HIS-102 Chapters 23-30
v What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?
Ø Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856
Definition for "Balfour Declaration"
A 1917 British statement that declared British support of a National Home for the Jewish People in Palestine
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?
A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
v What was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century
A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria
Definition for "Tanzimat"
A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model
Who was Alexander Kerensky?
An agrarian socialist who became Prime Minister of Russia in July 1917
What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916?
An agreement between Great Britain and France to divvy up parts of the Middle East after the war
Definition for "War Guilt Clause"
An article in the Treat of Versailles declaring that Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting
v What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China?
Britain had control of the seas
What was the result of Allied support of the White armies in the Russian civil war?
It helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies
How did Lenin respond to the peasants' seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917?
He mandated land reform in order to offer his approval for what the peasants had already done
What was French premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference?
He wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France
v In 20th century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses
Internal monologues to explore the psyche
Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916?
Nationalistic aristocrats
The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War, gave western land to settlers and reinforced the idea
Of free labor in a market economy
Definition for "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk"
Peace treat signed in March 1918 between the Central Powers and Russia that ended Russian participation World War I and ceded Russian territories containing one-third of the Russian Empire's population to the Central Powers
Definition for "Brest-Litovsk"
Peace treaty signed in March 1918 between the Central Powers and Russia that ended Russian participation in World War I and ceded Russian territories containing one-third of the Russian Empire's population to the Central Powers
Walter Rathenau is remembered for his
Role in Germany's total war mobilization.
v In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a
Romantic nationalist
Why did the possibility of a federation of Italian states under the presidency of a progressive pope disappear after the revolutions of 1848?
The cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the revolutions of 1848
v According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the bulk of French and German investments?
Ø European countries, including Russia
Definition for "League of Nations"
A permanent international organization, established during the 1919 Paris peace conference, designed to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars
Definition for "Trench Warfare"
A type of fighting used in World War I behind rows of trenches, mines, and barbed wire; the cost in lives was staggering and the gains in territory minimal
Which countries are in the Triple Entente according to Map 25.1: European Alliances at the Outbreak of World War I, 1914?
Great Britain, France, and Russia
v How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army?
He drafted illiterate peasants and hired French and Italian army officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers
How did Henri-Philippe Petain maintain order among French troops by late 1917?
He formed a tacit agreement with troops that there would be no more grand offensives
Following the First World War, what was one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments?
Providing care for the large number of injured veterans
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?
The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position
v Definition for "Hundred Days of Reform"
Ø A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge
v Definition for "Popular Front"
Ø A short-lived New Deal-inspired alliance in France led by Leon Blum that encouraged the union movement and launched a far reaching program of social reform
v The typical European immigrant was
Ø A small farmer or rural craftsperson
v Definition for "Orientalism"
Ø A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures
v What is "Orientalism"?
Ø A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures
v Definition for "Great Depression"
Ø A worldwide economic depression from 1929 through 1939, unique in its severity and duration and with slow and uneven recovery
v What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?
Ø Abolition of serfdom
v The United States between 1815 and 1932
Ø Absorbed the largest overall number of European emigrants
v Based on Map 23.2: The Unification of Germany, 1864-1871, which new areas were added to the German Empire in 1871?
Ø Alsace and Lorraine
v After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?
Ø Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations
v What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?
Ø Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land
v Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it
Ø Feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities
v Definition for "Opium Wars"
Ø Two mid-nineteenth-century conflicts between China and Great Britain over the British trade in opium, which was designed to "open" China to European free trade. In defeat, China gave European traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions
v Definition for "id, ego, and superego"
Ø Sigmund Freud's terms to describe the three parts of the self and the basis of human behavior, which he saw as basically irrational
v The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism
Ø Signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society
v What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?
Ø Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own
The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for
Ø Social Democrats
v Definition for "Modern girl"
Ø Somewhat stereotypical image of the modern and independent working woman popular in the 1920s
v Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the
Ø Tanzimat
v The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany in part because
Ø The British economy had moved away from international markets and toward production of goods for the domestic market
v Which of the following is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914?
Ø The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism
v According to Map 24.3: Asia in 1914, which Western power had the latest date of colonization in Asia?
Ø The Japanese Empire
v In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?
Ø The Netherlands
v Definition for "Duma"
Ø The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes
v According to Map 23.1: The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870, which areas did Italy gain in 1866?
Ø Venetia and the Papal States
v According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the largest amount of British investments?
Ø The United States and Canada
v In his philosophical writings, Frederick Nietzsche argued that
Ø The Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity
v In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?
