HI 321 Quiz #1

James I (r. 1603-1625)

succeeds Elizabeth I. Bacon tried to win the king's favor after having a political career short with Elizabeth. He put himself to service of monarch.

Hermes -Hermeticism

(1460s) - Hermes was ancient Egyptian writer who knew all about nature and power - Fictitious guy who aimed to be a figure for chemists - Belief everything in nature have certain kinds of power based on celestial views - Original alchemist

Andreas Libavius (1555-1616) -Civic humanism -Alchymia (1596)

- Alchymia (1596) : Chemistry as a public art that could be taught - Humanists weren't special but meant you were well educated especially of ancient knoweldge - Doesn't like anyone too radical like Paracelsus who burned Galen books - Libavius advocated for all - in order for republic to be safe, necessary to have obligation to others and then form a view on society

Crusades (1096-1270)

- Established the crusader states that facilitated cultural exchange --> mobility of goods, people, knowledge, and artifacts -Shows Europeans waking up since Arabs were so advanced. - After crusades, Europe is more aware of the world advancements

English Reformation (1534-) - Henry VII -The Act of Supremacy -The Church of England

- Henry VIII (1509-47): separated the Anglican Church from Roman which allowed him to have multiple wives to produce his heir.

Aristotelian Universe .... plenum, sphere of fixed stars, planets, superlunar & sublunar regions, elements, natural motions

-Aristotle (384-322 BC) -Aristotle believed that the world was one and a sphere fixed by stars and divided by 2 by the moon. - The earth is a unique, stable, and central place defines places which constitute an absolutely finite space or universe - Composed of 4 elements: earth, water, air, and fire - Water and Earth is heavier so properties move to the center of the universe, Meanwhile, air and fire are lighter so move up and away from the center -Light elements move up -Heavy elements move down - The celestial elements move in circles -The Aristotelian universe is called PLENUM

Explorations - Columbus (1492) -Vasco de Gama (1497) - Amerigo Vespucci (1499)

-Christopher Columbus went to America from Spain. --> His role is important because he initiated global awareness - Vasco de Gama (1497) went to India from Portugal -Amerigo Vespucci (1499) Mundus Novus

Johann Valentin Andrea -Christianopolis (1619) .... laboratory

-Closed association with alchemy and chemistry in second half of 16C -New mode of scientific inquiry - Astrononmy, astrology related to chemistry - what defined a laboratory was the furnaces - everything was approximated due to difficulty of reaching accuracy

Hieronymus Bosch - The Garden of Earthly Delights (1504)

-Describes scene of creation chemically interpreted - chemist began to view creation in chemical terms over biblical -interpretation of bible weakening -images contains scientific instruments

Gutenberg's Printing Press (1450)

-Made Europe more literate like nobels - Made all kinds of documents available which made it necessary to read - The transition from nonliterate to literate

Elizabeth (1558-1603)

-Smart Queen -Walks in Parliament and argues way out over using military

Gothic Cathedrals

1130 -Expression of devout christianity

Italian city-states (1300) -Florence -Venice -Milan

A rebirth of learning-induced a general renewal and expansion of cultural life and modern European outlook about man and the universe. They had unprecedented wealth during 15 century due to: Black Death which eliminated 1/3 of pop and weakened land-based aristocracy which prevented invasions. Then, industrial processes developed ahead of Asia and the Orient which made them major routes between Asia, Near East, and Europe. Lastly, commercial cities were 'republics' so no princes or absolute rulers. - Florence: first humanist center of Renaissance and close political, financial, and intellectual association w/papal court which depended on Florence military protection, --- Medici family - Venice: commercial center maintained a republican gov and important cultural center. strong industries in glass-making, printing, textiles, dye-works. Declined due to newly opened trans-Atlantic commerce reduced the commerce through Mediterranean.

The Advancement of Learning (1605) - Triplicity

Bacon wrote book in dedication to James I: - invested of that triplicity which in great variation was ascribed to the ancient Hermes; the power and fortune of a King, the knowledge and illumination of a priest, and the learning and university of a philosopher

Renaissance (1300-1600)

Begins after the awareness of other world.

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) -Gray's Inn -Lord Chancellor

Born in high ranking court in Elizabeth, but considered common. - 1576 admitted to Gray Inn for training in law. In 1579 when his father died he went back to Gray Inn. - In 1618 he became Lord Chancellor but he gets kicked out due to bribery charges made against him --> He went through the fall of the favorite

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) -Florence -Milan (Ludorfico Sforza)

Born out of wedlock and grew up with his paternal grandparents and uncle in Vinci until he moved to FLORENCE in 1464. -He was not trained in letters or made a legitimate son. - In florence, he apprenticed Andrea del Verrochio associated with theater and monuments and flying devices. Milan (1482-1499) Da Vinci was sent to Milan by Lorenzo Medici with a lyre as part of diplomatic retinue - Sforza ruled as de facto b/c he usurped the throne from his nephew in 1480 which led to French invasions of Naples. In Milan, Vinci boasted about his ability as a military engineer and artist. He designed many but never actually built anything. such as catapults, bridges,

Fall of Constantinople (1453)

Byzantine contacts with Arab and Persian texts digested Arab scientific knowledge in Greek which was read and absorbed directly into Latin texts with migration of Byzantine scholars to the west. - Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453

Agostino Rameli (1531-1610) -The Various and Ingenious Machines (1588)

Dedicated his book to Henri III of France who met Ramelli at the battle of La Rochelle, as one of the Italian engineers serving catholic alliance. - Illustrations consist of water pumps, grain mills, fountains, military devices, book wheel which showed how much scholars read.

Cabinets of Curiosity

Ferrant Imperato in Naples 1599 - Fairly affordable - Cheaper than water gardens - Status purpose and show exotic features.

Philanthropy - Classification of human knowledge (history, philosophy, poesy)

Francis Bacon lifelong goal was philantropy which means that the only way to help humanity is to create knowledge. His classification of knowledge consisted of: - history (memory) -Poesy (imagination) -Philosophy (reason)

Hellenistic Period (Alexandria)

Greek science spread to ptolemaic Egypt, centered at Alexandria, from 300 BC, continuing through the Roman Empire. - Euclid, Archimedes, Hero of Alexandria, Claudius Ptolemy --> Roman scholars began to absorb Greek Philosophy and literature from about 150BC onward, but they did not develop strong tradition of pure sciences. - Destruction of Alexandria library in 5th C, Greek Philosophy was lost to Christendom - Gradual disintegration and transformation of the Roman Empire (193-476) and triumph of Christianity as a state religion severely curbed further development of science in Western Europe - Translation from Greek to Latin stopped until 12C

Paracelsus (1493-1555) -Chemical Philosophy -Chemical Medicine

He was the product of reformation. He learned about natural history, mining, alchemy. Applied his knowledge to medicine.He rebelled against the idea of helping those who could offer care which was expensive. He started chemical medicines which were based on heavy metals that could be toxic. He was called in when no one else could find a solution.He would go against Galem. He always ended up being kicked out from where he was invited into. Believed he has to travel the world to gain knowledge and medicine must serve people. After his death, people cleaned up his work due to how radical he was. - Chemical Philosophy: alchemy meant completing nature for human use, Archiodoxis... seeking the mysteries of nature, tria prima (sulfur, salt, mercury) rather than 4 elements. - Chemical Medicine: radical critic of galenic medicine. He believed that there are 2 types of physicians: those who work for love and those who work for their own profit.

Nuremberg's Chronicle (1493)

History of the world as an illustration -depicts how they saw other people like monsters - a fine example of craft and artistry in the early years of printing

New Atlantis (1626) - Salomon's House

Interpreters of nature, look over what is viable -Entire island filled with lab -

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) -Duomo in Florence

Islamic Influence

Travels of Marco Polo (1300)

Marco Polo travel from 1271-98 and book published early 1300s. -Travels to China after crusades

Reformation (1517-) - Martin Luther (1483-1546) -Peasant revolts

Papacy in the Renaissance was powerless and corrupt subjects to the powers of territorial princes. -Peasant Revolt (1525): small states where noble lived off of peasants. peasants were suffering; - Martin Luther created a caricature of Pop Alexander VI which saw the pope as a monster (1545)

Georgius Agricola (1494-1555) - De Re Metallica (1556)

Patronizing the wrong person in the renaissance could come at a cost - Relationship b/w client is mutual

Hieronymus Brunschwig - The Art of Distillation (1500)

Produced one of the first textbooks of chemistry on the art of distillation. - About things done in the basements or undercover works like minerals..... it brought the hidden to light. - exposition of the methods and apparatus of distillation of plant or animal products, mainly by steam on his own observations, a discussion of plant and their attributes, a list of distilled plant remedies

Hero of Alexandria, Pneumatics

Published in 1575 with mechanical curiosities such as organs, birds, owls. -Pneumatics is a branch of engineering that make sure of gas or pressurized air.

Medieval Universities ..... - Bologna (1088) - Paris (Thomas Aquinas) -Oxford 4 Faculties

Term university applied to any group with a common aim or function organized as a legal entity under the Roman law. - Universities constituted a sort of intellectual knighthood -First medieval university was Bologna (1088) - 80 universities by 1500 - Curriculum in Catholic universities aimed at the preservation, propagation, and elucidation of the faith.Built on church and conceived certain knowledge -Aristotelian moral and natural philosophy was banned at the Univ. of Paris, but Thomas Aquinas (1225-1272) who taught there worked it into Christian theology (1252-72). - Univ. of Paris grew out of the cathedral school of Notre Dame and Oxford which were organized into four faculties: arts, medicine, canon law, theology. - By mid 13th century Aristotelian system becomes foundation of Christianity

Obelisk (moved in 1585)

The Obelisk was moved to the Vatican in 1585 in which Pope Sixtus V wished to recover and re-erect all of the obelisks lying then in the ruins of Rome.

Water Gardens - villa d' Este

Ville D'Este commissioned by the cardinal Ippolito II d'Este, governor of Tivoli, who purchase property in 1550, given to architect Pirro Ligorio who worked on it 1565-72 but construction ceased with the death of cardinal; resumed construction in 1605 - Water Gardens were distinguishing marks of power and status.