hematology patho
8. The most common source of drug-induced thrombocytopenia is: A heparin. B thiazides. C estrogens. D ethanol.
A Heparin is the most common cause of drug-induced thrombocytopenia because of its effect on the clotting of human blood. The other choices are not known to cause thrombocytopenia.
9. Which statement regarding immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is true? A It is more common in females. B Adolescents have a higher incidence. C Massive bleeding from the nose and mouth occurs. D Initial platelet counts may be as low as 10,000.
A It is more common in females between 20 and 40 years of age. It usually starts with minor problems such as petechiae and an initial platelet count of 150,000.
8. Which function is recognized as the purpose of the continuous circulation of blood? (select all that apply) A Defending against invading infections B Maintaining acid-base balance C Prevention of cellular breakdown D Supporting cellular metabolism E Removal of cellular waste products
A B D E The continuous movement of blood guarantees that critical components are available to all parts of the body to carry out their chief functions: (1) delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism in the tissues, (2) removal of the wastes of cellular metabolism, (3) defense against invading microorganisms and injury, and (4) maintenance of acid-base balance. Circulating blood does not function to prevent cell breakdown.
9. What statement concerning leukocytes (white blood cells) is TRUE? (select all that apply) A Leukocytes are involved in the removal of debris, including dead or injured cells. B Most adults have on average 10,000-25,000 leukocytes/mm3 of blood. C Leukocytes are located in both tissue and circulating blood. D Leukocytes may be either a granulocyte or an agranulocyte. E Neutrophils are the most numerous and best understood leukocyte.
A C D Leukocytes (white blood cells) defend the body against organisms that cause infection and also remove debris, including dead or injured host cells of all kinds. The leukocytes act primarily in the tissues but are transported in the circulation. The average adult has approximately 5000-10,000 leukocytes/mm3 of blood. Leukocytes are classified according to structure as either granulocytes or agranulocytes. The neutrophil (polymorphonuclear neutrophil [PMN]) is the most numerous and best understood of the granulocytes.
5. Which statement regarding lymphoma is true? Lymphomas are: A a malignancy occurring in the bone marrow. B the result of injury to the RNA of a lymphocyte. C identified by palpable, tender lymph nodes. D the second most common cause of cancer death.
C Lymphomas are initially identified by the presence of tender, lymph nodes that are enlarged enough to be palpated. They are the sixth most common cause of cancer death and are the result of injury to the DNA of the lymphoid tissue. Malignancy within the lymphatic tissue in the bone marrow is termed lymphocytic leukemia.
13. Neutropenia, a condition involving the blood's neutrophil count, is believed to be caused by its: (select all that apply) A decreased production. B increased turnover. C abnormal distribution. D increased tendency to store vitamins. E reaction to an overwhelming infection.
A B C E The causes of neutropenia, in addition to an overwhelming infection, include decreased production, increased turnover, and abnormal distribution. Decreased vitamin intake can cause decreased production due to the lack of appropriate building blocks.
5. Platelets are essential in what physiological process? A Phagocytosis B Blood coagulation C Cell oxygenation D Removal of cellular waste
B Platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding. Leukocytes are involved in phagocytosis, which is the killing and removal of cellular waste, while erythrocytes are responsible for cellular oxygenation.
4. Which form of leukemia is the most common in children? A Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) B Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) C Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) D Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
A The most common leukemia in children is ALL and represents 80% of the leukemia in children. All other forms are much more commonly diagnosed in adults.
6. Which statement regarding Hodgkin lymphoma is true? A Peak incidence occurs in the early 20s through the 30s and then later in life. B It is diagnosed most often in the black population. C Incidence is increased in economically disadvantaged countries. D It is characterized by an increase in plasma cells.
A The peak incidence occurs during the early 20s and 30s and again in the sixth and seventh decades of life. The incidence is greatest in whites and economically advantaged countries. There is an increase in Reed-Sternberg cells.
18. Which situation is a characteristic of the triad of Virchow? (select all that apply) A Injury to endothelium B Abnormalities of blood flow C Hypercoagulability of the blood D Decreased clotting factors E Impaired vitamin A absorption
A B C The triad of Virchow includes the factors that predispose to thrombus formation and include injury to the endothelium, abnormalities of blood flow, and hypercoagulability of the blood. The condition is not affected by either a decrease in clotting factor or poor vitamin A absorption.
15. The known causes of lymphadenopathy include: (select all that apply) A neoplastic disease. B inflammatory condition. C lipid storage disease. D cardiac disease. E immunologic disorders.
A B C E Lymphadenopathy may be caused by neoplastic disease, immunologic or inflammatory conditions, endocrine disorders, and lipid storage disease. Currently there is no research to support a connection between cardiac disease and lymphadenopathy.
12. Microcytic-hypochromic anemia is known to be a result of disorders involving: (select all that apply) A iron metabolism. B porphyrin synthesis. C globin synthesis. D vitamin B12 absorption. E heme production.
A B C E Research supports that microcytic-hypochromic anemia is a result of disorders involving iron metabolism, porphyrin synthesis, heme production, and globin synthesis. The inability to absorb vitamin B12 results in pernicious anemia, which is a microcytic-normochromic anemia.
7. Which statements regarding folate are TRUE? (select all that are true) A Decreased folate absorption may lead to pernicious anemia. B Pregnant women require more folate. C Folate is stored in the liver. D Absorption of folate takes place in the stomach. E Folate is necessary for DNA synthesis.
A B C E Folate is necessary for DNA and RNA synthesis. Folate absorption occurs principally in the upper small intestine and is stored in the liver. Folate supplements are prescribed for pregnant women because pregnancy increases the demand for folate. Decreased B12 absorption may lead to pernicious anemia.
When considering both acquired and familiar forms, which statement regarding acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is true? It is: (select all that apply) A caused by platelet aggregates. B more common in females. C most commonly seen in infants. D occurring more frequently. E seldom life-threatening.
A B D The condition is a result of platelet clumping seen most commonly in adult females. While reported cases of acquired TTP are increasing, the cause is yet to be identified. It is rarely observed in infants and is certainly life threatening if not treated effectively and promptly.
11. A TRUE statement concerning the spleen includes: (select all that apply) A it serves as a reservoir for blood. B the location is in the left upper abdomen. C a functioning spleen is necessary for a healthy existence. D its lymphocytes combat blood-borne pathogens through an immune response. E this lymphoid organ is normally the size of walnut.
A B D The spleen, the largest of the lymphoid organs, is located in the left upper abdominal cavity and is about the size of a fist. Its lymphocytes mount immune responses to blood-borne microorganisms, and it serves as a blood reservoir. The spleen is not necessary for life or for adequate hematologic function, but its absence is reflected in how the body functions.
12. Which statement correctly describes hematopoiesis? (select all that apply) A The human body's need for 100 billion new blood cells per day is supplied. B Mitotic division of undifferentiated cells into blood cells occurs. C It occurs primarily in the liver and spleen of adult humans. D Production is increased when the body experiences a chronic infection. E Hemolytic anemia would cause a decrease in the hematopoietic process.
A B D The typical human requires about 100 billion new blood cells per day. Blood cell production, termed hematopoiesis, is constantly ongoing, occurring in the liver and spleen of the fetus and only in bone marrow after birth. This process involves the biochemical stimulation of populations of relatively undifferentiated cells to undergo mitotic division (i.e., proliferation) and maturation (i.e., differentiation) into mature hematologic cells. Hematopoiesis continues throughout life, increasing in response to proliferative disease, hemorrhage, hemolytic anemia (in which erythrocytes are destroyed), and chronic infection.
3. What is the primary function of albumin as a component of human blood? Albumin: A creates a fibrin clot as a part of the clotting cascade. B regulates the movement of water and solutes via osmotic pressure. C serves as an aqueous medium for organic materials. D generates intravascular pressure to circulate blood.
B Albumin (about 60% of total plasma protein) serves as a carrier molecule for both normal components of blood and drugs. Its most essential role is regulation of the passage of water and solutes through the capillaries by the process of osmosis, not intravascular pressure. Fibrinogen is the most plentiful of the clotting factors and is the precursor of the fibrin clot. Plasma is a complex aqueous liquid containing a variety of organic and inorganic elements.
11. Which statement regarding iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is true? A Agitation is a common symptom observed in the elderly. B Fatigue is an early, nonspecific symptom. C Condition develops rapidly. D Patients typically seek treatment when hemoglobin drops to below 6 g/dl.
B Early symptoms are nonspecific and include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale earlobes, palms, and conjunctiva. In the elderly, mental confusion, memory loss, and disorientation may be wrongly perceived as "normal" events associated with aging. IDA develops slowly through three overlapping stages. The onset of symptoms is gradual, and individuals usually do not seek medical attention until hemoglobin levels drop to 7 or 8 g/dl.
2. Pernicious anemia is: A a result of the increased production of intrinsic factor. B associated with end-stage type A chronic atrophic gastritis. C caused by a viral infection. D generally diagnosed by age 16 years.
B Pernicious anemia is associated with end-stage type A chronic atrophic gastritis, but is the result of an autoimmune disorder, not a viral infection. It is due to the absence of intrinsic factor and generally occurs in the elderly with mean age of onset of age 60.
10. Which statement about the neutrophil is TRUE? (select all that apply) A Bacterial invasion causes them to migrate into the capillary system. B They bring about the process of inflammation. C Life span once in contact with damaged tissue is 7 days. D Their death results in the release of digestive enzymes. E They are responsible for initial phagocytosis.
B D E Neutrophils are the chief phagocytes of early inflammation. Soon after bacterial invasion or tissue injury, neutrophils migrate out of the capillaries and into the damaged tissue, where they ingest and destroy contaminating microorganisms and debris. Neutrophils are sensitive to the environment in damaged tissue and die in 1 or 2 days. The breakdown of dead neutrophils releases digestive enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules. These enzymes dissolve cellular debris and prepare the site for healing.
1. Which description appropriately defines the term anemia? A Increased white blood cell size B Increased erythrocyte number in circulating blood C Decreased erythrocytes in circulating blood D Decreased circulating platelets
C Anemia is a reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin. This can be the result of blood loss or inadequate erythrocyte production.
4. The primary function of erythrocyte is to: A protect the body from bacterial infection. B control vascular bleeding through clotting. C carry oxygen attached to its hemoglobin. D warm the body to prevent hypothermia.
C Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are the most abundant cells of the blood, occupying approximately 48% of the blood volume in men and about 42% in women. Erythrocytes are primarily responsible for tissue oxygenation. Hemoglobin (Hb) carries the gases, and electrolytes regulate gas diffusion through the cell's plasma membrane. White blood cells (leukocytes) are involved in infection control. Platelets are the focus of blood clotting. There is no particular blood component that prevents hypothermia.
6. Hemoglobin's primary function is to: A initiate a method to control excessive bleeding. B stimulate the production of blood cells. C carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. D begin the process of inflammation.
C Hemoglobin (Hb), the oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte, takes up oxygen in the lungs and exchanges it for carbon dioxide in the tissues. Platelets are involved with hemorrhage control. Hemoglobin is not involved in the process of hematopoiesis. Neutrophils are instrumental in the initiation of the inflammatory process.
10. Which statement regarding iron deficiency anemia is true? A Whites are more commonly affected. B Incidence is most common in those children older than 2 years. C It is common in children due to their extremely high need for iron for normal growth. D There is decreased risk in children of homeless women.
C It is common in children due to their extremely high need for iron for growth. Incidence is not related to race but is increased in the children of homeless women most likely due to poor nutrition. It is most commonly found between the ages of 6 months and 2 years.
1. Which form of anemia is caused by altered heme synthesis in erythroid cells? A Iron deficiency B Microcytic-hypochromic C Sideroblastic D Megaloblastic
C Sideroblastic anemias are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by anemia of varying severity due to a dysfunction in the erythroid cells that results in a faulty production of heme. Iron deficiency anemia is usually a result of pregnancy or caused by a continuous loss of blood. Microcytic-hypochromic anemia is caused by small erythrocytes that contain reduced amounts of hemoglobin. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by unusually large erythrocytes.
2. Which term refers to an abnormally high production of red blood cells? A Anemia B Hemolytic crisis C Polycythemia D Apoferritin
D Polycythemia is the medical term for abnormally high production of red blood cells. Anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells. Hemolytic crisis is fulminate hemolytic anemia and can present with shock. Apoferritin is a protein implicated in altered iron metabolism.