HIS 102 MIDTERM
v What was one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code?
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v Definition for "Rationalism"
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v In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
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v To improve the rural economy and the lives the peasants, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
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v Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
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v What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?
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v Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
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v Definition for "Estates General"
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v Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
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v What did the early French socialist thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society?
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v Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
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v Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
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v According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
Ø "Change the general way of thinking"
v The romantic movement was characterized by
Ø A belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination
v Why did the new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasize
Ø A call for greater tenderness toward children
v Who was the author of On Crimes and Punishments, a passionate plea for the reform of the penal system?
Ø Cesare Beccaria
v Definition for "Blood Sports"
Ø Events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and were popular with the eighteenth-century Europeans masses
v According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which peoples were located within the Kingdom of Hungary?
Ø Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthians, Croats and Serbs
v On Map 19.2: Napoleonic Europe in 1812, which states are not allied with Napoleon
Ø Great Britain, Portugal, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia
v Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
Ø In all regions
v What was companionate marriage?
Ø Marriage based on romantic love and middle-class family values
v Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because
Ø Of a love of Greek classical culture
v According to Map 16.1 The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795, which power or powers participated in the partition of 1793?
Ø Prussia and Russia
v Within the family, the operation of the loom
Ø Was reserved for the male head of household
v Definition for "Pietism"
Ø A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs
v Definition for "Socialism"
Ø A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of society and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater economic equality, and state regulation of property
v Definition for "Economic Liberalism"
Ø A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that "the invisible hand" of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor
v Definition for "Steam Engines"
Ø A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump; the early models were superseded by James Watt's more efficient version, patented in 1769
v What was the Republic of Letters?
Ø A cosmopolitan network involving western Europe and its colonies as well as eastern Europe and Russia
v Definition for "Debt Peonage"
Ø A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money
v Definition for "Separate Spheres"
Ø A gender division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner
v Definition for "Law of inertia"
Ø A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force
v Definition for "Reform Bill of 1832"
Ø A major British political reform that increase the number of male votes by about 50 percent and gave political representation to new industrial areas
v Definition for "Congress of Vienna"
Ø A meeting of the Quadruple Alliance- Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain - and restoration France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814
v Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
Ø A military coup
v Definition for "Girondists"
Ø A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793
v What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century
Ø A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
Definition for "Community Controls"
Ø A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community
v Definition for "Thermidorean Reaction"
Ø A reaction to the violence o the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls
v Definition for "Jansenism"
Ø A sect of Catholicism that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope
v Definition for "Navigation Acts"
Ø A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies
v What characterized the middle class single family home?
Ø A special drawing room used to entertain guests
v Definition for "Water Frame"
Ø A spinning machine created by Richard Arkwright that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill - a factory
v Definition for "Cottage Industry"
Ø A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market
v Definition for "Wet-Nursing"
Ø A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which women were paid to breastfeed other women's babies
v Composers in the romantic movement
Ø Abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions
v In the wake of the Great Fear in the summer of 1789, the National Assembly restored order by?
Ø Abolishing all of the old noble and church privileges
v Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas
Ø About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbeans, with only 3 percent brought to North America
v Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s
Ø After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years' War, Great Britain sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies
v After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that
Ø All life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin
v What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
Ø All men must be given the right to vote
v What did the middle class generally agree was the correct attitude toward behavior and morality?
Ø Always adhere to a strict moral code
v Who was William Cockerill?
Ø An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
v In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as
Ø An advocate of improved public sanitation
v Definition for "Holy Alliance"
Ø An alliance formed by the conservative rules of Austria, Prussia, and Russia in September of 1815 that became a symbol of the repression of liberal and revolutionary movements all over Europe
v Definition for Romanticism"
Ø An artistic movement at its height from about 1790 to the 1840s that was in part a revolt against classicism and the Enlightenment, characterized by a belief in emotional exuberance, unrestrained imagination, and spontaneity in both art and personal life
v What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?
Ø An enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
v Definition for "Public Sphere"
Ø An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economy, and politics
v The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
Ø An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
v What was the result of the War of the Austrian Succession
Ø An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
v Definition for "Marxism"
Ø An influential political program based on the socialist ideas of German radical Karl Marx, which called for a working-class revolution to overthrow capitalist society and establish a Communist state
v In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?
Ø As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation
v How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
Ø As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar
v In this excerpt from The Sidereal Messenger (Evaluating the Evidence 16.1), Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of the moon. "... from my observations of them [spots on the moon], often repeated, I have been elf to that opinion which I have expressed, namely, that I feel sure that the surface of the moon is not perfectly smooth, free from inequalities and exactly spherical, as a large school of philosophers considers with regard to the moon and the other heavenly bodies, but that, on the contrary, it is full of inequalities, uneven, full of hollows and protuberances, just like the surface of the earth itself, which is varied everywhere by lofty mountains and deep valleys." Galileo's observations led him to
Ø Asser that the surface of the moon was similar to the surface of the earth
v Realist writers fit within the late-nineteenth-century glorification of science because they
Ø Attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner
v Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Ø Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire
v The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to
Ø Avoid the creating of hostility and resentment in France
v Definition for "Class-Consciousness"
Ø Awareness of belonging to a distinct social and economic class whose interests might conflict with those of other classes
v The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it
Ø Banned children under nine years of age from employment
v hich of the following characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
Ø Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially
v Who were the Luddites?
Ø British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
v Definition for "Corn Laws"
Ø British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbably levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people
v Definition for "Combination Acts"
Ø British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist businesspeople over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824
v The religious revival movement known as Pietism
Ø Called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience
v By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
Ø Came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain
v What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?
Ø Capital and skills in salesmanship
v The following is an excerpt from a sketch of London life in 1870 written from the perspective of a newcomer from the countryside (Evaluating the Evidence 22.1): "Self-dependence is another habit peculiarly of London growth. Men soon discovered they have no longer the friend, the relative or the neighbor of their own small town to fall back upon... no doubt there are warm friendships and intimacy's in London as well as in the country, but few and far between. People associate more at arm's length, and give their hand more readily than their heart, and hug themselves within their own domestic circles. You know too little of people to be deeply interested either in them or their fortunes, so you expect nothing in our surprise at nothing. An acquaintance may depart London life, an even this life, or be sold up and disappear, without the same surprise or making the same gap as in a village circle." The author implies that people in London, in contrast to the people in the countryside,
Ø Care little for their neighbors
v The following excerpt is from the introduction to Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm's Children's Stories and Household Tales (Evaluating the Evidence 21.3) "The true value of these tales must really be set quite high: they put out ancient heroic poetry in a new light that count not have been produced in any other way. Briar Rose [or Sleeping Beauty], who is put to sleep after being pricked by a spindle, is really Brunhilde, put to sleep after being pricked by a thorn... Snow White sleeps peacefully with the same glowing red colors of life on her cheeks as Snaefrid, the most beautiful woman of all, at whose coffin sits Harald the Fair-Haired [Brunhilde, Snaefrid, and Harald are characters from ancient Germanic myths]... These folktales have kept intact German myths that were thought to be lost..." The Grimms linked Snow White and Sleeping Beauty to
Ø Characters from German myths
v How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
Ø Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.
v What was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science
Ø Conquest of smallpox
v People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as
Ø Creoles
v How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?
Ø Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular
v What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?
Ø Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled
v During the sixteenth century, the Portuguese
Ø Dominated but did not fundamentally alter the patter of Indian Ocean trade
v Why might Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789 show the literacy rate to be relatively high in the area close to the capital city of Paris
Ø Educational facilities, publishing houses, and a vibrant intellectual life in Paris would work to assist the growth of literacy in nearby areas
v In 1848, what reform did the French government refuse that created a sense of class injustice?
Ø Electoral reform
v One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in the communications in manufacturing developed from
Ø Electricity
v Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century
Ø Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches
v Definition for "Mines Act of 1842"
Ø English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten
v Definition for "Factory Acts"
Ø English laws passed from 1802 to 1833 that limited the workday of child laborers and set minimum hygiene and safety requirements
v The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
Ø Equality before the law
v What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?
Ø Establishment of limited liability investment
v "Weep, wretched natives of Tahiti, weep. But let it be for the coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you will be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are." This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" (Evaluation the Evidence 16.3) reflects his belief that
Ø European exploration was a prelude to violent conquest
v The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggley, an eighteen-year-old mine worker (Evaluating the Evidence 20.2): "I'm sure I don't know how to spell my name. We go at four, sometimes at five, in the evening. We work the whole time except an hour for dinner, and sometimes we haven't time to eat. I hurry [move coal wagons underground] by myself, and have done so for long. I know the corves [small coal wagons] are very heavy, they are the biggest corves anywhere about. The work is far too hard for me; the sweat runs off me all over sometimes. I am very tired at night. Sometimes when we get home at night we have not power to wash us, and then we go to bed. Sometimes we fall asleep in the chair. Father said last night it was both a shame and a disgrace for girls to work as we do, but there was naught else for us to do" Which of the following is implied by Eggley's testimony?
Ø Everyone in her family was required to work in order to get by
v What was a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?
Ø Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost
v In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?
Ø Extensive cultivation of the humble potato provided sufficient nutrition for population growth
v How did labor in British families changes in the eighteenth century?
Ø Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages
v In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
Ø Farming and agriculture
v In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent
Ø Featured varying degrees of government involvement
v Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to
Ø Find the unique greatness of every people in its folk culture
v The following is an excerpt from Louis-Sebastien Mercier's account of a typical day in eighteenth-century Paris (Evaluating the Evidence 18.2): "Night falls; and, while scene-shifters set to work at the playhouses, swarms of other workmen, carpenters, masons and the like, make their way towards the poorer quarters. They leave white footprints from the plaster on their shoes, a trail that any eye can follow. They are off home, and to bed, at the hour which finds elegant ladies sitting down to their dressing-tables to prepare for the business of the night" Which of the following is suggested by Mercier's account
Ø For many ordinary Parisians, the work day did not end until dark
v The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of
Ø Forbidding the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain
v Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing
Ø He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it
v The following is an excerpt from Jacques-Louis Menetra's account of his childhood in Paris (Evaluating the Evidence 18.1): "My father became a widower when I was two years old. I had been put out to nurse. My grandmother who always loved me a great deal and even idolized me, knowing that the nurse I was with had her milk gone bad, came to get me and after curing me put me back out to the nurse [where] I ended up with a pretty good woman who taught me early on the profession of begging. My [grand]mother and my godfather when they came to see me... found me in a church begging charity. They took me home and from then until the age of eleven I lived with my good grandmother. My father wanted me back, afraid that he would have to pay my board. He put me to work in his trade even though several people tried to talk him out of it [but] he wouldn't listen to them..." How did Menetra come to learn the profession of begging
Ø He was put out to nurse with a woman who taught him how to beg
v The following is an excerpt from Emile Zola's Germinal (Evaluating the Evidence 22.3): "The man had set out from Marchiennes about two o'clock. he walked with long strides, shivering beneath his worn cotton jacket and corduroy breeches. A small parcel tide in a check handkerchief troubled him much, and he pressed it against his side, sometimes with one elbow, sometimes with the other, so that he could slip to the bottom of his pockets both the benumbed hands that bled beneath the lashes of the wind. A single idea occupied his head - the empty head of a Workman without work and without lodging - the hope that the cold would be less keen after sunrise." What do we know about the man Zola describes?
Ø He's unemployed
v What was the flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution?
Ø His assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity
v What was Count Leo Tolstoy's central message in War and Peace?
Ø Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values
v Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor
Ø Improved only after 1840
v In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
Ø Improved water supply and sewage systems
v Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?
Ø In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo
v How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?
Ø In compromised by stipulating that an enslaved person would count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and proportional representation in the House of Representatives
v On Map 19.3: The War of Haitian Independence, 1791-1804, where is the first phase of the slave insurrection in 1791 located?
Ø In the area of the capital of Saint-Dominque, Le Cap
v According to Map 16.1: The Partition in Poland, 1772-1795, where was Warsaw, the capital of the former Poland, located after the partition of 1795?
Ø In the territory absorbed by Prussia
v What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?
Ø It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories
v Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century
Ø It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas
v Who invented the spinning jenny?
Ø James Hargreaves
v What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
Ø James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s
v Who was Denis Diderot's co-editor of the Encyclopedia
Ø Jean le Rond d'Alembert
v After the arrest and deportation of Toussaint L'Ouverture, how was the war of Haitian Independence resolved
Ø Jean-Jacques Dessalines, L'Ouverture's lieutenant, led the resistance to a crushing victory over the French and later declared Haitian independence
v One of the century's most influential works on child reading was Emile, or On Education by
Ø Jean-Jacques Rousseau
v In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
Ø Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently
v Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated
Ø Large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress
v The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily
Ø Lawyers and government officials
v Definition for "The Mountain"
Ø Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793
v The following in an excerpt from "What Is the Third Estate?" by the abbe Sieyes (Evaluating the Evidence 19.2): "By Third Estate is meant the collectivity of citizens who belong to the common order. Anybody who holds a legal privilege of any kind leaves that common order, stands as an exception to the common law, and in consequence does not belong to the Third Estate... It is certain that the moment a citizen acquires privileges contrary to common law, he no longer belongs to the common order. His new interest is opposed to the general interest; he has no right to vote in the name of the people..." According to Sieyes, once one acquires a legal privilege, one
Ø Loses the right to vote in the name of the people
v How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?
Ø Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions sentiment and sexual attraction
v According to Olyme de Gouges,
Ø Men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law
v How did the new fashion practices of the eighteenth century demonstrate changes in gender distinctions
Ø Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes
v The following is an excerpt from John Wesley's "Advice to Methodists" (Evaluating the Evidence 18.3): "Your Strictness of Life, taking the whole of it together, may likewise be accounted new. I mean, your making it a Rule, to abstain from fashionable Diversions, from reading Plays, Romances, or Book of Humour, from singing innocent Songs, or talking in a merry, gay, diverting Manner; your Plainness of Dress; your Manner of Dealing in Trade; our Exactness in observing the Lord's Day; your Scrupulosity as to Things that have no paid Custom; your total Abstinence from spirituous Liquors (unless in Cases of Extreme Necessity); your Rule, 'not to mention the Fault of an absent Person, in Particular, of Ministers, or of those in Authority,' may justly be termed new." This passage provides evidence for which of the following
Ø Methodists were expected to behave in ways that reflected their spiritual beliefs
v How did the goals of middle class feminists differ from those of socialist women?
