HIS 187 Terms 2

Katanga seccession

-Begin pressing for independence in leopoldville -belg does not wanna lose access to uranium -belgians fund through belgian mining company a secessionist movement to create own nation that will be under belgian rule.. Wanna pry katanga away from congo.. -lumumba goes to UN to ask for help in keeping their independence from secessionist movement. -first was told no. so lumumba together with kasavubu issue an ultimatum

Abdul Aziz ibn Saud

-Created Saudi Arabia Kingdom in 1932 -gave drilling rights American Standard Oil Company -ARAMCO tribal and Muslim religious leader who formed the modern state of Saudi Arabia and initiated the exploitation of its oil. He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. As King, he presided over the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II.

Henry Kissinger

-at that time henry kissinger warns nixon that if johnson should succeed in negotiations will be loss in campaign. Kissinger was harvard academic. Celebrity academic? Was on a night show..promoted himself Was interested in being public and seen and had theory of power that it was the ultimate aphrodisiac. Unlike many theories of foreign policy, he said we had to use power. "Realpolitik" - foreign pol realist theory nations ought to act in own interests.. Kissinger thought we needed to turn to realpolitik instead of ideology of idealism. Got into politics as advisor to richard nixon..appointed to national security advisor.. Sec of state requires senate confirmation and NSA does not.. -which means have to have certain track record.. Kissinger was not that person was celeb from outside washington. -kissinger particularly is notable for reorganizing the structure of foreign pol. Bureaucracy. -one general who comes from pentagon to whitehouse and shows kissinger targets to bomb in cambodia.. Kiss gives him orders. B52 are not given those targets are given other targets.. Told to divert to other target., along ho chi minh trail ..ordered to destroy anything related to mission.

Just Cause

-bush just before christmas invades panama.. Trying to execute warrant for arrest of noriega for drug trafficking.. - sends many troops to get him out.. Was main guy in iran contra affair. Was instrument of american foreign pol but now policy was he had to go.. - occupy panama city..major ports air ports, mil bases.. - only did not catch him because goes into embassy.. The white house decided to stop playing music to irritate?..noriega decided to be captured spend years in US prison Civilians get killed, part of what happens when wage war.. No un approval for this ..this is something decided by us on its own. Just cause and the end of the cold war: A great principle is spreading across the world like wildfire. That principle, as we all know is the revolutionary idea that people not govts are sovereign n 1989 Noriega canceled the presidential elections and attempted to rule through a puppet government. After a military coup against Noriega failed, the United States invaded Panama. He sought and was given refuge in the Vatican nunciature (embassy) in Panama City, where he remained for 10 days while a U.S. Army psychological warfare team blasted rock music at the building. Noriega finally surrendered to the United States on January 3, 1990, and was then transported to Miami, where he was arraigned on a host of criminal charges. Noriega made himself valuable to the US during the Contra wars when he allowed the US to set up listening posts in Panama and by helping the US campaign against the leftist Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. Noriega allowed Panama to be used as a conduit for US money and weapons for the Contras as then US president Ronald Reagan sought to undermine the Sandinistas. But Noriega's increasing brutality turned him into a liability, especially after the assassination of Hugo Spadafora, a political opponent who was found beheaded in 1985. Operation Just Cause ended in Noriega's capture when he surrendered to US troops after taking refuge in the Apostolic Nunciature in Panama. In one of the more bizarre episodes of the invasion, US forces played loud rock music - including I Fought the Law, by the Clash - to put pressure on Noriega to give himself up. Losses on the US side were 24 troops, plus three civilian casualties. The number of Panamanian civilian deaths was put at about 200, although there are claims that the number is much higher.

Shinkolobwe-

-congolese uranium helped with manhattan project to create bombs dropped. -CIA worked hard to ensure US had access to congolese uranium By 1960, us is no longer as dependent on their uranium as before but the us want to make sure soviet union doesnt get access to the uranium so that is their interest in the congo -that why us sees lumumba as a problem to us. -lumumba charged with embezzlement..

British War in Vietnam

-free japanese prisoners of war and arm them to go to war against vietnam. Bc british and us want french to be strong again.. British will fight viet minh for a year until can give back to france. was a post-World War II armed conflict involving a largely British-Indian and French task force and Japanese troops from the Southern Expeditionary Army Group, versus the Vietnamese communist movement, the Viet Minh, for control of the country, after the unconditional Japanese surre

madman theory

-kissinger is the point for secret bombing of cambodia Why they doing this? Esp if they ran on bringing end to war in vietnam "I might do anything"- madman theory.. Want them to think they might do anything.. This man is anti red has finger on button.. And ho chi minh might want to settle peace...will force vietnamese to negotiating table. Information is power: kissinger and foreign policy. -kissinger doesnt have people loyal to him bc never been politician of any kind so needs to establish power base for himself.. Restructures nsa with him at the head.. So everything comes to him and he goes to nixon.. -carrying secret bombing becomes something only henry kiss are something few going to know about. The administration employed the "madman strategy" to force the North Vietnamese government to negotiate an end to the Vietnam War.[6] In July 1969, according to a recently-declassified CIA report, President Nixon may have suggested to South Vietnamese President Thieu that the two paths he was considering were either a nuclear weapons option or setting up a coalition government.[7]

Ex-comm

-undertake debates on how to handle this crisis. -The executive committee that kennedy constructed that discussed soviet missiles in cuba, while we have the recordings to analyze how to make decisions- but decisions were not actually made in the room. -no decisions made in executive committee. Actual decisions made outside of room -kennedy seeking to push leaders -says there will be quarantine and will stop vessels from soviet union and will fire... -risky- committing acts of war in neutral waters against actors who have weapons close by in cuba -publicly ken admin emphasises they are taking these risks The Executive Committee of the National Security Council (commonly referred to as simply the Executive Committee or ExComm) was a body of United States government officials that convened to advise President John F. Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. The group was formed to deal with the Cuba crisis, and that was by far the dominant topic of most of their discussions. But Kennedy also called on the group to provide advice on the situation in the Congo, the proposal for a multilateral nuclear force for NATO (MLF), India, Pakistan, and Brazil. In almost all instances, the ExComm meeting in the Cabinet Room at the White House. President Kennedy secretly recorded many of their meetings. And as you can see clearly on the timeline below, the ExComm's meeting became much less frequent into 1963. The balance between the aggressive and the more conciliatory elements within the group produced a creative tension that resulted in a successful plan of action. They succeeded in both maintaining the prestige of the U.S. and in preventing the escalation of a conflict which held the potential for nuclear war. The transcripts also indicated that the committee members were divided, inconsistent, often confused, and appropriately frightened. The seriousness of the encounter they were embarked upon, and their lack of confidence that any proposed strategy would accomplish their goal, led most of them—along with the Joint Chiefs—to initially favor some form of military action—to strike, as it were, like cornered animals. Nevertheless, in the aftermath of the crisis, the ExComm's discussions became the central focus of historians' efforts to understand the process that led to its peaceful resolution. The members of the committee, as well as the President, promoted that idea, touting its work as a classic example of the administration's ability to skillfully manage international challenges. The second reason that war was avoided is that the President, not the members of the ExComm (and certainly not the Joint Chiefs, who unanimously and persistently recommended attacking Cuba), insisted on providing Khrushchev with a politically acceptable exit from his failed gamble. The challenge was to find a resolution that gave the Soviet leader options other than capitulate or fight. To do so, it was necessary for the President to empathize with his adversary, to see the crisis from Khrushchev's perspective. He was encouraged in this by two unsung, consistently level-headed advisers. The ExComm recordings, for all the detailed, fascinating information they reveal, do not tell us nearly enough about the views of the most important member of the administration, John Kennedy. Inclined toward military action early in the crisis, the President quickly grew increasingly wary of its unpredictable consequences.

