HIS 102 Exam III

In 1992, Francis Fukuyama declared that the world had arrived at Group of answer choices "a bridge to a new tomorrow." "the first day of a new era." "the beginning of the end." "the end of history." "its logical conclusion."

"the end of history."

To resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe, in 1924 the United States developed the Group of answer choices Agricultural Adjustment Act. Dawes Plan. League of Nations. New Deal. Locarno Pact.

Dawes Plan.

Why did the Council of Europeans fail to evolve into a European parliament with sovereign rights? Group of answer choices France withdrew from NATO, provoking a split among all the nations as to the council's foreign policy goals. The recession of the early 1960s caused all member states to grow leery of further economic entanglements. Great Britain consistently opposed conceding any real political power and sovereignty to the council. The Soviet Union threatened western Europe with nuclear annihilation if it unified into a single sovereign state. The decision of the United States to end the process of de-Nazification led other European nations to withdraw from closer ties to West Germany.

Great Britain consistently opposed conceding any real political power and sovereignty to the council.

Which of the following best characterizes the presidency of Vladimir Putin in Russia? Group of answer choices He pursued strong free-market reforms that allowed Russia to break free of its socialist economic heritage. He sought Russia's full admission into the European Union and its acceptance as a "normal" state. He re-established socialist economic controls but permitted greater political freedoms so that the government could be freely criticized. He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and re-established semi-authoritarian political rule. He worked to weed out corruption of Russia's political system in order to secure liberal political gains.

He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and re-established semi-authoritarian political rule.

The British political party that emerged during the 1920s as the champion of the working class and the main opposition to the Conservative party was the Group of answer choices Liberal Party. Labour Party. Social Democratic Party. Communist Party. Christian Democratic Party.

Labour Party.

What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches? Group of answer choices To ally the churches with liberal, democratic politics To preserve religious life in Germany To protect church property To overthrow Hitler To voice dissent at Hitler's racial policies

To preserve religious life in Germany

In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns was overshadowed by Group of answer choices modern mass media such as cinema and radio. public schools and mass education programs. the expansion of professional sports. a market culture expressed in merchandise catalogues. the folk craft movement.

modern mass media such as cinema and radio.

In its invasions of Georgia and Chechnya, Russia sought to maintain political influence in former Soviet lands and Group of answer choices prevent the further expansion of NATO. prevent the influx of Muslim terrorists into Russia. preserve control over the region's energy resources. demonstrate the efficiency of its new, reformed military. undermine the growth of India and China as powers in central Asia

preserve control over the region's energy resources.

The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the Eastern Bloc was Group of answer choices to seek peace and reconciliation. the reunification of Germany. to reduce the influence of NATO in Germany. to establish German neutrality in the Cold War. to reassert German claims to majority-German areas of eastern Europe.

to seek peace and reconciliation.

Mussolini was expelled from the Italian Socialist party for Group of answer choices plotting to assassinate its leader. denying the necessity of violent revolution to establish a worker dictatorship. working as a secret government informer. anti-Semitism. urging Italian entry into World War I.

urging Italian entry into World War I.

In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from Group of answer choices China. the United States. Great Britain. France. Spain.

France.

From the 1960s through the 1990s, violence re-emerged against British authority in Group of answer choices Hong Kong. Nigeria. South Africa. Northern Ireland. India.

Northern Ireland.

Advocates of women's rights in the United States and Europe pushed for all of the following workplace reforms except Group of answer choices laws against discrimination. equal pay for equal work. affirmative action. maternal leave. affordable day care.

affirmative action.

Popular music in the 1960s championed Group of answer choices anarchy. political revolution. socialism. cross-cultural understanding. countercultural lifestyles.

countercultural lifestyles.

In Great Britain, Margaret Thatcher's efforts to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments Group of answer choices failed miserably. led to destructive debt levels for poorer people. was supported by the Labour party. created a new class of property owners. led to accusations that Thatcher was a socialist.

created a new class of property owners.

Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he Group of answer choices remilitarized the Rhineland. occupied Austria. took the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. invaded Norway. used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.

used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.

Vladimir Putin Group of answer choices was head of the KGB under Gorbachev. was leader of the Chechen independence movement. was elected president of Russia in 2000. was Yeltsin's chief economic adviser. headed the coal miner's union in the Russian Far East.

was elected president of Russia in 2000.

Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand Group of answer choices resigned. failed to win reelection. was forced to introduce austerity measures. declared that socialism was dead. withdrew France from the Common Market.

was forced to introduce austerity measures.

Jews in Palestine proclaimed the state of Israel Group of answer choices when the French gave up their League of Nations mandate over Palestine. when Germany surrendered in May 1945. when the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948. when the United States proclaimed the Truman Doctrine in 1947. when the U.S. Congress promised economic assistance in 1949.

when the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948.

What was the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued? Group of answer choices The re-unification of East and West Germany A political unification of Europe into a single state A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions The creation of a Europe-wide free-trade zone New immigration laws to limit migrants from former colonies

A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions

In 1979, the United States and western Europe were appalled by the Soviet Union's invasion of Group of answer choices Iraq. Afghanistan. Poland. Mongolia. Korea.

Afghanistan.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Spain faced an insurgent movement that used terrorism from Group of answer choices Catholic radicals. Basque separatists. Muslim revivalists. former colonial expatriates. pieds noirs.

Basque separatists.

Why did Stalin call for the liquidation of the kulaks? Group of answer choices The kulaks had sided with the counter-revolutionary White forces during the civil war. He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress. As the kulaks sought to defend their homeland in eastern Siberia, Stalin feared that they would side with the Japanese over disputed land claims. He believed that the kulaks had hidden the assets of their banking enterprises in the small villages of the Ural mountains and were seeking to undermine the Soviet finances. He believed that the religious faith of the kulaks would prevent them from adopting communism.

He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress.

Why did Charles de Gaulle withdraw France from NATO? Group of answer choices He viewed the United States as the main threat to French independence. He wanted to develop a French nuclear program that the United States refused to endorse. He sought to position France as a main trading partner of the Soviet Union. He rejected the United States' efforts to promote decolonization. He believed that France could position itself as the balance of power between the United States and the Soviet Union.

He viewed the United States as the main threat to French independence.

What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933? Group of answer choices It required all Jews to wear identifying badges. It outlawed all socialist and communist political parties. It placed all enterprises producing military supplies under military direction. It mandated a new civil requirement that forbade Jews from holding public office. It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years.

It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years.

Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with the Group of answer choices urban workers. Russian peasants. White counter-revolutionaries. foreign capitalists. Russian intelligentsia.

Russian peasants.

Which of the following best characterizes the East German government's response to the nationwide demonstrations against poor wages and working conditions in 1953? Group of answer choices The government put down the strike with it military police force and then disbanded all labor unions while arresting and imprisoning the labor leaders. The government permitted Soviet troops to put down the revolt, jailed demonstrators, but then instituted reforms to respond to the demonstrators' strongest demands. The government admitted labor leaders to the governing economic council and implements a wide array of reforms to improve working conditions and raise pay. The government implemented all of the workers' demands and ordered Soviet economic advisors to leave the country along with Soviet troops. The government crushed the revolt and instituted a purge of all Communist Party members who had expressed sympathy with the demonstrators.

The government permitted Soviet troops to put down the revolt, jailed demonstrators, but then instituted reforms to respond to the demonstrators' strongest demands.

Which of the following does not correctly identify the ideas of Sigmund Freud? Group of answer choices The superego is the self-promoting desire for control and power. The ego is the rational component of the self that negotiates between the id and the superego. The id's instinctual drives are an ever-present danger for they overwhelm the control mechanisms in a violent and distorted way. Neurosis, or mental illness, resulted when the id, ego, and superego were somehow out of balance. The id is the unconscious source of sexual, aggressive, pleasure-seeking instincts.

The superego is the self-promoting desire for control and power

Why did nationalists oppose the proposed European Union Constitution? Group of answer choices They refused to abandon their national militaries. They believed other nations and people were inferior. They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity. They rejected the undemocratic nature of the EU. They believed that the EU was a communist plot.

They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity.

What did the leaders of the Prague Spring hope to accomplish in Czechoslovakia? Group of answer choices To establish nationwide, multiparty electoral politics in support of free markets and individual liberties To replace rigid bureaucratic planning with local decision making by trade unions, managers, and consumers To overthrow Soviet domination and join NATO To overturn the recent liberal reforms that had challenged the position of the Communist Party and to restore centralized planning and economic controls To create a New Left state in which consumer culture was replaced with ideological commitments to truly revolutionary socialism

To replace rigid bureaucratic planning with local decision making by trade unions, managers, and consumers

Changes in the structure of European society after World War II were primarily the result of Group of answer choices economic and technological transformation. rising birthrates among the lower classes. the slaughter of World War II. political and social revolution. large-scale emigration.

economic and technological transformation.

The theories of Albert Einstein asserted that Group of answer choices matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world. the passage of time provided the one fixed reference in the universe which scientists establish as a standard point of reference. particles of nature are essentially dead as they lack an internal animating energy. the immutability of Newton's laws of nature have been secured by modern science. the notion of space is an illusion since space does not exist except in the imagination.

matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.

The parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid to late 1920s were dominated by Group of answer choices Social Democrats. right-wing nationalists. moderate businessmen. conservative aristocrats. Christian Democrats.

moderate businessmen.

When Germany refused to make its second reparations payment, France and Belgium Group of answer choices declared war. established a naval blockade of German ports. appealed to the League of Nations. declared the Versailles treaty null and void. occupied the Ruhr district.

occupied the Ruhr district.

According to the best estimates, about how many people died in the Second World War? Group of answer choices 15 million 35 million 50 million 65 million 80 million

50 million

How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy? Group of answer choices He instituted the liberal political reforms that they demanded. He adopted a new tax system that shifted most taxes onto landed wealth. He gave huge military contracts to a few select, key business leaders. He established a new chamber of commerce with substantial power over commercial law. He left big business to regulate itself.

He left big business to regulate itself.

What new component of consumer society emerged in the 1920s? Group of answer choices Industrialized manufacturing Transportation systems Professional advertising agencies General merchandise credit cards Department stores

Professional advertising agencies

Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring sought to expose Group of answer choices the rampant overuse of pesticides. the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons. the discrimination faced by colonial migrants to European nations. the crackdown on the Prague Spring by the Soviet Union. the failures of the educational system to prepare future workers.

the rampant overuse of pesticides.

How did European response to terrorism differ from the American response? Group of answer choices Americans emphasized the need for warfare, while Europeans emphasized that terrorism was best resolved through police and intelligence measures. Americans favored the strong use of force to resist terrorism, while the Europeans favored appeasement. Americans believed that terrorism could be controlled through immigration, while Europeans believed that terrorists had to be attacked in their own countries. European terrorism was generally homegrown, creating civil rights issues, while terrorism in the United States was conducted by foreigners, who held no civil rights. Europeans supported strong punishments for terrorists, most typically the death penalty, while Americans preferred indefinite incarceration.

Americans emphasized the need for warfare, while Europeans emphasized that terrorism was best resolved through police and intelligence measures.

For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art? Group of answer choices Art should counter the drab filth of industrial society and produce hope through beauty. Art should strive for beauty for beauty's sake regardless of societies' difficulties. Art should pursue the unconscious components of the mind in order to find pure truth. Art should cultivate a moral sensibility in its depiction of beauty. Art should expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change.

Art should expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change.

Britain adopted a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler for all of the following reasons except Group of answer choices Britain was militarily weak, having disarmed after the First World War. the pacifism of the population. the memory of the destruction of the First World War. British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler. British leaders believed that Soviet communism was a greater danger and Hitler could be used to attack communism.

Britain was militarily weak, having disarmed after the First World War.

Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France? Group of answer choices France had substantial social security measures already in place that protected the population and prevented economic collapse. France refused to abandon the gold standard, which protected its currency and aided its response to economic decline. France had been so devastated by World War I that it was still trying to reclaim the resulting economic losses. France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and somewhat isolated from the world economy. France's economy was based on basic materials that remained in demand even as demand for consumer goods collapsed.

France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and somewhat isolated from the world economy.

The Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that Group of answer choices the advances in science proved the existence of God by the universe's intricate design, which required an original designer. God is dead. God's existence could not be proven but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the existence of a majestic God. the study of the non-Western world shows us that there are many versions of God and all of them are legitimate. religions provide an appropriate escape for the common people, but the educated should never be bound by such a belief.

God's existence could not be proven but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the existence of a majestic God.

How did the pied noirs complicate the experience of decolonization in Algeria? Group of answer choices As experienced veterans of World War II, these Islamic Algerians effectively resisted the French army's effort to secure the position of the French colonists. Having been relocated to Algeria from Vietnam, they refused further relocation and demanded that the French government honor their commitments to protect them in Algeria. As members of the Islamic Algerian poor who had benefited greatly from French rule, they rejected the call of Islamic leaders to take up arms against the French. Having lived in Algeria for several generations, these European Algerians threatened revolt against France if France did not oppose the Islamic independence movement. As recent French settlers to Algeria, they were unwilling to sacrifice in defense of French rule and instead demanded repatriation back to France.

Having lived in Algeria for several generations, these European Algerians threatened revolt against France if France did not oppose the Islamic independence movement.

Which of the following best describes Boris Yeltsin's role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union? Group of answer choices An ally of Gorbachev, Yeltsin worked to save the Communist Party by opening party institutions to electoral politics. He led the old guard communists who sought to kidnap Gorbachev and seize power in the Soviet Union in order to crush the reform movement. He was a radical reform communist who embraced the democratic movement and led Russia to declare independence from the Soviet Union. Yeltsin directed the effort by the Soviet Union to squash the claims of independence by Lithuania. Yeltsin was a well-known television star who used his celebrity status to encourage a rebellion against the Communist Party.

He was a radical reform communist who embraced the democratic movement and led Russia to declare independence from the Soviet Union

Which of the following best characterizes the stream-of-consciousness technique in literature? Group of answer choices It calls on a series of visual images to express emotions. It provides a series of disjointed references and observations for the reader to decipher. It adopts a linear line of language without punctuation or capitalization. It relies on internal monologues to explore the psyche. It utilizes shifting perspectives; the same story is told from multiple viewpoints.

It relies on internal monologues to explore the psyche.

What type of policies do the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization pursue? Group of answer choices Socialist policies that promote economic equality Environmental policies that encourage sustainable development Monetary policies to create a single currency Neoliberal economic policies promoting free markets and trade Mercantilist policies that support economic nationalism

Neoliberal economic policies promoting free markets and trade

What was the consequence of Roosevelt's agreement with Stalin at the Teheran Conference that the British-American armies would launch a frontal assault on France? Group of answer choices Germany could defend itself more effectively by maintaining the center position in the battle. The United States would not be able to supply the Soviet Union with needed arms. Great Britain would be able to protect its colonial holdings from Soviet influence. The United States and Great Britain fighting in France would face the bulk of the German military. Only Soviet troops would liberate eastern Europe.

Only Soviet troops would liberate eastern Europe.

What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"? Group of answer choices The soul only enters the body after one is born so that God can ensure each person a soul appropriate to his or her place in life. Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own. The immediacy of life and its struggles must take priority over quests for the eternal and salvation. Before one is born, existence occurs in a spiritual state from which one is reincarnated into a bodily state. The essence of a life is defined by the environment-social position, access to education—into which one is born.

Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own.

According to Hitler's New Order, the European race that was considered subhuman, like the Jews, was the Group of answer choices Latin race. Slavic race. Nordic race. Anglo-Saxon race. Magyar race.

Slavic race.

How did the fascist vision of society differ from the communist vision of society? Group of answer choices The fascist vision emphasized a community rooted shared in warfare, while the communist vision emphasized a society rooted in ideological purity. The fascist vision emphasized a community rooted in racial purity, while the communist vision emphasized a society rooted in fear of the state. The fascist vision emphasized a community rooted in the bonds of nationalism, while the communist vision emphasized a society rooted in its classlessness. The fascist vision emphasized a community rooted in commitment to a leader, while the communist vision emphasized a society rooted in its ideological purity. The fascist vision emphasized a community rooted in fear of the state, while the communist vision emphasized a society rooted in its classlessness.

The fascist vision emphasized a community rooted in the bonds of nationalism, while the communist vision emphasized a society rooted in its classlessness.

Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder? Group of answer choices The murder of Poles during the invasion of Poland The murder of gypsies in Germany prior to the war The murder of communists following the burning of the German Reichstag (Parliament) The murder of colonial rebels in Germany's African colonies The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war

How did the Nazis seek to give legitimacy to their racial policies? Group of answer choices They undertook massive genealogical research in order to demonstrate that different races derived from different ancestors. They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science. They sponsored studies of cultures in order to prove that certain cultures were intellectually superior to others and that German culture was superior above all. They provided vast funding to both Catholic and Protestant churches in order for those churches to promote a racialized understanding of Christianity. They hired leading philosophers to develop a new philosophy of race.

They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.

What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"? Group of answer choices To link the work of the traditional military with the work of the SA and the SS To integrate German manufacturing of commercial goods with its production of munitions in order to hide the effort to rebuild the German military To force Germany society to conform to National Socialist ideology To combine the Germany public school system with Nazi propaganda programs To assimilate National Socialism with militarism

To force Germany society to conform to National Socialist ideology

The composer Arnold Schönberg is known for his Group of answer choices abandonment of traditional harmony and tonality. composition of nationalistic German operas. symphonies composed for broadcast to popular audiences on the German Deutsche Welle radio network. use of pulsing dissonant rhythms in the ballet Rite of Spring. composition of musical background for the first talkies.

abandonment of traditional harmony and tonality.

The European promotion of human rights has led the European Union to do all of the following except Group of answer choices intervene militarily in the Balkan War. abolish the death penalty. support UN initiatives to prosecute war criminals. adopt increasingly socialist economic policies. advocate greater social equality and state-funded health care.

adopt increasingly socialist economic policies.

How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States? Group of answer choices As a sign that the war was not close to ending As an American victory As a sign that the North Vietnamese were at the end of their tether As a sign of Soviet direction of the Vietcong and North Vietnamese war effort As a sign that more U.S. troops were needed to crush the communist insurgency

As a sign that the war was not close to ending

How did the Soviet Union and eastern European communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home after the war? Group of answer choices As additional burdens on already struggling societies As politically unreliable because of their exposure to western European society As conquering heroes to be celebrated and honored As potential sources of support for unpopular regimes As living examples of the success of the regime

As politically unreliable because of their exposure to western European society

Which of the following best describes Eastern Bloc living standards in the 1970s? Group of answer choices Eastern Bloc living standards were equal with those in the West and well above those in the developing world. Eastern Bloc living standards were below those of the West and equal with those in the developing world. Eastern Bloc living standards were well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world. Eastern Bloc living standards were equal with those in the West, which were slightly above those in the developing world. Eastern Bloc living standards were far below those of the West and even below those of most of the developing world.

Eastern Bloc living standards were well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world.

Slobodan Milosevic's intent, which hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia, was to create Group of answer choices Greater Serbia. the Muslim League of the Balkans. the League of Communists States. the Commonwealth of Independent States. Titoism.

Greater Serbia.

Which of the following best characterizes the "new fascist man" that Mussolini promoted? Group of answer choices He was to be a virile, patriotic warrior He was to be a defender of Catholic values He was to be an educated intellectual He was to be a defender of the public good He was to be socialist labor leader

He was to be a virile, patriotic warrior

What composition caused a near riot when first performed in Paris? Group of answer choices Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance Arnold Schönberg's Friede auf Erden Alban Berg's Wozzeck Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring Gustav Holst, The Planets

Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring

How did the West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl build support for German reunification in East Germany? Group of answer choices Kohl promised East German's business leaders that they would hold similar roles in the new, unified Germany. Kohl immediately kicked all Soviet troops out of East Germany. Kohl invited many high-ranking communist officials into government ministries in the unified Germany. Kohl opened the Berlin Wall to allow free movement back and forth between the two Germanies. Kohl offered the East Germans an economically advantageous swap of East German currency for West German currency.

Kohl offered the East Germans an economically advantageous swap of East German currency for West German currency.

How did Mao Zedong gain the support of the peasantry in China? Group of answer choices Mao promised to provide all Chinese with guaranteed rice rations. Mao provided guaranteed price supports for rice. Mao showed loyalty to China's Confucian tradition by practicing Chinese religious rituals. Mao promised to expropriate land from the large landowners. Mao rejected all foreign aid to demonstrate his independence from foreign influence.

Mao promised to expropriate land from the large landowners.

What aspect of American foreign policy under President George W. Bush most troubled leaders of the European Union? Group of answer choices The United States was increasingly willing to ignore international opinion and pursue its own interests unilaterally. The United States persistently attacked Islamic nations, which created considerable domestic problems in Europe among the large Muslim populations. The United States was persistently demonstrating its military superiority to all other nations, leading smaller nations to seek U.S. support rather than maintain European alliances. The United States failed to articulate a clear vision for the international order it sought to create. The United States lacked detailed knowledge about the nations that it was invading.

The United States was increasingly willing to ignore international opinion and pursue its own interests unilaterally.

In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy? Group of answer choices The Vatican was recognized as a protectorate under the League of Nations. The Catholic Church abandoned all of its political claims within Italy in return for a permanent direct church tax collected by the state. Mussolini accepted the Church's claim as the official state religion in return for the Church granting Mussolini's Fascist Party its endorsement. The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that received heavy support from the Italian state. The Catholic Church obtained tax and legal exemptions for Vatican City in exchange for recognizing Italy's claim over the city itself.

The Vatican was recognized as an independent state that received heavy support from the Italian state.

What were the duties of the Einsatzgruppen (Special Action Units)? Group of answer choices They followed the German army into central Europe, systematically murdering undesirables as they moved from town to town. They requisitioned supplies for the Germany army so that the blitzkrieg, or lightening war, would not be slowed by the need to secure supply lines. They served as Hitler's personal guard who protected him from a coup by the military and who oversaw the work of the SS. They were Hitler's representatives to Mussolini who ensured that the Italian leader pursued policies to support the war. They stole and looted the art of conquered territories and brought it to Germany for the personal use of the Nazi leadership.

They followed the German army into central Europe, systematically murdering undesirables as they moved from town to town.

What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis? Group of answer choices They had little ability to organize in the face of constant pressure from the German secret police. They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals. They were not supported by the local populations, who feared reprisals from the German military. They had no ability to establish contact with Germany's enemies in order to coordinate their activities. They were often led by local thugs and adventurers who had little concern for successful operations.

They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals.

The ultimate goal of the plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe was to Group of answer choices rebuild the European economy. create a single, competitive market in Europe. reduce the influence of the United States. bind the members of the Common Market so closely that war would be unthinkable. facilitate an arms buildup to defend western Europe from the Warsaw Pact.

bind the members of the Common Market so closely that war would be unthinkable.

The functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promoted the idea that Group of answer choices buildings should be built with intricate designs that are closely matched to a specific purpose. buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines. buildings should reflect the natural environment around them, imitating the forms and designs of nature. buildings should imitate classical forms that emphasized harmony and balance. buildings should express the mood of the architect in reaction to the society around him.

buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.

The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany, in part because Group of answer choices Britain had a tradition of deficit spending by the government. the British government followed the recommendations of economist John Maynard Keynes. the British economy gradually reoriented away from international markets and toward production of consumer goods for the domestic market. the United States provided Britain with substantial economic assistance. British colonies served as a constant market for British goods.

the British economy gradually reoriented away from international markets and toward production of consumer goods for the domestic market.

Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in Group of answer choices socialism. Marxism. logical empiricism. the Catholic Church. Calvinist theology.

the Catholic Church.

In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters? Group of answer choices He deemphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism. He adopted a liberal, republican political agenda that guaranteed civil liberties and property rights. He promoted the Christian foundations of Nazism. He emphasized the economic advantages to the middle class of the implementation of anti-Semitic laws. He encouraged Nazi officials to swear allegiance to the Weimar regime.

He deemphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism.

Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one thousand individuals, killed in 1934? Group of answer choices Hitler wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army. The SA leaderships had threatened Hitler's leadership of the Nazi Party when the party unexpectedly loss seats in the 1934 elections. Hitler learned that the SA had established its own secret police force that was spying on the party elite in order to blackmail them. The SA leadership had abandoned the Nazi Party's anticapitalist position and sought to protect the property of military munitions makers. Hitler believed that the SA was filled with communist sympathizers who were awaiting an opportunity to undermine the Nazi Party.

Hitler wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.

The goals of the Treaty of Rome in 1957 included all of the following except Group of answer choices the free movement of capital. a gradual reduction of all tariffs in order to create a single market. the elimination of borders. the free movement of labor. common economic institutions.

the elimination of borders.

Why did Joseph Stalin defeat Leon Trotsky in the struggle for power following the death of Lenin? Group of answer choices As general secretary of the Communist Party, Stalin was more effective at building friends and allies by handing out jobs and promises. Stalin discredited Trotsky by asserting that Trotsky wanted to use his command of the Red Army to establish a military dictatorship. Stalin convinced other communist leaders that Trotsky was not trustworthy because of his extensive education and years of exile in Germany and France. As a superior Marxist theorist, Stalin exposed Trotsky as intellectually ill-equipped to address the difficult issues facing the Soviet Union. As head of the Communist secret police, Stalin blackmailed other party leaders by threatening to reveal embarrassing information if they did not support him.

As general secretary of the Communist Party, Stalin was more effective at building friends and allies by handing out jobs and promises.

What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the phrase "man is condemned to be free"? Group of answer choices Because life is meaningless, individuals are forced to create their own meaning and define themselves through their actions. The failures of modern society leave individuals without the social protections necessary to a secure life. God granted individuals the freedom to choose either good or evil and require them to accept the consequences of the choices made. The immediacy of life and its struggles must take priority over quests for the eternal and salvation. God produced freedom in humans to challenge their simple beliefs so that it would grow into a mature faith.

Because life is meaningless, individuals are forced to create their own meaning and define themselves through their actions.

The founder of the National Organization for Women was Group of answer choices Simone de Beauvoir. Betty Friedan. Margaret Thatcher. Phyllis Schlafly. Gloria Steinem.

Betty Friedan

How did Britain pursue different social policies than most of western European nations in the postwar era? Group of answer choices Britain rejected the socialistic policies of most nations and retained market capitalism. Britain instituted a cradle-to-grave welfare state. Britain offered generous trade terms to the Soviet Union in exchange for access to Soviet oil and mineral wealth. The British government denationalized British industry following the war. Britain instituted regressive taxation in order to sustain the aristocratic landowners.

Britain instituted a cradle-to-grave welfare state.

Which of the following best characterizes the support in Great Britain for the war with Iraq that began in 2003? Group of answer choices The minority conservative party, the Tory Party, favored the war, but the Labour Party leader Tony Blair refused to involve British troops. British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported the war, but the majority of the population was opposed. The majority of the population favored the war, but the military broadly opposed entrance into the war. The majority Labour Party broadly favored entering the war, but the Queen publicly counseled caution and turned the public against the war. The Labour Party supported entrance into the war, but Scotland threatened to declare independence if Scottish troops were required to serve.

British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported the war, but the majority of the population was opposed.

Britain was more ready to conciliate Germany than France following the Versailles peace settlement because the Group of answer choices British and Germans shared a common cultural heritage. British feared the growth of French military power. British wanted a strong Germany as a bulwark against Bolshevism. British hoped to purchase new ships for their battle fleet in Germany. British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before World War I.

British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before World War I.

In the 1950s and 1960s, what became the basic objective of all western European governments? Group of answer choices Economic growth Political independence from U.S. influence Prevention of Soviet expansion Securing control over colonial lands Punishment of Nazi collaborators

Economic growth

What was the consequence for European national governments in meeting the fiscal standards to join the monetary union? Group of answer choices Governments sparked considerable economic growth as they balanced their budgets. Governments drastically reduced their borrowing, freeing more capital for business investment. Governments had to abandon military spending. Governments had to reduce health and social benefits for their citizens. Governments had to substantially increase taxes on service industries.

Governments had to reduce health and social benefits for their citizens.

How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov? Group of answer choices He blamed the murder on capitalist conspirators and cut off all diplomatic relations with the United States and Great Britain. He argued that the public press reports on the murder demonstrated the dangers of a free press and instituted strong press censorship. He claimed that the murder demonstrated that elements of the military were planning a coup to unseat him and launched a purge of the military high command. He blamed the murder on fascist agents within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control. He asserted that the murder demonstrated the danger of the Russian Orthodox Church, since Kirov was responsible for the Communist Party's oversight of the church.

He blamed the murder on fascist agents within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control.

How did Charles de Gaulle undermine the student revolt in 1968? Group of answer choices He convinced the university professors that the student demands would undermine the quality of education, which led the professors to threaten to fail students in their courses. He agreed to all of the students' demands, but after the students left the barricades, he reneged on his agreement, by which time the students had dispersed for the summer. He imposed martial law and arrested the student leaders, although they were never charged with any crime. He closed the universities and cut off all student funding until the students abandoned the rebellion. He granted workplace reforms to the worker allies of the students, which led those workers to abandon the rebellion and return to work.

He granted workplace reforms to the worker allies of the students, which led those workers to abandon the rebellion and return to work.

What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied Powers during the World War II? Group of answer choices Allied forces in Europe would be supplied with American military arms before such arms were made available to forces fighting in Asia. In sorting out the postwar world, Europe would be given primary consideration, with other parts of the world used to compensate the winners. Atomic weapons would be used first in Europe if they were ready before the war ended. Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan. All colonies were expected to support the European governments before defending themselves.

Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.

How was the revolution in Romania in 1989 different from the revolutions in the rest of eastern Europe? Group of answer choices In Romania, the strength of the Catholic Church permitted it to serve as a negotiator between the communist regime and the rebels. In Romania, the revolution became violent and bloody when communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands. In Romania, the Communist Party retained considerable good will due to its long resistance to Soviet domination, permitting it to prosper in new, open elections. In Romania, the revolution began as the Communist Party removed reform communists leading the country and re-established Stalinist leadership. In Romania, the Communist Party initiated political reforms in order to build its legitimacy before elections that seemed inevitable.

In Romania, the revolution became violent and bloody when communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands.

How did industrial production in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with that in 1928? Group of answer choices It was far higher. It was marginally higher. It was much lower. They were approximately the same. It was marginally lower.

It was far higher.

Which of the following best characterizes the results of the Marshall Plan? Group of answer choices It demonstrated to Americans the failure of foreign aid, which enriched the rulers but rarely benefited local people. It aided the national political parties that handed out grants and financing for projects but achieved little to benefit the economy. It established the foundations of socialist policies throughout Europe. It was one of the most successful foreign aid programs in history, preventing economic collapse in western Europe. It undermined the ability of free-market capitalism to develop in Europe.

It was one of the most successful foreign aid programs in history, preventing economic collapse in western Europe.

Which of the following does not correctly characterize an aspect of the multitiered society established by de-industrialization? Group of answer choices The top tier of society was a small, affluent group of highly paid experts, executives, and professionals. Members of the top tier of society isolated themselves from the rest of society. Inclusion in the bottom tier of society was often predicated on race or ethnicity. The second tier of the middle class faced stagnating incomes and a declining standard of living. Workers in the second and third tiers faced cuts in welfare and workplace benefits.

Members of the top tier of society isolated themselves from the rest of society.

In the former Soviet bloc, who were the winners and losers in economic reconstruction? Group of answer choices Veterans and factory workers were losers; scholars and organized crime were big winners. Ordinary citizens and the elderly were losers; the young and ex-Communists were big winners. Skilled technicians and scientists were losers; athletes and celebrities were big winners. Ex-Communists and government officials were losers; people with technical and scientific knowledge were big winners. Corporate managers and bankers were losers; construction workers and the military were big winners.

Ordinary citizens and the elderly were losers; the young and ex-Communists were big winners

How did Big Science foster the Green Revolution? Group of answer choices The vast pollution produced by modern industry sparked a widespread and popular revolt against modernization. The threat of nuclear annihilation led radicals to join environmentalist political parties. Research into agriculture greatly increased the world food supply, using fewer workers and more productivity per acre. Industrial pollution in many areas gave the sky a greenish tint and caused breathing difficulties, leading governments to begin to regulate industry more thoroughly. Big Science developed inexpensive consumer products that permitted men and women to enjoy more time in outdoor activities.

Research into agriculture greatly increased the world food supply, using fewer workers and more productivity per acre.

The agreements signed at Locarno in 1925 included all of the following except Group of answer choices Germany and France pledged to accept their common border. Italy and Britain agreed to fight either France or Germany if one invaded the other. Russia agreed to return land to Poland in exchange for political influence in the Balkans. France promised military aid to Poland and Czechoslovakia if Germany attacked either. Germany agreed to a peaceful resolution of its border disputes with Poland and Czechoslovakia.

Russia agreed to return land to Poland in exchange for political influence in the Balkans

The rapid economic liberalization of Russia worked poorly for all of the following reasons except Group of answer choices Soviet industry tilted toward military goods. production of many items was concentrated in one or two giant factories. powerful corporate managers forced the government to hand out large subsidies. corporate leaders included criminal elements who intimidated business rivals. Russia lost access to many raw materials as its empire collapsed.

Russia lost access to many raw materials as its empire collapsed.

The "middle way" refers to the Group of answer choices Scandinavian response to the Great Depression. design philosophy of the Bauhaus. reform of German reparations payments. new literary efforts of writers such as Joyce and Faulkner. British Liberal party.

Scandinavian response to the Great Depression.

The decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany came at the Battle of Group of answer choices Stalingrad. Leningrad. Moscow. the Urals. Kiev.

Stalingrad.

All of the following correctly describe decolonization of the Belgian Congo except Group of answer choices Belgium quickly withdrew from the Congo, granting it independence with irresponsible haste. The Congolese political leaders promoted a Marxist agenda that included the confiscation of all lands and mineral wealth. The Congolese army rioted against Belgian military officers who remained in the country after independence. The CIA helped to implement a military coup against the democratically elected prime minster Patrice Lumumba. The United States feared that the Congo might fall into Soviet hands.

The Congolese political leaders promoted a Marxist agenda that included the confiscation of all lands and mineral wealth.

Why was West Germany allowed to build an army after 1955? Group of answer choices The agreements preventing Germany from building an army expired in 1955, a decade after the war ended. The German army would permit Germany to defend itself from attack by the Soviet Union. France and Great Britain were convinced that Germany had embraced democracy and abandoned militarism. The United States decided to withdraw troops from Germany in order to shift them to the growing conflict in Asia. The German nation had been completely de-Nazified and the rebuilding of an army allowed Germany to reclaim its place as a respectable nation.

The German army would permit Germany to defend itself from attack by the Soviet Union.

How did the Nazi Party seek to promote the idea of the Volksgemeinschaft? Group of answer choices The Nazis argued that the German people needed more room to expand in Eastern Europe. The Nazis established colonies in regions of Africa and Asia in order to establish German authority across the globe. The Nazis allied with the Italians and the Japanese to form the union of superior people who would rule the world. The Nazis created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers. The Nazis took control of German industry in order to provide employment for the poor.

The Nazis created mass organizations such as the Hitler Youth and held mass rallies to spread Nazi ideology and enlist volunteers.

Which of the following best characterizes the New Left movement? Group of answer choices The New Left movement called for modern socialism to be established in the newly decolonized states before capitalism took hold. The New Left called for a restoration of classical liberalism with its emphasis on individual rights and economic freedom. The New Left proposed a new model for communism based on Chinese practices established by Mao Zedong in the Cultural Revolution. The New Left movement called for a more humanitarian style of socialism that would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism. The New Left encouraged "private socialism," in which individuals would model socialism in private communism in order to demonstrate its value.

The New Left movement called for a more humanitarian style of socialism that would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism.

How did the Soviet Union initially organize the eastern European nations as it threw out pro-Nazi regimes? Group of answer choices The Soviet Union established direct military rule by the Soviet army with only a few local leaders in minor positions. The Soviet Union created coalition governments of leftist political parties but reserved key government posts for Moscow-trained communists. The Soviet Union built independent governments that held free elections, all of which elected pro-Soviet political parties. The Soviet Union handed power directly to the national communist parties in each region. The Soviet Union immediately assassinated all potential rivals to communist political authority and then established puppet regimes.

The Soviet Union created coalition governments of leftist political parties but reserved key government posts for Moscow-trained communists.

What did the Korean War demonstrate about Cold War relations? Group of answer choices Communist-backed forces could not defeat the United States but could harass U.S. troops and make military activity difficult. Non-western locations could be used for the Cold War rivals to "let off steam" in order to maintain an overall peace. The Soviet Union and the United States were evenly matched militarily. The United States and Soviet Union would avoid open conflict in Europe but would engage in open conflict elsewhere in the world. The Soviet Union lacked the ability to establish legitimate, popularly elected regimes.

The United States and Soviet Union would avoid open conflict in Europe but would engage in open conflict elsewhere in the world.

Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the United States in 1973? Group of answer choices The United States had attacked Iran in response to Iran's seizure of American hostages during its revolution. The United States had intervened in Saudi Arabian elections in order to prevent a radical Islamic party from gaining authority. The United States had refused to join the boycott against the apartheid regime in South Africa. The United States had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973. The United States had declared a war on terrorism that Muslim, oil-producing states believed was aimed at them.

The United States had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973.

How did the United States respond to the decolonization movement? Group of answer choices The United States had long opposed empire and encouraged European nations to let go of their former colonies. The United States sought to claim colonial lands that Europeans abandoned. The United States encouraged European powers to hold on to their empires to prevent new nations from coming under communist influence. The United States ignored the decolonization movement since it focused on the threat of the Soviet Union. The United States encouraged colonial rebellions as a way to keep the European powers subordinate to U.S. power.

The United States had long opposed empire and encouraged European nations to let go of their former colonies.

What is the central theme of the British film Bend It Like Beckham? Group of answer choices The power of sports to unify the nation The experience of cross-cultural contact in a globalized society The failure of traditional religions in new societies The liberation that occurs for women and youth in European society The collapse of the Cold War

The experience of cross-cultural contact in a globalized society

What did Max Planck's study of light and subatomic particles call into question? Group of answer choices The indivisibility of light The ability of gravity to bend light Einstein's special theory of relativity The movement of light in the vacuum of space The sharp distinction between matter and energy

The sharp distinction between matter and energy

What did the era of Stagflation in the 1970s demonstrate about the social welfare states in Western Europe? Group of answer choices The welfare state was vastly insufficient to respond to the personal difficulties created by a failing economy. The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy. The welfare state was highly inefficient in its operations and resulted primarily in wasted funds. The welfare state encouraged individuals to freeload on society and inhibited economic recovery. The welfare state undermined democracy by providing radicals the ability to support themselves while promoting political revolution.

The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy.

What is the consequence of globalization for national economies? Group of answer choices They are able to specialize in the production of a smaller range of products. They undermine the stability of the middle class. Their commercial wealth is able to be much more efficiently taxed. They lose all distinctive regional variation. They are much more vulnerable to worldwide economic panics.

They are much more vulnerable to worldwide economic panics.

Why did Nazis treat the northern European states that they conquered preferentially? Group of answer choices They considered the Scandinavian people to be racially related to the Germans. They believed the Scandinavian people posed no threat due to their tradition of pacifism. They thought that the Nordic people would all support the Nazis. They believed that the Scandinavian lands were insignificant militarily. They considered the Scandinavian people as subhuman and incapable of resistance.

They considered the Scandinavian people to be racially related to the Germans.

What was the goal of the United States in its overthrow of the government of Saddam Hussein in Iraq? Group of answer choices To undermine the Al-Qaeda terrorist network that was based in Iraq and establish Iraq as a counterweight to Iran To demonstrate the United States' resolve to eliminate the threat of terrorism and to show its military power To establish permanent military bases for the United States in Iraq and use them to dominate the Persian Gulf To create a democratic Iraq that would transform the Middle East in ways favorable to the United States To build an alliance of pro-American states throughout the Middle East that could challenge both Russia and Europe by controlling access to oil

To create a democratic Iraq that would transform the Middle East in ways favorable to the United States

What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain? Group of answer choices To destroy British naval ports so that Great Britain could not invade German-controlled land To undermine Britain's ability to draw upon the resources of its colonies for support To kill the British monarchy in order to undermine British enthusiasm for the war To provide a warning to the United States against entering the war To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain

What was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia? Group of answer choices To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it To secure the power of the Communist Party through more sophisticated systems of control To merge capitalism and communism into a new economic system To undermine the power of reformers by instituting minor reforms that would affect people directly To prepare for the collapse of communist authority

To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it

In addition to the emergence of married career women, why else have European birthrates declined substantially? Group of answer choices Expanded availability of effective birth control Decline in religious belief and practice Uninspiring economic conditions with high unemployment for young people Expanded acceptance of homosexuality Growing infertility as a result of environmental pollution

Uninspiring economic conditions with high unemployment for young people

The neoliberal policies of the 1980s promoted all of the following except Group of answer choices reduced spending on social services. reduction of government subsidies to businesses. privatization of state-owned businesses. adoption of the gold standard for currency. elimination of many regulations on industry.

adoption of the gold standard for currency.

According to the text, the American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of Group of answer choices nationalist economic policies in Europe. too much overseas investment. an imbalance between real investment and speculation. the government's Keynesian economic policies. the failure of Germany to keep up reparations payments.

an imbalance between real investment and speculation.

Georges Sorel saw Marxian socialism as Group of answer choices the science of history. an inspiring but unprovable religion. the enemy of human freedom. a dark and sinister fantasy. the apex of human reason.

an inspiring but unprovable religion.

Between 1981 and 1989, Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress Group of answer choices increased taxes on the wealthy. cut defense spending. increased taxes and government-provided social services. cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit. eliminated the budget deficit by cutting government social services.

cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit.

President Franklin Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration attempted to Group of answer choices employ as many people as financially possible. purchase failing businesses. establish a social welfare system. nationalize banks, railroads, and heavy industry. set up a comprehensive program of wage and price controls for the U.S. economy.

employ as many people as financially possible.

The advancement in military weaponry and the space race Group of answer choices inspired a new literary genre called science fiction. fostered a revolution in computer technology. led to a refusal of colleges and universities to participate in military research. created a sense of the superiority of the United States. established a confidence in the benefits of scientific discovery.

fostered a revolution in computer technology.

Following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968, Richard Nixon Group of answer choices immediately withdrew American troops from Vietnam. gradually disengaged America from Vietnam. increased the number of American troops in Vietnam. halted U.S. bombing of Vietnam. invaded North Vietnam.

gradually disengaged America from Vietnam.

Stalin argued that Group of answer choices only the Socialist International could secure the victory of Marxists in the Soviet Union. the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own. socialism had to expand to the rest of Europe quickly. Russia was uniquely suited for communist development. the Soviet Union must consider Marxist parties in other countries potential enemies.

he Soviet Union could build socialism on its own.

All of the following correctly describe Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy except Group of answer choices he argued that the Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity. he argued that democracy, progress, and respectability were outworn social and psychological constructs whose influence was suffocating self-realization. he argued that Christianity embodied a slave morality that glorified weakness, envy, and mediocrity. he argued that the only hope for the individual was to accept the meaninglessness of human existence and make that meaninglessness a source of self-defined integrity. he argued that humans must overcome their animal instincts, which prevent them from refining their intellectual abilities and moral sensibilities.

he argued that humans must overcome their animal instincts, which prevent them from refining their intellectual abilities and moral sensibilities.

The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to Group of answer choices increased demand for experts and managers. the strength of family-owned businesses. the high birthrate among this class. increased opportunities for new businesses. high taxes on the wealthy.

increased demand for experts and managers.

The Swedish response to the Depression involved Group of answer choices increasing state spending on public works projects and increasing social welfare benefits. increasing military spending. balancing the government budget by cutting government programs. erecting trade barriers and putting the currency on the gold standard. taking out loans from American banks.

increasing state spending on public works projects and increasing social welfare benefits.

The weakness of Big Science was Group of answer choices its inability to address fundamental problems such as hunger. its failure to produce consumer goods. its high cost. it became inflexible due to its institutional structure. its tendency to isolate scientists from each other.

its high cost.

In the 1970s, the new ecologists sought to lessen the effects of industrial development on the natural environment and Group of answer choices call for a basic return to nature. promote policies of deindustrialization. force nations to reduce their military arsenals. link environmental issues to issues of poverty, inequality, and violence. use tactics of terrorism to gain public support.

link environmental issues to issues of poverty, inequality, and violence.

Most immigrants to Europe today Group of answer choices live is separate city districts marked by poor housing and crowded conditions. are recognized as political refugees seeking asylum. work as highly trained technical specialists. have refused to integrate into European art, music, or culture. de-emphasize their cultural origins by adopting European consumer habits.

live is separate city districts marked by poor housing and crowded conditions.

The attempted coup by the communist old guard in the Soviet Union in August 1991 failed because of Group of answer choices massive popular resistance, rallied around Boris Yeltsin. Gorbachev's use of the Red Army to crush the rebels. the threat of NATO intervention. the inability of the old guard to decide on a new leader. the United States' threat to intervene.

massive popular resistance, rallied around Boris Yeltsin.

Poland differed from the other Eastern Bloc states because Group of answer choices its economy was managed effectively. it retained an independent military. of its independent agriculture and vigorous church. of its native leadership. of its refusal to borrow from the West.

of its independent agriculture and vigorous church.

The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because Group of answer choices socialist workers were seizing control of factories. of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants. of mass unemployment. of mutinies in the Italian fleet. of the general strike against the government declared by the Catholic Church.

of the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants.

Logical positivism argued that Group of answer choices philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts. individuals must become engaged in modern life. one must search for moral values and then act on those values. the concept of God could be adapted to fit within Einstein's theory of the universe. angst zeit was the fundamental reality of the modern age.

philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts.

Some scholars conclude that due to European population declines, Europeans need to Group of answer choices award large government subsidies able to replace a working women's salary to Europeans who have large families. re-establish colonies to which migrant populations can be relocated out of Europe. recognize that Islam is now a valid European religion and vital part of European life. promote birth-control methods among migrant communities. tax migrant families for every child that they produce.

recognize that Islam is now a valid European religion and vital part of European life.

The Bretton Woods agreement of 1944 accomplished all of the following except Group of answer choices requiring all western nations to abandon the gold standard. linking western European currencies to the U.S. dollar. establishing the International Monetary Fund. establishing the World Bank. facilitating free trade and world trade.

requiring all western nations to abandon the gold standard.

The Helsinki agreement of 1975 called for Group of answer choices the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. the reunification of eastern and western Europe. respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries. American de-escalation in Vietnam and Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. Finnish neutrality in the Cold War.

respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries.

After World War II, the Soviet Union Group of answer choices experienced a period of general freedom. underwent a consumer revolution. reintroduced Lenin's New Economic Policy. returned to the rigid dictatorship of the 1930s. accepted Marshall Plan aid from the United States.

returned to the rigid dictatorship of the 1930s.

It is estimated that between 1993 and 2003, illegal immigration into the European Union Group of answer choices remained constant at about 50,000 persons annually. dropped precipitously from 50,000 to 10,000 persons per year. rose from 50,000 to about 500,000 persons per year. was nearly eliminated by tighter border security measures. rose from 50,000 to perhaps 200,000 per year.

rose from 50,000 to about 500,000 persons per year.

The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to Group of answer choices runaway inflation. French withdrawal from the Ruhr. a rise in the Ruhr workers' standard of living. the crash of the U.S. stock market. the buying up of German currency by French speculators.

runaway inflation.

All of the following are examples of how totalitarianism owed much to the practices and attitudes adopted by governments during the total war of World War I except Group of answer choices states sought to ethnically cleanse their populations. totalitarian politicians were inspired by the example of the modern state at war. states intervened substantially in the economy. individual liberties were limited. totalitarian politicians showed a callous disregard for human life.

states sought to ethnically cleanse their populations.

With the United States' failure to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on Group of answer choices strict implementation of the treaty. the alliance with Great Britain. the League of Nations. a closer relationship with Germany. Bolshevik pressure on Germany.

strict implementation of the treaty.

The wave of social unrest that almost toppled de Gaulle's Fifth Republic was begun by Group of answer choices workers. peasants. students. civil servants. the army.

students.

Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign included all of the following except Group of answer choices the Communist Party retained its monopoly on political power. the Communist Party recruited new members. the Communist Party permitted elections at the local level from among competing communist candidates for office. resources shifted from heavy industry and military production to consumer goods and agriculture. controls over workers were relaxed.

the Communist Party permitted elections at the local level from among competing communist candidates for office.

By the time of the Yalta Conference, the position of the Soviet Union was much stronger in negotiations with the United States and Great Britain for all of the following reasons except Group of answer choices Soviet armies were within 100 miles of Berlin. the Soviet army already had occupied much of eastern Europe. the Soviet Union had developed the technology to detonate a nuclear warhead. the American-British offensive had stalled in eastern France. the United States was far from defeating Japan.

the Soviet Union had developed the technology to detonate a nuclear warhead.

In The Decline of the West, Oswald Spengler argued that Group of answer choices rampant homosexuality was destroying Western culture. the West would soon be conquered by East Asia. decolonization was a moral imperative for Europe. traditional Christian morality was weakening the West. only socialism could save the West.

the West would soon be conquered by East Asia.

Some Europeans warned that Europe's rapidly growing Muslim population were not only a security danger, but also threatened Group of answer choices the West's military power as Muslims joined national armies. the West's fundamental foundation in the Christian faith. the West's social structure as Muslims took middle-class jobs but rejected middle-class values. the West's economic development because of their strain on Western resources. the West's Enlightenment tradition of freedoms, representative government, and toleration for difference.

the West's Enlightenment tradition of freedoms, representative government, and toleration for difference.

At the end of the twentieth century, international trade was deeply affected by the development of the Internet and Group of answer choices the deregulation of financial systems. the consolidation of merchant marine networks. the formation of the International Monetary Fund. the establishment of the World Trade Court. international maritime law.

the deregulation of financial systems.

The 1970s marked the arrival of a broad-based feminist movement for all of the following reasons except Group of answer choices ongoing changes in the underlying patterns of motherhood. ongoing changes to the underlying patterns of paid work. the development of tools of mass communication. a powerful critique of gender relations articulated by feminist intellectuals. the recognition of the need for women to band together in order to influence politics and secure reforms.

the development of tools of mass communication.

The 1991 Persian Gulf War clearly demonstrated Group of answer choices the disunity among the world community. Russia's continued importance in world affairs. the lingering resentment of the Arab world against the United States. the effort of the United States and Western Europe to promote an international consensus under U.S. guidance. U.S. unwillingness to deploy troops in large numbers in the Middle East.

the effort of the United States and Western Europe to promote an international consensus under U.S. guidance.

The text argues that the decline of western European birthrates is due to Group of answer choices the entrance of married women into careers and the related drive for gender equality. increasing rates of homosexuality. state policies discouraging childbearing. environmental degradation. the decline of religious belief.

the entrance of married women into careers and the related drive for gender equality.

The central theme of the writings of Franz Kafka was Group of answer choices the helpless individual crushed by inexplicably hostile forces. the ability of science to solve human problems. the advantages of liberal democracy over communism. the triumph of the will over the banality of consumer society. the need for the social welfare states to protect humans against corporations.

the helpless individual crushed by inexplicably hostile forces.

The event that finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs was Group of answer choices the discovery of ethnic cleansing policies. the slaughter of thousands of citizens in Srebrenica. the invasion of Bosnia by elements of the regular Serbian army. Milosevic's ditching of his Bosnian Serb allies. the fear of Russian intervention on the Bosnian Serb side.

the slaughter of thousands of citizens in Srebrenica.

During the 1950s, the Christian Democrats across Europe endorsed all of the following positions except Group of answer choices they rejected authoritarianism and narrow nationalism. they supported democracy and liberalism. they were steadfast Cold Warriors. they championed a return to traditional family values. they supported socialist economic policies.

they supported socialist economic policies.

Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary were the most successful Eastern European nations at economic modernization because Group of answer choices they had the most liberal political regimes with quick adoptions of democratic political systems. they provided the largest government subsidies to new industries and businesses and repealed most labor laws. they most quickly opened their economies to foreign investment and had no labor unions. they had never collectivized agriculture. they were flexible in the adoption of economic policies and had an enthusiastic entrepreneurial class.

they were flexible in the adoption of economic policies and had an enthusiastic entrepreneurial class.

All of the following correctly state the experience of women in the socialist systems of the Eastern Bloc countries of the 1970s except Group of answer choices women came to dominate the judicial system as lawyers and judges. the state granted women equal rights with men and encouraged them to join the workforce. an extensive system of state-supported child care freed women to work outside the home. women were rarely given positions in the upper ranks of business or politics. women faced the double burden of work in the office and at home.

women came to dominate the judicial system as lawyers and judges.