Ø Middle class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working class revolution.
v What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?
Ø Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly
v Which of the following characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?
Ø Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant parks or open areas were almost nonexistent
v In December 1825, some three thousand Russian army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?
Ø Nicholas I
v Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because
Ø Of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant
v In the eighteenth century, what problem did the Church of England face
Ø Officials of both church and state who used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people
v The following excerpt is from the Karlsbad Decrees, a set of policies that clamped down on liberal nationalists in the universities and the press (Evaluating the Evidence 21.1): "The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to remove from the universities or other public educational institutions all teachers who, by obvious deviation from their duty, or by exceeding the limits of their functions, or by the abuse of their legitimate influence over the youthful minds, or by propagating harmful doctrines hostile to public order or subversive of existing governmental institutions, shall have unmistakably proved their unfitness for the important office intrusted to them..." This passage suggests that the author of the decrees saw universities as
Ø Potential centers of political subversion
v The following rights were listen in an 1848 political pamphlet entitled Demands of the German People (Thinking Like a Historian): "Unconditional freedom of the press... Administration of justice before a jury. General granting of citizen's rights for German citizens. A just system of taxation based on income. Prosperity, training, and teaching for all. Balancing out of disparities between capital and labor. Popular and just State administration. Responsibility of Ministers and civil servants. Removal of all prejudices." This list of rights suggests that its authors believed in
Ø Radical equality
v The following is an excerpt from Emile Zola's Germinal (Evaluating the Evidence 22.3): "The man had set out from Marchiennes about two o'clock. he walked with long strides, shivering beneath his worn cotton jacket and corduroy breeches. a small parcel tide in a check handkerchief troubled him much, and he pressed it against his side, sometimes with one elbow, sometimes with the other, so that he could slip to the bottom of his pockets both the benumbed hands that bled beneath the lashes of the wind. A single idea occupied his head - the empty head of a workman without work and without lodging - the hope that the cold would be less keep after sunrise." This passage is an example of
Ø Realism
v Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
Ø Rococo
v In his pioneering work of quantitative sociology, Suicide (1897), Emile Durkheim concluded that ever higher suicide rates were caused by widespread feelings of
Ø Rootlessness
v The Loyalist faction in the American Revolution?
Ø Tended to be wealthy and politically moderate
v As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class
Ø Tended to merge with the old aristocracy
v Based on Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the most important components of the Industrial Revolution other than coal mining?
Ø Textiles, iron, and machinery
v The following is an excerpt from "What Is the Third Estate?" by the abbe Sieyes (Evaluating the Evidence 19.2): "It is impossible to say what place the two privileged orders [the clergy and the nobility] ought to occupy in the social order: this is the equivalent of asking what place one wishes to assign to a malignant tumor that torments and undermines the strength of the body of a sick person. It must be neutralized. We must re-establish the health and working of all organs so thoroughly that they are no longer susceptible to these fatal schemes that are capable of sapping the most essential principles of vitality" What did Sieyes imply in this passage?
Ø That social divisions based on privilege had no place in the new France
v The following is an excerpt from Stephan Zweig's The World of Yesterday (Evaluating the Evidence 22.2): "But even in those moral times, in Vienna in particular, the air was full of dangerous erotic infection, and a girl of good family had to live in a completely sterilized atmosphere, from the day of her birth until the day when she left the altar on her husband's arm. In order to protect young girls, they were not left alone for a single moment... every book which they read was inspected, and above all else, young girls were constantly kept busy to divert their attention from any possible dangerous thoughts." White assumption underlay this effort to isolate young women from corrupting influences?
Ø That women had no innate sexual desires
v What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain
Ø The Girondists' more moderate policies
v Definition for "Haskalah"
Ø The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn
v Industrial development in continental Europe was slowed for two decades by
Ø The Napoleonic Wars
v What book by the baron de Montesquieu is considered the first major work in the French Enlightenment?
Ø The Persian Letters
v Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located?
Ø The Ruhr
v On Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the largest industrial area?
Ø The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool
v Definition for "Deism"
Ø The belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers
v What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
Ø The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century
v Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries
Ø The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will
v What was the driving force in history according to Marx in the nineteenth century?
Ø The economic relationship between classes
v In the following passage from a 1789 letter, Maximilien Robespierre denounced the decision to limit political participation to those with a certain amount of wealth (Thinking Like a Historian): "[I]t seems to me that a representation founded on the bases I have just indicated [a system with property qualifications for political participation] could easily raise up an aristocracy of riches on the ruins of the feudal aristocracy; and I do not see that the people which should be the aim of every political institution will gain much from this kind of arrangement. Moreover I fail to see how representatives who derive their power from their constituents, that is to say from all citizens without distinction of wealth, have the right to despoil the major part of these constituents of the power which they have confided to them" What did Robespierre argue might result from a political system in which only those with money and property were allowed to participate?
Ø The emergence of a new aristocracy based on wealth instead of birth
v The following is an excerpt from Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure (Evaluating the Evidence 17.1): "Respecting open field lands, the quantity of labour in them is not comparable to that of enclosures; for, not to speak of the great numbers of men that in enclosed countries are constantly employed in winter in hedging and ditching, what comparison can there be between the open field system of one half or a third of the lands being in fallow, receiving only three ploughings; and the same portion now tilled four, five, or six times by Midsummer, then sown with turnips, those hand-hoed twice, and then drawn by hand, and carted to stalls for beasts; or else hurdled out in portions for fatting sheep! What a scarcity of employment in one case, what a variety in the other!" Based on this passage, it is reasonable to conclude that Young believed that
Ø The enclosure system was more labor intensive than the traditional open-field system
v The following is an excerpt rom Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure (Evaluating the Evidence 17.1): "Thus the land yields a greater neat produce in food for mankind - the landlord doubles his income, which enables him to employ so many more manufacturers and artisans - the farmer increased his income, by means of which he also does the same - the hides and wool are a creation of so much employment for other manufactures" Which of the following claims did Young make in this passage
Ø The enclosure system would bring benefits to farmers, landowners, artisans, and manufacturers
v What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families?
Ø The families desire to improve its economic and social position
v Definition for "Great Fear"
Ø The fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt
v Definition for "Carnival"
Ø The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that turned the established order upside down
v What factor explains areas of relatively low literacy rates, as depicted in Map 18.1: Literary in France, ca. 1789
Ø The focus on agriculture in the region
v Definition for "Atlantic Slave Trade"
Ø The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved almost 12 million Africans
v The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encourage by what two factors
Ø The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor
v Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?
Ø The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers
v What was the core concept of Social Darwinism?
Ø The human race was driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest.
v Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century
Ø The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively
v What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
Ø The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
v How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?
Ø The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge in advance education
v Definition for "Bourgeoisie"
Ø The middle-class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working-class proletariat
v Definition for "Enclosure"
Ø The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture
v In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion
Ø The parish church
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France
Ø The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
v The following is an excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he describes a textile worker prior to the advent of the textile factory: "...the small farmer, spinner, or hand-loom weaver, presents as orderly and respectable an appearance as could be wished. It is true that the amount of labour gone through, was but small; that the quantity of cloth or yarn produced was but limited - for he worked by the rule of his strength and convenience. They were, however, sufficient to clothe and feed himself and family decently, and according to their station; to lay by a penny for an evil day, and to enjoy those amusements and bodily recreations then in being. He was a respectable member of society; a good father, a good husband, and a good son" Which of the following claims did Gaskell make?
Ø The preindustrial textile worker lived a sustainable, moral, and satisfying life
v David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that
Ø The pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level
v What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system
Ø The rural poor worked for low wages
v Definition for "Industrious Revolution"
Ø The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods
v The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to
Ø The size and strength of British naval power
v How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
Ø The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products
v What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe
Ø The tendency of couples to wait to marry until they were economically independent
v How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry
Ø The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits
v Definition for "Treaty of Paris"
Ø The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts
v The abbe Sieyes considered the third estate
Ø The true strength of the French nation
v The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes's theories of nature was that
Ø The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
v Definition for "Consumer Revolution"
Ø The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century
v Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
Ø Their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers
v What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?
Ø Their utopian schemes were not realistic
v As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?
Ø There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories
v As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
Ø They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties
v Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
Ø They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed
v How did European governments respond to the new science?
Ø They established academics of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
v What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century
Ø They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved
v Why did the Antifederalists oppose the new American constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention?
Ø They feared for the individual freedoms for which they had fought
v Why did middle class families spend considerable portions of their income on food?
Ø They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity
v How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered?
Ø They presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure
v Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?
Ø They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected
v How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?
Ø They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment
v What set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower middle class?
Ø They were fiercely committed to the middle class ideal of upward social mobility
v Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century
Ø They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
v Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children
Ø They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible
v In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?
Ø They were not harsh and even quite good
v The following is an excerpt from a letter written by Abigail Adams to her husband John Adams (Evaluation the Evidence 19.1). The letter was written in March 1776 while John Adams was serving in the Continental Congress. "I long to hear that you have declared an independency - and by the way in the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power in the hands of the Husbands. Remember all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation" Why did Abigail Adams believe that it was important for her husband to "Remember the Ladies"
Ø To avoid creating a tyranny of men over women
v In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought
Ø To match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense
v What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple or individual who had committed adultery or abuse
Ø To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards
v In her advice to women in the middle class (Evaluating the Evidence 20.3), Sarah Stickney Ellis stated: "Much more congenial to the highest attributes of woman's character, are inquiries such as these: 'How shall I endeavor through this day to turn the time, the health, and the means permitted me to enjoy, to the best account? Is any one sick, I must visit their chamber without delay, and try to give their apartment an air of comfort, by arranging such things as the wearied nurse may not have thought of. Is any one about to set off on a journey, I must see that the early meal is spread, to prepare it with my own hands, in order that the servant, who was working late last night, may profit by unbroken rest. Did I fail in what was kind or considerate to any of the family yesterday..." Based on this passage, what did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day?
Ø To think about how best to help those who need assistance
v A young woman entering domestic service could expect
Ø To work hard on an endless array of jobs
v Map 17.2: The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. What was sent from the Americas to Europe
Ø Tobacco, silver, sugar, and furs
v The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the
Ø Treaty of Paris
v The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded
Ø Universal male suffrage
v What factor explains the existence of several other areas, besides the area around Paris, with high literacy rates in France, as depicted in Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789
Ø Urbanization that might also feature extensive commerce and manufacture
v The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
Ø Usually a response to the wishes of the families
v At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
Ø Were guided by the principle of the balance of power
v In the "separate spheres" patter of gender relationships,
Ø Women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born
v Which of the following caused marked changes in child rearing practices?
Ø Women had fewer children
v Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Ø Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry
v Definition for "Empiricism"
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v "The single thread winded off the pod in the same manner as that of the common silk-worm; seeming in all respects as fine, and as tough. I doubled this thread so often as to contain twenty in thickness; and the compound thread was as smooth, as elastic, and as glossy, as that of the common silk-worm. I tried what weight it would bear; and it bore fifteen ounces and a half, and broke with somewhat less than sixteen, upon several trials..." Based on this excerpt, the presentation by the Reverend Samuel Pullien to the Royal Society of England regarding "An Account of a Particular Species of Cocoon, or Silk-Pod, from America" (Evaluation the Evidence 16.2) is best characterized as
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v In the following passage from a 1789 letter, Maximilien Robespierre denounced the decision to limit political participation to those with a certain amount of wealth (Thinking Like a Historian): "No doubt you know that a specific sum of money is being demanded of citizens for them to exercise the rights of citizens; that they must pay a tax equivalent to three days' work in order to participate in the primary assemblies; ten days' to be a member of the secondary assemblies which are called departments; finally 54 livres tax and possession of landed property to be eligible for the national assembly. These provisions are the work of the aristocratic party in the Assembly which has not even permitted the others to defend the rights of the people and has constantly shouted them down; so that the most important of all our deliberations was taken without discussion, carried off in tumult..." According to Robespierre, how did supports of property qualifications for political participation secure victory?
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v The discipline of nature philosophy focused on
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v Voltaire saw Confucianism as
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v How did railroads affect the nature of production?
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v Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of the planets
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v The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
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v What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?
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v What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
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v As literacy expanded among the common people, what was a staple of popular literature other than the Bible?
--------------------
v How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups?
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v In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
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v The following is an excerpt from Adam Smith's description of the pin industry (Evaluating the Evidence 17.2): "I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upward of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upward to forty-eight thousand pins in a day" In this passage, Adam Smith suggested that
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v Why was the Frankfurt Parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?
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v Galileo was placed on trial for heresy owing to publication of
---------------------
v What benefits could a wife produce at home that could not be purchased in the market?
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v What was the clearest sign that a family was middle class?
-----------------------
v Which social groups composed the revolutionary alliance during the revolutions of 1848 in central Europe?
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v What was the most important influence on the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain?
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v What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns
-------------------------
v In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
---------------------------------
v How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men
---------------------------
v According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century, the guild system
-----------------------------
v Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
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v The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
Ø Declared all men and women to be equal
v The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819
Ø Defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set of values
v According to Map 21.2: Peoples of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1815, which nationalities dominated the Habsburg monarchy?
Ø Germans and Hungarians
v In almost every advanced country around 1900, the wealthiest 20 percent of households received
Ø 50 percent to 60 percent of all national income
v Definition for "Tariff Protection"
Ø A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high taxes on imported goods from other countries, as when the French responded to cheaper British goods flooding their country by imposing high tariffs on some imported products
v Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at
Ø A just price; one that was fair to both consumers and producers
v Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia
Ø Convicted prisoners
v How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Ø Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production
v The reformer Robert Owens sought to
Ø Create a single large national union for British workers
v Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population
Ø Doubled
v In the nineteenth century, what did Eugene Delacroix's work typically feature?
Ø Dramatic, colorful scenes
v Who predicted in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) that reform like that occurring in France would lead only to chaos and tyranny?
Ø Edmund Burke
v The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
Ø Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies
v In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832
Ø Gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation
v Germaine de Stael urged the French to throw away worn-out classical models and extolled the spontaneity and enthusiasm of the writers and thinkers of
Ø Germany
v In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of
Ø Great Britain, France, and Russia
v What was the Catholic version of Pietism
Ø Jansenism
v Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s
Ø Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria
v In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was brought under control with the help of 130,000 troops sent by
Ø The Russian Empire
v On map 22.2: The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850-1870, what formed the boundary of Paris before 1860?
Ø The Tollhouse Wall
v Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged
Ø The abolition of marriage, free unions based only on love, and sexual freedom
v Definition for "Rocket"
Ø The name given to George Stephenson's effective locomotive that was first tested in 1829 on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 24 miles per hour
v Definition for "Guild System"
Ø The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers
v During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?
Ø Workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms
v Victor Hugo's political evolution was exactly the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose
Ø Youthful radicalism gave way to middle-aged caution
v What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
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v Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?
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v According to Joseph Proudhon in the nineteenth century, property was
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v During a young man's period of apprenticeship, he would
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v Definition for "Industrial Revolution"
Ø A term first coined in 1799 to describe the burst of major inventions and economic expansion that began in Britain in the late eighteenth century
v What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
Ø A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed
v The following is an excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he describes a textile worker prior to the advent of the textile factory: "Prior to the year 1760, manufactures were in a great measure confined to the demands of the home market. At this period, and down to 1800... the majority of the artisans engaged in them had laboured in their own houses, and in the bosoms of their families... These were, undoubtedly, the golden times of manufactures, considered in reference to the character of the labourers. By all the proceses being carried on under a man's own roof, he retained his individual respectability; he was kept apart from associations that might injure his moral worth, whilst he generally earned wages which were sufficient not only to live comfortable upon, but which enabled him to rent a few acres of land..." According to Gaskell, by what criteria was the period 1760-1800 the "golden times of manufactures"?
Ø As measured by the morality of workers
v How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
Ø As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling
v Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies encouraged women to
Ø Aspire to a life of the mind
v The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
Ø Become landless rural wage earners
v On map 22.1: European cities of 100,000 or More, 1800-1900, which cities had the largest increase in population growth between 1800 and 1900?
Ø Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Vienna
v The following excerpt is from the Karlsbad Decrees, a set of policies that clamped down on liberal nationalists in the universities and the press (Evaluating the Evidence 21.1): "The Diet shall have the right, moreover, to suppress on its own authority, without being petitioned, such writings included in Article 1 [newspapers and periodicals], in whatever German state they may appear, as, in the opinion of a commission appointed by it, are inimical to the honor of the union, the safety of individual states, or the maintenance of peace and quiet in Germany. There shall be no appeal from such decisions..." This passage amounts to a sweeping attempt at
Ø Censorship
v Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Ø Combination Acts of 1799
v As a result of the idea of separate spheres, middle class married women who sought to work outside the home
Ø Found that they could not gain well-paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work
v Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
Ø France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation
v Definition for "Napoleonic Code"
Ø French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as the restriction of rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws
v Definition for "Second Revolution"
Ø From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics
v According to Map 21.1: Europe in 1815, which countries were considered the Great Powers of Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Ø Great Britain, the Russian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, France, and the Austrian Empire
v Definition for "Luddites"
Ø Group of handicraft workers who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 and later, smashing the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work
v In seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe, guild masters
Ø Guarded their guild privileges jealously
v In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, foundling homes
Ø Had extremely high death rates
v In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government
Ø He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government
v What was Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century
Ø He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research
v Which of the following was true of Napoleon Bonaparte?
Ø He won brilliant victories in Italy in 1796 and 1797
v Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by
Ø High infant mortality rates
v How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century
Ø Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
v The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
Ø Industrial dominance of Britain
v How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years
Ø Initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message
v What chance within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Ø Interactions between Jews and Christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished
v In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on?
Ø Interest payments on debt
v Definition for "Karlsbad Decrees"
Ø Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Klemens von Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations
v How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
Ø It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth
v Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people
Ø It emphasized a warm and emotional religion
v By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition
Ø It harnesses the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort
v The following is an excerpt from Stephan Zweig's The World of Yesterday (Evaluating the Evidence 22.2): "This 'social morality,' which on the one hand privately presuppose the existence of sexuality in its natural course, but on the other would not recognize it openly at any price, was doubly deceitful. While it winked one eye at a young man and even encouraged him with the other to 'sow his wild oats,' as the kindly language of the home put it, in the case of a woman it studiously shut both eyes and as if it were blind." According to Zweig, in what way was the "social morality" of his day deceitful?
