his 102 midterm

According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to

"change the general way of thinking."

Which of the following best characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

What led René Descartes to his discovery of analytical geometry?

An intellectual vision one night while serving as a soldier

In the eighteenth century, what problems were faced by the Church of England

Church and state officials used the church to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people.

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted prisoners

As literacy expanded, the common people read all of the following except

Enlightenment works on social and political issues.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?

European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

The National Assembly granted religious freedom to

French Protestants and Jews.

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

Great Britain expected the American colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the Seven Years' War.

Which of the following incorrectly identifies Napoleon's background?

He gained training as a lawyer before joining the military.

Which of the following correctly characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

In England, the mercantalist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially.

How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?

Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its message.

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

Jews faced numerous political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.

How did Louis XV damage the sense of his sacred authority?

Louis allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremendous influence, which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets.

How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?

Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes.

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

NOT British merchants and craftsmen lost their major market, deeply harming the British economy and the British tax base for its wars against France.- poss French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.

How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

NOT Enlightenment thinkers focused on worldly matters, while the Middle Ages and Renaissance only focused on concepts of sin and salvation.

How did the concordat resolve the crisis over catholicism in france?

NOT THE CATHOLIC CHURCH PROMISED TO PROMOTE FRENCH NATIONALISM, WHILE THE FRENCH STATE AGREED TO ABANDON EFFORTS TO CONTROL CHURCH poss The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the naming of church officers and church activities

Why did members of the convention turn against robespierre on 9 thermidor?

NOT THEY BELIEVED THAT ROBESPIERRE MIGHT SOON HAVE THEM ARRESTED AND EXECUTED poss They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed.

All of the following correctly characterize events in the Vendée region of Brittany except

NOT counter-revolutionaries recruited armies to oppose the Parisian radicals. Poss They were under the complete control of the papacy

In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

NOT rights of nobility

Which of the following best describes the political system of Napoleon?

Napoleon frequently violated civil liberties by censoring newspapers, creating a spy system, and holding political suspects in state prisons.

During the Hundred Days,

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.

How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?

Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.

Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?

Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine.

Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?

Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Which of the following best characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?

Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls,

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.

How did the French armies offer a mixed message to the people whom they conquered?

The armies presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class, but also lived off of the land, requisitioning food and supplies and plundering local treasure.

By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?

The central government harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort.

How did the problem of food shortages change in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

The considerable road and canal building of the eighteenth century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

Which of the following best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.

What two fundamental principles of the Revolution were codified into the Napoleonic Code?

The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

What was the political effect of the attack on the Bastille?

The king's plans to reassert his authority was forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.

Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle Ages?

The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.

What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the seventeenth century?

The new science had few practical economic applications.

In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?

The oppression of women in a Persian harem

In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?

The parish church

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

The shore method permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.

In the wake of the Great Fear, how did the National Assembly restore order?

They abolished all of the old noble and church privileges.

As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?

They banned all women's political clubs and societies.

How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?

They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people.

How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?

They filled their writings with satire and double meanings.

What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?

They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.

Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery?

They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.

How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?

They were younger and less cautious; many of them joined political clubs.

What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?

To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur

What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse?

To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards

What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?

To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.

Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

Work in guilds became more accessible to women, by both legally and illegal means.

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except

a large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield.

In the Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that

all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.

The War of the Austrian Succession could best be described as

an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare.

According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments

because big, victorious armies kept men employed.

The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that

broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property.

The greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science was the

conquest of smallpox.

Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as

empiricism.

The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate include

everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

All of the following correctly characterize a young woman's period as a servant except

girls were required to attend weekly religious lessons at the local church.

Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?

great britain expected the american colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the seven years war

All of the following correctly characterize a young man's period of apprenticeship except

he would automatically become a master after seven years of training.

Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by

high infant mortality rates.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that

human development is determined by education and social institutions.

in the 1780s, over 50 percent of france's annual budget was expended on

interest payments on the debt

Joseph II of Austria responded to calls to grant civil liberties to Jews by

issuing edicts intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service.

The strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflected

its importance in community life.

According to Olympe de Gouges,

men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

more wars and likely fewer people.

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed

not african trade

The Englishman Jethro Tull

not demonstrated

The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to

not fertilit

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because

not french navy

The primary cause for the substantial population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century was

not increase

In the Tennis Court Oath, delegates to the National Assembly swore

not to disband until they had written a new constitution.

According to the text, the French military victories after the winter of 1793-1794 were largely due to

patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft.

A striking feature of the salons was that

philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.

The idea of the industrious revolution is best understood as a result of

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods.

The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was toThe primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to

popularize the findings of the scientific revolution.

Copernicus's theory of the universe

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the

power of the state over the church.

Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets

produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.

The National Assembly instituted all of the following reforms except

recognizing women as holding full civil rights.

To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa

reduced nobles' power over their serfs.

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.

The spinning of thread for the loom

required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers.

According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by

revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.

According to the text, one danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service was

risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served.

Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as

rococo

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

the British colonial empire.

Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that

the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority.

With the development of Spanish colonial society, by the eighteenth century

the colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of the citizens.

Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question, What is the third estate? was that it was

the true strength of the French nation.

The most influential aspect of René Descartes's theories of nature was that

the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.

The rural putting-out system had all of the following competitive advantages except

the workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

All of the following were true of the French clergy on the eve of the French Revolution except

they were under the complete control of the papacy.

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.

In addition to supervising labor and birth, midwives generally

treated female medical difficulties.

All of the following correctly characterize nursing and wet-nursing practices except

upper-middle-class women nursed their own children to prove their motherly devotion.

The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and

vegetables.

Vincent Ogé

was a free man of color in Saint-Domingue who led a failed revolt

Within the family, the operation of the loom

was considered a man's job, reserved for the male head of household.

Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

was opposed by both nobles and peasants.

Among the laboring classes, guild masters

were a small minority of the population who jealously guarded their membership.

Rousseau believed that

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.

All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except

women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises.