Heart Anatomy
left pulmonary surface - beneath is left ventricle
Name the surface of the heart and which heart structures are beneath.
right pulmonary surface - beneath is right atrium
Name the surface of the heart and which heart structures are beneath.
sternocostal surface (anterior surface) - beneath is right ventricle
Name the surface of the heart and which heart structures are beneath.
Triangle of Koch - Tendon of Todaro - Coronary Sinus Orifice - Septal Leaflet of Right AV Valve
Name the triangle (8) and its borders
aortic valve
Name the valve
left atrioventricular valve - left AV valve - bicuspid valve - mitral valve
Name the valve
pulmonary valve
Name the valve
right atrioventricular valve - right AV valve - tricuspid valve
Name the valve
small cardiac vein - coronary sinus - right atrium
Name the vein of the heart B and its pathway back to the right atrium
middle cardiac vein - coronary sinus - right atrium
Name the vein of the heart C and its pathway back to the right atrium
coronary sinus - right atrium
Name the vein of the heart D and its pathway back to the right atrium
great cardiac vein - coronary sinus - right atrium
Name the vein of the heart E and its pathway back to the right atrium
left border of the heart
Name the yellow border of the heart.
apex of the heart
Name there feature of the external heart
Take note of the 4 surfaces of the heart in the diagram as well as the heart structures each surface covers.
Take note of the 4 surfaces of the heart in the diagram as well as the heart structures each surface covers.
Commissures
The atrioventricular valves are continuous at the base. What is the name of where they fuse?
The right aortic arch
The brachiocephalic trunk is the remnant of which structure during embryonic development?
The branches of the anterior interventricular (descending) artery are called diagonal branches.
The branches of the anterior interventricular (descending) artery are called __________ branches.
The branches of the circumflex artery and right coronary branches are called marginal branches.
The branches of the circumflex artery and right coronary branches are called __________ branches.
The left aortic sinus
The left coronary artery begins from which sinus?
The left pulmonary artery passes in front of the descending thoracic aorta.
The left pulmonary artery passes in front of the ____________.
The right aortic sinus
The right coronary artery begins from which sinus?
The right pulmonary artery passes in front of the birfurcation of the trachea and the right main bronchus.
The right pulmonary artery passes in front of the ____________.
The parietal serous layer and the visceral serous layer surround the pericardial space.
There are two layers of the serous pericardium. What are their names and what is the name of the space between the two layers called?
- Parietal Serous Layer (more superficial) - Visceral Serous Layer (more deep)
There are two layers of the serous pericardium. What are their names and which one is deeper and which is more superficial?
True
True or False: The parietal serous layer of the pericardium reflects as the visceral pericardium thus it is a continuous structure.
False, the pericardial sac does surround the great vessels.
True or False: The pericardial sac doesn't surround the great vessels.
The right atrium
Veins of the inner third of the myocardium enter the heart directly into all four chambers but the majority enter which chamber of the heart?
Venae Cordis Minimae (AKA Thebesian Veins)
Veins of the inner third of the myocardium enter the heart directly into all four chambers. What name is given to these tiny vessels?
- sternocostal - diaphragmatic - pulmonary (x2) Note the base is not a surface of the heart
What are are the names of the four surfaces of the heart?
The auricle is the muscular pouch that arises from each atrium. The auricle is also called atrial appendage. Their purpose is to increase the capacity of the atrium and also increase the volume of blood that it is able to contain
What are auricles of the heart?
Left and Right Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle Branches
What are the names of the two bundle branches that split from the Bundle of His (AV Bundle)?
- fibrous pericardium - serous pericardium
What are the two layers of the pericardium called?
- The Superficial Spiral Layer (twists the ventricle like a wrung towel) - The Deep Constrictor Group (squeezes the ventricles)
What are the two main layers of the ventricular myocardium?
The heart is obliquely orientated
What direction is the heart orientated?
The septomarginal trabecula attaches to: - the inferior aspect of the interventricular septum - the anterior papillary muscle of the right ventricle
What does the septomarginal trabecula attach to?
The crista terminalis is the ridge that separates the pectinate muscles and the smoothened area of the right atrium.
What is the crista terminalis
The Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart is composed of fibrous or sinoatrial vinous tissue. - They are also essential for normal electrical conduction since the insulate the atrial chambers from the ventricular mass.
What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart composed of?
serous pericardium its layers are called the parietal layer and the visceral layer
What is the inner layer of the pericardium called and what are the names of it's layers?
The left fibrous trigone is the connective tissue bridge between the aortic valve and the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve rings.
What is the left fibrous trigone?
The AV node is located near the interior edge of the interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus.
What is the location of the atrioventricular (AV) node?
The SA node is located near the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium. - its position is often marked by the artery supplying the SA node, which may be the circumflex artery, the right coronary artery, or both
What is the location of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
Regurge
What is the name for back flow of blood (in the wrong direction)?
chordae tendonae
What is the name for the tendinous cords that are attached to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves?
Sinus Septum
What is the name of the fold between the valve of the coronary sinus and the inferior vena cava orifice?
The outermost layer of the pericardium is the fibrous pericardium which has a direct attachment to the the central tendon of the diaphragm and anchors the heart in position.
What is the outermost layer of the pericardium called and what is its function?
Conus arteriosus (infundibulum) - demarcated by a smooth area of the right ventricle
What is the pulmonary artery called before it passes the pulmonary valve?
The right fibrous trigone is the connective tissue bridge between the aortic valve and the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve rings.
What is the right fibrous trigone?
the papillary muscles
What muscles do the chordae tendonae attach to?
left and right ventricles
What parts of the heart make up the inferior border of the heart?
left auricle and left ventricle
What parts of the heart make up the left border of the heart?
right atrium
What parts of the heart make up the right border of the heart?
left and right atria
What parts of the heart make up the superior border of the heart?
The left coronary artery supplies: - most of the left atrium - most of the left ventricle - most of the interventricular septum - the AV conduction bundle and its branches
What structures does the left coronary artery supply?
The right coronary artery supplies the: - right atrium - right ventricle - interatrial septum - part of the left atrium - part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle - SA and AV nodes (usually)
What structures does the right coronary artery supply?
The pericardium is a double-layered connective tissue that anchors the hearts position and also prevents friction between the heart and other organs.
What surrounds the heart in the mediastinum and what is its purpose?
The pericardial space helps avoid friction between the heart and the surrounding tissues.
What's the function of the pericardial space?
Obtuse margin of the heart
What's the other name for the left margin of the heart?
The coronary arteries branch from the aortic sinuses of the ascending aorta.
Where do the coronary arteries branch from?
The posterior aortic sinus
Which aortic valve doesn't have an artery leave from it and is therefore called the noncoronary sinus and cusp?
the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Which layer of the pericardium is also known as the epicardium?
It must pass the mediastinum posterior to the oesophagus and therefore can cause dysphagia lusoria (difficulty swallowing).
A common variation of the aorta is the origin of the right subclavian artery arising distal to the left subclavian artery. What is its significance?
the ventricles
Are chordae tendonae and papillary muscles located in the ventricles or the atria?
Yes, the two surround the heart and hold the pericardial space between them.
Are the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium connected?
The pectinate muscles are smooth muscle, not cardiac muscle.
Are the pectinate muscles smooth muscle, skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle?
The trabeculae carneae muscles are smooth muscle, not cardiac muscle.
Are the trabeculae carneae muscles smooth muscle, skeletal muscle or cardiac muscle?
The height of the Angle of Louis / Sternal Angle, where the transverse thoracic plane passes
At what height does the ascending aorta become the arch of aorta?
1. Blood enters the right atrium from superior and inferior vena cava 2. Blood passes through tricuspid valve (right AV valve) into right ventricle 3. Blood pumped from right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary trunk and arteries (through pulmonary valve) 4. Blood returns to the heart from the lungs via the left and right pulmonary veins (into left atrium) 5. Blood passes through bicuspid valve (left AV valve) into left ventricle 6. Blood pumped from left ventricle to body via ascending aorta (through aortic valve)
Explain Blood Flow through the Heart from the Inferior and Superior Vena Cavas to the Aorta
Eustachian Valve (AKA Valve of the Inferior Vena Cava) - directed incoming oxygenated blood towards foramen ovale; away from the right atrium
Name the ridge and its function during foetal development
aortic sinus
Name the space that is superior to the aortic valve (i.e. in the aorta)
Azygous vein - runs up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column draining itself towards the superior vena cava.
Name the structure
Crista Terminalis
Name the structure
Limbus Fossa Ovalis - border around fossa ovalis
Name the structure
Mediastinum
Name the structure
Ostium of the coronary sinus
Name the structure
Pericardial Sac
Name the structure
Pericardium
Name the structure
Sulcus terminalis of the heart
Name the structure
heart
Name the structure
thoracic cavity
Name the structure
Fossa Ovalis - part of foramen ovale - allowed a right-to-left shunt during foetal development to bypass the pulmonary circuit
Name the structure and its function
The Thebesian Valve guards the coronary sinus
Name the structure and its function
conus arteriosus (infundibulum) - the cone-shaped outflow tract of the right ventricle
Name the structure and its function
The oblique sinus of the pericardium - Located behind the heart at a pericardial reflection between the left and right pulmonary veins as they enter the left atrium
Name the structure and where it is located
Left bundle branch
Name the structure indicated by the purple arrow
right bundle branch
Name the structure indicated by the white arrow
left auricle of the heart
Name the structure of the heart
right auricle of the heart
Name the structure of the heart
Septomarginal Trabecula (AKA moderator band)
Name the structure of the right ventricle
papillary muscles
Name the structure the chordae tendonae attach
diaphragmatic surface (inferior surface) - beneath is left ventricle [and a bit of the right ventricle]
Name the surface of the heart and which heart structures are beneath.
left cusp of pulmonary valve
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 1
anterior cusp of pulmonary valve
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 2
posterior cusp of mitral valve (bicuspid / left AV valve)
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 2
anterior cusp of tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 3
right cusp of pulmonary valve
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 3
left cusp of aortic valve
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 4
septal cusp of tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 4
posterior cusp of tricuspid valve (right AV valve)
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 5
right cusp of aortic valve
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 5
posterior cusp of aortic valve
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 6
Purkinje fibers
Name the feature of the heart.
atrioventricular (AV) bundle (AKA Bundle of His)
Name the feature of the heart.
atrioventricular node (AV Node)
Name the feature of the heart.
sinoatrial node (SA Node)
Name the feature of the heart.
pericardium
Name the feature of the pericardium A
fibrous pericardium
Name the feature of the pericardium B
serous pericardium
Name the feature of the pericardium C
parietal layer of serous pericardium
Name the feature of the pericardium D
visceral layer of serous pericardium [AKA epicardium]
Name the feature of the pericardium E
pericardial space
Name the feature of the pericardium F
inferior border of the heart
Name the green border of the heart.
Atrioventricular groove [AKA coronary groove]
Name the groove
pectinate muscles (AKA musculi pectanati)
Name the internal muscular feature of the atria
trabeculae carneae
Name the internal muscular feature of the ventricles
Rucurrent laryngeal nerve (right) - wraps the aorta and ascends beside the oesophagus to reach the larynx
Name the nerve
Vagus nerve (right) - descends on the lateral aspect of the aortic arch
Name the nerve
right border of the heart
Name the red border of the heart.
The transverse sinus of the pericardium - Located posterior to the pulmonary trunk and aorta (arteries) but anterior to the superior vena cava (veins)
Name structure A and where it is located
Lunule
Name structure B of the aortic valve
Nodules
Name structure C of the aortic valve
Isthmus of the aorta - a slight constriction of the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery
Name structure D
Left fibrous ring
Name structure G
Right fibrous ring
Name structure M
Anterior Interventricular Groove of the heart
Name structure S2
circumflex artery - branch of left coronary artery
Name the artery of the heart 10 and it's pathway from the aorta
Posterior interventricular groove
Name structure 2
Left fibrous trigone
Name structure 3
Tendon of Todaro - made of subendocardium
Name structure 4
anterior descending artery (AKA anterior interventricular artery) - branch of left coronary artery
Name the artery of the heart 11 and it's pathway from the aorta
posterior descending artery (AKA posterior interventricular artery) - branch of right coronary artery
Name the artery of the heart 12 and it's pathway from the aorta
right coronary artery - branch of ascending aorta
Name the artery of the heart 3 and its pathway from the aorta
right marginal artery - branch of right coronary artery - aorta
Name the artery of the heart 6 and it's pathway from the aorta
left coronary artery - branch of ascending aorta
Name the artery of the heart 8 and its pathway from the aorta
superior border of the heart
Name the blue border of the heart.
anterior cusp of mitral valve (bicuspid / left AV valve)
Name the cusp and the valve. Number 1
There are four (4) borders of the heart: - superior border - inferior border - right border - left border
How many borders of the heart are there and what are their names?
the posterior aspect of the heart
Is the left atrium of the heart located at the posterior or anterior aspect of the heart?
The right pulmonary artery is longer
Is the left or right pulmonary artery longer?
superior vena cava
Name Great Vessel 1
right pulmonary artery
Name Great Vessel 2
right pulmonary veins
Name Great Vessel 22
left pulmonary artery
Name Great Vessel 29
brachiocephalic trunk
Name Great Vessel 3
pulmonary trunk
Name Great Vessel 30
left pulmonary veins
Name Great Vessel 31
left common carotid artery
Name Great Vessel 4
left subclavian artery
Name Great Vessel 5
thoracic aorta
Name Great Vessel 6
inferior vena cava
Name Great Vessel 8
ascending aorta
Name Great Vessel A
arch of aorta
Name Great Vessel B
left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Name nerve 3
Right fibrous trigone
Name structure 1
Ligamentum anteriosum - remnant of ductus arteriosus in the developing foetus
Name structure 14 and what it is the remnant of