Ø It tactically permitted sexual activity in young men, while at the same time pretending that young women were not sexual at all.
v Why was the Declaration of Independence so important to the American Revolution?
Ø It universalized the traditional rights of English people and made them the rights of all mankind
v Which of the following describes late-nineteenth-century prostitution?
Ø It was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families
v What was the function of the Crystal Palace?
Ø It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London
v In the eighteenth century, what did the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflect
Ø Its importance in community life
v Which cities on map 22.1: European cities of 100,000 or More, 1800-1900 contained one million or more people in 1900?
Ø London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, St. Petersburg, and Constantinople
v Gustave Flaubert tells the story of a bust rated middle class housewife who has a sorted an adulterous love affair in his masterpiece,
Ø Madame Bovary
v What was a result of improved economic conditions in the 19th century?
Ø Married women were not expected to work outside the home
v Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?
Ø Mary Wollstonecraft
v Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century
Ø Master began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules
v Definition for "Methodists"
Ø Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion
v In Of Natural Characters (1748), David Hume wrote: "I am apt to suspect the negroes and in general all other species of men (for there are four or five different kinds) to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent amongst them, no arts, no sciences... Such a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages if nature had not made an original distinction between these breeds of men." Based on this passage, what did Hume see as the source of racial distinctions?
Ø Nature
v According to Map 21.1: Europe in 1815, why was the Austrian Empire able to maintain order in most of Europe between 1815 and 1848?
Ø Owing to its large size, the Austrian Empire was able to influence the actions of the Kingdom of Prussia, thus holding a greater position within the German Confederation
v The string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-94 was largely due to
Ø Patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft
v Who wrote the influential Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697)
Ø Pierre Bayle
v In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create the country of
Ø Poland
v The industrious revolution was a result of
Ø Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods
v Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were
Ø Popular with the European masses
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that
Ø Population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence
v Max Weber, the most prominent and influential late-nineteenth-century sociologist, argued that the rise of capitalism was directly linked to
Ø Protestantism in northern Europe
v Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Ø Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century
v Which powers participated in the portioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Ø Prussia, Russia, and Austria
v What was Georges Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth-century life?
Ø Rebuilding Paris
v The Boulevard Saint-Michel, shown on map 22.2: The Modernization of Paris, ca. 1850- 1870, was one of Baron Haussmann's most controversial projects because it's construction
Ø Required the razing of much of Paris's medieval core
v The spinning of thread for the loom
Ø Required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages
v In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
Ø Revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris
v What was a danger that threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service?
Ø Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served
v Map 17.1: Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe suggests a relationship between population density and the growth of textile production. This leads to the conclusion that textile production was concentrated in
Ø Rural areas with relatively dense populations
v Wet-nursing practices included
Ø Rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system
v According to Map 16.1: The Partition of Poland, 1772-1795, which power or powers benefited most from the partitions?
Ø Russia
v The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included
Ø Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain
v Which of the following characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era
Ø Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls
v Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Ø Several thousand Parisian women
he concept of the reading revolution refers to the
Ø Shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually
v What was the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850
Ø Social and economic transformations that made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior
v Which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions
Ø Spain
v Map 18.1: Literacy in France, ca. 1789 does not include any information on female literacy rates. What other information is excluded from this map
Ø That there were trends in French literacy rates over time
v List the countries allied with Napoleon found on Map 19.2: Napoleonic Europe in 1812
Ø The Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Norway and Denmark
v How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
Ø The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities
v Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
Ø The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed
v According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in
Ø The economy as little as possible
v Definition for "Putting-Out System"
Ø The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processes them and returned the finished products to the merchant
v Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era
Ø The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners
v Definition for "Grand Empire"
Ø The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia
v What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
Ø The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
v Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
Ø The general will is not necessarily the will of the majority
v Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham's idea that social policies should promote
Ø The greatest good for the greatest number
v Definition for "Just Price"
Ø The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary
v Definition for "Proletariat"
Ø The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie
v What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?
Ø The key to progress was proper social organization
v Definition for "Sans-Culottes"
Ø The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city
v Definition for "Liberalism"
Ø The principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; advocates demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of the press, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom of worship, and freedom from arbitrary arrest
v What did Henry Cort develop?
Ø The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
v At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that
Ø The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens
v Definition for "Great Famine"
Ø The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple
v How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?
Ø The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semi-skilled groups of workers became more prevalent
v Definition for "Illegitimacy Explosion"
Ø The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls
v What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848?
Ø The triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac, after street fighting and the death or injury of more than ten thousand people
v Definition for "Iron Law of Wages"
Ø Theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level
v Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century
Ø There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor
v In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and
Ø Vegetables
v In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?
Ø Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property
v Definition for "Enlightened absolutism"
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v How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism
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v How did wages change in the late nineteenth century?
Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease
