HI234 Final
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
1856-1920; Indian nationalist who demanded immediate independence from Britain, mobilizing Hindu religious symbolism to develop a mass following and arguing that violence was an acceptable tactic for anticolonial partisans Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj ("self-rule") and a strong radical in Indian consciousness. He is known for his quote in Marathi: "Swarajya is my birthright and I shall have it!". He formed a close alliance with many Indian National Congress leaders including Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, 1919
A meeting of civilians held at Jallianwala Bagh near the Golden Temple in Amritsar was fired upon by soldiers under the command of Brigadier-General Dyer, killing and injuring thousands of protestors. The outcry generated by the massacre led to thousands of unrests and more deaths at the hands of the police. The massacre became the most infamous event of British rule in India. in Jallianwala Bagh, Punjab extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War Rowlatt Act Horrified Gandhi later leading to the Non-cooperation Movement of 1920-22.[10], launched on Jan 1921, Protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts and picket liquor shops
Bombay Plan
A set of proposal to develop post-independence India's economy during World War II in 1944/45 by eight leading Indian industrialists. Two parts State intervention in the economy 15-year-plan, like China. The basic objectives were doubling output of agricultural sector and five-fold industrial sector over 15 years, 100 billions invested Principle: the economy cannot grow without government intervention and regulation because of the immaturity of Indian industries. Didn't end very well.
Ghadr Movement
After the outbreak of World War I, Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to agitate for rebellion alongside the Babbar Akali Movement.[citation needed] In 1915 they conducted revolutionary activities in central Punjab and organised uprisings. Their presence challenged the hold of the British Empire; police surveillance in Punjabi villages increased in an attempt to crush the rebellion. The party is known for setting the foundation for future Indian revolutionary movements and served as a stepping stone for independence. Though predominantly Sikh, the party included members and leaders of many religions, demonstrating an plularistic and democratic attitude towards all Indians.[1] After the conclusion of the war, the party in the United States was fractured into a Communist and an Anti-Communist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948.[1]
Two-nation theory
Bhai Parmanand (1876-1947)[3], Rajnarayan Basu (1826-1899)[4] , Nabagopal Mitra (1840-94)[5][6][7] and Savarkar[8][9][10][11] and later adopted by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan.[12] It is also a source of inspiration to several Hindu nationalist organisations, with causes as varied as the redefinition of Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners and second-class citizens in India, the expulsion of all Muslims from India, establishment of a legally Hindu state in India, prohibition of conversions to Islam, and the promotion of conversions or reconversions of Indian Muslims to Hinduism.[13][14][15][16] The counter, single Indian nation The Partition of India 1945, Indian statesman and Buddhist Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, Pakstan, asserts that they should be accepted if they desire.
Cripps Mission
Britain's Failed attempt to secure Indian's cooperation and supports in WWII. 1942 The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps Both Parties rejected, the British imprisoned the entire Congress leaderships during the war. Gandhi reacted bythe Quit India Movement, "an orderly British Withdrawal" from India. At the same time Congress arrested.
Indian National Congress
Dadabhai Naoroji formed the East India Association in 1867 and Surendranath Banerjee founded the Indian National Association in 1876. Inspired by a suggestion made by A.O. Hume, a retired British civil servant, seventy-two Indian delegates met in Bombay in 1885 and founded the Indian National Congress.
Hind Swaraj
Gandhi's book (means Indian Home Rule) explaining the ideas behind his nonviolent methods of resistance; was published in South Africa but banned in India 1. English rule without Englishman is wrong 2. passive resistance, denouncing violence 3. to do above, swadeshi and self-reliance, refusal of all trade and dealings with the British 4. india won't be free unless removal of all western civilization, no industry, village-society
Satyagraha.