Iran-contra

-lends covert aid to contras using CIA.. -congress finds out about this in early 1980s.. -congress writes into law for this to stop. -under constitution of us we cannot have standing army.. Vote to authorize continuing operation of army..vote defense budget that says no money will be used to fight aid or overthrow revolution in nicaragua.. Do this year after year... may not use money of people of us to fight secret war.. Reagan does not stop.. us aircraft parts and missiles through isreal to iran for cash -cash through panama and honduras to contras -us replenishment of weapons of isreal.. This organized crime by us govt.. Reagan is now being investigated and continues through entirety of bush pres.. political scandal in which the National Security Council (NSC) became involved in secret weapons transactions and other activities that either were prohibited by the U.S. Congress or violated the stated public policy of the government. In 1979, the Sandinista liberation movement in Nicaragua had finally overthrown the dictatorship of President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, whereupon Reagan became increasingly convinced that the presence of an actively left-wing regime in that country would spark revolution throughout the region and threaten the security of the United States. To combat this possibility, his administration ploughed massive amounts of military aid into a number of governments in Central America that were beset by civil war and guerrilla fighting. n the case of Nicaragua, the focus was on destabilizing the government and engineering the overthrow of the Marxist-oriented Sandinista regime. Military aid was channeled to militia groups—the "Contras"—fighting to achieve this end. The American public, however, grew increasingly opposed to such funding, and when Congress passed a law banning it, the White House resorted to covert means to continue its support. was a Middle East component of this policy as well. In early 1985 the head of the NSC, Robert C. McFarlane, undertook the sale of antitank and antiaircraft missiles to Iran in the mistaken belief that such a sale would secure the release of a number of American citizens who were being held captive in Lebanon by Shīʿite terrorist groups loyal to Iran. This and several subsequent weapon sales to Iran in 1986 directly contradicted the U.S. government's publicly stated policy of refusing either to bargain with terrorists or to aid Iran in its war with Iraq, a policy based on the belief that Iran was a sponsor of international terrorism. A portion of the $48 million that Iran paid for the arms was diverted by the NSC and given to the Contras battling the Sandinista government of Nicaragua. The monetary transfers were undertaken by NSC staff member Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North with the approval of McFarlane's successor as head of the NSC, Rear Admiral John M. Poindexter. North and his associates also raised private funds for the Contras. The NSC's illegal activities came to light in November 1986 and aroused an immediate public uproar. The Reagan administration was forced to admit that it had covertly continued to fund the Contras by means of arms sales to Iran which were themselves illegal and in breach of a trade embargo against that country. North

Chennault Affair

-lyndon johnson declares he will not run -rob ken enters presidential race as anti war candidate, assassinated in june -hubert humphrey is nominated The fact that vietnams launch large scale mil offensive helps to erode even further american support for the war..which why lbj will not run for reelection Humphrey has lbjs policies hanging around his neck..he is sitting vice pres. Collusion: chennault affair -nixon trying to end war in vietnam -at that time henry kissinger warns nixon that if johnson should succeed in negotiations will be loss in campaign. Nixon says we must put monkey wrench in these negotiations.. Anna shunou? Going to go to south vietnamese leader and says dont negotiate now will get better deal with nixon presidency.. Fbi has phone tapped and tell LBJ. South viet say will not negotiate.. Blow to bring end to war. Johnson says this is treason..durksen in senate says i know.. But lbj does not say anything consults with humphrey and dont say anything but cant pin it on nixon..they assume.. Nixon wins pop vote with less than 1 percent. Anna Chennault played a crucial role on behalf of the Nixon campaign[1 She arranged the contact with South Vietnamese Ambassador Bui Diem whom Richard Nixon met in secret in July 1968 in New York.[18] It was through Chennault's intercession[19][20] that Republicans advised Saigon to refuse participation in the talks, promising a better deal once elected.[21][22][23] Records of FBI wiretaps show that Chennault phoned Bui Diem on November 2 with the message "hold on, we are gonna win."[24][25] Before the elections President Johnson "suspected (...) Richard Nixon, of political sabotage[26] that he called treason".[27]

ICBM

-us cant launch icbm fast enough in order for soviets not to respond -us had way more of these than soviet union but it was sufficient to deter us to not strike at soviet union A ballistic missile is powered early in its flight and then follows a non-powered trajectory to its target. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union developed inter-continental ballistic missiles, known by the acronym ICBM, that were capable of reaching any target in each other's territory. ICBMs could deliver nuclear weapons in a manner that was virtually immune to defensive measures. Arms limitations treaties between the superpowers have reduced the number of ICBMs deployed by each side. An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a guided ballistic missile with a minimum range of 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads).

Mutually Assured Destruction

-what keeps cold war stable is MAD. ur not going to launch strike because enemy will launch at u and will have mutual destruction -that balance can be offset is u have other (first strike) weapons. Upsets balance of mutually assured destruction.. Mutually Assured Destruction is a military theory of nuclear deterrence: neither side will attack the other with their nuclear weapons because both sides are guaranteed to be totally destroyed in the conflict. No one will go to all-out nuclear war because no side can win and no side can survive. To many, mutually assured destruction helped prevent the Cold War from turning hot; to others, it is the most ludicrous theory humanity ever put into full-scale practice.

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (US ratification, 1992)

-with reservations -including those preventing the treaty being applied to the US. Reservations mean it cant be applied to the us.. On the one hand us is in favor of national law as long as doesnt apply to them.. is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly through GA The covenant commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial.[ a key international human rights treaty, providing a range of protections for civil and political rights

domino theory

1952 election dwight eisenhower defeats truman.eisenhower view of cold war in asia sterner than before.. You had a row of dominoes set up...and you knocked....and indonesia following "The possible consequences of the loss were just incalculable to the free world" Domino theory Not about rice resources in vietnam.. Not even important in terms of naval routes...same goes for japan.. Not a strategic interest... BUT immense symbolic value Chain of dominoes, if ..goes.. They will be a threat to other islands. Eisenhower begins to talk about need to roll back communism.. No longer to contain it.. The domino theory was a Cold War policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would quickly lead to communist takeovers in neighboring states, each falling like a perfectly aligned row of dominos. In Southeast Asia, the U.S. government used the now-discredited domino theory to justify its involvement in the Vietnam War and its support for a non-communist dictator in South Vietnam. In fact, the American failure to prevent a communist victory in Vietnam had much less of an impact than had been assumed by proponents of the domino theory. With the exception of Laos and Cambodia, communism failed to spread throughout Southeast Asia. Under President Harry Truman, the U.S. government provided covert military and financial aid to the French; the rationale was that a communist victory in Indochina would precipitate the spread of communism throughout Southeast Asia. Using this same logic, Truman would also give aid to Greece and Turkey during the late 1940s to help contain communism in Europe and the Middle East. By 1950, makers of U.S. foreign policy had firmly embraced the idea that the fall of Indochina to communism would lead rapidly to the collapse of other nations in Southeast Asia. The National Security Council included the theory in a 1952 report on Indochina, and in April 1954, during the decisive battle between Viet Minh and French forces at Dien Bien Phu, President Dwight D. Eisenhower articulated it as the "falling domino" principle. After Eisenhower's speech, the phrase "domino theory" began to be used as a shorthand expression of the strategic importance of South Vietnam to the United States, as well as the need to contain the spread of communism throughout the world.

Marshall plan speech, 1947

>George marshall, sec of state, 1947 speech >Europe's requirements are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic social and political deterioration of a very grave character. Make loans to these countries so countries will buy from us.. -Loans important for ideological nations..not made to fascist spain.. Soviet union.. Only given to ideology that americans agree with.. -by 1950 econ output has almost reacher pre war levels. -when us offers loans western nations say of course we will take money.. -this is also diplomacy... formally European Recovery Program, (April 1948-December 1951), U.S.-sponsored program designed to rehabilitate the economies of 17 western and southern European countries in order to create stable conditions in which democratic institutions could survive. Secretary of State George C. Marshall advanced the idea of a European self-help program to be financed by the United States. On the basis of a unified plan for western European economic reconstruction presented by a committee representing 16 countries, the U.S. Congress authorized the establishment of the European Recovery Program, which was signed into law by President Harry S. Truman on April 3, 1948. Aid was originally offered to almost all the European countries, including those under military occupation by the Soviet Union. The Soviets early on withdrew from participation in the plan, however, and were soon followed by the other eastern European nations under their influence. speech by kennan drew up plan publicly revealed by sec of state george marshall at Harvard university. Marshall warned that american prosperity depended on european recovery. that recovery depended on long turn program whose initiative i think must come from europe itself. would exclude no one who would participate on certain us conditions. 17 western euro countries agreed to conditions The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent. The brainchild of U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall, for whom it was named, it was crafted as a four-year plan to reconstruct cities, industries and infrastructure heavily damaged during the war and to remove trade barriers between European neighbors - as well as foster commerce between those countries and the United States. In addition to economic redevelopment, one of the stated goals of the Marshall Plan was to halt the spread communism on the European continent. The Marshall Plan is also considered a key catalyst for the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military alliance between North American and European countries established in 1949.