Ø The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the kind threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs
v How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of being liberal and progressive?
Ø Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution; and its substantial civil liberties; that was forced on his father in 1848
v Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land?
Ø Violent anti-Semitism in eastern Europe
v What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?
Ø To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values
v What was the goal of the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century?
Ø To create large political empires
v For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?
Ø To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change
v Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?
Ø To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term
v What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?
Ø To meet the threat posed by outside powers
Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of
The Marne
The following is an excerpt from Lenin's manifesto on behalf of the Congress of Soviets in Petrograd (Evaluating the Evidence 25.3): "The... All-Russia Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers' Deputies has opened. The vast majority of the Soviets are represented at the Congress. A number of delegates from the Peasants' Soviets are also present... Backed by the will of the vast majority of the workers, soldiers, and peasants, backed by the victorious uprising of the workers and the garrison which has taken place in Petrograd, the Congress takes powers into its own hands." What does this passage imply about Lenin and allies?
----------What does this passage imply about Lenin and allies--------
The following is an excerpt from Lenin's manifesto on behalf of the Congress of Soviets in Petrograd (Evaluating the Evidence 25.3): "The Congress calls upon the soldiers in the trenched to be vigilant and firm. The Congress of Soviets is convinced that the revolutionary army will be able to defend the revolution against all attacks of imperialism until such time as the new government succeeds in concluding a democratic peace, which it will propose directly to all peoples. The new government will do everything to fully supply the revolutionary army by means of a determined policy of requisitions and taxation of the propertied classes, and also will improve the condition of the soldiers' families." What does this passage imply about Lenin's plans with respect to the war?
--------What does this passage imply about Lenin's plans with respect to the war--------
v What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?
-------NOT THE IMMUTABILITY--------
v How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the 20th century?
------NOT THEY MUST STRUCTURE-----
v Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the post war broken world in
----NOT MARXISM----
LOST A FLASHCARD????
????????
What was the February Revolution in Russia in 1917?
An unplanned uprising of hungry and angry people in the capital
What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?
Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of Europe
What did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announce?
British favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine
Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
According to Map 25.4: Territorial Changes After World War I, which new states were once part of the Russian Empire?
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland
What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon?
Germany's nonaggression pact with Russia
Which nations made up the Central Powers and allies according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
Who were the Red Shirts in the nineteenth century?
Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860
During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France
Generally supported their foreign masters
What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?
Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations
What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?
Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battle ships
Why did Austria-Hungary deliberately choose war in July 1914?
It hoped to stem the tide of hostile nationalism within its borders
Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?
It was promised Austrian territory in return
Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and to
Maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary
What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state?
Military officers were to be stripped of their authority, and power was to be placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers
What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?
People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference
v The following is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.2): "Take up the White Man's burden, And reap his old reward - The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard - The cry of those ye humor (Ah, slowly!) toward the light: - 'Why brought ye us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?" Kipling's poem implies that non-Europeans are likely to
Resent efforts to help them
Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"?
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism
v According to Map 23.1: The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870, what areas did Sardinia-Piedmont lose in 1860?
Ø Savoy and Nice
What were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War?
Russia had assumed a two-front war against German and Austria-Hungary, and German had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France
Which European nations were neutral in World War I according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?
Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland
What did Germany's Auxiliary Service Law require?
That all men between seventeen and sixty work at jobs considered critical to the war effort.
Definition for "Treat of Versailles"
The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers
Definition for "Treaty of Versailles"
The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers
How did Lenin's and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party?
The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership
What was the immediate cause of British entry into the First World War?
The German invasion of neutral Belgium
v When Hungary gained an independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics?
The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament
What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I?
The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease
What ultimately happened to Ukraine and Belarus, parts of the Russian Empire ceded to Germany in the Treat of Brest-Litovsk?
The Soviet Union reconquered those territories during its civil war
Definition for "Triple Alliance"
The alliance of Austria, Germany, and Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war of aggression
Definition for "Triple Entente"
The alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia prior to and during the First World War
Definition for "War Communism"
The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work
The following is an excerpt from John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields" (Evaluating the Evidence 25.1): "In Flanders fields the poppies blow between the crosses, row on row That mark our place; and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly Scarce heard amid the guns below." This poem was written from the point of view of
The dead
v To what extent did the New Imperialism results in economic gains and why?
The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments
v Who was Theodore Herzl?