Gandhi's method of nonviolent resistance to end injustice, passive political resistance
1945 Indian general election
General elections were held in British India in December 1945 to elect members of the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State.[1] The Indian National Congress emerged as the largest party, winning 59 of the 102 elected seats.[2] The Muslim League won all Muslim constituencies, but failed to win any other seats. Of the 13 remaining seats, 8 went to Europeans, 3 to independents, and 2 to Akali candidates in the Sikh constituencies of Punjab.[3] This election coupled with the provincial one in 1946 proved to be a strategic victory for Jinnah and the partitionists. Even though Congress won, the League had united the Muslim vote and as such it gained the negotiating power to seek a separate Muslim homeland as it became clear that a united India would prove highly unstable. The elected members later formed the Constituent Assembly of India.
Great Depression
Great Depression of 1929 had a severe impact on India. The Government of British India adopted a protective trade policy which, though beneficial to the United Kingdom, caused great damage to the Indian economy. During the period 1929-1937, exports and imports fell drastically crippling seaborne international trade. The railways and the agricultural sector were the most affected. High prices from Inflation, heavy taxation, caused the Salt Satyagraha It pushes India towards Purna Swaraj UK suffers from Gold Standard, Gold Price fell, rest of Europe purchases gold from UK and UK looks for India to compensate
azad hind fauj
Indian National Army
Bhagat Singh
Indian nationalist considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. "Violent" freedom fighter. But used sanctified violence with similar methods as Gandhi. Like hunger strikes. Revered in India. Tried and hanged by British. Mistaking his target, revenge for an Indian nationalist leader, Lead the independent movement towards a socialist's path
Chalo Dilli
Let's Go to Delhi, 2011 Indian film,
Indian Rebellion of 1857
Mangal Pandey, a 29-year-old sepoy, was believed to be responsible for inspiring the Indian sepoys to rise against the British. Pandey revolted against his army regiment for protection of the cow, considered sacred by Hindus. In the first week of May 1857, he killed a higher officer in his regiment at Barrackpore for the introduction of the rule. He was captured and was sentenced to death when the British took back control of the regiment.[citation needed] On 10 May 1857, the sepoys at Meerut broke rank and turned on their commanding officers, killing some of them. They reached Delhi on 11 May, set the company's toll house on fire, and marched into the Red Fort, where they asked the Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, to become their leader and reclaim his throne. The emperor was reluctant at first, but eventually agreed and was proclaimed Shehenshah-e-Hindustan by the rebels.[24] The rebels also murdered much of the European, Eurasian, and Christian population of the city.[25] The lack of organization among rebellious, the superior weapons While affirming the military and political power of the British,[29] it led to significant change in how India was to be controlled by them. Under the Government of India Act 1858, the Company was deprived of its involvement in ruling India, with its territory being transferred to the direct authority of the British government.[30
Subhas Chandra Bose
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 - 18 August 1945)[1][a] was an Indian nationalist whose defiant patriotism made him a hero in India,[2][b][3][c][4][d] but whose attempt during World War II to rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left an ambivalent legacy.[5][e][6][f][2][g] The honorific Netaji (Hindustani: "Respected Leader"), the name granted to him in the early 1940s by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin, was later used throughout India.[7][h] Radical, younger leader of INC, became president in 1938 and 1939 With Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army (INA), then composed of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in the Battle of Singapore.[20] The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology. Especially his collaboration with fascism
1946 Cabinet Mission
Simla Conference UK cabinet Mission of 1946 came to India to dicuss the transfer of power from UK to Indian leadership the aim: perserving India's unity and granting it independence The Muslim League provincial government in Calcutta, now known as Kolkata, makes a call to Muslims for a "Direct Action Day" - ostensibly a day of strikes, although it has been open to different interpretations - to support the creation of Pakistan. It ends up becoming a harrowing day of violence between Muslims and Hindus. At least 4,000 people are killed and more than 10,000 injured.
Rowlatt Acts/Roulette Acts
The Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919 , popularly known as the Rowlatt Act or Black Act, was a legislative act passed by the Imperial Legislative Council in Delhi on 10 March 1919, indefinitely extending the emergency measures of preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without trial and judicial review enacted in the Defence of India Act 1915 during the First World War. It was enacted in light of a perceived threat from revolutionary nationalist organisations of re-engaging in similar conspiracies as during the war which the Government felt the lapse of the DIRA regulations would enable.[1][2][3][4][5] Passed on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee and named after its president, British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt, British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt, this act effectively authorized the government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism living in the Raj for up to two years without a trial, and gave the imperial authorities power to deal with all revolutionary activities. stricter control of the press, arrests without warrant, indefinite detention without trial, and juryless in camera trials for proscribed political acts These bills came to be known as "black bills". They gave enormous powers to the police to search a place and arrest any person they disapproved of without warrant. Despite much opposition, the Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919. The purpose of the act was to curb the growing nationalist upsurge in the country. Gandhi and others thought that constitutional opposition to the measure was fruitless, so on 6 April, a hartal was organised where Indians would suspend all business and would fast, pray and hold public meetings against the 'Black Act' as a sign of their opposition and civil disobedience would be offered against the law.
Chauri Chaura Incident
The Chauri Chaura incident, which took place on February 5, 1922, in the Gorakhpur district of British India, is considered as one of the most prominent incidents of pre-independent India. During the non-cooperation movement, a group of protestors clashed with police and as a result of this, policemen opened fired on the protestors. Provoked by this shooting incident, the demonstrators burnt down a police station, killing all its occupants. Resulting in the death of 22 or 23 policemen and three civilians, the incident also turned many against Mahatma Gandhi as he called off the 'Non-cooperation Movement' after the incident. Though a part of India's freedom struggle, the incident is considered by many as tragic. In response to the killing of the police, British authorities declared martial law in and around Chauri Chaura. Several raids were conducted and hundreds of people were arrested. Appalled at the outrage, Gandhi went on a five-day fast as penance for what he perceived as his culpability in the bloodshed.[4] In reflection, Gandhi felt that he had acted too hastily in encouraging people to revolt against the British Raj without sufficiently emphasising the importance of ahimsa (non-violence) and without adequately training the people to exercise restraint in the face of attack. He decided that the Indian people were ill-prepared and not yet ready to do what was needed to achieve independence. Gandhi was also arrested and sentenced to six years of imprisonment but was later released in February 1924, on grounds of his ill health.[5] On 12 February 1922, the Indian National Congress halted the Non-cooperation Movement on the national level as a direct result of the Chauri Chaura tragedy.[6]
Khilafat Movement
The Khilafat movement (1919-23) was a pan-Islamist political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India led by Awad brothers[citation needed] to influence the British government not to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate and restore the Caliph's position who was considered the leader of Muslims[citation needed]. It was a protest against the humiliating sanctions placed on the Caliph and Ottoman Empire after the First World War by the Treaty of Sèvres.[1][2] Supported the non-cooperation movement The movement collapsed by late 1922 when Turkey gained a more favourable diplomatic position and moved towards secularism. By 1924 Turkey simply abolished the role of Caliph.[3]
The Lucknow Pact
The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League at the joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916. Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow overrepresentation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures. The Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy. Scholars cite this as an example of a consociational practice in Indian politics.[1] The number of elected seats on the councils should be increased. Laws/Motions which were passed by large majorities in the councils should be accepted as bindings by the British Government. Minorities in the provinces should be protected. All provinces should be granted autonomy.[2] Separating the executive from the judiciary At least half of the members of the Executive Council being elected, the Legislative council having a majority of elected members[3] The Lucknow Pact was seen as a beacon of hope for Hindu-Muslim unity. It was the first time that the Hindus and Muslims had made a joint demand for political reform to the British. It led to a growing belief in British India that Home Rule (self-government) was a real possibility. The pact also marked the high-water mark of Hindu-Muslim unity. It established cordial relations between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. Before the pact, both parties were viewed as rivals who opposed each other and worked in their own interests. However, the pact brought a change in that view.
Non-Cooperation Movement
The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement from British rule. It was led by Mahatma Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. led by Gandhi; non-violent boycott of foreign goods, elections, government education, and the refusal to pay taxes The ideas of Ahimsa and non-violence The Non-cooperation movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri Chaura incident. Although he had stopped the national revolt single-handedly, on 10 March 1922, Gandhi was arrested. On 18 March 1922, he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials. This led to suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest of other leaders.
Poona Pact
The Poona Pact refers to an agreement between B. R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India government. It was made on the 24th of September 1932 at Yerwada Central Jail in Poona, India and was signed by Mahatma Gandhi, D.R Ambedkar and some other leaders as a means to end the fast that Gandhi was undertaking in jail as a protest against the decision by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in British India. They finally agreed upon 148 electoral seats.[1] Gandhi's fighting the rights of scheduled castes
Purna Swaraj
The Purna Swaraj declaration, or Declaration of the Independence of India, was promulgated by the Indian National Congress on 19 December 1929 Congress leader and famous poet Hasrat Mohani was the first activist to demand complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) from the British in 1921 from an All-India Congress Forum. The influence of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, people are outraged
roayl indian navy mutiny
The Royal Indian Navy revolt (also called the Royal Indian Navy mutiny or Bombay mutiny) encompasses a total strike and subsequent revolt by Indian sailors of the Royal Indian Navy on board ship and shore establishments at Bombay harbour on 18 February 1946. From the initial flashpoint in Bombay, the revolt spread and found support throughout British India, from Karachi to Calcutta, and ultimately came to involve over 20,000 sailors in 78 ships and shore establishments.[1][2] The mutiny was repressed with force by British troops and Royal Navy warships. Total casualties were 8 dead and 33 wounded. Only the Communist Party supported the strikers; the Congress and the Muslim League condemned it
Government of India Act of 1935
The act includes 1. the grant of a large measure of autonomy to British India, ending the diarchy introduced by Government of Indian Act 1919 2. federation of India, Federal court, establishment 3. intro to direct elections, 4. reorganization of the provinces, Burma completely separated from India. Provincial level autonomy is limited: the provincial governors retained important reserve powers Federation of India never came into operation due to princely states' opposition, not untill 1937.
Bengal Famine
World's worst recorded food disaster happened in 1943 in British-ruled India. Approximately four million people died. Historians believe the cause is caused by colonial policies for the war, a few believe famine arose from natural causes Rapid growth of population with an underdeveloped industry The change from subsistence agriculture to cash crops The impact on agrarian society Zamindars, landlords hold the
B.R. Ambedkar
a key national leader and a major social activist, known for his staunch opposition to caste hierarchies • B.R. Ambedkar (Baba) was a philosopher, politician, and leader of the Dalits. He played a major role in the formation of the Indian Constitution. He was well-educated and had a law degree from Colombia. He converted to Buddhism before dying which led to revival of Buddhism in India. Led movement of Hindu untouchables and led 500,000 dalits to convert to Buddhism in 1956.
Quit India Resolution
launched by Gandhi After Cripps Mission failed An orderly British Withdrawal from India The leadership imprisoned businessmen profiting from wars did not support Supported by Americans, Franklin D Roosevelt pushed Britain to give in some of the demands The campaign crushed by Britain's refusal to grant inmediate independence Small violence, the campaign failed due to heavy suprresion, weak co-ordination and clear programme of action However, UK realizes India unable to govern, how to quit
Salt March
was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience in colonial India led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to produce salt from the seawater in the coastal village of Dandi (now in Gujarat) without paying taxes, as was the practice of the local populace until British officials introduced taxation on salt production, deemed their sea-salt reclamation activities illegal, and then repeatedly used force to stop it. The 24-day march lasted from 12 March 1930 to 6 April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. It gained worldwide attention which gave impetus to the Indian independence movement and started the nationwide Civil Disobedience Movement. Mahatma Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers. Walking ten miles a day for 24 days, the march spanned over 240 miles.. Followed the Purma Swaraj,