glasnost

>glasnost- open up.. Extent of controls on info.. Glasnost, (Russian: "openness") Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues. It was instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s and began the democratization of the Soviet Union. Ultimately, fundamental changes to the political structure of the Soviet Union occurred: the power of the Communist Party was reduced, and multicandidate elections took place. Glasnost also permitted criticism of government officials and allowed the media freer dissemination of news and information

Truman doctrine speech, 1947

>must help free people to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes..totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the US. " >if we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our nation Cribbing from FDR arsenal of democracy...threat to american civilization.. But this time the soviets In a dramatic speech to a joint session of Congress, President Harry S. Truman asks for U.S. assistance for Greece and Turkey to forestall communist domination of the two nations. Historians have often cited Truman's address, which came to be known as the Truman Doctrine, as the official declaration of the Cold War. In February 1947, the British government informed the United States that it could no longer furnish the economic and military assistance it had been providing to Greece and Turkey since the end of World War II. The Truman administration believed that both nations were threatened by communism and it jumped at the chance to take a tough stance against the Soviet Union. The "freedom-loving" people of Turkey also needed U.S. aid, which was "necessary for the maintenance of its national integrity." The president declared that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Truman requested $400 million in assistance for the two nations. Congress approved his request two months later.

perestroika

>perestroika -restructuring. economic in nature..loosening up communist tethers on economy program instituted in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s to restructure Soviet economic and political policy. Seeking to bring the Soviet Union up to economic par with capitalist countries such as Germany, Japan, and the United States, Gorbachev decentralized economic controls and encouraged enterprises to become self-financing. The economic bureaucracy, fearing the loss of its power and privileges, obstructed much of his program, however.

Vietnamese Declaration of Independence

All men are created equal, the creator has given us certain inviolable rights: the right to life the right to be free. And the right to achieve happiness..these immortal... ho chi Hours after Japan's surrender in World War II, Vietnamese communist Ho Chi Minh declares the independence of Vietnam from France. The proclamation paraphrased the U.S. Declaration of Independence in declaring, "All men are born equal: the Creator has given us inviolable rights, life, liberty, and happiness!" and was cheered by an enormous crowd gathered in Hanoi's Ba Dinh Square. It would be 30 years, however, before Ho's dream of a united, communist Vietnam became reality. Thus, when the Japanese forces withdrew, there was no established government in Vietnam. Ho took advantage of this vacuum to proclaim the Vietnamese Declaration of Independence (1945), hoping that the United States would support his cause.

Allen Dulles

Allen Dulles was the first civilian director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) from 1953 to 1961, and also was a member of the Warren Commission. In 1947, Congress created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as part of the National Security Act. Dulles had been closely involved with its development. In 1951, he was named as CIA`s deputy director. In 1953, he became the director under President Dwight D. Eisenhower; all of the previous directors had been military officers.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Also have british atley govt.. Trying to come up arrangement that will formanize american obligation this will be known as NATO.. americans in germans out russians out The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military alliance of European and North American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between member states—especially the United States and Europe—and to serve as a counter-balance to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. (Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.)

plausible deniability

Activities...so planned and executed that any US government responsibility for them is not evident..and that if uncovered the US government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility. gets shortened to phrase plausibile responsibility.. ) -National Security Council Charge to the CIA 1948 US officially in covert business from this time forward. Begins to use new authority in various ways. Plausible deniability is the ability of people (typically senior officials in a formal or informal chain of command) to deny knowledge of or responsibility for any damnable actions committed by others in an organizational hierarchy because of a lack of evidence that can confirm their participation, even if they were personally involved in or at least willfully ignorant of the actions.

Mohammad Mossadegh

American news represents mossadegh as weak figure...they wrong Mossadegh govt seizes and nationalizes oil company..british annoyed..go to US.. Truman considers it and says no..us doesnt have compelling econ interest in iran..was not that keen on overthrowing govt.. Cant support threat of use of force in iran. TRUMAN succeeded by Eisenhower who views cia very differently. -run by brothers who have close understanding of how to deal with american foreign relations -brothers write brief siding with british about mossadegh's govt. Thought he was vulnerable to communist takeover. Pitch that brothers make to president is domino theory type argument.. If iran goes might threaten saudi arabia where us do have interests. Eisenhower agree anian political leader who nationalized the huge British oil holdings in Iran and, as premier in 1951-53, almost succeeded in deposing the shah. He built considerable political strength, based largely on his call to nationalize the concession and installations in Iran of the British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (see British Petroleum Company PLC). In March 1951 the Majles passed his oil-nationalization act, and his power had grown so great that the shah, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, was virtually forced to appoint him premier.

Fulgencio Batista

Batista president in 1958 CUBA Took power 1933, Tight with american organized crime. Has a lot of money and violence if needs it. Castro and rebels launch revolt.. Popular revolution, people seize wealth from city and casinos and take it for themselves. The us had been supplying batista.. Propped him up for years.. Knew he stole elections..he was stable tho. For people of cuba this was another episode of plattism.. At outset, while pitches revolution as against US, doesnt pitch it FOR marxism.. Castro can meet under president nixon in friendly terms... It will take a while for US to say he is dangerous domino.. Castro will go to soviet union and wants to be their client.. Want americans to know they have them 90 miles away from miami , soldier and political leader who twice ruled Cuba—first in 1933-44 with an efficient government and again in 1952-59 as a dictator, jailing his opponents, using terrorist methods, and making fortunes for himself and his associates. But he returned as a brutal dictator, controlling the university, the press, and the Congress, and he embezzled huge sums from the soaring economy. In 1954 and '58 the country held presidential elections that, though purportedly "free," were manipulated to make Batista the sole candidate. His regime was finally toppled by the rebel forces led by Fidel Castro, who launched their successful attack in the fall of 1958. Faced with the collapse of his regime and with the growing discontent of his supporters, Batista fled with his family to the Dominican Republic on January 1, 1959. Later he went into exile on the Portuguese island of Madeira and finally settled in Estoril, near Lisbon. During that time, he subverted the constitution and terrorized political opponents. He enjoyed a wealthy lifestyle from the money generated by the influx of tourism and American corporations to the island, while the country's poor became even more impoverished. He did so with the explicit support of American mobsters and with the acquiescence of the American government. American interest in Cuban democracy did not emerge until after the country had a communist government.

Indian partition, 1947

British have outposts in eastern india , canada, south africa.. Borrow money from them.. End up in debt to former colonies. British try to turn back money from colonies into reinvestments.. Tryin to hold on to some kind of commercial rel. To colonies but unable to do so. In 1947 agree to partition Move departure up can afford to hold on to india anymore.. Cant afford it..partition of territory.. Leave burma and sri lanka Retain singapore and hong kong..most part they leave colonies.. Very reluctant for any british.. After the war, Attlee's Labour government in London recognised that Britain's devastated economy could not cope with the cost of the over-extended empire. A Cabinet Mission was dispatched to India in early 1946, and Attlee described its mission in ambitious terms: An act of parliament proposed June 1948 as the deadline for the transfer of power. But the Mission failed to secure agreement over its proposed constitutional scheme, which recommended a loose federation; the idea was rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League, which vowed to agitate for "Pakistan" by any means possible. By March 1947, a new viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten, arrived in Delhi with a mandate to find a speedy way of bringing the British Raj to an end. On June 3, he announced that independence would be brought forward to August that year, presenting politicians with an ultimatum that gave them little alternative but to agree to the creation of two separate states. Pakistan - its eastern and western wings separated by around 1,700 kilometres of Indian territory - celebrated independence on August 14 that year; India did so the following day. The new borders, which split the key provinces of the Punjab and Bengal in two, were officially approved on August 17. An act of parliament proposed a date for the transfer of power into Indian hands in June 1948, summarily advanced to August 1947 at the whim of the last viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten. This left a great many issues and interests unresolved at the end of colonial rule. This year marks the 70th anniversary of two nations, India and Pakistan. Their independence from the British Empire in 1947 prompted a wave of decolonization that spread across Asia and Africa. Yet alongside the victories of independence came the tragedies of partition, whereby British-ruled India was divided into two separate, independent states. In February of 1947 the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee, announced that Britain would turn over the government of India to the Indian people by June of 1948. Attlee met with Jawaharlal Nehru of the Congress party and Mohammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League to discuss who would rule India after independence. A major problem came to his attention. India's Hindus and Muslims were bitterly divided. The Muslim League said that it would never accept Indian independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress party. The Muslim League wanted a partition, which meant a division of British India into two countries;one Hindu and one Muslim. At first Britain was reluctant to form two nations based on religion,but they observed that Muslim and Hindus were already causing violence within India. More than 5,000 people died in August of 1946 after four days of religious rioting broke out in Calcutta. The British leaders finally agreed that the partition was the best way to limit bloodshed between Hindus and Muslims within India. It was decided that India would be split into two independent nations. Pakistan would contain the mainly Muslim regions of India, and India would retain the regions of Hindu majority. Borders of the two new countries were hastily drawn, and problems soon arose. The Muslim and Hindu regions of India were not clearly defined. In fact, there were two mainly-Muslim regions 1,000 miles apart; one lay to the northwest of India and the other to the northeast. It was decided that these two geographically unconnected regions would become Pakistan and that the rest would be the independent nation of India.

"The Bear"

But this is only one prong of reagan's reelection.. Abstract idea of strength.. The bear If there is a bear we must be prepared to be as strong.. Bear is soviet union. Reagan runs under idea of strength.. Stronger dollar and posture.. he Bear and the Budget Considerable increase in defense spending -considerable increase in federal debt too. Starts in carter years and sores in reagan's admin. -US is creditor nation.. -war makes us a great creditor...reagan's pol makes us a great debtor Without directly mentioning opponent Walter Mondale, defense spending, or the Soviet Union (traditionally symbolized by a bear), the ad suggested that Reagan was better prepared to recognize and deal with threats to global stability. Before the ad, the public seemed more comfortable with Walter Mondale's description of how he would negotiate with the Soviet Union than they did with Reagan's peace through strength platform. Research by award-winning pollster Richard Wirthlin detected the nation's overriding concern about the Soviet Union and how to communicate the solution through subtlety.

Killing Fields

Carry out pol murder of fellow countrymen.. During the Khmer Rouge reign, from 1975 to 1979, an estimated 1.7 to 2.5 million Cambodians died through execution, starvation or disease. This was almost a quarter of the country's population. Killing fields dot the country of Cambodia, with more than 20,000 mass grave sites containing more than 1.38 million bodies according to the Documentation Centre of Cambodia (DC-Cam). The largest of the killing fields was Choeung Ek, which sits on the outskirts of Phnom Penh and today serves as a monument to all those who died - and survived. It also serves as an educational tool to ensure history never repeats itself. are a number of sites in Cambodia where collectively more than a million people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Cambodian Civil War (1970-1975). The mass killings are widely regarded as part of a broad state-sponsored genocide (the Cambodian genocide). Estimates of the total number of deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, range from 1.7 to 2.5 million out of a 1975 population of roughly 8

United Fruit

Clement attlee banana shipment after war -market of particular historical period -important, profitable, sellable -product of united fruit company United fruit (monopoly company) able to manage its costs by the fact that they have plantations throughout the region United fruit can play games with govts of region, and the labor force too. In guatemala, dont wanna hire guatemalans because they have places to go. They import people from places like jamaica They don't have any place to live, dont know landscape- they are under your control. In bunk houses, they dont pay in cash but in script that is redeemable at company store. If they get unpleasant can replace them Sometimes arrangements break down, and they call the marines. They bring them in to protect american interests. They promote their business to americans as worthwhile so they understand bananas are good and so is the company. Guatemala 90 percent of land owned by company.. he United Fruit Company was an American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas), grown on Latin American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe. The United Fruit Company was the name of a once extremely powerful company that had a significant impact on the development of Latin American countries. He details how United Fruit, based in the US, operated with minimal regulations throughout Central America - resisting government controls, exploiting workers, damaging the environment, and contributing to a series of booms and busts that wreaked havoc for the poor. I

Israeli statehood, 1948

Jewish forces in palestine declare state of isreal recognized and state of their borders by us soviet union and un.. After World War II and the Holocaust, in which six million European Jews were killed, the United Nations moved to partition Palestine into Arab and Jewish sections. The United Nations adopted the partition plan in November 1947. This plan outraged Arabs, and sparked a civil war in Palestine. The Palestinian Arabs had greater numbers, but the Israelis were better armed and organized, and were able to overcome the Arabs. During this time, hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs chose to or were forced to evacuate their homes. The violence caused the United States to withdraw its support for partition. However, when Israel declared its independence, the United States immediately recognized the new state On May 14, 1948, David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel. U.S. President Harry S. Truman recognized the new nation on the same day. On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted (resolution 181) to partition Palestine between a Jewish and an Arab state, with Jerusalem under an international regime. The Jews agreed but the Arabs did not. They called the declaration of the State of Israel "al-Nakba", the catastrophe. On May 15, 1948, the Arab states issued their response statement and Arab armies invaded Israel and the first Arab-Israeli war began.

Violeta Chamorro

Deal made, will take anticomm movements out if allow free elections sandinistas lose.. An end to the guerrilla war was negotiated in the late 1980s, and free elections were scheduled for 1990. Chamorro, drafted as the presidential candidate of the 14-party National Opposition Union (Unión Nacional Opositor; UNO) alliance, won a surprisingly easy victory over President Daniel Ortega Saavedra, head of the Sandinistas. She was inaugurated on April 25, 1990, becoming Central America's first woman president. During her presidency Chamorro reversed a number of Sandinista policies. Several state-owned industries were privatized, censorship was lifted, and the size of the army was reduced.

"Joe from Paris"

Dr Sidney Gottlieb, CIA: "joe from paris" -sidney was technical chief of CIA -was supposed to get tube of poisoned toothpaste into lumumba's bathroom and die -Cia chief said didnt wanna do the plan -the army of rep of congo got hold of lumumba. Central Intelligence Agency's station chief in Leopoldville, capital of the newly independent Congo, received a message through a top-secret channel from his superiors in Washington. Someone from headquarters calling himself ''Joe from Paris'' would be arriving with instructions for an urgent mission. No further details were provided. The station chief was cautioned not to discuss the message with anyone. ''Joe'' arrived a week later. He proved to be the C.I.A.'s top scientist, and he came equipped with a kit containing an exotic poison designed to produce a fatal disease indigenous to the area. This lethal substance, he informed the station chief, was meant for Patrice Lumumba, the recently ousted pro-Soviet Prime Minister of the Congo, who had a good chance of returning to power. That was in July. In September, he received a message advising him to expect an important visit from "Joe from Paris," the code name, it turned out, for Sidney Gottlieb, the agency's poisons expert. (Gottlieb later gained public attention for his involvement in CIA mind-control experiments with LSD.) Gottlieb told Mr. Devlin the Lumumba assassination had been approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, although he admitted he had not seen the presidential orders. The spiked toothpaste, he explained, was chosen to make it appear that Lumumba had died from natural causes.

Kermit Roosevelt

Kermit Roosevelt: Operation AJAX 1953 -president gives approval in broad outline. -cia is for us govt and president to deny responsibility.. -involves bribing military leaders in iran. -going to install young shah and put back in place of mossadegh - pay a lot of people to go out of streets in front of newsreel cameras to support overthrow. - get signal to go in 1953, mossadegh not as weak he reacts firmly and arrests protestors as director of the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA's) Near East and Africa division, he orchestrated the 1953 coup that overthrew Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq and brought Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi to power. The operation he directed in Iran in 1953 was the CIA's first successful overthrow of a foreign government. Roosevelt later wrote a book about his experience,

Gamal Abdel Nasser

General naguib overthrown by Nasser Nasser's goal was to overthrow King Farouk and end the British domination of Egypt and Sudan. Knowing that officers of such youth would not be taken seriously, he asked General Naguib to assume leadership of the movement. Succession of military coup Organization much more dedicated to muslim faith than nasser.. Tries to negate force of brothers in egyptian politics Power of islam in local politics Nasser wants secular govt in egypt even tho he is a muslim -realizes being friendly to us is not enough. Goes to tito in yugoslavia doesnt wanna be made a puppet of moscow or washington -does deal to buy weapons in yugoslavia...meets with soviets to make sure he not seen as puppet for US.. in 1956 he develops constitution... This thing that used to belong to british now belongs to us. Going to decide how it administered. British go to washington, eisenhower's admin says no they will not help.. No longer has interest in suez canal dont need it

Howard Hunt

Guatemalan army rallied to defense of govt. Fought rebels invading from honduras CIA - howard hunt and his guys went to guatemalan officers and said if u are unhappy about being in us sphere of influence u should be reminded that us permits more sovereignty than soviets.. Basically would pay them off- guatemalan generals Hunt helped lay the framework for Operation PBFORTUNE, later renamed Operation PBSUCCESS, the successful covert operation to overthrow Jacobo Árbenz, the democratic elected president of Guatemala. Eisenhower authorizes usa airplanes to bomb guatemalan army bases. Shot plausible deniability.. They didnt care if they knew of american intervention. This is typical of us intervention of central america. US can with impunity say we are overthrowing this guy and no one cares if we do..

Berlin wall falls, 1989

Hungary began to loosen restriction on travel..makes possible for germans to circumvent the berlin wall which couldnt do before because those were communist nations.. Gorbachev holds election in soviet union... first free elections...communist lose in legislative vote..decades of bottled up resentment in soviet union. -not only because of repression but also ethnic rage at the 120 ethnic groups governed by russians in all of these decades. during the night of November 9, 1989, crowds of Germans began dismantling the Berlin Wall—a barrier that for almost 30 years had symbolized the Cold War division of Europe. By October 1990, Germany was reunified, triggering the swift collapse of the other East European regimes. In a dramatic break with the eastern European communist bloc, Hungary gives permission for thousands of East German refugees to leave Hungary for West Germany. It was the first time one of the Warsaw Pact nations-who were joined in the defensive alliance between Russia and its eastern Europe satellites-broke from the practice of blocking citizens of the communist nations from going to the West.

Bengal famine, 1943

In peacetime people in bengal depended on rice shipments from britain to eat.. When japanese attack they deprive people of important food and many starve.. Britain doesnt do anything because can not make colonial empire its priority.. They focus on feeding british first Vietnam experiences famine for same reasons... japanese disrupting .. Same effect in how ppl think of colonial administrators.. Disrupt trade routes and people dont get food. People die in millions no admin capacity to relieve them.. Not only that the invading nations rely on forced labor for a lot of what they try to achieve.. People removed from lands and forced to work to death Wasnt peaceful but something about japanese slogan that was used to justify intervention- asia for asians.. We are kicking out european colonizers. at least 3 million people died from starvation and malnutrition during a famine in the Indian province of Bengal -- a partly man-made disaster that has been largely forgotten by the world beyond northeastern India. the Japanese occupation of neighboring Burma and damage to the local rice crop due to tidal waves and a fungal disease epidemic. Churchill for worsening the starvation in Bengal by ordering the diversion of food away from Indians and toward British troops around the world. The natural factors included a cyclone, which hit Bengal on January 9, 1943, flooding the rice fields with salt water and killing 14,500 people, as well as an outbreak of the Helminthosporium oryzae fungus, which took a heavy toll on the remaining rice plants. Under ordinary circumstances, Bengal might have sought to import rice from neighboring Burma, also a British colony, but it had been captured by the Japanese Imperial Army. Consequently historians have sought the cause of the famine in social, economic, and political factors: wartime inflation intensified by military spending in Bengal, British efforts to deter a Japanese invasion (the rice- and boat-denial policies), hoarding and speculation by grain traders, and allegations of British indifferent Following the Japanese occupation of Burma (modern Myanmar) rice imports were lost, then much of Bengal's market supplies and transport systems were disrupted by British "denial policies" for rice and boats (a "scorched earth" response to the occupation). The British government also pursued prioritised distribution of vital supplies to the military, civil servants and other "priority classes". These factors were compounded by restricted access to grain: domestic sources were constrained by emergency inter-provincial trade barriers, while access to international sources was largely denied by Churchill's War Cabinet, arguably due to a wartime shortage of shipping.[G]

Berlin blockade and airlift, 1948-1949

In response to loans, Stalin blockade in berlin.. People cant get goods they need from western sectors.. Americans could consider act of war. Obvi dont want to.. Americans mobilize air force to fly to berlin and bring supplies.. For almost a year they bring supplies to berlin Only 3 year before berliners not happy about americans flying planes above.. But now they are happy. shows american commitment...gonna block us were gonna go in the air -dont wanna go to war -stalin lifts blockade. -this litmus test for 2 important things Americans and ... make west germany it is social democratic nations.. Emulating western nations nternational crisis that arose from an attempt by the Soviet Union, in 1948-49, to force the Western Allied powers (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) to abandon their post-World War II jurisdictions in West Berlin. In March 1948 the Allied powers decided to unite their different occupation zones of Germany into a single economic unit. In protest, the Soviet representative withdrew from the Allied Control Council. Coincident with the introduction of a new deutsche mark in West Berlin (as throughout West Germany), which the Soviets regarded as a violation of agreements with the Allies, the Soviet occupation forces in eastern Germany began a blockade of all rail, road, and water communications between Berlin and the West. United States and Britain began to supply the city with food and other vital supplies by air. he end to the blockade was brought about because of countermeasures imposed by the Allies on East German communications and, above all, because of the Western embargo placed on all strategic exports from the Eastern bloc. As a result of the blockade and airlift, Berlin became a symbol of the Allies' willingness to oppose further Soviet expansion in Europe. if us retreated from berlin it would be failure of foreign pol. and they had no interest in promoting that country's reunification-yet it seemed that was exactly what the United States, Great Britain and France had in mind. For example, in 1946 the Americans and the British combined their two sectors into a single "Bizonia," and the French were preparing to join as well. In 1948, the three western Allies created a single new currency (the Deutsche Mark) for all of their occupation zones—a move that the Soviets feared would fatally devalue the already hyperinflated Reichsmarks that they used in the east. For the Soviets, it was the last straw. Allied cargo planes would use open air corridors over the Soviet occupation zone to deliver food, fuel and other goods to the people who lived in the western part of the city.

US-Philippines Military Bases Agreement, 1947

In the period after ww2 there is a rapid dissolution of empires (decolonization) An agreement signed not for independence or withdrawal but for continued US presence in PHIL Annex a- retained by US annex maintained by US dollars Annex b- b- can be retained if US wants maintained by phil. US keeping part that it wants to keep and giving up responsibility in philippines.. Just wanted place for navy off mainland of asia.. The agreement provides principally for the granting by the Philippines to the United States the right to retain the use of the bases in the Philippines listed in Annex A (see below), the Philippines also agreeing "to permit the United States, upon notice to the Philippines, to use such of those bases listed in Appendix B (see below) as the United States determines to be required by military necessity" This treaty officially allowed the US to establish, maintain and operate air and naval bases in the country. It provided for about 23 listed bases and utilities for use by Americans for a period of 99 years.

Iranian revolution, 1979

Iranian revolution 1979 Muslim radical rev overthrowing shah backed by US.. Anti shah forces held hostages...let them go only when reagan was elected Occuring at same time pushing back against american involvement in those areas. popular uprising in Iran in 1978-79 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on April 1, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. In 1953, the American CIA helped to overthrow a democratically elected prime minister in Iran and restore the Shah to his throne. The Shah was a modernizer in many ways, promoting the growth of a modern economy and a middle class, and championing women's rights. He outlawed the chador or hijab (the full-body veil), encouraged education of women up to and including at the university level, and advocated employment opportunities outside the home for women. However, the Shah also ruthlessly suppressed dissent, jailing and torturing his political opponents. Iran became a police state, monitored by the hated SAVAK secret police. In addition, the Shah's reforms, particularly those concerning the rights of women, angered Shia clerics such as Ayatollah Khomeini, who fled into exile in Iraq and later France beginning in 1964. his reflected the Shah's subservience to the United States and also provided the US with a convenient reason for stabilizing the Shah's regime. There is no question that the US was one of the Shah's major backers. Many Iranians saw him as a brutal, American-puppet dictator with too much control over their lives. The Shah exercised absolute power and demanded that anyone who questioned his rule be imprisoned or tortured. The opening monologue in the movie Argo says that the "Shah was known for opulence and excess. He has his lunches flown in by Concorde from Paris. The people starved, and the Shah kept power through his ruthless internal police: the SAVAK. It was an era of torture and fear" (Affleck 2013). Although the Shah publicly claimed that he had a strong and reciprocal kinship between himself and his people, many Iranians did not feel this way. primary leader of the movement to overthrow the Shah and Time Magazine's 1979 "Man of the Year," Ayatollah Khomeini, had a zeal for religious philosophy and developed a fundamentalist view of the Quran's teachings.

German reunification, 1990

OCT 3, 1990 German Reunification -neither us or soviet union in control of this process. -went very rapidly. -new germany would be member of nato as west germ had been..bc concerned about what would happen to defense infrastructure of europe.. Two months following reunification, all-German elections took place and Helmut Kohl became the first chancellor of the reunified Germany. Although this action came more than a year before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, for many observers the reunification of Germany effectively marked the end of the Cold War. In 1945, Allied forces partitioned the defeated Third Reich into four military occupation zones. France, the United Kingdom and the United States occupied the West, which became the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) when the three zones merged on 23 May 1949; and the Soviet Union occupied the East, which became the German Democratic Republic (GDR) on 7 October 1949. Berlin suffered the same fate. It was split in two and despite lying deep in the soviet-dominated East, West Berlin remained an enclave of the western Allies.

Chilean coup, 9/11/73

Kissinger involved in a committee that approves intervention in latin amer ALLENDE Worry is not that allende would become castro or marxist dictator rather their worry is he will remain in office and be defeated.. And give pres to opponent. Need to express that normal elections are not common in latin america.. Back Pinochet.. Long term consequences of kissinger foreign pol. Chile's armed forces stage a coup d'état against the government of President Salvador Allende, the first democratically elected Marxist leader in Latin America. Allende retreated with his supporters to La Moneda, the fortress-like presidential palace in Santiago, which was surrounded by tanks and infantry and bombed by air force jets. Allende survived the aerial attack but then apparently shot himself to death as troops stormed the burning palace, reportedly using an automatic rifle given to him as a gift by Cuban dictator Fidel Castro. The U.S. government and its Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had worked for three years to foment a coup against Allende, who was regarded by the Nixon administration as a threat to democracy in Chile and Latin America. Ironically, the democratically elected Allende was succeeded by the brutal dictator General Augusto Pinochet, who ruled over Chile with an iron fist for the next 17 years.

Patrice Lumumba

Lumumba- "agitator" but was the prime minister of the congo African nationalist leader, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (June-September 1960). Forced out of office during a political crisis, he was assassinated a short time later. -was well educated under 1950s colonial rule -postal clerk, was good civil service job -became student of econ development -promoted idea of econ dev under belgian rule -principle interest was econ modernization -first native congolese union -1958 he attended all africa conference in ghana -was interested in leadership of kruma.. CIA Assessment of lumumba Irresponsible, had been charged with embezzlement was now being offered bribes from various sources and was supported by belgian communists. -Allen Dulles Not communists, catholics, or socialists but african nationalist who reserve the right to be friendly with anybody we like according to principles of positive neutrality. - lumumba umumba goes to UN to ask for help in keeping their independence from secessionist movement. -first was told no. so lumumba together with kasavubu issue an ultimatum -If the UN seemed to find themselves in the impossibility of insuring the evacuation of the belgian troops..we will be obliged to request assistance from the soviet union. We hope this possibility will be averted. -lumumba/kasavubu ultimatum A castro or worse safe to go on the assumption that lumumba has been bought by the communist. -allen dulles -element of racial condescension here that lumumba has been bought by the soviets. -ultimatum was read out at UN and they agreed to intervene and send troops.. -After lumumba goes to UN in NY goes to washington.. Meets sec of state and appeals to americans under for lib and independence "The US, Which stands for Liberty and Independence" : Lumumba in DC -this is how lum appealed to US. -but US will not send any troops -there are no american troops, declining to take part in mission. Support in principle.. Might offer logistical support.. Reassessment after lumumba visit -if the assets of katanga could be retained, the economy of the congo could be throttled -dulles CIA Conclusion 1960 -lumumba's removal must be an urgent and prime objective. -allen dulles

Nuremberg trials, 1945-1946

Major war criminals trial..this is where 24 defendants Julius striker..herman gerring.. Many people put on trial.. Lawful under kellogg briand pact.. Being tried not because it offends sensibilities of world but specifically bc they committed those crimes under illegal act they had signed. Defense that they were only orders was still unlawful.. Should exercise own judgement by knowing if it was illegal. Most sentenced to death.. International law taken more seriously after 1945 because french and soviets stand behind it.. Trials of professional people that should have known better. Oaths were betrayed by following illegal orders Officials begin to feel that they feel they don't wanna jail or hang every professional in germany not only because dont wanna debilitate germany but begin to realize they want strong germany as bulwark against soviet union Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials and high-ranking military officers along with German industrialists, lawyers and doctors, were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Although the legal justifications for the trials and their procedural innovations were controversial at the time, the Nuremberg trials are now regarded as a milestone toward the establishment of a permanent international court, and an important precedent for dealing with later instances of genocide and other crimes against humanity. After the war, some of those responsible for crimes committed during the Holocaust were brought to trial. Nuremberg, Germany, was chosen as a site for trials that took place in 1945 and 1946. Judges from the Allied powers—Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States—presided over the hearings of twenty-two major Nazi criminals. Twelve prominent Nazis were sentenced to death. Most of the defendants admitted to the crimes of which they were accused, although most claimed that they were simply following the orders of a higher authority. Those individuals directly involved in the killing received the most severe sentences. Other people who played key roles in the Holocaust, including high-level government officials, and business executives who used concentration camp inmates as forced laborers, received short prison sentences or no penalty at all. The indictment lodged against them contained four counts: (1) crimes against peace (i.e., the planning, initiating, and waging of wars of aggression in violation of international treaties and agreements), (2) crimes against humanity (i.e., exterminations, deportations, and genocide), (3) war crimes (i.e., violations of the laws of war), and (4) "a common plan or conspiracy to commit" the criminal acts listed in the first three counts. 24 former Nazi leaders were charged with the perpetration of war crimes, and various groups (such as the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police) were charged with being criminal in character. After 216 court sessions, on October 1, 1946, the verdict on 22 of the original 24 defendants was handed down. (Robert Ley committed suicide while in prison, and Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach's mental and physical condition prevented his being tried.) Though the trial of the major war criminals in 1945 was legally flawed, its primary purpose was political. Justice Robert Jackson, who led the American prosecution team, saw the trial as an opportunity to lay down clear lines of conduct in international affairs and in the acceptable treatment of a population by its own government. The fact that these rules had to be laid down in collusion with the Soviet Union, which had violated most of them in the previous ten years, was glossed over. One of the few cities that did was Nuremberg — ironically, the site of some of Adolf Hitler's most sensational rallies. It was also at Nuremberg that the Nazi leaders had proclaimed the Nuremberg Laws, which stripped Jews of their property and basic rights. The city was 91 percent destroyed, but the "Palace of Justice" was miraculously spared. Twelve trials, involving more than a hundred defendants and several different courts, took place in Nuremberg. By far the most attention has focused on the first Nuremberg trial of 21 major war criminals.

Pastoral letter to the people of Guatemala, 1954

On April 4 Guatemalan Archbishop Mariano Rossell Arellano issued an anti-Communist pastoral letter, The letter asked "the people of Guatemala . . . [to] rise as a single man against this enemy of God and country" (Schlesinger and Kinzer 1990, p 155). The CIA also arranged for thousands of leaflets with this same message to be airdropped in remote areas of Guatemala.

Kent State shootings

National guard deployed in response to student protests.. National guard claimed they were shot at.. Investigation determined there was no sniper... shooting was unjust.. President referred to protesters as bums and threats to foreign pol.. As war expanded so did student protest.. FBI seeks to defuse movement.. By time investigation is completed that is where the matter rests. Four Kent State University students were killed and nine were injured on May 4, 1970, when members of the Ohio National Guard opened fire on a crowd gathered to protest the Vietnam War. The tragedy was a watershed moment for a nation divided by the conflict in Southeast Asia. I

Ernesto "Che" Guevara de la Serna

Nationalists thinking about how to handle a world dominated by the US. Che goes to mexico and then havana Che learns from guatemala, so does CIA. CIA says we can use same techniques of buying off army in other places. Che and CIA decided next arena is going to be cuba prominent communist figure in the Cuban Revolution (1956-59), and guerrilla leader in South America. After his execution by the Bolivian army, he was regarded as a martyred hero by generations of leftists worldwide, and his image became an icon of leftist radicalism and anti-imperialism. The overthrow of the Arbenz regime in 1954 in a coup supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) persuaded Guevara that the United States would always oppose progressive leftist governments. This became the cornerstone of his plans to bring about socialism by means of a worldwide revolution. It was in Guatemala that Guevara became a dedicated Marxist. He left Guatemala for Mexico, where he met the Cuban brothers Fidel and Raúl Castro, political exiles who were preparing an attempt to overthrow the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba. Guevara joined Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement, which landed a force of 81 men (including Guevara) in the Cuban province of Oriente on December 2, 1956. Immediately detected by Batista's army, they were almost wiped out.

Sandinista revolution, 1979

Nicaraguan revolution 1979 Sandinistas carried out revolution against one of the leaders backed by us. They later become govt in nicaragua. one of a Nicaraguan group that overthrew President Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979, ending 46 years of dictatorship by the Somoza family. The Sandinistas governed Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990. Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega was reelected as president in 2006, 2011, and 2016 encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to violently oust the dictatorship in 1978-79, the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990[13] and the Contra War which was waged between the FSLN-led government of Nicaragua and the United States-backed Contras from 1981-1990. encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s, the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) to violently oust the dictatorship in 1978-79, the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990[13] and the Contra War which was waged between the FSLN-led government of Nicaragua and the United States-backed Contras from 1981-1990.

Suez crisis

On October 29, 1956, Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal after Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-70) nationalized the canal in July of that same year, initiating the Suez Crisis. The Israelis soon were joined by French and British forces, which nearly brought the Soviet Union into the conflict, and damaged their relationships with the United States. In the end, the British, French and Israeli governments withdrew their troops in late 1956 and early 1957. This thing that used to belong to british now belongs to us. Going to decide how it administered. British go to washington, eisenhower's admin says no they will not help.. No longer has interest in suez canal dont need it -brits don't like this answer, work out deal with french and israel Brits land mil forces in peninsula.. Americans upset about this eisenhower says no.. dont get out of cyanide? now no more marshall aid to anyone. If dont stop sham war.. Going to decide how to pay for things themselves. They all pull out of war Reason to end conflict in us canal is to keep soviets out of the middle east.. Supported by Soviet arms and money, and furious with the United States for reneging on a promise to provide funds for construction of the Aswan Dam on the Nile River, Nasser ordered the Suez Canal seized and nationalized. The British were angry with the move and sought the support of France (which believed that Nasser was supporting rebels in the French colony of Algeria) and Israel (which needed little provocation to strike at the enemy on its border) in an armed assault to retake the canal. US is okay with backing dictator who keeping order in egypt and is popular in region.. -showing he will not be subject to anyone's control. Unlike mossadegh nassar shows he is strong.

Le Duc Tho

Paris peace talks-- Kissinger and LE DUC THO. US will ultimately largely accept north vietnams terms. Cease fire.. Will withdraw troops.. North makes no commitment. Kissinger came away shaken by meetings..because it was "brutal" Le duc tho had no intention of negotiating.. We are irrelevant he is here to dictate terms for us. Why ? he brings up anti war protests in US.. illegal war. Not going to be able to keep up front indefinitely.. Out of this perceived position of weakness.. Bc war unpopular and having spent so much in money and terms of capital.. Nixon and kissinger propose detente? Idea of detente.. Nixon and kissinger say is to restore idea of great power relations essential to cold war.. Look back at decades in the beginning of cold war.. Us is being pulled around by other powers.. Our foreign pol being dictated by other powers.. Tho returned south to organize Viet Cong guerrilla resistance against U.S. forces and the South Vietnamese government. In 1968, when peace talks began in Paris between the United States and North Vietnam, Tho participated as a lead negotiator for the Communist side. For years, Tho stonewalled the talks with nonnegotiable demands for U.S. withdrawal and the dismantling of South Vietnam's government. In 1970 Tho agreed to meet in private with U.S. national security adviser Henry Kissinger. Over the next two years, these secret back-channel discussions gradually resolved the many difficult issues involved in disengaging the United States from the Vietnam War. Finally, in October of 1972, Kissinger revealed to the world that "peace is at hand," just in time to help President Richard Nixon (1913-1994) obtain reelection by a landslide. After one last round of U.S. bombing killed thousands of Vietnamese civilians, Tho and Kissinger signed the Paris Peace Accords on January 25, 1973. The Paris peace talks had begun in March 1968, but had made little headway in ending the war. In August 1969, Tho and Henry Kissinger would begin meeting secretly in a villa outside Paris in an attempt to reach a peace settlement. It was these private talks that would ultimately result in the January 1973 Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring the Peace in Vietnam. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize with Kissinger in 1973, Tho, aware that the North Vietnamese were still planning to conquer South Vietnam, declined the honor.

Leonid Brezhnev

Peace Policy in the USSR. Wants to lessen restrictions on travel bw east and west germany wanna normalize relationships.. Wants in on bilateral us china relations. Also wants wheat from us economy..wants cheap prices.. Wanna reduce arms expenditure because soviet econ is in bad shape.. After going to china nixon goes to soviet union and does deal with soviets. SALT MIRV Nixon is also weakened.. Looks like wont serve second term.. Salt agreement stands for strategic arms limitation treaty..leads to cap on number of ICBMS. US accepts cap of 1000 and ussr 1500. When us accepts limits on weapons usually bc they are obsolete.. But us developed weapon for nuclear missiles MIRV... One big missile with a bunch of warheads inside it.. Salt agreement is ceremonial but at least puts us on path of better footing. Soviet statesman and Communist Party official who was, in effect, the leader of the Soviet Union for 18 years.

Jacobo Arbenz

Platform of land reform. We gonna use some of our resources to buy land from ppl who have it and give it to ppl who dont. They will be able to enjoy some of the benefits that our company derives from being associated with united fruit whose nationalistic economic and social reforms alienated conservative landowners, conservative elements in the army, and the U.S. government and led to his overthrow. Arbenz made agrarian reform the central project of his administration. This led to a clash with the largest landowner in the country, the U.S.-based United Fruit Company, whose idle lands he tried to expropriate. He also insisted that the company and other large landowners pay more taxes. As the reforms advanced, the U.S. government, cued by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, became increasingly alarmed, fearing the threat to sizable American banana investments and to U.S. bank loans to the Guatemalan government as well. Also of concern to the United States were the increasingly close relations between Guatemala and the communist bloc of nations. A public-relations campaign painted Arbenz as a friend of communists (whose support he undoubtedly had); however, the contention of the U.S. government, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and much of the U.S. media that Arbenz had close connections with the Soviet bloc proved to be unsubstantiated. Working in Honduras and El Salvador, the CIA helped to organize a counterrevolutionary army of exiles led by Col. Carlos Castillo Armas. Exaggerations of the size of the invading force panicked the capital; the Guatemalan army refused to fight for Arbenz, and he was forced to resign (June 27, 1954) and go into exile. He traveled to Mexico, Switzerland, and Paris and was offered asylum in the Soviet-bloc countries for a time. Meanwhile, in Guatemala, Castillo Armas, who soon became president, reversed most of the reforms of the previous decade and offered generous concessions to foreign investors. This platform helped him win. United fruit would have to give up some of what it had. United fruit said it was not worth very much. United fruit said they dont want the value they were offering them (they originally scammed guatemalans by saying land was not worth a lot) Dulles brothers had united fruit as client Kermit says that needed to have the "people" with them. So wouldnt overthrow Stalin dies in 1953, arbenz wanted day of mourning Peurifoy is not happy. Says communist infiltration is problem in guatemala. Diplomatic Assessment: A tradition of political behavior marked by intemperance, intransigence, flamboyance and the worship of strong men...characteristic of adolescence ..the comm -louis halle Because arbenz doesn't have soviet connection, is vulnerable to US

