
Sound processing through the auditory system: Any signal that is not at 5000 Hz will _____1____ its intensity and pass through the ____2___
1. Maintain 2. Concha
How can we look at sound energy?
1. Making a waveform 2. Amplitude Spectrum
What are the 3 middle ear ossicles?
1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
What are the 3 ossicles of the middle ear?
1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes
We want maximum efficiency when sending the vibration through the ___1___ to the ___2___ to the ___3___ to the ___4___ where it will make waves in the fluid
1. Malleus 2. Incus 3. Stapes 4. Oval Window
Properties of a vibrating medium:
1. Mass 2. Elasticity 3. Inertia
You MUST have _____1____ and ____2___ to have vibration
1. Mass 2. Stiffness
At fc/natural/center frequencies, what two things cancel each other out?
1. Mass reactance 2. Stiffness reactance
Sound processing through the auditory system: ____1____ of the middle ear system is transferred through ____2____ causing the ____3____ to vibrate and move in and out of the ___4___
1. Mechanical energy 2. The ossicles 3. Stapes 4. Oval Window
Typically ____1_____ have a lower fundamental frequency than _____2_______
1. Men 2. Women
Sound processing through the auditory system: The _____1_____ exists because we need an _____2_____ between the acoustic energy that we hear in the environment and the inner ear that is filled with ____3____
1. Middle ear system 2. Impedance matcher 3. Fluid
What are the 3 ways you can present a signal?
1. Monotic Signal 2. Diotic Signal 3. Dichotic Signal
The steeper the line, the more ______1_____ tuned the filter, the _____2_____ the dB/octave drop off
1. Narrowly 2.Greater
What are the 5 parameters of a filter?
1. Natural/Center Frequency 2. Upper Frequency Cut-off 3. Lower Frequency Cut-off 4. Bandwidth 5. Attenuation Rate
What are the 2 most common causes of hearing loss?
1. Noise exposure 2. The aging process
What are the 3 parts of the ear?
1. Outer Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Inner Ear
Sound processing through the auditory system: ____1____ are embedded in the ___2___, predominately innervated by ____3____ nerve fibers, and have a threshold of ____4____
1. Outer Hair Cells 2. Tectorial Membrane 3. Efferent 4. 0 dB
Sound processing through the auditory system: ___1___ have a ___2___ function that causes them to change ___3___. The changing shape ____4____ the sensitivity of the ___5___ allowing them to now also have a threshold of ____6____
1. Outer hair cells 2. Motor Function 3. Shape 4. Enhances 5. Inner hair cells 6. ~0 dB
What are the 4 results of amplitude distortion?
1. Peak Clipping 2. Harmonic distortion 3. Intermodulation
What are the two parts of how they evaluated loudness?
1. Phon Scale = gives equal loudness contours 2. Sone Scale
What makes up the outer ear?
1. Pinna 2. External Ear Canal
What are the two ways to calculate intensity?
1. Power 2. Pressure
What are the 2 ways you can look at sound?
1. Psychological Perceptions 2. Physical Properties
What are the 2 parts to impedance?
1. Resistance 2. Reactance
What 2 major ways is the inner ear tonotopic?
1. Resonance characteristics of the basilar membrane 2. Tuning curve of the individual nerve fibers
When evaluating the amount of sound wave reflection from a surface, what factors must be considered?
1. Reverberation 2. Absorption 3. Transmission
All electronic equipment that is used to produce sound has a ___1___, _____2____, and ___3___ of the signal
1. Rise-time 2. On-time 3. Fall-time
Sound processing through the auditory system: When a wave pushed down towards the ___1___, bending the cilia ___2___ the ___3___ will result in an ___4___ response in the ___5____
1. Scala Tympani 2. Towards 3. Modiolus 4. Inhibitory 5. Hair cell body
What are the 3 different sections of the inner ear?
1. Semicircular Canals 2. Vestibule 3. Cochlea
During compression, the sound wave becomes _______1_______ and we perceive the frequency as _______2_______
1. Shorter 2. Higher
To possibly have distortion, a signal must go from _____1.______ --> ______2.______ --> _____3.______
1. Signal generator 2. System 3. Measuring Device
Sound processing through the auditory system: The transfer function consists of ____1___, ____2___, and ___3___
1. Size difference between the TM and the stapes footplate 2. Leverage action of the ossicles 3. Concave shape of the TM
The amount of diffraction the occurs depends on what?
1. Size of the obstacle 2. Frequency of the sound wave
Example of elastic limits
1. Snapping rubber band 2. Ruptured ear drum 3. Popping balloon
Give examples of a medium in which sound would travel through
1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas
Sound processing through the auditory system: ___1___ is in the ___2___ within he ____3____ lobe, therefore, information presented to the ___4___ has a more direct pathway as compared to the ___5___
1. Speech Center 2. Left Hemisphere 3. Temporal 4. Right Ear 5. Left
What two types of waves are we responsible for knowing?
1. Square 2. Saw tooth
Sound processing through the auditory system: ___1___ creates a ___2___ in the cochlear fluids, resulting in mechanical energy being transformed into ____3____ energy
1. Stapes 2. Wave 3. Hydromechanical
Sound processing through the auditory system: When the ___1___ is large enough, an ___2___ is created in the _____3______.
1. Summating potential 2. Action Potential 3. 8th Cranial Nerve
What are the 4 quadrants of the ear drum?
1. Superior Anterior 2. Superior Posterior 3. Inferior Anterior 4. Inferior Posterior
What are the names for the three semicircular canals?
1. Superior or Anterior 2. Posterior 3. Horizontal
What are the 2 most common types of ear devices used to measure MAP?
1. Supra-aural headphones 2. Insert phones
What two things will happen when one vibrating object causes another object to vibrate at a similar natural frequency?
1. The intensity will increase 2. The vibration time will decrease
Traveling wave theory
1. The wave created by the movement of the stapes travels from the base to the apex 2. The wave arches up towards the SV when the frequency of the wave matches the resonating characteristic of the BM 3. The wave crashes down following the large arching motion and the energy dissipates
Why do you get a difference between MAP and MAF if we deal with human beings who have around the same hearing?
1. They calibrate headphones and speakers differently 2. MAP testing is done with monaural presentation 3. MAF testing takes advantage of binaural hearing sensitivity 4. MAF takes advantage of the resonating characteristics of the pinna and external ear canal
What are the 2 parameters of localization that are used to determine interaural time difference?
1. Time of arrival 2. Phase
What are the 2 reasons we hear?
1. To survive 2. Get food supply
What makes up the middle ear?
1. Tympanic Membrane 2. 3 Ossicles 3. Eustachian Tube
Sound processing through the auditory system: The acoustic energy will then strike the ___1___ and that will convert the ____2____ to ____3_____
1. Tympanic Membrane 2. Acoustic Energy 3. Mechanical Energy
In order for the balance system to work properly what all has to work in concert?
1. Vestibular system 2. Visual System 3. Proprioceptive System
What are the 3 ways to demonstrate a sine?
1. Waveform 2. Amplitude Spectrum 3. Phase Spectrum
What are the 2 main things we need to know about pitch?
1. What the reference is 2. The growth of pitch is not linear
When does ITD have its greatest impact? (aka when does it take the most advantage of ITD)
1. When its not at a critical wavelength 2. 90 degrees 3. At frequencies below the critical wavelength
If you play your favorite song and turned it all the way up, you ___1___ view it as loud, but if you are listening to a song you dislike and add some intensity, you __2___ view it as loud and want it turned off
1. Wouldn't 2. Would
You started off with _____1____ but the dynamic range was too massive, so we came up with _____2_____ to be more manageable. The problem with that was their became a curve of audibility which wasn't too user friendly. So the idea to flattened the curve came about and ________ was born.
1. dyne/cm^2 2. dBSPL 3. dBHL
We need to be able to ___1___ a sawtooth wave and show its ___2___ and know the ____3___ and their ___4___
1. evaluate 2. Fundamental Frequency 3. Harmonics 4. Intensity
If you are playing music from an orchestra, depending on the phone quality, it may _____1_____ and it will do a lot more ___2___ because there are a lot more frequencies being passed through the system
1. not do as nice of a job 2. filtering
In the scientific method, the number must be convertted between what range?
1.00 - 9.99
What is the size difference ratio between the lever action?
1.3:1
Constant percentage filter: fu=
1.414(fc)
What makes up the inner ear?
1.Cochlea 2. Semicircular Canals
We are _________ at dealing with distance but we can easily __________ the auditory system and brain
1.okay 2. Trick
Calculating period: Period =
1/Frequency (1/f)
Calculating frequency: Frequency =
1/Period (1/p)
For decibels we will always be using the base of ___________
10
What is the softest sound a person can hear using power as a unit?
10 ^ -16 = 0.0000000000000001 watts/cm^2
In the case of IL, the reference point is what?
10 ^ -16 watts / cm ^ 2
What is the loudest sound a person can hear using power as a unit?
10 ^ -2 = .01 watts/cm^2
How many afferent fibers are there connected to every individual inner hair cell?
10 afferent fibers
The concha increases the amplitude of intensity of the signal by how many decibel?
10 dB
A _________ dBSPL decrease will result in the perception that the signal is half as loud
10 dBSPL
A _________ dBSPL increase will result in the perception of doubling loudness
10 dBSPL
The human range of hearing in pressure is 10^ 7 dynes/cm^2 which equals what in millions?
10 millions
Measuring the decibel using Power (watts/cm^2): Intensity Level (IL) equation
10 x log ^ IO/IR
What is the equation to calculate dBIL?
10 x log ^ IO/IR
What is the formula to calculate dBIL?
10 x log10(Io/Ir)
antilog10^2 =
100
The human range of hearing in power is 10^14 watts/cm^2 which equals what in millions?
100 million millions
If a signal duration time (on time) is less than ________ what would happen?
100 milliseconds -> A tone burst or a click
How many phons @ 100 dBSPL for 1000 Hz?
100 phon
What is a real life example of an interval scale?
100 yard football field
According to the experiment done in 1972, at 7.5 dBSPL a normal hearing human being can __________
1000 Hz
What is the reference for the mel scale?
1000 Hz at 40 dBSPL
What is the reference tone for the phon scal?
1000 Hz at 40 dBSPL
What does 40 dBSPL at 1000 Hz equal in mel?
1000 mel
1 second = _____ milliseconds
1000 milliseconds
What gives us our best threshold / maximum amount of energy in terms of on-time?
1024 milliseconds
10^3 x 10^-4 =
10^-1 = 1/10 = .1
What is the dynamic range of human hearing?
10^-2 to 10^-16
10^-7 / 10^-9 =
10^-7--9 = 10^2 = 100
What is the range of human hearing in power?
10^14 watts/cm^2 (15 0s)
(10^1)^3 =
10^3 = 1000
10^1 x 10^2 =
10^3 = 1000
What is the range of human hearing in the units of pressure?
10^7 dynes/ cm^2
How can log10 ^ 121 = ? also be written?
10^?= 121
What is a typical DLf at 4000 Hz?
11-16 Hz
The ear canal increase a signals amplitude and intensity by how many decibels?
12 dB
What will be the difference between what you hear in one ear and what you hear in the other if you have a frequency of 5000 Hz at 30 degrees?
12 dB difference
Practice Problem: Po=12 x 10^-3 dynes/cm^2, what is the intensity level?
12 x 10^-3 = 0.012 / 0.0002 = 60 log (60) = 1.778 1.778 x 20 = 35.56 dBSPL
About how many outer hair cells do you have?
12,000
What is a typical male fundamental frequency?
125 Hz
What is the chicken's frequency range?
125 Hz - 2,000 Hz
How much dB improvement is there with M(pie)S0?
13 dB
When does a child finally have a fully developed auditory system?
13 years of age
When is a persons central auditory system fully developed?
13-15 years of age
What is the speed of sound in water?
1360 meters/sec
What is the wavelength of a 1000 Hz signal traveling in water? Then convert to seconds.
1360/1000= 1.36 meters = 53.54
Where is the loudest sound a person can hear in dB?
140 dBIL (causes pain)
How much dB improvement is there with M0S(pie)?
15 dB
MoS(pie)
15 dB improvement for someone with a normal auditory system
What are the correction factors at 8000 Hz?
15.5 dBSPL
For large adult, what frequency of waveform is needed to complete 1 whole cycle in between one ear and the other (0 degrees to 0 degrees)?
1600 Hz 0.6 msec travel time (90 degrees) f = 1/p = 1/ 0.6 = 1.6 KHz = 1600 Hz
What will be the difference between what you hear in one ear and what you hear in the other if you have a frequency of 5000 Hz at 60 degrees?
18 dB difference
If a 1000 Hz signal stuck the left ear at a phase of 0 degrees with the sound source at 90 degrees, what phase would the waveform be at when it reaches the right ear?
180 degrees
Mass reactance and stiffness reactance resonate at ___________________ at its natural frequency
180 degrees out of phase
What is the speed of light?
186,282 miles/second
How many frequency make up a pure tone?
1: So that one frequency has to be the fo
What is the frequency ratio for octaves?
1:2 or 2:1
2^1=
2
How many parts are there to impedance?
2
How many types of nerve fibers are there?
2
In the problem: 2000 = 2 x 10^3 what is the coefficient
2
When you take one object and you force another object to vibrate, if they both have a similar natural frequency how many things will happen?
2
50 phon equals how many sones?
2 Sones
If 40 dBSPL is our reference, and there is the perception that loudness has been doubled how many sones are there?
2 Sones
We need what to localize sound?
2 ears
What layers does the pars flaccida have?
2 epithelial tissue layers
Every time you increase intensity by 10 dBSPL the average human being perceives it as _________ times louder?
2 times as loud
The concave shape of the signal increase the pressure by how much?
2 x the amount
What are examples of even harmonics?
2, 4, 6, 8, ....
A _________Hz signal is about the typical length of signal that can wrap around you head
2,000
The average person's ear canal has a resonating characteristic of how many hertz?
2,500 Hz
What is the human frequency range?
20 - 20,000 Hz
What range can the human ear hear?
20 Hz - 20,000 Hz
The ear drum is _______ times larger than the oval window/stapes footplate
20 X
What will be the difference between what you hear in one ear and what you hear in the other if you have a frequency of 5000 Hz at 90 degrees?
20 dB difference
Transient distortion: If rise time or fall time is less than _______________ what would happen?
20 milliseconds -> A tone burst or a click
What is the equation to calculate dBSPL?
20 x log ^ PO/PR
What is the dB level if hi is h1?
20 x log10 (1/1) = 0 dBSPL
What is the drop-off from the fundamental for harmonic 2?
20 x log10 (1/2)= log(0.5)= -0.3 -0.3 x20 = -6 dB
What is the drop-off for h3?
20 x log10 (1/3) = log(0.33) = -0.4775
What is one of the formulas to calculate dB/octave drop-off?
20 x log10 (1/hi)
What is the formula to calculate dBSPL?
20 x log10(Po/Pr)
Measuring the decibel using Pressure (dynes/cm^2): Sound Pressure Level (SPL) equation
20 x log^ PO/PR
If all you heard was below 1000 Hz you hear about ____________ of the information for speech
20%
Practice Problem: If the signal at 100 msec. duration time produces an output equal to 55 dBIL, what is the intensity change for the same amount of energy with the duration of 200 msec?
200/100 = 2 log(2) = 0.3 10 x 0.3 = +3 dBIL
Practice problem: If the signal is 80 dBSPL at 100 meters from the source, what is the SPL at 200 meters?
200/100= 2 log(2) = 0.3 -20x .3 = -6 dBSPL 80-6= 74 dBSPL
For an average sized adult, what frequency of waveform is needed to complete 1 whole cycle in between one ear and the other?
2000 Hz 0.5 msec travel time (90 degrees) f= 1/0.5 = 2 kHz = 2000 Hz
If given a frequency of 2000 Hz, find the first octave (1 octave) below that.
2000 Hz/ 2 = 1000 Hz
What is the loudest sound a person can hear in the units of pressure?
2000 dynes/cm^2
With our reference being 1000 mel at 1000 Hz 40 dBSPL, what is 2 times / double the pitch?
2000 mel
Calculate the dBIL increase (not total output) if the number of speakers increases from 100 to 200 (100 speakers produce a total output of 70 dBIL).
200:100 = 2 log (2) = 0.3 0.3 x 10 = +3
What is the size difference ratio between the tympanic membrane and oval window/Stapes footplate?
20:1
If the fundamental frequency, Fo, is 110 Hz, calculate the second harmonic?
220 Hz (Simply take 110 and multiply it by the 2nd harmonic)
What is a typical female/woman's fundamental frequency?
225 Hz
90 degrees =
25% of the waveform/ cycle has been completed
If we say harmonic 1 is 250 Hz, what is the first octave above that?
250 Hz x 2 = 500 Hz
What is the second octave above 250 Hz?
250 Hz x 2 = 500 Hz 500 Hz x 2 = 1000 Hz
Most speech sounds for humans are around ___________________ Hz
250-4000
For an average sized child, what frequency of waveform is needed to complete 1 whole cycle in between one ear and the other (0 degrees to 0 degrees)?
2500 Hz 0.4 msec travel time (90 degrees) f=1/p = 1/0.4 = 2.5 KHz = 2500 Hz
According to the experiment done in 1972, how many dBSPL does a normal person need to hear 250 Hz?
27 dBSPL
What are the correction factors at 250 Hz?
27 dBSPL
What ratio does the buckling of the ear drum create>
2:1
How many ampullae are there?
3
How many canals does the semicircular canals haave?
3
How many channels are in the cochlea? (When you do a cross section)
3
How many middle ear ossicles are there?
3
How many parts does the 8th cranial nerve split into?
3
How many types of distortion are there that impact an acoustic signal?
3
How many types of distortion are there?
3
In the problem: 2000 = 2 x 10^3 what is the characteristic
3
Our ability to localize sound with auditory system depends on how many parameters?
3
The ear is broken into how many parts?
3
When amplitude distortion occurs there are a number of results. Specifically how many results are there?
3
How many layers does the tympanic membrane typically have?
3 Layers
How many types of was are there to present a signal?
3 Types of ways
What will be the difference between what you hear in one ear and what you hear in the other if you have a frequency of 500 Hz 30 degrees?
3 dB difference
If you present something to one ear vs both ears what would the signal be?
3 dB less than if you did both ears
How many ways do we localize?
3 ways
What percent of the population CANNOT MLD do at any age?
3%
What are examples of odd harmonics?
3, 5, 7, 9, .....
How many inner hair calls do we have?
3,500
How many rows of outer hair cells are there?
3-4 rows
What is the difference between MAP and MAF in terms of decibels?
3-5 dB
What percent of the population has a central auditory processing disorder?
3-5%
In the problem: 33000= 3.3 x 10^ 4 what is the coefficient
3.3
What is a toddlers fundamental frequency?
300 Hz - 350 Hz
What does 2000 mel equal in Hz?
3000 Hz
What is the 3rd harmonic if the Fo is 110 Hz?
330 Hz (Take 110 X 3 = 330 Hz)
What is the total impact of the middle ear system on the signal's intensity?
34 dBSPL
What is the speed of sound in air?
340 meters/sec
What is the speed of sound in air?
340 meters/second or .2 miles/second
What is the wavelength for a 1000 Hz signal traveling in air? Then convert to inches.
340/1000= .34 meters --> 13.38 inches
How fast does sound travel in air?
368 yards/second
Practice Problem: One person (susan) is singing at 75 dBIL. Susan joins a choir and now the ratio is 400:1 (all individuals are signing at the same intensity level). How many people are in the choir Susan joined?
399 people
2^2=
4
In the problem: 33000= 3.3 x 10^ 4 what is the characteristic
4
Calculate the period in seconds for a 4 KiloHz signal.
4 KiloHz = 4000 Hz p=1/4000 = 0.00025 seconds
60 phon equals how many sones?
4 Sones (Sounds twice as loud)
Since sound travels 4 times as fast in water than air, its wavelength will be _________ times as long
4 times
Sound travel __________ times as fast in water than air
4 times
What is the reference tone for the Sone Scale?
40 dBSPL at 1000 Hz
1000 Hz at 40 dBSPL equals what in phons?
40 phons
What does 500 mel equal in Hz?
400 Hz
What is perceived as a pitch twice as high as 2000 mel?
4000 mel
Practice Problem: One person (susan) is singing at 75 dBIL. Susan joins a choir and now the ratio is 400:1 (all individuals are signing at the same intensity level). How many dB did the output increase from Susan to the total group?
400:1 = 400 log10^400 = 2.6 10 ^2.6 = 400 log(400)= 2.6 2.6 x 10 = +26
Practice problem: If the signal is 65 dB SPL at 900 meters from the sound source, what is the SPL at 450 meter from the sound source?
450/900=0.5 log(0.5)=-.3 -20x-0.3= +6 dB SPL 65+6=71 dB SPL
According to the experiment done in 1972, how many dBSPL does a normal person need to hear 125 Hz?
47 dBSPL
When a sound travels through water it travel ____________________ than it does in air
4x faster
How many dimensions are there for a sound wave?
5
How many filter parameters are there?
5
What will be the difference between what you hear in one ear and what you hear in the other if you have a frequency of 500 Hz 60 degrees?
5 dB difference
What will be the difference between what you hear in one ear and what you hear in the other if you have a frequency of 500 Hz 90 degrees?
5 dB difference
We test in _______ dB steps
5 dB steps (example: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25)
What is the inner hair cells decibel threshold?
50 dB SPL
180 degrees =
50% of the waveform has been completed
If the lowest frequency is 500 Hz, what is the next octave above that?
500 Hz x 2 = 1000 Hz
With our reference being 1000 mel at 1000 Hz 40 dBSPL, what is half the pitch?
500 mel
The inner hair cells have a threshold of how much?
50dB
Practice Problem: If the signal at 100 msec. duration time produces an output equal to 55 dBIL, what is the overall output at 200 msec?
58 dBIL
How much dB improvement is there with M(pie)Sm?
6 dB
If someone gets to be ________ years, then their central auditory pathway begins to diminish in its functioning.
60
If the noise level is 45 dB and the S/N ratio = +15 dB, calculate the signal level
60 dB
If the signal is 60 dB and the S/N ratio = 0 dB, calculate the noise level
60 dB (No difference)
If the signal is 50 dB and the S/N ration = -10, calculate the noise level
60 dB (The signal is 10 dB less than the noise)
Normal conversational speech ranges about how many decibels? And has peaks of how much?
60 dB with peaks of 70 decibels
When the reference tone is changed to 60 dBSPL at 1000 Hz, how many phons does it equal?
60 phons
If a signal is 70 dB and the S/N ratio = +5 dB, calculate the noise level
65 dB (The signal is 5 dB more than the noise)
What are the correction factors at 1000 Hz?
7.5 dBSPL
How loud is it in the womb?
70-90 dB from heart beating & stomach noises
Practice Problem: One person (susan) is singing at 75 dBIL. Susan joins a choir and now the ratio is 400:1 (all individuals are signing at the same intensity level). What is the total output of the group now?
75 + 26 = 101 dBIL
270 degrees =
75% of the waveform has been completed
2^3=
8
If all you heard was from 1000 Hz + you would get/hear about ________ of information for speech
80%
Practice problem: If the signal is 80 dB SPL at 100 meters from the source, what is the SPL at 850 meters?
850/100=8.5 log(8.5)=.93 -20x0.93= -18.6 80-18.6=61.4 dB SPL
How intense would the tone burst at 50 msec need to be in order to have the same percieved energy as the tone burst at 500 msec knowing that energy at 500 msec equals 77 dBIL?
87 dBIL
What is the nerve superior to the cochlea?
8th Cranial Nerve
What is the nerve that connects the central auditory system to the balance system (vestibular system)?
8th Cranial Nerve
What runs in the modiolus/ center of the cochlea?
8th Cranial Nerve
How much dB improvement is there with M0Sm?
9 dB
Calculate the output when the Io = 9 x 10^-10 watts/cm^2.
9 x 10^-10 / 10^-16 = 9 x 10^6 log (9) = 0.9542 10^0.9542 x 10^6 = 10^6.9542 log (10^6.9542)= 6.9542 10 x 6.9542 = 69.542 dBIL
___________ degrees provides the most accurate localization based on time of arrival
90 degrees
What 2 degrees represent maximum displacement of a waveform?
90 degrees & 270 degrees
Maximum amplitudes on a waveform are either at __________ or __________
90 degrees or 270 degrees
Acoustic energy goes into the external ear canal and a cochlea that is filled with fluid. If you do not have an impedance matcher to get the acoustic energy into the fluid of the cochlea __________ of the acoustic energy will bounce off the surface of the fluid
99.9%
What does the curve of audibility represent?
?????
-Modiolus- (A) -Outer Hair Cells- (B) Where are the inner hair cells located? A or B
A
A (Inner Hair Cells -> Outer Hair Cell) B..Where is the Modiolus located? At A or B?
A
When there is an external force applied to a molecule, it goes from position ______ to ______ to ________ to _______ to _______
A --> B --> A --> C --> A
The middle ear's air filled cavity is the same size as what?
A Peanut M&M
When you say the word "shoe" how many frequencies are there?
A Whole Bunch
You need to also do what when you are about to do a screening?
A biological check of the equipment
What is an example of "external force is required due to inertia"?
A bowling has inertia force, a fly's inertia force will not knock over the pin but the bowling bowl's inertia force will
What is an example of an object vibrating and creating sound that we cannot hear?
A dog whistle
A persons pinna is kind of like what?
A fingerprint
If every nerve fiber had the same sensitivity to every frequency, what would a threshold graph look like?
A flat line
The tympanic membrane is like what?
A fly's wing
What is an unbalanced system the same as?
A free-field system
Since our growth in loudness perception is linear, it can be helpful for a person demonstrating what?
A functional hearing loss
Audiogram
A graphic representation of the relation of vibration frequency and the minimum sound intensity for hearing
Determining what sounds are closer vs farther away typically relies on what?
A great deal on vision
What is a standing wave a result of?
A incidence wave and a reflected wave lining up perfectly
Almost every system, can function in what kind of way?
A linear way as far as taking in the input and producing an out put
How much does a pinna help one's hearing?
A little bit
If you are sitting (at equilibrium or at rest) on a swing and you dad comes and pushed you, how far will you go?
A lot farther
What is inside the boney structure of the inner ear?
A membrane
Tectorial Membrane
A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move
Slow motion vibration
A method to visualize the physical properties that occur when an object is set into vibration
Doppler effect
A perceived change in frequency due to the compression and decompression of sound waves produced by a moving object
What is the amplitude response curve set up to have?
A permissible level of harmonic distortion
Intensity
A physical measure of what a person perceives as loudness of sound
Intensity
A physical measurement
If a signal is on for about 1 second, what would you maintain?
A pure tone and if it was a complex signal you would keep those individual tones, no additional tones would be created because of the short time period
What can be meant by periodically?
A pure tone or a complex wave with harmonics
Force
A push or pull exerted on an object
Complex waves are what?
A series of simple sinusoids (pure-tones) that differ in either amplitude, frequency, and/or starting phase
When two or more sinusoidal waves occur at the same time and differ in one or more of these aspects (amplitude, frequency, and/or starting phase) what will occur?
A sinusoidal wave
Antitragus
A small eminence obliquely opposite the Tragus on the superior border of the lobe of the ear.
What is the difference between a square wave and a sawtooth wave?
A square wave is ONLY made up of odd harmonics
Tone burst
A tone that has extra harmonics to it
You can look at anything that vibrates using what?
A waveform
In other words, binaural masking is.....
A way to measure and see how well your auditory system pull out what you what to hear and filter out the non-target signal
What does the phase spectrum look like for white noise?
A whole bunch of dots representing different starting phases
Sinusoidal waveform or sinusoid or pure-tone =
ALL THE SAME THING
Afferent fibers mean that the message is being ____________ from the sense organ
AWAY
How long is the external ear canal?
About an inch long
Mid-frequency sounds travel to _______ in the cochlea
About halfway
Would a new born baby's ear canal resonate at a frequency above or below 2,500 Hz?
Above
What is directly proportional to the force applied to the object?
Acceleration
The process of sound striking the pinna, going through the concha, and through the external ear canal uses what kind of energy?
Acoustic
When equipment makes a click sound, it has what?
Acoustic energy across many many many frequencies
What is the result of transient distortion?
Acoustic energy is added to the input signal by the transmitting system (electronic system), creating an output-signal that does not match (replicate accurately) the input signal
What type of signal is S?
Acoustic signal (pure tone)
What has low reverberation, high absorption and low transmission?
Acoustic tiles
For the most part, where do you lose energy if you decrease the signal duration time to be below 1 second?
Across all the different frequencies important for speech
If your summating potential is large enough you will then create ________ in in the 8th cranial nerve
Action Potential
If a summating potential is large enough, it creates ___________
Action potential in the 8th cranial nerve
How do you calculate the final answer?
Add the mantissa and the characteristic together
When pure tones happen at the same time, they are ________ together and _______ from each other
Added and subtracted
What is the small opening between the middle ear cavity and the mastoid air cells called?
Aditus
Who can filter out background noise better: a child, adult, or elder adult?
Adult
_____________ can function with a lower signal to noise ratio (+6 dB)
Adults
Why do people get hearing loss?
Age: the mechanical system just wares out
What is an example of resistance when trying to get a pad of paper to vibrate?
Air
The middle ear is an _____________
Air filled cavity
Middle Ear Cavity
Air-filled cavity
Who is the decibel named after?
Alexander Graham Bell
Mass and elasticity are properties present in what?
All bodies of nature (ex. cotton ball and stapler)
What does the law of inertia state?
All bodies of remain at rest or in a uniform state of motion unless a another force acts in opposition
Sones Scale
All comparison tones were judged in loudness to a reference tone
The sound-wave is able to propagate in what direction?
All directions
What does the harmonic stream of a square wave look like?
All odd harmonics based on the fundamental frequency
When we are listening to music, we want our signal to replicate what?
All of the original signal
There are difference limens for what?
All the senses of the body (vision, taste, touch, smell, and hearing)
What does a linear scale require?
All units to increase and decrease by the same unit value
What does a logarithmic scale require?
All units to increase or decrease exponentially (the distance between the units is not equal)
What do the ligaments connected to the middle ear bones allow for?
Allow the middle ear ossicles to be suspended in air in the middle ear space
When are the inner ears hair cells moving back and forth?
Almost 24/7
When do we use binaural masking?
Almost all the time
How much do you want an input signal to be replicated?
Almost exactly
Which way do we localize sound the most?
Along the horizontal plane
When looking at a waveform, where do you look to find out the frequency?
Along the x-axis (Under time)
When you are buying a microphone, headphones, and other acoustic equipment, what you are paying for is actually to do what?
Reduce distortion - You want the output signal to be as good, clean, and accurate as the input signal
If a client in the future says they are "dizzy" what is the first thing you should do?
Refer them to their physician because because so serious conditions that can cause dizziness
Because the dB is measured with a ratio scale, the ____________________________ must be identified
Reference point
When you have an obstacle, you will have to deal with sound __________ off of the obstacle
Reflecting
What is reverberation time directly related to?
Reflection
When the frequency is below the critical wavelength, what happens to reflection and diffraction?
Reflection is lower and diffraction is higher
What separates the Scala vestibuli from the Scala Media?
Reissner's Membrane
No matter what frequency you make an object vibrate at, it has to deal with what?
Resistance
At the center frequency, the vibration is only being impeded by what?
Resistance because mass reactance and stiffness are in balance so they are a non-factor in limiting the amplitude of the vibration
When something is vibrating at its natural frequency you will get its greatest amplitude/ intensity because the ONLY limiting factor is what?
Resistance, reactance is a non-factor
All objects that vibrate have what?
Resonance characteristics and filtering characteristics
All membranes in the inner ear are __________
Connected
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
The size of the interval is some ___________ value
Consistent value (1, 2, 3, 4)
One way to calculate filters is by draw the horizontal line after finding dB -3, what is another way to calculate filters?
Constant percentage filter
Simple Harmonic Motion
Constant, uniform movement over a set period of time
Loudness adaptation occurs when a sound is _______________
Continuous
What direction does a majority of the sound travel?
Contralaterally
Solving for log problems: Step 4
Convert the coefficient into exponent form (mantissa) using your calculator
Solving for log problems: Step 1
Convert the number into scientific notation (coefficient must be between 1.00-9.99)
Because of the curve of audibility we need to use what in order to do hearing testing with an audiometer?
Correction factors
Difference tones and summation tones both do what?
Create combination tones that add many more additional frequencies that were not present in the input signal
The frequencies of 1600 Hz for a large head, 2000 Hz for an average head, and 2500 Hz for a child's head are considered what?
Critical waveforms for difference sized heads
What does the equal loudness contour lines remind us of?
Curve of Audibility
What is frequency also referred to as?
Cycles per second
Even though something is not perceived to be as loud, doesn't mean what?
Damage isn't being done
Duration of vibration is inversely proportional to what?
Damping
When a tone burst is turned off, amplitude does not instantly drop to zero, it............
Decays overtime from maximum intensity to zero
What does dBIL stand for?
Decibel Intensity Level
What does dBSPL stand for?
Decibel Sound Pressure Level
The ratio scale used quantifying hearing level called _________________
Decibels (dB)
What is the unit for amplitude / intensity?
Decibels (dB)
What is meant by filter out?
Deemphasizing background noise
Phase on a waveform
Degree of the wave completed
What changes exactly where the focal point is?
Depends on the curve of the object
What does the dBSPL ratio require you to do?
Determine the ratio, find the ratio, and then multiply it by 20
Audiometer
Device used to screen hearing (The thing that beeps)
In real life, which is the only signal that we typically deal with?
Dichotic
Most the time we listen to _____________ signals
Dichotic
When you are talking to someone, you might turn your head to hear them better because you want their voice to be _____________ when it hits your ears?
Dichotic
What does pie stand for in terms of how a signal is presented?
Dichotic - out of phase
DLf =
Difference Limen for Frequency
DLi =
Difference Limen for Intensity
Different frequencies will have ___________ amounts of reactance
Different
Different object have __________ degrees in the amount they imped
Different
What does phase represent?
Different amounts of time depending on the frequency
Different regions on the cochlea are specific to __________
Different frequencies
What is it so important to accurately code intensity?
Different intensity/stress holds different meanings (ex. look out the window, LOOK OUT the window)
Binaural Dichotic Signal
Different stimuli presented to each ear at the same time
When you hook someone up to an audiometer what do you present them with?
Different tones
We talked a lot about reflection, but there is another important thing that can happen when a wave hits an object. What is this?
Diffraction
Why do longer wave lengths wrap around better?
Diffraction
What does 0 stand for in terms of how a signal is presented?
Diotic - everything is the same going to both ears
The amount of inertia is _____________ to the mass of the object
Directly proportional
These molecules then do what in all sorts of directions?
Disperse
The ability to determine what sounds are closer vs. farther away is called __________
Distance
What is the third plane that we localize?
Distance
What happens above the head room?
Distortion
Transient distortion
Distortion that occurs when a sound system cannot reproduce sounds that begin with sudden, explosive attacks.
How do you convert KiloHz to to megaHz?
Divide by 1,000
How do you convert milliseconds into seconds?
Divide by 1,000
How do you convert Hz to megaHz?
Divide by 1,000,000
How do you convert microseconds into seconds?
Divide by 1,000,000
How do you convert Hz to KiloHz?
Divide by 1000
How do you convert microseconds to milliseconds?
Divide by 1000
What is the way to manage the dynamic range of human hearing?
Do not measure it in linear growth, but exponential growth
In all 3 types of distortion, the output signal ________________________________ the input signal
Does NOT replicate
You don't just wanna know the frequency response at a set level, you want to know......
Does it maintain its frequency response with different intensities (soft, normal, and loud level sounds)
On an audiogram, dB increase by a consistent number, but the ratio ..........
Does not increase in a linear fashion
Complex aperiodic waves
Does not repeat itself on a consistent basis
What question was sparked from the idea that people can hear anything from 20 Hz - 20,000 Hz?
Does your auditory system have the same sensitivity across all frequencies? Can you hear 1,000 Hz as well as 20,000 Hz as well as 20 Hz?
Sometimes people __________ want distortion at all
Don't- becomes a very negative thing
If I talk to you on the other side of a closed door, the _____ is impeding the sound getting through
Door
Because of the tympanic membrane's shape, light hits the umbo and bends in which direction?
Down (anteiror-inferior)
Specific factors to consider when looking at amplitude distortion
Dynamic range, ENF, permissible harmonic distortion
What is the equation used to determine the amount of energy lost when signal duration drops below the 1 second time period?
E = 10 x log (Ti/Tr)
Your ear canal is not very long until you hit the _______
Ear Drum
Which part of the pinna is not made of cartilage?
Ear Lobule
From the external auditory canal, the acoustic signal hits the _______
Ear drum (Tympanic Membrane)
Left Ear Tympanic Membrane
Ear drum on left side
Right Ear Tympanic Membrane
Ear drum on right side
Tympanic Membrane
Eardrum
Fr =
Elastic force
When you pluck a rubber band, why does it go back and forth until it ends back up at equalibrium?
Elastic force
A transmitting medium follows the same rules as what?
Elasticity and Inertia
The transfer of the electric chemical signal to the central auditory system makes the hydromechanical energy turn into what kind of energy?
Electric-chemical energy
What type of energy is present when sound is traveling through the central auditory pathway?
Electrical Chemical
What is another word for this excitatory response in the hair cell body?
Electrical Chemical Reaction
What does ENF stand for?
Electrical Noise Floor
All inner membranes in the inner ear are filled with what kind of liquid?
Endolymph
What does the Scala media have in it?
Endolymph
What is your inner ear constantly producing?
Endolymph
What happens when the pressure in the inner ear gets to a certain point of pressure?
Endolymph drains out of the duct
A square wave only has ___________ at odd harmonics
Energy
Kinetic Energy
Energy used during motion (movement)
The most lateral layer of the tympanic membrane is made up of __________
Epithelial Tissue
The most medial layer (middle ear cavity) of the tympanic membrane is the ______
Epithelial Tissue
What 2 types of tissue make up the tympanic membrane?
Epithelial tissue & Fibrous Tissue
At 0 degrees, 180 degrees, and 360 degrees, the waveform is ALWAYS at a point of what?
Equalibrium
What does the estuation tube do?
Equalizes pressure in the middle ear space
Which is a better purchase: Microphone A or Microphone B? A: Dynamic Range = 100 B: Dynamic Range = 90 dB A: ENF = 15 dB B: ENF = 3 dB A: Permissible Harmonic Distortion=20% B: Permissible Harmonic Distortion = 3%
Equipment B
What has electrical noise floor (ENF)?
Every piece of equipment out there
Moving up toward the Scala vestibuli result in an __________ response
Excitatory
When you are sleeping at night, and your roommate is talking in the other room that sound is still hitting your ear making your hair cell have what kind of response, even though you are asleep?
Excitatory
When hair cells bend away from the modiolus, what type of response is created in the hair cell body?
Excitatory Response
The coefficient will need to be converted to ______________
Exponent form
Ratio Scale
Exponential scale or logarithmic scale
What is another name for the outer ear?
External Ear
After the concha the signal goes through the _________
External auditory canal
What is required due to inertia?
External force
What must be applied to overcome the inertia of the other object (desire to maintain current state of movement or non-movement)?
External force
You need to apply what kind of force to put an object into vibration?
External force
What is amplitude directly related to?
External force applied
Force's equation
F=ma
The denser the medium the ___________ the sound travels
FASTER
People are very good at doing what?
Faking hearing loss
True or False: 60 dBIL + 60 dBIL = 120 dBIL
False
True or false: Ear wax is dirt
False
True or false: You can do a dB/octave drop off for a square wave.
False
True or false: You can see everyone's long process of incus
False
What is worst, a false positive or false negative?
False negative
True or False: There are sense organs in the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Timpani
False-There are just cannels that have fluid in there
True or False: When the hair cells are at rest there no activity/movement going on in the hair cell body
False-Your ear can't spend time warming up so there is still movement
There are _______ connections from the efferent fibers to the outer hair cells
Far more
There are _________ connections of afferent fibers to the inner hair cells
Far more
If you were blindfolded and someone played a bell very quietly right beside your ear, would you think it was closer or farther away?
Farther away
Long process of incus
Farther away bone (Letter G)
What is the ear lobule made out of?
Fat
The middle layer of the tympanic membrane is a _________ fibrous layer
Fibrous
What does dBHL do?
Flattens out the curve of audibility that is done in dBSPL
Give an example of a linear/nonlinear input/output
For example, volume on a t.v. is increased from 0-15 (10 dB increase), at 15-30 a 10 dB increase, at 30-45 a 10 dB increase, at 45-60 a 7 dB increase, at 60-75 a 4 dB increase, and at 75-90 a 1 dB increase.
The more matter you have compressed / extended from equilibrium, the ___________ the force necessary to accomplish additional compression / extension
Greater
As a result of the wave front becoming larger and larger, the original energy is spread over a _________________ and _____________ area
Greater and greater
As an object is moving away from equilibrium, elastic force gets....
Greater and greater and greater
What can loudness adaption lead to?
Greater degree of hearing loss due to intense noise levels
Greater amplitude of displacement =
Greater intensity
More matter =
Greater mass
Harder surface = what?
Greater reflection
More reflection =
Greater reverberation
What is the number 1 thing that will damage a cars engine?
HEAT
Fundamental frequency always has the ________ intensity
HIGHEST
Hair cell contains what?
Hair cell body & Cilia
The waves then cause _________ to be pushed back and forth
Hair cells
Every time you reduce the intensity by 10 dBSPL the average human being perceives it as ____________ as loud?
Half as loud
Fundamental Frequency is the same things as what?
Harmonic #1
What is the fundamental frequency called?
Harmonic 1
What does hi represent?
Harmonic of interest
How do you end up getting a complex periodic wave? What makes it periodic?
Harmonic relationship between all the individual pure- tones
When you do this calculation of using fundamental frequency to find all the harmonics of a waveform the process is called what?
Harmonic stream
A persons voice has what?
Harmonics making it a complex signal
The fibrous layer has fibers that run in what directions?
Has circular and radial fibers in it
Macula
Has hair cells with cila embedded in jelly type material
Dynamic signal
Has lots and lots of frequencies across low, mid, to high
How do you get noise canceling headphones?
Have a signal that is 180 degrees out of phase
How do you maximize efficiency?
Have it suspended in air so only the manubrium is touching the ear drum and the footplate is touching the oval window
Typically for a complex wave to be periodic it must do what?
Have the same starting phase as all the other pure-tone waveforms
Why does MLD have the greatest impact on frequencies below 1000 Hz?
Have to deal with more reflection and things like that?
HRTF =
Head Related Transfer Function
When experimenters tested out MAP they compared it to ___________
Headphones
The greater the reverberation, the more likely it is to do what?
Hear an echo
The inner ear's cochlea is the ______ part
Hearing
What is an example of a hearing aid being a good thing?
Hearing Aid
Damage cilia leads to what
Hearing loss: Not there for excitatory response
The inner ear has a _____ part and a ______ part
Hearing part and a balancing part
Which sense will we be focusing on in this class in terms of difference limen?
Hearing! Whoop whoop!
Amplitude
Height of a wave
What is the name of the opening where the Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani met?
Helicotrema
What is the unit of frequency?
Hertz (Hz)
What type of frequency does the base of the basilar membrane resonate best at?
High Frequencies
Compression
High density areas of molecules
If someone has normal hearing at low frequencies but hearing loss at high frequencies, what do you want to amplify?
High frequencies only
What type of fibers make up the outside of the nerve?
High frequency fibers (connect to hair cells by base)
High resistance =
High friction & High damping
All the other harmonic frequencies will be ________ than the fo frequency
Higher
High stiffness and low mass lead to _______ frequencies
Higher
More narrowly tuned filter = _______________ the dB/octave drop-off
Higher
The greater the amount of matter (mass) the _____________ the restoring force (elastic force)
Higher
As an object moves back to equilibrium, inertia force gets..............
Higher and higher and higher
As you increase stiffness, the natural frequency gets............
Higher and higher and higher
Which speech sounds are the most important for you to understand speech?
Higher frequency sounds: p, h, ch, g, sh, k, f, s, th
Shorter wavelengths = __________ reflection and __________ defraction
Higher reflection and lower diffraction
How does the Semicircular canals
Horizontal movement
What animal really uses its pinna to collect sound?
Horses
Distance localization
How close or far away a sound is from you
Lowercase m, 0 and pie represent what?
How its presented
On-time
How long is the signal on
How is reverberation time measured?
How long it takes for that reflected signal to decrease by 60 dB from its original intensity
Describe frequency discrimination
How many Hz does the signal have to change for the human auditory system to perceive two different tones
Threshold of nerve fiber
How many dB do they need to present in order to make that nerve fiber have an excitatory response
Describe intensity discrimination
How many decibels does the signal have to be changed for the human auditory system to perceive two different tones?
Whatever the dBSPL level is at 1000 Hz is what?
How many phons it equals
Describe Minimum Audible Angle in similar terms.
How much distance you need between 2 sound sources for us to know if there are 2 sound sources verse only one
What is the dB/octave drop-off?
How much intensity do you lose when you go from one octave to another octave
Transmission
How much sound penetrates the obstacle and produces a sound wave on the other side of the obstacle (How much sound goes through)
When buying an electronic system, ex. headphones, what do you look for?
How well it can replicate the original input signal
What does a resonating curve show you?
How well it is enhancing a signal (where it resonates best at)
What is the Sone Scale looking at?
How well our perception of loudness is with regards to when do we think something is twice as loud as the reference or when do we think something is half as loud as the reference
The creation of waves in the inner ears fluid causes the mechanical energy to convert to what kind of energy?
Hydromechanical Energy
Predominantly we use ____________ for higher frequency sounds
ILD
For frequencies above the critical wavelength, our auditory system takes advantage of what?
ILD because the wavelengths too short to wrap around
Predominantly we use ______________ for lower frequency sounds
ITD
For frequencies below the critical wavelength, our auditory system takes the most advantage of what?
ITD - time differences
In an ideal situation, the _________ is the only information that would be passed on
Idealized filter
Binaural Diotic Signal
Identical signal presented to both ears (frequency, amplitude, phase)
Solving for log problems: Step 2
Identify the characteristic which represents the first number of the exponent
Solving for log problems: Step 3
Identify the coefficient
In the past unit, we learned that the duration of the signal determines what?
If a pure-tone is perceived as a pure-tone vs a tone burst
Distance means that you can tell what with your auditory system.
If a sound source is close or if a sound source is far away
The thing you have to understand when you are looking at attenuation in a way that you can calculate it in a consistent matter
If it is an unbalanced system
In the case of complex waves, it is only periodic when what happens?
If it repeats itself in a consistent pattern
When we localize sound as straight above or straight below what is the only way we utilize ITD or ILD cues ?
If the frequency is above 4000 Hz
What is the main thing you need to pay attention to when looking at the pinna?
If they are symmetrical
Give an example of how we use our vision for sound localization....
If we hear a sound, we will look up, but then rely on our vision to tell us where the exact source is
How is the only way you can take advantage of binaural masking?
If you have hearing in both ears
The cilia of the outer hair cells are ______ into the tectorial membrane
Imbedded
Reactance _____________ vibration
Impedes
If you set your phone for an alarm clock and it beeps when it goes off, the frequency response isn't as _____ there because wherever it is beeping at, it is probably gonna replicate that beep pretty well
Important
If you get things only monaurally or diotic, it won't do what?
Improve your hearing
Sound waves typically travel where?
In a medium where there are obstacles
When is elasticity present?
In all mass or all matter
Where does it become hydromechanical energy get transferred into electrical chemical energy?
In hair cell body when there is an excitatory response
Where do humans have the most difficulties identifying small degrees of separation?
In high frequency ranges (critical wavelength) due to smaller impact of ITD and ILD
Where are tuning curves not as sharp?
In lower frequencies
Where is the Organ of Corti located?
In the Scala Media
Where are PE tubes usually place?
In the anterior-inferior portion on the ear drum where the cone of light is
Where does contralateral cross-over occur?
In the superior olivary cortex
If the trumpet and the tuba were to play in an orc Astra would the degree of complexity increase or decrease?
Increase
As frequency increases, the perception of pitch _____________
Increases
As velocity increases, damping __________
Increases
In most cases, as intensity increase, our perception of loudness __________
Increases
How much does transferring the signal through the lever action effect the sounds intensity?
Increases by 2 dB SPL
How much does transferring moving the signal from the eardrum to the oval window effect the intensity?
Increases it by 26 dB SPL
How much does transferring the signal through the concave ear drum effect the sounds intensity?
Increases it by 6 dB SPL
In other words, the system (t.v., stereo receiver, speakers, microphone, iphone, earbuds) starts off by doing what?
Increasing or passing on the input signal and creating an output signal that grows in a linear fashion.
If someone has trauma to the side of their head and it blew out their eardrum, and fractured their ossicles, ____________ is where the break typically will occur
Incudostapedial joint
Why is most everything that is sent into vibration, forced vibration?
Inertia
Fi =
Inertia force
Fluid in the middle ear leads to what?
Infections
#1 cause of death in children before antibiotics existed
Infections that remained in the mastoid air cells
Scala tympani is _____ to the Scala Media
Inferior
The Scala tympani is __________ to the Scala media and Scala vestibuli
Inferior
The round window is _______ to the oval window
Inferior
Moving down towards the Scala tympani which is __________
Inhibitory
When cilia bends in a certain direction what is shown?
Inhibitory response in cell body or excitatory response in the cell body
What hair cells are most medial to the modiolus?
Inner hair cells
You always have an _________ signal
Input
What is the motor function of the outer hair cells?
Input from your SOC down the efferent fibers to the outer hair cell bodies can cause the outer hair cell bodies to change shape
Signal generator =
Input signal
How can amplitude distortion be viewed?
Input/Out graph
As soon as you force the object to vibrate outside of its natural frequency, __________ is not as high?
Intensity
In audiology, what does amplitude represent?
Intensity
If object 1 is the driving force (producing vibration/sound) and it sets object 2 into vibration, what will happen to the intensity?
Intensity (vibration) will be maximized and can cause object 2 to exceed elastic limits
IO represents what?
Intensity Output
IR represents whaT?
Intensity Reference
dBSPL level also means what?
Intensity level
ILD =
Interaural Level Difference
ITD =
Interaural Time Difference
The longer the reverberation time, the more likely the reflected wave will do what?
Interfere (mix) with the new oncoming sound wave
What amount of time does it take to hear an echo?
Interval between the two sounds must be 0.1 seconds (at ~17 meters)
In order to make the dynamic range more manageable, we must change from a ______________ to a _______________
Interval scale (linear growth) to a ratio scale (exponential growth)
When you have a free-field situation, what can you use to calculate the intensity dB drop-off?
Inverse square law
Acceleration is ___________ proportional to the object's mass
Inversely
Frequency is ______________ related to its period
Inversely
All sound stimulating the left and right ear can travel in what directions?
Ipsilaterally & Contralaterally
As you move farther and farther away from the natural frequency what happens to reactance and intensity?
It becomes greater and greater and intensity becomes less and less
When the just noticeable difference (JND) is identified, what happens?
It becomes the difference limen (DL)
If someone gets an infection in their inner ear, what can happen?
It can spread to the balance system or hearing system (cochlea)
What happens when the outer hair cells get shorter?
It causes the tectorial membrane to go down, making it come into contact with the inner hair cell's cilia
Why might it be confusing when a sound hits both ears at the same time when you can't see?
It difficult to detect where it is coming from
Why does energy get lost before 1 second of on-time?
It does not have enough time to realize all the energy that it contains
When sound hits the cochlear nucleus, what happens?
It follow a contralateral pathway and a ipsilateral pathway
In order to maintain the threshold when on-time gets shorter and shorter, what happens to intensity?
It gets greater (need to add dB)
As the wave spreads over a greater and greater area, what happens to its intensity?
It gets less and less
What happens to intensity as more harmonics occur?
It gets less and less
As the sound energy moves farther and farther out from its sound source what happens to its amplitude?
It gets smaller and smaller because that energy is being displaced over a greater and greater area
When we get an on-time below 1024 milliseconds what happens to the threshold?
It goes up!
Why does white noise not end up being saw tooth or square?
It has the harmonics of the fundamental, but also hundreds and thousands of other frequencies that are not harmonics
What is key to know about the vestibule?
It has the oval window, it has the round window, and the utricle and saccule
Why can we only utilize ITD and ILD cues at frequencies above 4000 Hz?
It has to be a short enough wavelength to not just simply wrap around the pinna
In order for a complex wave to be period what must happen?
It has to be made up of harmonics of the fundamental frequency
Why does the concave shape of the tympanic membrane enhance the signal?
It increases the pressure
Why does an object have to deal with resistance?
It is a constant and is based on the medium in which the object is vibrating at
Why is loudness psychological?
It is based on the persons perception
Why do the outer hair cell have a threshold of 0 dB SPL?
It is imbedded in the tectorial membrane
If something is "impeding" sound, what does that mean?
It is impeding how well a sound travel through it
Why is the word "shoe" considered a complex signal?
It is made up of a whole bunch of pure tones added together
If you keep force constant but the mass changes (increases), what happens to acceleration?
It is reduced
Why is the ear drum like a fly's wing?
It is transparent and you can see through it
Periodic complex wave
It repeats itself
In general, at age 60 what happens to one's masking level difference?
It starts to diminish
If you increase your on-time to over 1 second, what happens to intensity?
It stays the same - you will remain at your maximum intensity
Why do we localize sound the best along the horizontal plane?
It takes advantage of our head size and we have the most practice with it
According to inertia, when an object is at rest....
It wants to stay at rest
According to inertia, when an object is in motion............
It wants to stay in motion
If a wave has different starting phases, what happens?
It will NOT be sawtooth
The types of distortion is important for our future as an SPL because
It will impact the equipment we will buy and use
If an external force is absent, what will happen to the object?
It will rest at equalibrium
Why is starting phase important?
It will tell what how the sound is perceived
What would happen if you hit a 1000 Hz tuning fork on a table?
It would resonate at 1000 Hz
How does the cochlea work?
It wraps around the modiolus in an upwards direction
Even though the phase of a signal might change, what remains the same?
It's frequency
When you look at a saw tooth wave, what is the first think you need to evaluate?
It's fundamental frequency
Remember that the resonating frequency (natural frequency ) of each object is determined by what?
Its mass and stiffness characteristics
What is natural frequency based on?
Its mass and stiffness characteristics
Why do people use supra-aura headphones more often than insert phones?
Its more convenient and easier to clean/reuse headphone than replace the spongy ear plugs
If someone has noise educed hearing loss with areas of the cochlea that are damaged, what happens in terms of frequency and intensity discrimination?
Its not as good. Coding isn't done as well resulting in distorted signals
Difference Limen
JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE: The smallest increment in a stimulus value that is perceived.
incudostapedial joint
Joint that connects the long process of the incus to the head of the stapes
Our auditory system designed for the central auditory system to have what?
Junctions that are sensitive to binaural stimulation
When a signal is below 4,000 Hz and you are using the vertical plane what happens?
Just wraps around
When they calibrate the audiometer to go through a speaker what is used?
Kemar
Which more accurately represent a humans external ear canal? The metal coupler or Kemar?
Kemar
Friction
Kinetic energy turned to thermal energy
The umbo is a _______ not a _________
LOCATION not a structure
The basilar membrane of the cochlea is ________ at the apex
Larger
The wave front becomes _________ and _________ in a free-filed situation
Larger and larger
As frequency gets higher, our difference limen gets ________
Larger and larger and larger
What is the junction between the superior olivary cortex and inferior colliculus in the central auditory pathway?
Lateral Lemniscus
Newton's First Law
Law of Inertia
Understanding that the side in which the sound hits first is typically where the sound is coming from is a ________________________
Learned behavior
Threshold
Least intense sound that someone can consistently hear
When looking at a picture of hair cells you see that they are bending to the right and experiencing an excitatory response/ stimulation, Which side is the modiolus on?
Left (Hair cells would be bending away)
Why do we as people have different fundamental frequencies?
Length of the vocal folds (We will learn more in grad school)
The more friction you create the ________ velocity and movement you have
Less
Longer reverberation time = _______________ speech sounds
Less distinct
Longer wavelengths = ___________ reflection and __________ diffraction
Less reflection and greater diffraction
In general, high frequency sounds are localized by what?
Level differences (intensity/loudness)
What reflects the same way as sound?
Light
Why do we see lightning before we hear it?
Light travels faster than sound
What do filters do?
Limit the transfer of energy from the original signal to the output signal
What happens when you "damp" something?
Limit the vibration
Impedance ________ the transmission of sound
Limits
What is another name for an amplitude spectrum?
Line spectrum
A Sone Scale should look very ___________
Linear
We want things to amplify in a ____________ way
Linear
Utricle and saccula are more responsible for more _____ kinds of movement
Linear (accelerating straight ahead, back, up and down)
How does the Utricle and Saccule play a role in balance?
Linear Motion
Harmonic Stream
Listing all the harmonics for an individual complex tone
___________ in the ear canal dry up and fall out
Little hair follicles
Cilia
Little hairs that get moved by the fluid flowing in the inner ear
Vertical plane localization
Localization based on presenting the tine midsagitaal (middle of the head) between both ears
How do you calculate the mantissa?
Log of the coefficient
Is it more likely for a short or long wavelength to wrap around your head?
Long
Manubrium of malleus
Long process
What part of the Inus can be observed and visualized on some people when using an otoscope?
Long process
As frequency goes down, wavelength get ________
Longer
Low frequency sounds travel ________ than high frequency
Longer
Harder the surface = More reflection, More reflection = what?
Longer reverberation time
When we are speaking in air, what type of wave is produced?
Longitudinal Wave
If you hear a bird chirping, what is your first response?
Looking up in a tree or on a telephone wire, not at your feet
When a sound reflects off an obstacle, it does not _____________ as when that sound is traveling over a greater and greater distance
Lose its intensity in the same way
Expensive headphones are able to replicate the frequency response without doing what?
Losing any energy
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Loss crystals in semicircular
If I talk to you on the other side of a closed door, it is possible to do what?
Loss dB (It is possible to go from 50dB to 20dB)
If 2 of the three systems are impaired, what happens?
Lot of problems: There will be balance problems
If someone is standing on the right of you talking, the sound will be _________ in your right than your left ear because the sound looses energy as it travels
Louder
Our perception of intensity refers to what?
Loudness
Which can people match better: pitch or loudness?
Loudness
What type of frequency does the apex of the basilar membrane resonate best at?
Low Frequencies
Rarefaction
Low density areas of molecules
What frequencies are we trying to hear through a stethoscope?
Low frequencies: The length and thickness of the tube help with that
Our hearing is the least sensitive to what kind of frequencies?
Low frequency sounds
If you increase intensity, you make threshold __________
Lower
On a guitar, does the biggest thickest string resonate at a lower or higher frequency than the thinner strings?
Lower
The higher the frequency, the ___________ the period
Lower
At what frequencies can we take the most advantage of masking level difference?
Lower frequencies
Larger cavity =
Lower frequency of resonance
Typically the more expensive the equipment is the ______________the electrical noise floor is
Lower or softer
In this case, 125 Hz is the _______ frequency that makes up this sawtooth wave
Lowest
Momentum's equation
M=mc (mass X velocity)
Which has a lower threshold MAF or MAP? And why?
MAF because it is taking advantage of binaural stimulation and resonating characteristics of the external ear
mechanical energy
MOVEMENT OF THE PARST: Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object
What is inside the utricle and the saccule?
Macula
Where does a majority of the sign go after the cochlear nucleus?
Majority crosses over to the contralateral side
To get very little reflection in a recording studio, what do you do?
Make sure you have a shorter reverberation time
In order to look in someone's tympanic membrane with an otoscope you must do what?
Manipulate the pinna: Pull their pinna back and wiggle it up and down to straighten out the ear canal
What is the most prominent item you should be looking for in the ear drum?
Manubrium
What sits on the backside of the tympanic membrane?
Manubrium
How many frequencies does an input signal have?
Many
What is the process of testing/studying binaural masking called?
Masking Level Difference (MLD)
What type of signal is M?
Masking Noise
Elastic force is greater as _______ gets larger and larger
Mass
The amount of inertia force is based on what
Mass
The basilar membrane varies in what?
Mass & Stiffness
What is natural frequency based on?
Mass & Stiffness, and volume
What is momentum directly proportional to?
Mass & Velocity
When you force an object to vibrate beyond its Fo, Xm is _______ than Xs
Mass reactance is greater than stiffness reactance (limits vibration intensity)
What are the physical properties of sound?
Mass, elasticity, frequency, intensity and others
Middle ear is connected to what?
Mastoid air cells
When a wave is being produced in the inner ear, it is a certain frequency. That wave then travels along the basilar membrane until it find the point where the basilar membrane does what?
Matches the natural frequency of waves of the inner ear fluid
On a pendulum, when the object is at equilibrium it Fi is at its _________.
Max
On a pendulum, when the object is at equilibrium its M (momentum) is at its _________.
Max
On a pendulum, when the object is at equilibrium its c (velocity) is at its _________.
Max
On a pendulum, when the object is at equilibrium its kinetic energy (KE) is at its _________.
Max
On a pendulum, when the object is at its farthest point from equilibrium (maximum displacement) its Fr is at its _________.
Max
On a pendulum, when the object is at its farthest point from equilibrium (maximum displacement) its potential energy (PE) is at its _________.
Max
On a pendulum, when the object is at its farthest point from equilibrium (maximum displacement) its a (acceleration) is at its _________.
Max-coming back in towards the center
When the ear drum is vibrating, we want to have ___________ of that ear drum vibrating to gets its signal sent correctly
Maximum efficiency
Anything __________ wears out over time
Mechanical
When the hair cells move back and forth, what type of energy is used?
Mechanical
When the tympanic membrane begins to vibrate, the acoustic energy is then converted into what?
Mechanical Energy
Where is the modiolus located?
Medial part of the cochlea
If you were to look through the opening of the external ear canal what direction would the tympanic membrane be?
Medial: Go towards middle of the head
If fluid sits in the middle ear for too long what will happen?
Meningitis: It will eat away the small boney separation and cause an opening into the brain, spreading the infection
How do you calibrate with headphones and insert phones?
Metal Coupler
Scientific Method
Method of engineering real numbers that are very large in a written decimal form that is more convenient
Sound collector
Microphone with concave shape that is used at football games
Unfortunately, when people get hearing loss due to age and noise exposure most of it occurs in ______ to ________ frequencies ranges at that's the information they need to understand
Mid to high frequencies
About ___________ in the tympanic membrane you will see the cone of light reflecting anterior inferior
Mid-Way
The Scala Media is in the __________
Middle
What serves as an impedance matching in the ear?
Middle ear
Aditus
Middle ear cavity to the mastoid air cells
On a pendulum, when the object is at equilibrium it Fr is at its _________.
Min
On a pendulum, when the object is at equilibrium its a (acceleration) is at its _________.
Min
On a pendulum, when the object is at equilibrium its potential energy (PE) is at its _________.
Min
On a pendulum, when the object is at its farthest point from equilibrium (maximum displacement) its Fi is at its _________.
Min
On a pendulum, when the object is at its farthest point from equilibrium (maximum displacement) its M (momentum) is at its _________.
Min
On a pendulum, when the object is at its farthest point from equilibrium (maximum displacement) its kinetic energy (KE) is at its _________.
Min
On a pendulum, when the object is at its farthest point from equilibrium (maximum displacement) its c (velocity) is at its _________.
Min - this is when it briefly stops
What are you trying to do when something is broadly tuned?
Minimize when impedance starts to impact vibration
MAA
Minimum Audible Angle
What does MAF stand for?
Minimum Audible Field
What does MAP stand for?
Minimum Audible Pressure
What combination of these presentation methods (symbols) result in a changed/improved threshold? What combination makes you do best in noise?
MoS(pie)
________________ results in the greatest MLD
MoS(pie)
Kemar
Model of a person that has plastic material in the "ear canal" closure to an actual persons skin, there are also microphones inside the head
The 8th cranial nerve is fed into the ________
Modiolus
Mm =
Monaural Masker (monotic)
Sm =
Monaural Signal (monotic)
What does m stand for in terms of how a signal is presented?
Monaurally
The greater the amplitude of displacement from equilibrium, the ____________ intense the signal
More
What is the shape of the inner hair cells cilia like?
More in a straight line with little arching
Since the external auditory ear canal resonates at about 2500Hz it will make any acoustic information there _____________
More intense
If a sound is presented through the concha and there is acoustic energy at 500 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 5000 Hz, the concha will make the 5000 Hz signal _____________
More intense because that is where the concha resonates at
Where are cerumen glands located?
More lateral portion of ear canal
Why does a tuba create a lower sound than a trumpet or flute when you blow on them with the same vibration frequency and if they are made of the same metal and stiffness?
More mass & the resonating characteristics of the channel
How many degrees do you need there to be to tell that there are 2 sound sources when one starts at 30 degrees in front of you?
More of a difference than 1 degree
If you had a more broadly tuned recording of the K-State band playing what would you hear?
More of the original sound
If 1 of the three systems are impaired what happens?
Most can still function pretty well
If a majority of the afferent fibers are connected to inner hair cells, how do we still hear and process quieter sounds below 50 dB SPL?
Motor function of the OHC
The utricle and saccule are also responsible for what?
Movement when we accelerate going straight up, straight down, straight forward, and straight back
Low frequency sounds fill in ___________ than high frequency sounds
Much sooner
How do you convert megaHz to KiloHz?
Multiple by 1,000
How do you convert megaHz to Hz?
Multiple by 1,000,000
If you want to find the 100th harmonic of 110Hz, what would you do?
Multiple by 110 by 100!
Reverberation
Multiple reflections of sound waves
How do you convert seconds into milliseconds?
Multiply by 1,000
How do you convert seconds into microseconds?
Multiply by 1,000,000
How do you convert KiloHz to Hz?
Multiply by 1000
How do you convert milliseconds to microseconds?
Multiply by 1000
Solving for log problems: Step 5
Multiply the characteristic and mantissa which results in adding the exponents together to produce the answer
Because who can not hear high frequency sounds commonly complain that others are _________
Mumbling all the time
When is amplitude distortion a positive thingg?