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement
Definition for "National self-determination"
The notion that peoples should be able to choose their own national governments through democratic majority-rule elections and live free from outside interference in nation-states with clearly defined borders
The following is an excerpt from Wilfred Own's poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" (Evaluating the Evidence 25.1). It describes the death of a soldier by poison gas: "If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood Come harling from the froth-corrupted lungs Bitter as the cud Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,- My friend, you would not tell with such high zest To children ardent for some desperate glory, The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. [It it sweet and fitting to die / For one's country.\" Owen's poem can be read as a critique of
The patriotic fervor that accompanied the war
v How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?
The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps
What was the fatal turning point in the Russian prosecution of the war?
The tsar's decision to assume command of Russia's armies, leaving the government in the hands of the strong-willed, autocratic tsarina
Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them?
They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue
How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical Communist Spartacist Uprising?
They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called Free Corps to crush the uprising
What was the common effect of western-front offensives during the First World War?
They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units
What was the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks?
They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks
Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?
They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockage was still in place and the German people were starving
How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War?
They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements
v How did German Social Democrats recover their losses in the 1907 election and become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912?
They took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base
What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s?
To establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it
What promise did Lenin make on behalf of the Soviet government?
To guarantee the right to self-determination
Definition for "February Revolution"
Unplanned uprisings accompanies by violent street demonstrations begun in March 1917 (old calendar February) in Petrograd, Russia, that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government
Definition for "Fourteen Points"
Woodrow Wilson's 1918 peace proposal calling for open diplomacy, a reduction in armaments, freedom of commerce and trade, the establishment of the League of Nations, and national self-determination
v What was the long-established customs union among the German states?
Zollverein
v What was the Boxer Rebellion?
Ø A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China
v Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 soared to about
Ø 30 percent
v Definition for "Bauhaus"
Ø A German interdisciplinary school of fine and applied arts that brought together many leading modern architects, designers, and theatrical innovators
v Definition for "German Social Democratic Party (SPD)"
Ø A German working-class political part founded in the 1870s that championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament
v Definition for "People's Budget"
Ø A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords
v What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?
Ø A combination of trade, educational support, and technological assistance
v Definition for "Crimean War"
Ø A conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reform in the Russian Empire
v Definition for "Dreyfus affair"
Ø A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church
v Definition for "Modernism"
Ø A label given to the artistic and cultural movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; These movements were typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression
v Definition for "Bloody Sunday"
Ø A massacre of peaceful protesters at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg in 1905, triggering a revolution that overturned absolute tsarist rule and made Russia into a conversative constitutional monarchy
v Definition for "Berlin Conference"
Ø A meeting of European leaders held in 184 and 1885 in order to lay down some basic rules for imperialist competition in sub-Saharan Africa
v Definition for "Zionism"
Ø A movement dedicated to the building a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, started by Theodor Herzl
v What kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?
Ø A pessimistic world in which helpless individuals are crushed by inexplicably hostile forces
v Definition for "Existentialism"
Ø A philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world
v The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised
Ø A popularly elected Duma or parliament
v The following is an excerpt from George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier, a study of conditions in northern England (Evaluating the Evidence 26.3): "[The poor and the unemployed] don't necessarily lower their standards by cutting out luxuries and concentrating on necessities; more often it is the other way about-the more natural way, if you come to think of it. Hence the fact that in a decade of unparalleled depression, the consumption of all cheap luxuries has increased. The two things that have probably made the greatest difference of all are the movies and the mass-production of cheap smart clothes since the war. The youth who leaves school at 14 and gets a blind-alley job is out of work at 20, probably for life; but for two pounds ten on the hire-purchase system he can buy himself a suit which, for a little while and at a little distance, looks as though it had been tailored in Savile Row." According to Orwell, the depression led to
Ø An increase in the consumption of cheap luxury items
v James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and
Ø An ordinary man's aimless wanderings through the street and pubs of Dublin
v Definition for "Dadaism"
Ø And artistic movement of the 1920s and 1930s that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior and delighted and outrageous conduct
v The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of
Ø And imbalance between real investment and speculation
v Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?
Ø As a response to U.S. military pressure
v Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s?
Ø As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution
v Based on Map 23.2: The Unification of Germany, 1864-1871, which German states did not become part of the North German Confederation in 1867?
Ø Baden, Wurttemberg, and Bavaria
v What did orthodox economists believe in the 1930s?
Ø Balanced budgets were the key to economic growth
v According to Map 24.2: The Partition of Africa, which European states acquired their first colonies after 1878?
Ø Belgium, Germany, and Italy
v What was "nativism" in the nineteenth century?
Ø Beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants
v The following is an excerpt from Adelheid Popp's The Autobiography of a Working Woman (Evaluating the Evidence 23.2): "In the factory I became another woman... I told my [female] comrades all that I had read of the workers' movement. Formerly I had often told stories when they had begged me for them. But instead of narrating... the fate of some queen, I now held forth on oppression and exploitation. I told of accumulated wealth in the hands of a few, and introduced as a contrast the shoemakers who had no shoes and the tailors who had no clothes. On breaks I read aloud the articles in the Social Democratic The paper and explained what Socialism was as far as I understood it... [ While I was reading] it often happened that one of the clerks passing by shook his head and said to another clerk: 'The girl speaks like a man.'" The passage suggests that Popp
Ø Believed that it was her duty to educate her fellow workers
v Definition for "Kulturkampf"
Ø Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pius IX's declaration of papal infallibility
v What happened in 1898 at Fashoda?
Ø British and French troops encountered one another and set off a serious diplomatic crisis that only ended when the French backed down
v Why was Britain more ready to conciliate Germany than France following the Versailles peace settlement?
Ø British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before World War I
v What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?
Ø Buying on margin
v How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?
Ø By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?
Ø By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
v In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and
Ø Championed the "Aryan race"; for its supposedly superior qualities
v Using map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, explain the relationship between unemployment and rioting
Ø Countries with moderate unemployment experience more strikes and riots
v What agreement did the United states develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?
Ø Dawes Plan
v Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?
Ø Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state
v Definition for "Afrikaners"
Ø Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa
v What did Marcel Proust attempt to do in his novel Remembrance of Things Past?
Ø Discover the inner meaning of bittersweet memories of childhood and youthful love
v What did the notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggests Jewish elders were planning to do?
Ø Dominate the globe
v What was the principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?
Ø Effective occupation
v In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century?
Ø Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce
v The largest share of European foreign investment went to
Ø European states and North America
v The following is an excerpt from Adelheid Popp's The Autobiography of a Working Woman (Evaluating the Evidence 23.2): "In the factory I became another woman... I told my [female] comrades all that I had read of the workers' movement. Formerly I had often told stories when they had begged me for them. But instead of narrating... the fate of some queen, I now held forth on oppression and exploitation. I told of accumulated wealth in the hands of a few, and introduced as a contrast the shoemakers who had no shoes and the tailors who had no clothes. On breaks I read aloud the articles in the Social Democratic The paper and explained what Socialism was as far as I understood it... [ While I was reading] it often happened that one of the clerks passing by shook his head and said to another clerk: 'The girl speaks like a man.'" The passage suggests that Popp
Ø Felt unconstrained by the traditional boundaries of female behavior
v Definition for "Young Turks"
Ø Fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms
v Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?
Ø France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and somewhat isolated from the world economy
v According to map 26.1: the Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, which European countries had the highest levels of unemployment?
Ø Germany, Norway, and Austria
v The 19th century Danish theologian Soren Kierkegaard taught that
Ø God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the existence of a majestic God
v In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?
Ø Gustav Stresemann
v The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man (Evaluating the Evidence 23.1). Mazzini's words were addresses to Italian workingmen: "God gave you the means of multiplying your forces and your powers of action indefinitely when he gave you a Country, when, like a wise overseer of labor, who distributes the different parts of the work according to the capacity of the workmen, he divided Humanity into distinct groups upon the face of our globe, and thus planted the seeds of nations. Evil governments have disfigured the design of God, which you may see clearly marked out, as far, as least, as regards Europe, by the courses of the great rivers, by the lines of the lofty mountains, and by other geographical conditions; they have disfigured it by conquest, by greed, by jealousy of the just sovereignty of others; disfigured it so much that today there is perhaps no nation except England and France whose confines correspond to this design." In Mazzini's view, the Europe of his day
Ø Had been disfigured by evil rulers
v In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?
Ø He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West
v In the 20th century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for?
Ø He denounced the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons
v How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society?
Ø He forced farmers to become tenants or large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture
v Why did the conservation Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?
Ø He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system
v Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?
Ø He sought to win support from bother the Catholic Center and the Protestants Junkers, who had large land holdings
v What is the composer Arnold Schonberg known for?
Ø His creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality
v The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr are against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to
Ø Hyperinflation
v After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia
Ø Imposed a harsh peace on France
v What did the Swedish response to the Depression involved?
Ø Increasing social welfare benefits and state spending on public work projects
v The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 and
Ø Initiated a series of measures to reform Japan along modern lines
v What did the Popular Front do after its 1936 victory in France?
Ø It encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reforms that included a 40 hour work week
v What was the result of the Mexican War of 1848?
Ø It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico
v How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?
Ø It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony
v What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late-nineteenth-century France?
Ø It revived republican distrust of Catholicism
v By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?
Ø It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition
v What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?
Ø It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers
v What was the British political party that emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the conservative party?
Ø Labour party
v Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?
Ø Leni Riefenstahl
v Why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?
Ø Many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage for Britain
v The following is an excerpt from Henry Labouchere's "The Brown Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.3): "Pile on the brown man's burden; And if ye rouse his hate, Meet his old-fashioned reasons With Maxims up to date. With shells and dumdum bullets A hundred times made plain The brown man's loss must ever Imply the white man's gain." What does the passage imply is the true advantage of Westerners over non-Europeans?
Ø Military technology
v Which political group dominated the parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid to late 1920s?
Ø Moderate businessmen
v In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns were overshadowed by
Ø Modern mass media such as cinema and radio
v The following is an excerpt from Nietzsche's The Gay Science (Evaluating the Evidence 26.1): "The Madman. Haven't you heard of that madman, who on a bright morning day lit a Lantern, ran into the marketplace, and screamed incessantly: 'I am looking for God! I am looking for God!' Since there were a lot of people standing around who did not believe in God, he only aroused great laughter. As he lost? Asked one person. Did he lose his way like a child? Asked another period or is he in hiding? Is he frightened of us? Has he gone on a journey? Or emigrated? And so they screamed and laughed. The madman leaped into the ground and stared straight at them. 'Where has God gone?' he cried. 'I will tell you! We have killed him. You and I! All of us are his murderers!'" Nietzsche believed that ____ had killed God
Ø Modern society
v The following is an excerpt from the futurist manifesto of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Evaluating the Evidence 26.2): "4. We say that the world's magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed. A racing car whose hood is adorned with great pipes, like serpents of explosive breath-a roaring car that seems to ride on grapeshot-is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace. 5. We want to hymn the man at the wheel, who hurls the lance of his spirit across the Earth, along the circle of its orbit." This passage reflects the futurists' celebration of
Ø Modern technology
v The following is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.2): "Take up the White Man's Burden - Send forth the best ye breed - Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captive's need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild - Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child." Kipling's poem implies that non-Europeans are
Ø More like wild animals that non-Europeans are
v In the 20th century, Werner Heisenberg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that
Ø Nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality
v According to Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe 1929-1939, which American states are in the Dust Bowl?
Ø New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
v According to Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929 and 1939, which American states contain the highest percentage of population receiving unemployment relief?
Ø North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and New Mexico
v What was China required to do in the Treaty of Nanking (1842) that ended the first Opium War?
Ø Open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs
v What did the British use to break China's self-imposed isolation?
Ø Opium
v How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?
Ø Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India
v Unlike other political parties, Marxist socialists
Ø Organized themselves into an international organization
v The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man (Evaluating the Evidence 23.1). Mazzini's words were addresses to Italian workingmen: "God gave you the means of multiplying your forces and your powers of action indefinitely when he gave you a Country, when, like a wise overseer of labor, who distributes the different parts of the work according to the capacity of the workmen, he divided Humanity into distinct groups upon the face of our globe, and thus planted the seeds of nations. Evil governments have disfigured the design of God, which you may see clearly marked out, as far, as least, as regards Europe, by the courses of the great rivers, by the lines of the lofty mountains, and by other geographical conditions; they have disfigured it by conquest, by greed, by jealousy of the just sovereignty of others; disfigured it so much that today there is perhaps no nation except England and France whose confines correspond to this design." According to Mazzini, nations are
Ø Part of God's design
v What was the main argument of logical positivism in the twentieth century?
Ø Philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts
v What did President Franklin Roosevelt's National Recovery Administration (NRA) attempt to do?
Ø Plan and control the U.S. economy
v Definition for "Nativism"
Ø Policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to establish inhabitants over immigrants
v How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?
Ø Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented
v What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?
Ø Quinine
v How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?
Ø Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other
v What was the greatest impediment to nation building in the United States?
Ø Regional differences exacerbated by slavery
v The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French Prime Minister Aristide Briand and EU S Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
Ø Renounce war as an instrument of international policy
v The following is an excerpt from a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on immigration reform (Evaluating the Evidence 24.1): "[I]t is on the moral qualities of the English-speaking race that our history, our victories, and all our future rest. There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by breeding them out. If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers, history teaches us that the lower race will prevail... The lowering of a great race means not only its own decline, but that of civilization..." Lodge believed that unrestricted interracial sexual relations would result in
Ø The decline of civilization
v How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?
Ø The emperor controlled the army and the foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature
v Definition for "Red Shirts"
Ø The guerrilla army of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who invaded Sicily in 1860 in an attempt to liberate it, winning the hearts of the Sicilian peasantry
v In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
Ø The id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts
v Definition for "White Man's Burden"
Ø The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living
v What was the Russian zemstvo?
Ø The institution for local government established by the Great Reforms
v What did the Western world hope to achieve through the global economic system?
Ø The largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West and its propertied classes
v Definition for "New Imperialism"
Ø The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad
v Definition for "Global Mass Migration"
Ø The mass movement of people from Europe in the nineteenth century; one reason why the West's impact on the world was so powerful and many-sided
v What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?
Ø The nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny
v How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?
Ø The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers
v What was the primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?
Ø The possibility of buying land in the home country
v Definition for "Functionalism"
Ø The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they were made, without excessive ornamentation
v The following is an excerpt from an eyewitness account of Bloody Sunday, one of the events that sparked the Russian Revolution of 1905 (Evaluating the Evidence 23.2): "The soldiers of the Preobrazhensky regiments, without any summons to disperse, shoot down the unfortunate people as if they were playing at bloodshed. Several hundred fall; more than a hundred and fifty are killed. They are almost all children, women, and young people. It is terrible. Blood flows on all sides. At 5 o'clock the crowd is driver back, cut down and repelled on all sides. The people, terror-stricken, fly in every direction. Scared women and children slip, fall, rise to their feet, only to fall again farther on. At this moment a sharp word of command is heard and the victims fall en masse. There had been no disturbances to speak of. The whole crowd is unarmed and has not uttered a single threat." The author of this account was determined to make the point that
Ø The protestors were peaceful and had done nothing to provoke the soldiers' attack
v Definition for "Meiji Restoration"
Ø The restoration of the Japanese emperor to power in 1867, leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan
v The following is an excerpt from George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier, a study of conditions in northern England (Evaluating the Evidence 26.3): "when you see the unemployment figures quoted at two millons, it is fatally easy to take this as meaning that two million people are out of work and the rest of the population is comparatively comfortable... This is an enormous underestimate, because, in the first place, the only people shown on unemployment figures are those actually drawing the dole-that is, in general, heads of families. And unemployed man's dependants do not figure on the list unless they too are drawing a separate allowance... In addition there are great numbers of people who are in work but who, for my financial point of view, my equally be employed, because they are not drawing anything that can be described as a living wage." Why did Orwell think that unemployment figures underestimated the number of people who were in dire economic straits?
Ø The statistics did not include the family members of the unemployed
v Definition for "Gunboat Diplomacy"
Ø The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements
v Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to
Ø The white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races
v How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?
Ø They encouraged the masses to savor foreign triumphs as examples of national glory and prestige
v How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?
Ø They increasingly focused on bread-and-butter issues rather than dissemination of socialist doctrine
v How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?
Ø They occupied the Ruhr district
v What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies?
Ø They were essential to great nations
v How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?
Ø They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation
v The following is an excerpt from the Futurist manifest of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Evaluating the Evidence 26.2): "8. We stand on the last prominent area of the centuries!... Why should we look back, when what we want is to break down the mysterious doors of the impossible? Time and space died yesterday. We already live in the absolute, because we have created eternal, omnipresent speed. 9. We will glorify war-the world's only hygiene-militarism, patriotism, and the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for women. We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind, will fight moralism, feminism, every opportunistic were utilitarian cowardice. How did Marinetti and the Futurists see war?
Ø War and its ideals will be idolized by Futurists
v Definition for "Dawes Plan"
Ø War reparations agreement that reduced Germany's yearly payments, made payment dependent on economic prosperity, and granted large US loans to promote recovery
v The following is an excerpt from a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on immigration reform (Evaluating the Evidence 24.1): "[I]t is on the moral qualities of the English-speaking race that our history, our victories, and all our future rest. There is only one way in which you can lower those qualities or weaken those characteristics, and that is by breeding them out. If a lower race mixes with a higher in sufficient numbers, history teaches us that the lower race will prevail... The lowering of a great race means not only its own decline, but that of civilization..." Lodge believed that moral qualities
Ø Were inherent characteristics of each race