Music (ex. Electric guitar & Cher/Taylor)
Butterfly vs tuning fork: Does a butterfly have enough inertia force based on its mass to displace the tuning forks inertia fork?
NO
Do we listen to pure tones a majority of the time?
NO
Is all of the pinna made up of cartilage and tissue?
NO
Is there any bone in the pinna?
NO
Will an output signal match its input signal when there is a difference in amplitude, frequency, or starting phase?
NO
When you add two waves differing in amplitude will the output be the same as the input or equal the input?
NO - the output will be something in-between
When you add two waves differing in frequency together will the output be the same as the input or equal the input?
NO - the output will be something in-between
When you add two waves differing in starting phase together will the output be the same as the input or equal the input?
NO - the output will be something in-between
Can people grow back hair cells?
NO, not yet
Is the curve of audibility consistent when you are presenting tones across headphones vs a speaker in a sound field or free field?
NO-They show generally the same shape but they vary by dB
What does a continuous line spectrum respresent?
NOISE
Test question: How much energy would you lose between a sound that was on for 5 seconds versus 1 second?
NONE
If you have 2 pure tones with 2 different starting phases, what will you end up will?
NOT A PURE TONE WAVE
The cilia of the inner hair cells are ___________ into the tectorial membrane
NOT imbedded, the rest right below it
The boney covering of the cochlea is ________ at the apex
Narrower
Is the base of the basilar membrane narrower or wider than the apex?
Narrower (Less mass)
Resonating characteristics
Narrowly tuned system vs broadly tuned system
Every object has a ____________ frequency
Natural
Everything in the ear has a ____________
Natural Frequency
Fundamental frequency is closest to what?
Natural frequency
Where do individual nerve fibers that are sensitive to low frequencies end up?
Near the apex of the basilar membrane
In a narrowly tuned system, you have need more what as you get farther and farther away from different frequencies?
Need more energy to hear
Is a concave or convex surface better?
Neither: Both can be positive and negative. It all depends on the needs of the listener and what you are using each for
What connects to the cochlea?
Nerve fibers
When happens to the 8th cranial nerve at the modiolus?
Nerves branch off and make connects to the inner hair cell body and outer hair cell body
What do we have in our brainstem that are only sensitive to binaural stimulation?
Neural junctions
Are all afferent fibers sensitivities the same in terms of their the to specific frequencies?
No
Are filters always a bad thing?
No
Are we also linear in the perception of pitch?
No
Can a father talk to their baby in the womb?
No
Can children do binaural masking like adults do?
No
Can sound energy be displayed in different ways?
No
Can you adjust rise-time and fall-time?
No
Do all species have the same hearing ranges?
No
Do your vocal folds vibrate when you say "shhh"?
No
Does a high pass filter have all the parameters?
No
Does filtering out mean eliminating sound?
No
Does the frequency of a signal impact the time delay for sound striking the closest ear followed by striking the ear farthest from the sound source?
No
Does the human auditory system have the same threshold of sensitivity across the 20 Hz-20,000 Hz frequency range of hearing?
No
Does the speed of sound change in air?
No
Does the square wave make it the odd harmonics?
No
Does your auditory system have the same sensitivity across all frequencies?
No
If a sound source is located anteriorly and laterally to you on the right side, will both ears receive the message at the same time?
No
If one hair cell body has an excitatory response, does a message get sent to the brain?
No
If we were blind folded and there was no acoustic energy above 4000 Hz, would we be able to detect where the sound is coming from?
No
Is all distortion bad?
No
Is resistance frequency dependent?
No
Is speed of sound determined by the frequency of the signal?
No
Does there also has to be a gain for an input/out graph?
No (you just mark it as zero)
Do molecules fly across the room?
No - they stay in one place
If you had an ear plug in one ear and were blind folded, could you tell where Dr. Bob was if he was walking around you?
No - you would just be making guesses
When plotting dB per octave drop-off, does it matter what numbers you use?
No as long as they are 1 octave apart
Can you add dB?
No because it is an exponential number
When working in dBIL, does the reference ever change?
No because that is the typical hearing for a human being
When you put a tuning fork against a sheet of paper, does the sound get louder? Why?
No because the paper has a very different natural frequency than the tuning fork
If the signal is below 4000 Hz can humans localize accurately? Why or why not?
No because the pinna is too small to take advantage of ITD/ILD because the waveform wraps around the pinna
Is there a difference between a 75 dB signal that is on for 5 min, 5 hours, or 5 days?
No because we have already hit the Plato after 1 second
Can you simply add two decibels together?
No you must calculate the ratio between the output and the reference level
If a 3 tone sound signal hits your ear (1000 Hz, 2500 Hz, and 5000 Hz) all at the same time at 50 dBSPL, will they have the same intensity at your ear drum as they once did when they hit your pinna?
No, because the resonating characteristics of the concha and ear canal impact the intensity of the signal at certain frequencies
Is it common to hear phase differences if one ear was struck at 90 degrees and the other was struck at 180 degree?
No, but out central auditory system will still take advantage of it
Is white noise periodic?
No- It is aperiodic and that's why we describe it as noise
Do humans have a super broadly tuned system?
No- We have areas that we hear really well and other regions where we need a lot more intensity in order to receive the sound
Anything that has voltage or a current running through a circuit, what is going to be created?
Noise
In order to refer, you need to know what _________ is
Normal
If you have equal pressure, the object will be sitting at its _______
Normal position
In general, up until age 13 how developed is one's masking level difference?
Not very developed
How good are we at localizing sound on a vertical plane?
Not very good
Frequency
Number if complete cycles in a set period of time
Correction factor
Numbers listed on the curve of audibility
Yes, Dr. Bob wants us to know what happens in a free field unbounded system, but in our everyday lives we almost always have ___________
Obstacles that are in the location we are talking
When someone is playing in a band lots and lots of pure tones are doing what?
Occurring at the same time
How do you reduce damping?
Oil
If you were to break off the cochlea where would it fit?
On the end of an eraser
How often does an audiometer have to be calibrated with a sound pressure level?
Once a year
1 Complete Cycle of a Pendulum
One complete cycle is from one amplitude to another and back again.
If you are sitting (at equilibrium or at rest) on a swing and a 4-year-old comes and pushes you, how far will you go?
Only a little bit
Every 3rd or 4th time we swallow, the estuation tube does what?
Opens up really quick and takes air from the back of our throat and puts it into the middle ear space
Elasticity and inertia are ___________ forces
Opposing
What is the relationship between elasticity and inertia force?
Opposing forces
Damping
Opposition of motion
Impedance
Opposition to sound wave transmission
What is sitting on the Basilar membrane?
Organ of Corti with all the outer hair cells connected to the tectorial membrane
What are the smallest bones in the human body?
Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
What is our perception of loudness clearly impacted off of?
Our curve of audibility and the frequencies that we are most sensitive to, least sensitive to, and everywhere in-between
When we localize, what do we typically depend a lot on?
Our vision
What hair cells are most lateral to the modiolus?
Outer hair cells
Measuring device =
Output signal
What is located in the vestibule?
Oval Window
How much time does it take to complete a 2 cycle square wave when we know that the fundamental frequency equals 150 Hz?
P= 1/150 = 0.0066 x 2 = 0.013
How can you treat ear infections in the middle ear?
PE tube
Filters have __________ that we need to understand
Parameters
What is the difference between the pars flaccida and pars tensa?
Pars flaccida does NOT have the fibrous layer
band pass filter
Passes energy in a particular range of frequencies between Fl and Fu.
High-pass filter
Passes on higher frequencies and filters out lower frequencies
Our perception of loudness can impact how a client does what?
Perceives a hearing loss
What does the Scala timpani have in it?
Perilymph
What does the Scala vestibuli have in it?
Perilymph
Would the complex signal of "ahhh" be periodic or aperiodic?
Periodic - It repeats itself
Complex tones can be ___________ or ______________
Periodic or aperiodic
What does Masking Level Difference focus on?
Phase
Intensity and frequency are ___________
Physical measurements
Sound strikes ________
Pinna
What is the second psychological phenomenon that corresponds with frequency is what?
Pitch
What are the psychological perceptions of sound?
Pitch & Loudness
If you had a reference tone of 1000 Hz, how would you test someone's frequency discrimination?
Play reference tone, then play comparison tones 1001, 1002, 1003 Hz until the subject points out a difference
If you had a reference tone of 50 dB, how would you test someone's intensity discrimination?
Play the reference, then play a 51 dB tone, 52, 53, 54.... and ask the subject to share when they hear a difference in intensity
Practice Question: Once you have calculated the harmonic stream, what will we be doing with the results?
Plotting them into an amplitude spectrum
The Po equals how many dynes/cm^2 based on the information from the problem listed above. (42:1 ratio)
Po = ___x___ Pr = .0002 __x__ / .0002 = 42 __x__ = 42 x 0.0002 = 0.0084
What is the relationship between velocity and acceleration?
Positive - as velocity goes up so does acceleration
Where is the Aditus located in the middle ear cavity?
Posterior wall & Superior (towards top)
How do we get better at localizing?
Practice
How can you get better at localizing where sound is?
Practice localizing sound in the dark or while blind folded
Po represents what?
Pressure Output
When you take something larger with a certain amount of force and then transfer that same force to a small area what happens?
Pressure increases
PR represents what?
Pressure reference
If our cochlea works in a proper way, our difference limen for frequency and intensity should be ________________ allowing us to hear different sounds and intonation patterns.
Pretty small.
The areas of compression and rarefaction are the means in which a sound-wave ____________
Propagates
The displacement from equilibrium is _____________ to the external force
Proportional
Why is the ear canal s-shaped?
Protection (can't go straight in)
Loudness and pitch are __________
Psychological responses
What is a simple example of Hooke's Law?
Pumping up a tire or a ball with air- the more air you put in, the harder it is to fill
Sinusoid are the same as what?
Pure Tone Waveform
What type of tone is it when you hit a toning fork and it says 400 Hz?
Pure tone
What type of tone is made when you pluck one guitar string?
Pure tone
If you have an appropriate rise-time, fall-time, and on-time you will get a ________
Pure-tone
When amplitude distortion occurs, what happens to pure-tones
Pure-tone are converted into complex tones
As the stapes goes in the oval window, the round window does what?
Pushed back out
How do you try to prevent damaging your engine?
Put oil in it to reduce frictional resistance
What is an example of a difference limen for taste?
Putting a little bit of salt in soup over and over again until you can just notice a change in flavor
DO NOT USE ______
Q-Tips
Mass
Quantity (amount) of matter that is present
Head Related Transfer Function
READ IN CHAPTER!
REVIEW PROBLEM 4 ON LECTURE SUMARY 28
REVIEW PROBLEM 4 ON LECTURE SUMARY 28
REVIEW PROBLEM 5 ON LECTURE SUMARY 28
REVIEW PROBLEM 5 ON LECTURE SUMARY 28
When you are buying a microphone or speaker you are paying for the __________ that the electronic can stay linear before you start to over drive the system
Range
What is Po if the ratio is 25:1? If you know two of the three factors, the third factor can be figured out.
Ratio : 25/1 = 25 Ratio: __x__ / 0.0002 __x__ / 0.0002 = 25 25 x 0.0002 = Po Po= 0.005 watts/cm^2
Which type of scale do we measure hearing based on?
Ratio scale or exponential scale
Practice Problem: Po= 0.2 dynes/cm^2 what is the dBSPL
Ratio: 0.2/0.0002 = 1000 log (1000) = 3 3 x 20 = 60 dBSPL
Practice Problem: The total output of 4 speakers is 71 dBIL, what is the intensity reduction if the number of speakers is reduced to one speaker?
Ratio: 1/4 Log (1/4) = -0.6 -0.6 x 10 = -6 dBIL
Practice problem: Io=10^-13 watts/cm^2 what is the dBIL
Ratio: 10^-13 / 10^-16= 10^3 = 1000 Log (1000) =3 10 x 3 = 30 dBIL
Calculate dBIL when the Io= 10^ -17 watts/cm^2.
Ratio: 10^-17 / 10^-16 = 10^-1 Log (10^-1) = -1 -1 x 10 = -10 dBIL
Calculate dBSPL when the Po = 20 x 10^1 watts/cm^2.
Ratio: 20 x 10^1 / 2 x 10^-4 = 10 x 10^5 = Log (10) = 1+5 = 6 6 x 20 = 120 dBSPL
The ratio is 42:1, what is the dBSPL increase and total output if 1 speaker produces 30 dBSPL?
Ratio: 42:1 = 42 log (42) = 1.623 20 x 1.623 = +32.5 dBSPL 30 + 32.5 = 62.5 dBSPL
If you make an object vibrate at its natural frequency, ___________ is a non-factor
Reactance
What becomes more of a factor as you get farther away from the natural frequency?
Reactance
What is also frequency specific?
Reactance
As the harmonics get farther and farther away from the natural frequency, the amplitude of the wave gets smaller and smaller due to the presence of what?
Reactance decreasing intensity
What is the area that constitutes the whole filter called?
Realized
In diagrams in audiology, what color represents the right ear?
Red
Smaller cavity =
Resonant better at higher frequencies
Depending on how you look at it, a filter can be a ______________ and a _______________ can be a filter.
Resonating curve
What happens after there is an electric chemical response in the hair cell body?
Resting potential
Elasticity
Restoring force of the matter
Intermodulation
Result of harmonic distortion: Interaction between the primary signal and the extra harmonics (frequencies)
Amplitude distortion
Results when a system (electronic) is over-driven and goes from linear growth to non-linear growth (intensity) if the out-put signal
Whenever an object is forced to undergo distortion or displacement distortion, that object wants to do what?
Return to equilibrium
If you push something beyond its elastic limits, it will not do what?
Return to its original position
What goes hand in hand with reflection?
Reverberation
Transient distortion focuses on what 3 things?
Rise-time, fall-time, and on-time of the signal produced by an electronic device
Transient distortion
Rise-time, on-time, and fall-time, tone burst/click
Auditory nerve is like a _______
Rope: It has thousands of individual nerves wrapped together
What are the semicircular canals responsible for?
Rotational Movement
What else is located in the vestibule?
Round Window
Give an example of turning kinetic energy into heat.........
Rubbing hands together to make them warmer
How is the ear canal shaped?
S-Shaped
Who is the one person that works in the school that understands all these concepts?
SLP BABY
After an audiologist and an ENT who has the most knowledge on audiograms and hearing?
SLPs
What is wrong with the 6CC coupler?
SURFACE & SIZE: It is supposed to represent the average human ear canal, but the real ear canal has far more absorption than the hard metal of the coupler with higher reflection and It is 6CC and everyone has different ear canal sizes, so we would have different volumes
If you looked at the vocal folds when they are vibrating on a oscilloscope, you would see that they look like what type of wave?
Saw tooth wave
What type of wave do vocal folds make up?
Saw tooth wave
If you add odd and even harmonics together mathematically, it ends up looking like a ____________
Sawtooth
The vocal folds naturally produce a _______ wave
Sawtooth
What is not connected to the Scala Vestibuli or Scala Timpani?
Scala Media
What is the middle channel called?
Scala Media (Membrane)
What does the round window connect to?
Scala Tympani
What does the round window line up with?
Scala Tympani
When a wave is arching down, the basilar membrane is arching towards what structure?
Scala Tympani
Which channel is located below the Scala media down to the boney structure?
Scala Tympani
When a wave is arching up, the basilar membrane is is arching toward what structure?
Scala Vestibuli
Which channel is above the membrane up to the boney covering?
Scala Vestibuli
What does the oval window connect to?
Scala vestibuli
Graphing Practice: -Linear from 20 dB input to 50 dB output -10 dB of gain -Non-linear below 20 dB input and above 50 dB output
See notes for answer: 20+10=30 30+10=40 40+10=50
What is an example of a difference limen for sight?
Seeing which shade of blue change is different or which sizes are noticeably different
Vertigo
Sensation that you are standing still when you are actually moving or when you feel like you are spinning but really you are still
Ampulla
Sense organs for balance/ rotational movement
What does broadly tuned mean in terms of sensitivity?
Sensitive to a lot of different frequencies
What does narrowly tuned mean in terms of sensitivity?
Sensitive to a smaller number of different frequencies
Tonotopic
Sensitive to specific frequencies
Complex Waves
Series of simple sinusoids
The __________ of an obstacle also impact its reflection
Shape
What is an example of vibration causing object 2 to exceed its elastic limits?
Shattering glass with high frequencies
If there is any fluid motion inside the cochlea, the tectorial membrane will move causing a _________ with the cilia
Shearing action
As frequency gets higher, period gets __________
Shorter
As frequency goes up, wavelength gets _______
Shorter
High frequency sounds travel _______ than low frequency sound
Shorter
amplitude envelope
Shows rise-time, fall-time, and on-time in the time domain
Duplex theory is also the __________________ (intensity/loudness) between the ears for frequencies above the critical wavelength
Signal level
Echo
Signal reflection of sound waves
What is another name for a pure tone wave?
Sine wave (No extra frequencies)
Typically what is on a phase spectrum graph?
Singular dots
The ear canal has a part that has _____ on top of cartilage
Skin
More broadly tuned filter = ______________ the dB/ocative drop-off
Smaller
The basilar membrane of the cochlea is ________ at the base
Smaller
Less matter =
Smaller mass
High frequency speech sounds are the _________
Softest and carry a bunch of the information
What has high reverberation, low absorption, and low transmission?
Soild wood door
Dynamic Range
Something from softest in hearing/least intense to most intense and loudest in hearing
What does 4000 mel equal in Hz?
Something greater than 10000 Hz
What is an attenuator?
Something that lets you decrease the sound or increase the sound (change the intensity)
Metal coupler
Something you place the headphones on. A sound is presented from the audiometer to the headphone. After that the wire connected to the coupler sends the signal to a sound level meter to measure where frequency and intensity is measured in SPL
If there is no ______ then the stapes is not going in and out of the oval window, which means there is no wave being created inside the inner ear. Result in no movement of the tectorial membrane, so no cilia are moving
Sound
When structure are put into vibratory motion, what is the result?
Sound (whether we hear it or not)
Reflection
Sound bouncing off an object
Pinna
Sound collector
Amplitude of displacement during vibration is related to what?
Sound intensity
A pure tone that has an on-time of 200 ms at 20 dB is going to __________ a pure tone that has an on-time of 5000 ms
Sound the exact same as, both will have transient distortion
Headroom
Space that can go above the typical or normal level and be fine without over-driving the system
Because of tuning curves, individual nerve fibers are sensitive to what?
Specific Frequencies
It is so important for us to understand the differences in frequency and intensity in order to understand what?
Speech and language
What can the fibrous fibers be compared to?
Spikes on a bicycle tire
What is the inner ears resting potential also called?
Spontaneous Activity
Tell me the name of the ossicle that is medial to the incus.
Stapes
The mechanical energy created by the vibration of the ear drums then makes the ________ go in and out of the fluid-filled inner ear
Stapes
If a wave is saw tooth, it has a fundamental frequency, both odd and even harmonics, and every harmonic has the same what?
Starting phase
When we get to really high intensity sounds or to our threshold of discomfort/pain what happens to the equal loudness contour curve?
Starts to flatten out
What are the 3 steps to calculate dBIL problems?
Step 1: Calculate the ratio Step 2: Find the log of the ratio (exponent) Step 3: Multiply the log of the ratio by 10
What is an example of something that you want to have low damping?
Stereo in car
What is the fibrous layer responsible for providing/giving the tympanic membrane?
Stiffness
When you force an object to vibrate beyond it Fo, Xs is __________ than Xm
Stiffness reactance is greater than mass reactance (starts to limit intensity)
Monotic Signal
Stimuli presented only to 1 ear
When kinetic energy is turned into thermal energy, objects will eventually do what? Unless what happens?
Stop unless there is a continuous flow of external force to replenish the kinetic energy
Potential energy
Stored energy that can be used during motion
continuous line spectrum
Straight Line
The median plane means you can localize something that is ________________ or ________________
Straight above us or straight below us
How does speech go in?
Straight line
In order to have enough hair cells to send a signal there need to be something called _______
Summating potential
Scala Vestibuli is ________ to the Scala Media
Superior
The Scala vestibuli is ___________
Superior
The oval window is _____ to the round window
Superior
Where is the Pars Flaccida on the Tympanic Membrane relative to the Pars Tensa?
Superior
Which portion of the tympanic membrane is connected to the manubrium of the malleus?
Superior
Where do efferent fibers come from?
Superior olivary complex (SOC)
Which is used more often? Supra-aural headphones or Insert phones?
Supra-aura headphones
Our head is on a ___________
Swivel
How can we compensate if we are not sure if something is right below or right above us?
Take advantage of head shadow effect and tilt your head in one direction
What do efferent fibers in the inner ear do?
Take information from the brain stem back to the hair cell
What do afferent fibers in the inner ear do?
Take information from the hair cell body to the brain (speech center)
What is what you want to hear called?
Target signal
What sits on top of the outer hair cells?
Tectorial Membrane
What joint is responsible for changing the shape of your ear canal when you open and close your mouth?
Temporomandibular Joint
Where is an acoustic nightmare?
Texas Roadhouse
If a pinna is abnormal in shape or size, it can indicate what?
That something is wrong with the middle ear
If someone is making a sound on your right side and it hits your right ear first and then takes a certain number of milliseconds to hit the other ear, we have learn what?
That the side the sound hits first is typically where the sound is coming from
By definition, what does white noise mean?
That there is a fundamental frequency, but there is also energy at every frequency above it
Binaural stimulation means what?
That you have sound going into your ears at the same time
What would happen if you placed a tuning fork resonating at 2000 Hz on the 1000 Hz tuning fork?
The 1000 Hz tuning fork would be forced to vibrate at 2,000 Hz
If you push a 5-year-old on a swing set and 300 lB football player on a swing set with equal force. Who has greater acceleration?
The 5-year-old
If you push a 5-year-old on a swing set and 300 lB football player on a swing set with equal force. Who would show greater displacement?
The 5-year-old
What does the Organ of Corti sit on top of?
The Basilar Membrane
The binaural auditory system is therefore able to localize sound on the horizontal plane based on what?
The Duplex Theory of Localization
Binaural masking
The ability of the auditory system (right and left ears working together) to recognize a target signal in the presence of noise
Masking Level Difference
The ability of the ears to recognize a target signal in the presence of noise
Sound localization
The ability to perceive accurately the source (direction) a sound is emanating from
0 dBSPL does not mean what?
The absence of sound
What is very important for the middle ear to function properly?
The air-filled cavity & The estuation tube
Velocity
The amount of displacement per unit time "average speed"
Period
The amount of time to complete one cycle of vibration
Constant percentage filter
The band width is determined by the fc, as in not the case in a band pass filter, but it a constant percentage of the fc
The interval scale is called what?
The base
Any base raised to the first power equals:
The base value
Diffraction
The bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening
Diffraction
The bending or scattering of a sound wave around an obstacle.
For speech the louder you make the sound between 2000-3000 Hz, where a lot of high frequency consonants are .............
The better you can hear understand the words
Why might it be hard to see someone's long process of the incus
The bone is far away
Reflection
The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through which it cannot pass.
If you have two bowling balls of the same mass, 1 rolling at 5 mph and 1 rolling at 10 mph, which has more momentum?
The bowling ball rolling at 10 mph due to a greater velocity
What does the information that there are 10 afferent fibers connected to each hair cell and 1 afferent fiber connected to 10 different outer hair cells tell us?
The brain really wants to get information from the inner hair cells
The 8th cranial nerve send a signal to where?
The brain steam
The number of decibel points moved over is called what?
The characteristic and is now the exponent
What is the speed of sound determined by?
The characteristics of the medium (solid, liquid, air)
The number that is between the range of 1.00-9.99 is called what?
The coefficient and remains a real number
After sound strikes the pinna, it goes through _______
The concha
What causes the MAF to have a way better threshold at 5,000 Hz?
The concha
In order to understand dB/harmonic drop-off adn dB/octave drop-off you have to understand what?
The difference between harmonics and octaves
The number of dB an individual can hear is.............
The difference between the reference point and the output
What determines which type of response the cell body has?
The direction in which the cell bodies are bend
Peak to peak amplitude
The distance between highest maximum displacement to lowest maximum displacement (maximum amplitude x2)
Dynamic Rage (as it relates to sound equipment)
The distance between the ENF and the amplitude response curve
Wavelength
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave (1 complete cycle)
If two people were talking in two separate rooms which a door dividing them, what would be impeding the sound?
The door
From the pinna, the acoustic energy signal travel into what?
The ear canal (External auditory canal)
If there is negative pressure in the estuation tube, what happens?
The ear drum gets sucked in
If someone has fluid behind their ear drum, what happens?
The ear drum will be budging out and their will be no cone of light
What does phase refer to in terms of ITD or interaural time difference?
The ears ability to identify the phase difference when a signal strikes the near ear vs the far ear
If the rise-time, on-time, or fall-time is too short, what happens?
The equipment will produce a tone burst or a clicking sound (not a good thing)
Once you know the time, you can figure out what?
The exact frequency and also time it takes to complete one cycle
Duration of vibration is directly proportional to what?
The external force applied
What makes a square wave only have odd harmonics?
The fact that the sound is made only made up of odd harmonics
What makes it difficult to measure hearing on an audiogram?
The fact that we are not sensitive to all frequencies at the same level
What is an example of Hooke's Law?
The farther you displace a rubber exercise band from the equilibrium, the greater restoring force.
Sensitivity to specific frequencies varies based on what?
The frequency range the human is listening to
What can the amplitude distortion curve as be called?
The frequency response curve
The amplitude response curve also kind of tells you were what is?
The frequency response curve is
Frequency distortion focuses on what?
The frequency response of the input signal that has been transmitted through an electronic device
What will always equal 0 dBSPL?
The fundamental frequency for square and sawtooth waves
This electric chemical response is then sent through where?
The hair cells body
What is rule 1 of the Interaural Level Difference?
The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength, the greater the impact of the head-shadow effect (reflection vs. diffraction)
Where do human perform the best when localizing sound?
The horizontal plane
What is the Duplex Theory of Localization?
The idea that we take advantage of ITD and ILD
Head shadow effect
The idea that your head has an impact on the sound that hits it resulting in a "shadow" on the other side
What is the area where the bandwidth is called?
The idealized filter
What does the 8th cranial nerve connect to?
The inner and outer hair cells
In audiology, amplitude of displacement focuses on what?
The intensity of the signal
When obstacles are present which law does not apply?
The inverse square law
If you hear a sound at 45 degrees, which ear will hear the signal first?
The left
What parameter does the parameter of frequency of the acoustic signal impact?
The level hitting one ear vs. the other
When referring someone with a hole in their ear drum you must describe what?
The location of the hole in terms of the 4 ear drum quadrants
What is rule 2 of the Interaural Level Difference?
The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength, the less impact the head-shadow effect has on the intensity between ears (reflection vs. diffraction)
lever action of ossicles
The malleus (9.1mm) & incus (7mm) form a lever
When the coefficient is converted to exponent form, what is the number referred to as?
The mantissa
Which part of the Malleus does the tympanic membrane connect to?
The manubrium
If you have an infection long enough in the middle ear, where will it spread to?
The mastoid air cells
The lower you make the low frequencies when listening to music ...........
The more people typically enjoy having that extra base better
Parameter #5: Attenuation rate
The number of dB lost when moving from one octave to another (dB/octave drop-off)
Different amounts of matter are present depending on what?
The object
When you push 2 50lB kids on a swing set at a different forces who will have more acceleration?
The one being pushed with a greater force
What causes something to go back and forth?
The opposing forces of elasticity and inertia
Acoustic Impedance
The opposition to the transfer of acoustic energy
Frequency distortion
The output frequency response, how well does it match the input frequency response
What is the result of harmonic distortion?
The output signal has additional acoustic energy (additional frequencies) that was not present in the input signal
What does the modiolus provide?
The pathway for the 8th cranial nerve fibers to make connections with the inner and outer hair cells
If someone's Reissner's membrane ruptures, what will happen?
The perilymph and endolymph mix together killing all hair cells
The frequency of the signal also impacts what?
The phase of the signal when it hits one ear versus the other
What thing did they invent to evaluate loudness?
The phon scale and the sone scales
The acoustic energy travel then travels into what?
The pinna
Elastic limits
The point in which the deformation of the matter is permanent
What side is the long process of the incus always on?
The posterior side of the manubrium
The pressure inside the middle ear cavity should be the same as what?
The pressure in the ear canal
What do people with binaural hearing take advantage of?
The process of letting a sound source hit one ear before the other to see where its coming from
Momentum
The product of an object's mass and velocity
Resonance
The reinforcing of a particular sound wave (frequency). When a vibrating object causes another object to vibrate, and they both have similar natural frequencies
What is the signal to noise ratio? S/N
The relationship between the signal level (what is considered a signal) and the noise level (what is considered noise)
Why does damping of vibration occur?
The resistance in the medium (solid, liquid, gas)
Equalibrium
The resting position of a sound source before external force is applied
Hooke's Law
The restoring force (Fr) for elasticity is proportional to the distance that the mass is displaced from equilibrium.
If a sound source is located anteriorly and laterally to you on the right side, which ear will hear the sound first?
The right ear
Transient distortion is related to what?
The rise-time, on-time, and fall-time
Sometimes 1 system is giving information to the cerebellum that contradicts the other 2 systems, when this happens what occurs?
The room feels like its spinning or you are spinning
When are sounds louder at night?
The signal is bounced due to the temperature of the ground and sky
Minimum Audible Angle
The smallest angular separation between two sound sources producing an acoustic signal that can be detected on the horizontal plane
As the sound energy is dispersed over a greater and greater area and distance,
The sound energy has less and less and less impact because its having to cover a greater area
What does electrical noise floor refer to?
The sound that a piece of equipment might make when it is turned on
Because the two mediums have a different speed of sound, what happens?
The sound wave changes direction when it encounters the second medium
What is wavelength directly proportional to?
The speed of sound
Reflection responds differently depending on what?
The surface it is striking
What is meant by a broadly tuned system?
The system vibrates really well across many many frequencies
Rise-time
The time it takes to go from no voltage to the signal/desired intensity you set it to
Fall-time
The time it takes when you turn the signal off for it to go fully away (signal no longer being produced)
Reverberation Time
The time necessary for a sound to be attenuated by 60 dB relative to the original intensity level of the incident wave prior to striking a surface (obstacle)
Period
The time necessary to complete 1 cycle (one cycle of vibration)
What parameter does the parameter of level of the acoustic signal impact?
The time of arrival when hitting one ear versus the other
Acceleration
The time rate change in velocity (CHANGE IN VELOCITY)
Once something (ex. tuning fork) is set into motion, what does the law of inertia force say?
The tines want to go back and forth forever and never stop
Why do we have a cone of light?
The tympanic membrane is concave shape
The acoustic signal hitting the ear drum, makes what happen?
The tympanic membrane vibrate
Capital S and M represent what?
The type of signal
Interaural level difference
The use of intensity (loudness) to localize the sound source
Interaural Time Difference
The use of time elements to determine (localize) a sound source location
What can the median plane also be called?
The vertical plane
What is used when you localize that a sound is directly above or below?
The vertical plane
Why is it that a baby can hear their mother but not their father?
The woman's voice sends signals down into the womb
What is the difference between an amplitude spectrum and a waveform?
The x-axis is frequency
What is the similarity between an amplitude spectrum and a waveform?
The y-axis is also amplitude
By definition, a saw tooth wave becomes saw tooth because you have all these odd and even harmonics occurring and they add together changing what?
Their appearance to look like a sawtooth wave or a saw tooth
Why can dogs hear a dog whistle and humans can not?
Their hearing sensitivity goes to a much higher frequency range than ours does
MAF also takes advantage of what in terms of the pinna and external ear canal?
Their resonating characteristics
Why is Texas Roadhouse an acoustic nightmare?
There are a ton of hard surfaces, a bunch of reflection, no absorption, and sounds are bouncing all over the place
What is meant by a free-field system?
There are no obstacles
When the hair cells cilia bend towards the modiolus, what happens?
There is an inhibitory response
What does it mean when there is an inhibitory response?
There is no electrical chemical response at that point
When the object is working (moving/vibrating) the kinetic energy is converted to ______________ energy
Thermal
For saw tooth waves, does each harmonic/ wave have a different starting phase or do they all have the same starting phases?
They are all the same starting phase
Why are loudness and pitch psycholocical?
They are based on our perception of intensity and frequency
Tuning fork vs rubber band: Which is a sound sorce?
They are both capable of being a sound sorce
How come NASCAR drivers can drive above 9000 RPM?
They are designed to minimize damping/ they are very well oiled frequently
If we look at a square wave, you will notice that it has wider gaps between harmonics/ frequencies because....
They are only able to have odd harmonics
Are filter curves and resonance curves different or the same curve?
They are the same, it just depends how you look at it
When someone says they have perfect pitch what does that mean?
They can HEAR the exact tune or frequency that a note is at & they can also sing it and match it
Why do schools typically not have a reverberation time in the range of 0.4-0.6 seconds?
They don't have enough money
What do parameters do?
They tell us what is going on in that filter (How narrowly tuned something is or how broadly tuned something is etc.....)
How did they test people for MAP?
They tested one ear at a time (monaural)- They got thresholds for the right and thresholds for the left
If your vocal folds are at rest and then you apply and external force from your lungs, what will happen?
They will get sent into vibration and become a sound source
When the reverberation time is long, what will happen to the listener?
They will hear the original signal (reverberation, echo)
What has low reverberation, medium absorption, and medium transmission?
Thick drapery
Which has more elastic force, a elastic workout band that is thicker or thinner?
Thicker
What could you put over a doors opening that would have low reflection, low absorption, and high transmission?
Thin sheet of paper
How do you transfer an input signal?
Through some kind of electronic system
From the hair cells body, where does the electric chemical signal travel to?
Through the central auditory system to the brain
If you have two guitar strings that are the same stiffness and you tighten one of them, which string with resonate at a higher frequency?
Tighter string
On a waveform, the x-axis represents what?
Time
What do waveforms have on the x-axis?
Time
When looking at a waveform, what is the first thing you should pay attention to?
Time
In general, low frequency sounds are localized by what?
Time difference (time of arrival and phase)
What are the ampullas filled with?
Tiny hairs that are sensitive to movement
What is the cochlea's only job?
To deal with hearing
Why might someone make up that they have a functional hearing loss?
To get attention, have mom and dad stop fighting, excuse for poor grades
Why might you turn your head slightly if you can't hear someone?
To go from a more diotic signal to a dichotic signal and have different phases to hear better
Why do dogs tilt their heads?
To help with their localization
In a sports hall, why do you want a longer reverberation time?
To make it seem like it is louder than it is and make it seem like more fans are cheering (~2.0 seconds)
Why do you have to do a biological check on your equipment?
To make sure
In simpler words, why were the phon scale and sone scales developed?
To see how humans respond to loudness
When experimenters tested out MAF they compared it to ___________
To sound field
From the brain steam, the signal is sent where?
To the brain
When the afferent fibers signals are taken away from the sense organ, where do they go?
To the brain
What does attenuate mean?
To turn the sound down
If you have a rise-time, fall-time, and on-time that is too short, you will get a _________
Tone burst
The additional signals created by the transmitting system are typically what?
Tone burst or clicks
Summation tones
Tones that add together
Difference tones
Tones that subtract from each other
The inner ear is __________
Tonotopic
When it arches down towards the Scala Tympani, it cause cilia to bend in which direction?
Towards the modiolus
What is this impedance matching process called?
Transfer function
"system" =
Transmitting system
How do you visualize a sound wave on paper? What type of wave do you use?
Transverse
Scala Vestibuli
Travels the whole distance
When it comes to distance and how far things are, yes we have the ability to do it, and yes our auditory systems can be _______________ very very easily
Tricked
A trumpet and tuba playing at nearly the same sound results in a complex wave. True or Flase?
True
True or False: If you look at all the creases in someone's pinna you will see that they are all different
True
True or false: You can do a dB/octave drop off for a sawtooth wave.
True
Tuning fork vs rubber band: Which has more mass?
Tuning fork
If we heard a noise and were unsure where it was coming from, we would instinctively do what?
Turn our head to create a time difference between our ears
What is the scala tympani also referred to as?
Tympanic Duct
What is an example of a concave surface?
Tympanic membrane
What is a hole in the ear drum called?
Tympanic membrane perforation
Is the estuation tube typically open or closed?
Typically closed
When will you get a flat response output for all the frequencies?
Typically never
Where is the point at which the tympanic membrane bends?
Umbo
Greater amount of distortion, the harder it is for us to...........
Understand what is being said
Dr. Bob believes everyone is faking a hearing test until what?
Until a client shows a consistent pattern of hearing loss
When you make the sound "shhhh" it is a ________ sound
Unvoiced (Voiceless)
If you hear an air plane flying where do you look?
Up
When Dr. Bob is talking about sound localization he is strictly talking about what?
Using just our auditory system
Solving for log problems means
Using scientific notation to solve for the exponent
Phon Scale
Utilizes a reference tone and a comparison tone that the individual judges as equal in loudness
Describe the pinna in terms of mobility
Very Pliable
Our perception of loudness across frequencies is what?
Very consistent at varying intensity levels
How many schools actually accomplish a 0.4-0.6 reverberation time?
Very few- Many schools have a longer reverberation time
What is Reissner's Membrane also referred to as?
Vestibular Membrane
What is the Scala vestibuli also referred to as?
Vestibular duct
What is the middle part of osseous (boney) portion of the inner ear called?
Vestibule
Anything on earth is able to do what?
Vibrate
Because of damping and friction nothing can do what?
Vibrate indefinitely
What is meant by a narrowly tuned system
Vibrates at 1 frequency quite well but when it vibrates away from that frequency you lose a bunch of intensity
low damping
Vibrates for a longer period of time and then goes away
High damping
Vibrates for a shorter period of time and then it goes away and levels off
Nothing __________ forever
Vibrates forever, everything deals with a certain amount of resistance
Things are _________ all the time
Vibrating
Mass and elasticity the necessary building blocks for what to occur?
Vibration
Reactance also impedes what?
Vibration
Sound energy =
Vibration
What does the opposing force of elasticity and inertia result in?
Vibration
What is the back and forth movement of an object called?
Vibration
In most cases we localize on the vertical plane based on _____________ and ___________
Vision and experience
When doing vertical localization, yes we use our auditory system but we rely on the __________ system
Visual
When you make the sound "ahhhh" it is a _______ sound
Voiced
What kind of situation should we imagine when thinking about localizing sound?
Waking up in the middle of the night without a night light trying to figure out where a sound is coming from and the specific intensity of that noise
Dizzy is a ______ term
Wastebasket
When we first started all this dB stuff, we were told that we can measure energy in what?
Watts/Cm^2 or Dynes/Cm^2
How can you visualize sound?
Waveforms
The stapes going in and out of the fluid-filled inner ear creates what?
Waves
What is the hydro part of hydromechanical energy?
Waves created in the conchlea
Why does 0 dBIL not mean the absence of sound?
We are measuring a ratio from the reference point (softest sound the average human can perceive)
Why is signal to noise ratio so important?
We do not live in a world were there is a completely quiet environment, there is always so kind of background noise
Why do we need to know the three types of distortion?
We need to know what can happen when diagnosing and treating our clients
Describe interaural level difference in simpler terms.....
We turn our head to the side where the sound is perceived to be the loudnest
What would happen if your auditory system had the same level of sensitivity across all frequencies?
We would all have a very very very broadly tuned auditory system
When is pressure important in audiology?
Wen discussing the tympanic membrane
Turning curve of nerve fibers
What nerve fibers are most sensitive to, what frequencies are they most receptive to
Nominal Signal Level
What something is typically played at
Oval Window
What stapes footplate fits into (Has membrane)
What does a filter show you?
What the object rejecting as far as vibration
What does the phase spectrum tell you?
What the starting phase is
What determines a species range of hearing?
What they need to survive and communicate
A lot of vertical localization is based on what?
What we learn
What is the signal?
What you are trying to listen to (ex. trying to hear someone talk, trying to hear some music)
Noise
Whatever interferes with the signal (ex. lawn mower)
Principles of Resonance
When a periodically vibrating force is applied to an elastic system, the elastic system will be forced to vibrate at the frequency of the applied force. The closer the applied force frequency is to the natural frequency of the elastic system (receiving the vibration/frequency), the greater the increase in the intensity
Refraction
When a sound wave passes from one medium to another
What results in a sawtooth wave?
When all individual pure-tones of a harmonic stream are added together (both odd and even)
Loudness adaptation
When an acoustic sign is perceived as softer over-time because we adapt to the intense sound
One cycle of vibration
When an object goes from equilibrium out and then back to equilibrium and then out on the other side and then back to equilibrium again
Displacement
When an object moves away from displacement
Swimmer's ear
When chlorine dries up someone's ear wax causing their skin to dry out and crack allowing bacteria to enter and cause an infection
Harmonic distortion
When harmonics are produced from the original input signal, so the output signal no longer matches the input signal
When is elastic force at a minimum?
When it is at the area of equalibrium
When is inertia force at its maximun?
When its velocity is at its highest: At equilibrium
When did we learn about resonance in the past?
When learning about the concha and the external ear canal
What situation does MoS(pie) occur?
When noise is surrounding us, but the signal is coming from one specific place
When do we do the best at detecting minimum audible angle?
When one of the sound sources starts at zero and the second sound source deviates from that
Standing longitudinal waves
When reflected waves collide with each other
What is an example of when a long reverberation time is good?
When singing in a the bathroom with a bunch of tile, there is a great amount of reflection, resulting in reverberation by mixing sounds together making the sound very rich
Functional hearing loss
When someone says they have a hearing loss but they really don't
Flat surface
When sound strikes a flat surface, the reflected sound wave will travel perpendicular to the right angle of the incident wave.
Shearing action
When tectorial membrane is moving back and forth it moves the hair cells
When does the pinna become a factor and when is localization approved?
When the acoustic signal has energy above 4000 Hz
When do hair cells bend away from the modiolus?
When the basilar membrane is up towards the Scala Vestibuli
What is the only way to get an excitatory response inside the cell body?
When the cilia are bending in a certain direction
Longitudinal wave
When the direction of the air particles movement is in the same parallel (same direction) to the movement of the wave (typical sound waves)
resting potential
When the hair cells are just sitting there with no sound
When is deacceleration at its maximum?
When the object is heading up towards its farthest point from equalibrium
When will distortion occur?
When the output signal does not match the input signal
When can a sound hit both ears at the same time?
When the sound is directly in front of us or directly behind us
Where are humans best able to identify small degrees of separation?
When the sound source is at 0 degrees in front of our heads
Convex surface
When the sound strikes a convex surface, the reflected sound wave is scattered, resulting in the reflected wave (at some distance) to have less intensity than the incident wave because the sound energy is being spread over a larger area
Concave Surface
When the sound wave strikes a concave surface, the reflected wave will cross paths and create a focal point
Transverse wave
When the vibration of the medium is at a right angle (90 degrees) to the direction of the wave
When is there a wide gap / head-shadow effect?
When there are shorter wavelengths
When does your central auditory system reset itself?
When there is a break in the intense sound
When is there a smaller head shadow effect?
When there is a longer wavelength (lower tone)
Minimum Audible Field (MAF)
When thresholds are obtained with pure-tones in a free-field listening environment
Minimum Audible Pressure (MAP)
When thresholds are obtained with pure-tones using headphones
When is a clicking sound a good thing?
When we are doing auditory brain steam response testing in babies
When does loudness adaptation occur?
When we are exposed to an intense acoustic signal for an extended period of time
When you might deal with a diotic signal?
When you are listening to a non-expensive radio that wasn't a stereo
Dr. Bob being funny: When might you deal with a diotic signal?
When you are madly in love with someone and staring face to face and blocking out the world
Give an example of loudness adaption as well as central auditory system reset.
When you are on a road trip you keep turning your music up because you are adapting to the sound thinking it is quiet, but then you get gas and restart the car and the music is blaring
2nd Law of Exponents: Division
When you divide exponents they must be subtracted
When does reactance occur?
When you force something to vibrate beyond its natural frequency
When is the only time you lose energy?
When you get below the 1 second time period
When is a waveform completed?
When you go 360 degrees
When can you have displacement from equilibrium?
When you have external force
1st Law of Exponents: Multiplying
When you multiply exponents they must be added together
Critical Damping
When you only want something to go up and down a set amount of time (not too high or low)
When does momentum occur?
When you pull something and it keeps on moving and moving
When is deacceleration present?
When you reduce your velocity
False Negative
When you test a kid and say no they don't have hearing loss when in fact they do
When is a clicking sound a bad thing?
When your portable audiometer is doing this
natural frequency
Where something vibrates best at
Parameter #1: Natural frequency
Where the object vibrates best at
Center frequency
Where the objects maximizes vibration and is subject to resistance, but not reactance
Focal Point
Where the reflected waves converge and result in increases intensity as compared to the incident wave
Oval Window
Where the stapes fits into the vestibule
Our hearing being the least sensitive to low frequencies helps explain what?
Why people like to turn up the base when listening to music + "we might just like a lot of base"
The boney covering of the cochlea is _______ at the base
Wider/larger
If you faked hearing loss one day and then were asked to fake the same hearing loss another day, you would be within __________ dB
Within 5 dB
Why is it so important to accurately code temporal characteristics?
Without it you would mix words up and not understand its meaning (ex. boost vs. boots)
Longer waveforms mean the sound is better able to do what?
Wrap around obstacles
Lower frequencies have longer wavelengths making it easier to do what?
Wrap around obstacles
What is meant by high diffraction?
Wraps around an object quite well
What do each of these letters and symbols represent: X ^ n = ?
X=Base n= Exponent ?= Unknown number
Example of the 1st Law of Exponents: X^a x X^b=
X^a+b
Example of the 2nd Law of Exponents: X^a / X^b =
X^a-b
3rd Law of Exponents: (X^a)^b =
X^axb
Do people have different fundamental frequencies?
YES
Do pure tones exist?
YES
Are there frequencies where ITD and ILD provide less than clear information when localizing the sound source through the auditory system/
Yes
Are there humans that can hear sounds less intense then .0002 dynes/cm^2 (2 x 10^-4)?
Yes
Are there humans that can hear sounds less intense then 10^-16 watts/cm^2?
Yes
Can a mother talk to their baby?
Yes
Can sawtooth waves be complex signals?
Yes
Can there be negative dBIL?
Yes
Can we get better at localizing whether it be on the vertical plane, horizontal plane, or distance?
Yes
Can you deaccelerate?
Yes
Can you have the same fc for two different filters, but have a different band-width?
Yes
Can your central auditory system reset itself?
Yes
Do molecules have mass and stiffness?
Yes
Do your vocal folds vibrate when you say "ahhh"?
Yes
Does white noise have harmonics of the fundamental?
Yes
If a sound hits one of our ears at 90 degrees, can it strike our other ear at 180 degrees?
Yes
If a sound source was at 45 degree versus 90 degrees will the time differences be the same or different?
Yes
Is reactance frequency dependant?
Yes
Tuning fork vs tuning fork: Does a tuning fork have enough inertia force based on its mass to displace another tuning fork?
Yes
When you are still at a red light and then it turns green and you start to go, is there acceleration?
Yes
Can you have a dynamic range of smell?
Yes ex. perfume manufacturer (what is the softest fragrance you need to be able to smell something to the most potent)
Can you have a dynamic range of pain?
Yes ex. when does something start to hurt to the point in which it is intolerable
As a sound gets farther and farther from its source, does the intensity attenuate?
Yes (as long as a couple of things are present)
If you have a car going in a straight line from point A to point B would there be displacement?
Yes because of a change in distance
If we were talking to Dr. Bob in his office right now on the other side of the door, would the door create distortion?
Yes because the input signal and the frequencies of his voice would go through the door but change due to the impedance so the output would not be simular
When you put a tuning form against the table, does the sound get louder? Why?
Yes because the tuning fork and the mass and stiffness characteristics of the table have similar natural frequencies causing the vibration time to decrease and the intensity to increase
If you a car traveling in a squiggly line from point A to point B would there be displacement?
Yes because there was a change in distance and direction
Can something like a sheet imped sound?
Yes, just to a lesser degree than something like a door
Does reverberation create frequency distortion?
Yes-It sounds a little less clear and a little more muddy
Is there rise-time when we push play on our iphones?
Yes-even if that is not the original perception
Is there any distortion in the headroom? If yes, what type of distortion?
Yes: There might be some permissible, harmonic distortion
How do you find the solutions for Antilog problems?
You are given the base and exponent (character and mantissa). Simply solve by finding the real number with your calculator
Why are filters helpful when fitting hearing aids?
You can be very frequency specific with what you do with the original input signal and what you send to that person's ear
If rise-time, fall-time, and on-time get extremely short, what happens?
You end up with a continuous spectrum/ clicking
When there are two or more sinusoids or pure tones and they are not exactly the same in phase, frequency, and amplitude added together what happens?
You get an output signal that differs from the original input and it will be called a complex wave
If you are not very good at pulling up a target signal in a large crowd or noisy environment, it does not mean what?
You have a cognitive impairment, we all have different strengths and differences
If you keep mass constant but increase the force. What happens to acceleration?
You have more acceleration
Why is the dynamic range of human hearing a problem for audiologists when testing hearing?
You have to have something that is manageable and be able to pin point where a client is hearing: the range is so great
3rd Law of Exponents: Parenthesis
You have to multiple when you have the base and exponents are in parenthesis
How do you test loudness on a Sone Scale?
You present a reference tone and then turn it up until they say its twice as loud and then you turn it down until you say its half as loud
False Positive
You say a kid is positive for hearing loss and they really don't have a hearing loss
What does having a central auditory processing disorder mean?
You struggle when there is background noise
What happens when a short wavelength hits the side of your head?
You will have a high amount of reflection
If the duration of a signal gets shorter, what will happen?
You will lose some of the energy in the original signal
If the estuation tube was open all the time, what would happen?
You would have continuous ear infections because your mouth is full of bacteria
What is an example of something that you would want to have high damping?
Your car: You don't want to continuously go up and down
How do you control the frequency in which a wind instrument vibrates at?
Your lips-You force that same vibration onto the instrument
You must always know what to know if you are 1 octave above or 2 octaves above or 3 octaves above?
Your starting point
What is the equation for bandwidth frequency?
^f = fu - fL
Nonlinear
a line graph in which the data points do not fall along a straight line
Interval scale
a linear scale
You can describe objects that are resonating (vibrating) as what?
a narrowly tuned system vs a broadly tuned system
Peak clipping
a portion of the waveform (acoustic signal) is clipped off (takes away some of acoustic signal from the input signal, so output signal is missing some information)
Antihelix
a ridge of the external ear anterior and parallel to the helix
Acceleration's equation
a= ^c/t
Superior
above/toward the head
That acoustic signal has ________ energy
acoustic
If you are in an empty field, you can _______________________ measure the attenuation rate of sound as it leaves its source (measure what can happen to its frequency)
actively and consistently
Sound Source
an object or material that vibrates in a way that makes sound
Wave propagation
any of the ways in which waves travel
Lateral
away from the midline
When you are kicking a ball, it will travel farther when you a) kick it softly or b) kick it with a greater force?
b. Kick it with a greater force
Inferior
below/away from the head
Modiolus
boney structure, that looks like Swiss Cheese, WHAT COCHLEA WRAPS AROUND
Velocity's equation
c = x/t
Where are hair cells located?
cochlea
Typically the voiced sounds we make are more likely to be ......
complex signals
Central auditory system
cranial nerve VIII, brainstem, brain
What does dBHL stand for?
dB Hearing Level
Does upper frequency cut-off use dB IL or dB SPL ?
dB IL
Any audiometer that you adjust the intensity will be in what?
dBHL
Every audiogram that we will see in our career will be in what?
dBHL
dBSPL is used as the reference to allow the audiometer to measure hearing sensitivity (intensity) in what?
dBHL (dBHTL)
What can dBHL also be referred to as?
dBHTL = decibel hearing test level
Is Watts/Cm^2 associated with dBIL or dBSPL?
dBIL
An audiometer has a reference of what?
dBSPL
Is dynes/cm^2 associated with dBIL or dBSPL?
dBSPL
Since the dynamic range of hearing is so broad, they have to convert dynes/cm^2 to what?
dBSPL
The reference used to calibrate the audiometer is __________
dBSPL
What is the reference for dBHL?
dBSPL
What is the reference we use to calibrate an audiometer?
dBSPL
Inverse square law equation
dBSPL = -20 x log10di/dr
The number of phons is based on what at 1000 Hz?
dBSPL level
If 30 phones = 0.5 sones @ 25 dBSPL at 8000 Hz. What is the dBSPL and phon level @ 2 sones?
dBSPL level: 45 dBSPL Phon level: 50 phon
How is intensity quantified?
decibels (dB)
di/dr represents what?
distance of interest/distance of resonance
Elastic force is greater as the object is __________ farther and farther (greater amplitude) from equilibrium
distorted
Calculating octaves is either __________ or ___________
doubling or halving
As frequency goes up, period goes __________
down
What is the unit for pressure?
dynes/cm^2
Cerumen
ear wax
If you think about mammals, we all have 2 ______
ears
Elasticity is an _________ force
elastic force/restoring force
E =
energy
The stiffer an object is the more compact the molecules are, the greater the ______________ necessary to displace it
external force
How much time does it take to complete 3 cycles when we know fo is 200 Hz on a sawtooth wave?
f= 200 hz p=1/200 = .005 Hz 3 x 0.005 = 0.015 seconds
Frequency Equation: f=
f=1/p
Calculate the frequency of a sawtooth wave that had 1 waveform completed in 8ms?
f=1/p f=1/8ms -> 1/(8/1,000)= 1/0.008sec f= 125 Hz
The greater the force applied, the _________ it will travel away from equalibrium
farther
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Ear lobule
fleshy inferior portion of pinna
Anterior
front of the body
fh =
fu (another name for upper-frequency cut-off)
Once you exceed these numbers, the sound does not _______________________, you have to exceed these minimums and once the equipment has done that you are good to go with an accurate tone
get any better or more pure
When a stereo, television, iPhone, audiometer produces sound, the sound does not do what?
go on and off instantaneously
fo = the same as what?
h1 (harmonic 1)
What are the first 5 harmonics for a sawtooth wave with a fundamental frequency of 125 Hz?
h1 = 125 Hx h2 = 2 x 125 = 250 Hz h3 = 3 x 125 = 375 Hz h4 = 4 x 125 = 500 Hz h5 = 5 x 125 = 625 Hz
Practice Question: What are the first 5 harmonics of a sawtooth wave with a frequency of 125 Hz?
h1 = 125 Hz h2 = 250 Hz h3 = 375 Hz h4 = 500 Hz h5 = 625 Hz
Calculate the first 5 harmonics of a square wave when given fo= 500 Hz
h1 = fo = 500 Hz h3 = 500 x 3 = 1500 Hz h5 = 500 x 5 = 2500 Hz h7 = 500 x 7 = 3500 Hz h9 = 500 x 9 = 4500 Hz
Practice question: What is the 99th harmonic for a sawtooth wave with a frequency of 125 Hz?
h99 = 12,375 Hz
Thermal energy =
heat
The greater the slope of the filter, the ________________ the attenuation rate
higher
Meniere's disease
increased endolymph; tinnitus, vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss
Equation for an input/output graph: __________+__________=_____________
input + gain = output
otoscope
instrument used for visual examination of the ear
Absorption
is when the object that is struct by the sound wave is able to absorb the energy of the sound wave
All objects that are moving and/or vibrating are using ___________ energy
kinetic
Pars Tensa
larger, stiffer portion of the tympanic membrane
X on an audiogram =
left ear
The more the output replicates the input signal, the _________ frequency distortion you have
less
As an object moves back towards equilibrium, elastic force gets.............
less and less
If you are skiing on the beginner bunny hill and travel a total of 25 yards, will the attenuation rate be larger or smaller than your friends who is skiing a steep black diamond.
less attenuation
On the audiogram, dB increases by a consistent number of 10, but the ratio does not increase in a ___________ fashion, it is growing ___________
linear fashion, it is growing exponentially
Round Window
located just below the oval window (Also has membrane)
Round Window
located just below the oval window; equalize pressure in the inner ear
If this is your final answer (?): 2.0828 how might it be written as a multiple choice option on a test?
log10^121 = 10^2.0828 -or- 10^2.0818 = 121
If this is your final answer (?): 3.176 how might it be written as a multiple choice option on a test?
log10^1500= 10^3.176 -or- 10^3.176=1500
As the speed of sound gets faster, the wavelength gets _____________
longer
Lower frequencies have __________________ wavelengths
longer
When an input signal is not a straight line, a good frequency response is when the output signal..........
looks like whatever shape the input signal is
Distortion
loss of accuracy
Research has shown that if the signal is decreased to less than 256 ms in duration, the energy in the original signal is ............
lost and it will be heard as a lesser intensity
As you increase mass, the natural frequency get............
lower and lower and lower
When you say "shhhh" there is a _________ but then after that there are a bunch of harmonics and not harmonic are
lowest frequency
When you look at "ahhhh" on the oscilloscope there would be a frequency that has the greatest intensity that would also be the _________
lowest frequency.
The movement of the stapes in the oval window transfers _________ energy to _______ energy
mechanical energy to hydromechanical energy
How is pitch evaluated?
mel scale
Sound field testing
method of testing when earphones are not tolerated (ex. when testing an infant) use localized speakers to get a behavioral response
Does the amount of resistance change between natural frequency and the harmonic that is far away?
no
Eventually, the volume is increased to a high level, resulting in the output signal......
no longer increasing in a linear fashion.
Sometimes people create distortion ___________
on purpose (to get a certain sound effect, ect.)
Any base raised to the zero power equals:
one
Frictional resistance
opposition to motion
We turn to the side where the sound reaches...
our right ear or left ear FIRST
Peripheral auditory system
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
What is the period for a 12 Hz signal?
p= 1/12 = 0.08 seconds
What is the period for a 4 Hz signal?
p= 1/4 = 0.25 seconds
Pressure's equation
p= F/A
If the frequency of a signal is 4000 Hz then what is its period?
p=1/4000 = .00025 sec
If the frequency of a signal is 500 Hz then what is its period?
p=1/500 = .002 secs or 2000th of a second
Solve time for 180 degrees in the first waveform: When given a 1 Hz signal
p=1/f p=1/1 p=1 1 sec x.5= 0.5 seconds
Solve time for 180 degrees in the first waveform in a 3 Hz signal?
p=1/f p=1/3 p=0.333 0.333 x 0.5 = 0.166 sec
Solve time for 180 degrees in the second waveform in a 3 Hz signal?
p=1/f p=1/3 p=0.333 0.333 x 1.5 = .4999 sec
Solve time for 90 degrees in the 4th waveform in a 5 Hz signal?
p=1/f p=1/5 p=0.2 0.2 x 3.25 = .65 seconds
Endolymphatic Duct
passageway connecting utricle and saccule, Cochlea, and Semicircular canals
Everything inside the filter line is being ______________
passed on
When buying products you must not only look at the dynamic range but the
percentage of harmonic distortion they are allowing
Pure tones are ALWAYS ______________
periodic (only 1 frequency)
Equal loudness contour
plot of sound pressure level (dB) against the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness
peak amplitude
point of positive or negative maximum displacement
Is calculating energy a dBIL or dBSPL problem?
power - dBIL because we are using 10 times the log
In audiology, how do we measure intensity?
power or pressure
PE Tube
pressure equalization tube
Our ability to detect intensity difference is _________ across frequency
pretty darn consistent
stria vascularis
produces endolymph (#4)
When you test equipment, you ____________________
put acoustic energy at all the frequencies
If 100 speakers produces 70 dBIL, what does 1 speaker produce?
ratio: 1/100 = 0.01 log (0.01) = -2 -2 x 10 = -20 70 - 20 = 50 dBIL
Example problem: At 500 msec the energy output equals 77 dBIL. What is the energy decrease (energy lost) if the signal duration is reduced to 50 msec.?
ratio: 50/500 = 0.1 log(0.1) = -1 -1 x 10 = -10dBIL
Example problem: At 500 msec the energy output equals 77 dBIL. What is the intensity level at 50 msec.?
ratio: 50/500 = 0.1 log(0.1) = -1 -1 x 10 = -10dBIL 77 - 10 = 67 dBIL
As soon as you force the object to vibrate outside of its natural frequency, intensity is not as high because......
reactance is starting to imped the vibration time and vibration intensity
Tr =
reference time
Different objects have different amounts of what?
reflection
Every room has some degree of what?
reflection
Cone of Light
reflection of light from otoscope (#7)
The sound source is responsible for making................
refraction and compression of the molecules
Everything outside of the filter line is _________
rejected
Depending on the transmitting system (electronic device), acoustic information can be _____________ or ______________ to the input signal
removed or added
Impedance
resistance to the flow of energy
We can change the shape of our oral cavity to change our ___________
resonance
O on an audiogram =
right ear
What numbers distinguish is transient distortion occurs?
rise-time <= 20 ms fall-time <= 20 ms on-time <= 100 ms
What else can attenuation rate be called?
role-off rate
Semicircular canals are responsible for more _____ kinds of movement
rotational
Different regions on the basilar membrane are _________ to different frequencies
sensative
Organ of Corti
sense organ for hearing
Reissner's Membrane
separates scala vestibuli from scala media and perilymph from endolymph
Higher frequencies have ____________ wavelengths
shorter
More friction/damping results in a _________ duration of vibration
shorter
As frequency gets higher, wavelength gets _____________
shorter and shorter
Pars Flaccida
small, slack, superior section of tympanic membrane
When the sounds of a square wave get added together mathematically, it ends up look like a _________________
square
0 dBIL does not mean what?
the absence of sound
Gain
the amount of amplification (provided by a hearing aid)
In order to determine the dB/octave drop-off, what must be calculated first?
the dB/octave drop-off
How do you calculate dBSPL on an audiogram?
the dBHL + the correction factor
Inner ear
the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs
wave front
the leading edge of a moving wave
Contralateral Pathway
the pathway of the auditory nerve that crosses at the brain stem; Right ear to left auditory cortex & left ear to right auditory cortex
Ipsilateral Pathway
the pathway of the auditory nerve that does not cross on its way to the brain; goes from the left ear to the left auditory cortex, right ear to right auditory cortex
Cochlea
the sensory organ of hearing (#4)
You want to have a good frequency response especially when....
the signal is dynamic
When evaluating a complex wave, the db/octave drop-off is an important calculation in order to determine what?
the spectral envelope of the amplitude spectrum
Semicircular Canals
three canals within the inner ear
Vestibular system
three semicircular canals that provide the sense of balance, located in the inner ear and connected to the brain by a nerve
The takes a different amount of _______ for a sound to travel to one ear and then the other
time
Duplex theory is _____________ and ______________ between the ears for frequencies below the critical wavelength
time of arrival and phase difference
Ti =
time of interest
Dorsal
toward the back
Posterior
toward the back
Cephalic
toward the head
Medial
toward the midline
Caudal
toward the tail/away from head
As the nerve get closer to the cochlea, they ________ and go to individual hair cells
unravel
As frequency goes down, period goes _________
up
What is the unit for power?
watts/cm^2
What is the equation for wavelength?
wavelength= c/f
Is a saw tooth wave periodic? If yes, why?
yes - It repeats itself
How many hair cells are in the cochlea?
~ 15,500 hair cells
How much does our binaural system enhance a signal?
~ 3 dB
What is a baby's fundamental frequency when they are crying?
~ 500 Hz
The ear canal resonates at a natural frequency of ________
~2,500 Hz
The concha resonates at a natural frequency of __________
~5,000 Hz
In order for a sawtooth wave to be periodic it must have what?
(Harmonic Stream) Harmonics of the fundamental frequency
If you are getting closer to the sound source, the intensity must get ______________
Greater
Smaller area commonly equals _____________ pressure
Greater
Malleus
#1
Short Process of Incus
#15
Incus
#2
Neck of the Malleus
#3
Stapes
#7
What sound can be made that is similar to white noise?
"SHHHHHH"
Kinetic energy =
"work"
All matter undergoes distortion of either shape or volume or both when ________ is applied
Force
Pressure
Force per unit area.
Most everything that is sent into vibration is ____________________
Forced vibration
What shape are the outer hair cells cilia?
Form row of W or V
Our perception of frequency refers to what?
Frequency
Period is inversely related to what?
Frequency
The phon scale compares one __________ to another ____________
Frequency
What is not impacted by amplitude?
Frequency
What is wavelength inversely proportional to?
Frequency
What determines how far a wave travels in the cochlea?
Frequency and when it matches the resonating characteristics of the BM
A hearing aid is designed to create what?
Frequency distortion because you are intentionally adjusting the frequency response of the output signal based on the degree and shape of their hearing loss
When filling a water glass, what do you hear and why do you it?
Frequency is going from lower to higher, because the space where it is resonating is getting smaller and smaller
When you buy equipment, you can look to see what the __________ is
Frequency response
Specific factor to consider when looking at frequency distortion
Frequency response for soft, moderate, and loud/high intensity sounds
Parameter #4: Bandwidth
Frequency width of the filter
What does damping create?
Friction
What makes an object stop if inertia wants to keep it going forever?
Friction
When you get farther and farther away from the fundamental frequency you get more __________ & ____________ which results in what?
Friction & Resistance resulting in the amplitude/intensity going down
Why doesn't something vibrate forever?
Frictional resistance
Maximum Amplitude
From equilibrium to maximum displacement in one direction
Ventral
Front/Toward the belly
On a sawtooth wave, 1 completed waveform =
Fundamental frequency
What is your harmonic stream dependent on?
Fundamental frequency
In order for a wave to be truly and completely periodic if its complex, you have to have what?
Fundamental frequency (lowest frequency )
The greater the difference between the input and the output the ___________ the distortion
GREATER
What medium do we deal most one?
Gas because of air
When your threshold is better, your ability to understand...
Gets better
Instead of telling where equipment is linear, they will do what?
Give you the dynamic range and
Harmonics from that fundamental frequency are going to ______ in intensity
Go down
Where is the eustachian tube located?
Goes from back of throat to the back of the ear drum to the air-filled cavity
The farther you pull something away from equilibrium, the more the elastic force ___________
Goes up