Korean War

Proxy war between soviet union an us. Rhee backed by US financially some us soldiers aiding and assisting these forces..but rhee still just as nasty as KIM is ...pulls back civil war reaches stalemate.. KIM backed by soviet union With events in europe in late 1940s.. Stalin begins to worry US will begin to worry about his power over eastern ports.. When kim comes to stalin and says he will go to war again..stalin backs kim in effort to restart korean war..worried about prospect of asian style nato.. Kim starts up war again in 1950... Truman president at this point, goes to UN.. able to get UN to vote against forces of KIM IL SUNG in korea.. US sends 7th fleet , and considerable fleet. Although UN war in korea..US provides many materials.. Led by douglas macarthur.. Doesnt take long for macarthur and 7th fleet for macarthur to push kim back to truce line they established at end of korean civil war Macarthur proceeds further north through NK.. As they get closer, us soldiers begin to capture chinese soldiers. Chinese significantly defeat american troops.. Suffer 10s of thousands of casualties.. Truman considering atomic weapons against the chinese.. By early 1951, nk forces bush back to 38th parallel again.. Wasteful and pointless effort, US govt takes from lesson of korea, that if not vigilant communists will be on advance... Korea scared hell out of american people, able to increase spending for defense.. Korean War, conflict between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in which at least 2.5 million persons lost their lives. The war reached international proportions in June 1950 when North Korea, supplied and advised by the Soviet Union, invaded the South. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal participant, joined the war on the side of the South Koreans, and the People's Republic of China came to North Korea's aid. After more than a million combat casualties had been suffered on both sides, the fighting ended in July 1953 with Korea still divided into two hostile states. Negotiations in 1954 produced no further agreement, and the front line has been accepted ever since as the de facto boundary between North and South Korea. the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea's behalf. As far as American officials were concerned, it was a war against the forces of international communism itself. After some early back-and-forth across the 38th parallel, the fighting stalled and casualties mounted with nothing to show for them. Meanwhile, American officials worked anxiously to fashion some sort of armistice with the North Koreans. The alternative, they feared, would be a wider war with Russia and China-or even, as some warned, World War III. Finally, in July 1953, the Korean War came to an end. In all, some 5 million soldiers and civilians lost their lives during the war. The Korean peninsula is still divided today. By the end of the decade, two new states had formed on the peninsula. In the south, the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) enjoyed the reluctant support of the American government; in the north, the communist dictator Kim Il Sung (1912-1994) enjoyed the slightly more enthusiastic support of the Soviets. Neither dictator was content to remain on his side of the 38th parallel, however, and border skirmishes were common. Nearly 10,000 North and South Korean soldiers were killed in battle before the war even began.

Boris Yeltsin

Russian presidential elections, 1991 Soviet union becomes federated nation..gorbachev still leader but hold elections.. Person who wins kicked out of communist party because too enthusiastic about gorbachevs reforms.. YELTSIN.. Had 67 percent of both, Leningrad changed name back to st petersburg.. Gorbachev did not like him, yeltsin was messy he seemed like political hack to the US. Attempted coup, august 1991 -take gorbachev.. Yeltsin becomes international celeb because he stopped a coup.. -gorbachev resigns.. Russian politician who became president of Russia in 1990. In 1991 he became the first popularly elected leader in the country's history, guiding Russia through a stormy decade of political and economic retrenching until his resignation on the eve of 2000. During the brief coup against Gorbachev by hard-line communists in August 1991, Yeltsin defied the coup leaders and rallied resistance in Moscow while calling for the return of Gorbachev. When the coup crumbled a few days after it had begun, Yeltsin emerged as the country's most powerful political figure

Strategic Defense Initiative

SDI march I call upon the scientific community in this country, who gave us nuclear weapons, to turn their great talents to the cause of mankind and world peace to give us the mean of rendering these weapons obsolete..ronald reagan.. Star wars..space based anti missile laser weapons. That is not sole part of sdi but also ramping up of defense and ramping up of defense missiles to shoot down other missiles. The idea of SDI ... the big technological threat is first strike capability..can offset balance of mutual assured destruction.. Reagan raises possibility of first strike..would upset balance...would be able to fire off weapons of sov union and if they retaliate could shoot down and defensive missiles.. If this is way arms race was going to go becomes important piece.. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), byname Star Wars, proposed U.S. strategic defensive system against potential nuclear attacks—as originally conceived, from the Soviet Union. The SDI was first proposed by President Ronald Reagan in a nationwide television address on March 23, 1983. Because parts of the defensive system that Reagan advocated would be based in space, the proposed system was dubbed "Star Wars," after the space weaponry of a popular motion picture of the same name. The SDI was intended to defend the United States from attack from Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) by intercepting the missiles at various phases of their flight. For the interception, the SDI would require extremely advanced technological systems, yet to be researched and developed.

SALT I

Salt agreement stands for strategic arms limitation treaty..leads to cap on number of ICBMS. US accepts cap of 1000 and ussr 1500. When us accepts limits on weapons usually bc they are obsolete.. But us developed weapon for nuclear missiles MIRV... One big missile with a bunch of warheads inside it.. Salt agreement is ceremonial but at least puts us on path of better footing. and were intended to restrain the arms race in strategic (long-range or intercontinental) ballistic missiles armed with nuclear weapons. Of the resulting complex of agreements (SALT I), the most important were the Treaty on Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Systems and the Interim Agreement and Protocol on Limitation of Strategic Offensive Weapons. First, they limited the number of antiballistic missile (ABM) sites each country could have to two. (ABMs were missiles designed to destroy incoming missiles.) Second, the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles was frozen at existing levels. There was nothing in the agreements, however, about multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicle missiles (single missiles carrying multiple nuclear warheads) or about the development of new weapons.

Brazzaville conference, 1944

Six months before d day free french not set foot in france for long time They are govt in exile in algiers Wanna retake france from germans.. Brazzaville.. When war is over when we win would have better deal that u would before the war.. Not going to give u independence, but will give semi autonomous control over region..will be allowed to vote for representatives.. This only happens if we win and u help us. Conference de Brazzaville) was a meeting of prominent Free French leaders held in January 1944 in Brazzaville, the then-capital of French Equatorial Africa, during World War II. Free French politicians and high-ranking colonial officials from the French African colonies met in Brazzaville in the modern-day Republic of the Congo. The conference recommended political, social, and economic reforms and led to the signature of the Brazzaville Declaration. The Brazzaville Conference, as it came to be known, recommended political, social, and economic reforms. It accepted the representation of the colonies in the French Constituent Assembly, which was to draw up a new French constitution after the war, and the subsequent representation of the colonies in whatever parliamentary body the constitution established. The conference also recommended that the colonies be administered with greater autonomy and that both French citizens and Africans be permitted to elect a legislative assembly. The Brazzaville Conference was organized in 1944, during the Second world War, by the French to determine a new direction in their relationship with their Overseas Territories and what development strategy to adopt moving forward. "Brazzaville Conference" (an initiative of General de Gaulle) in 1944, in prelude to the emancipation of former French African colonies, that the new French colonial policy was defined. The Brazzaville Conference is still regarded as a turning point for France and its colonial empire. Many historians view it as the first sign towards decolonization, albeit a precarious one. After the Fall of France during World War II, and the alignment of many West African French colonies with the Free French, Charles de Gaulle recognized the need to revise the relationship between France and its colonies in Africa. In January 1944, Free French politicians and high-ranking colonial officials from the French African colonies met in Brazzaville, the then capital of French Equatorial Africa. The Brazzaville Conference, as it came to be known, recommended political, social, and economic reforms. The French Empire would remain united. Semi-autonomous assemblies would be established in each colony. Citizens of France's colonies would share equal rights with French citizens. Citizens of French colonies would have the right to vote for the French parliament. The native population would be employed in public service positions within the colonies. Economic reforms would be made to diminish the exploitative nature of the relationship between France and its colonies. However, the possibility of complete independence was soundly rejected. As de Gaulle stated: The aims of France's civilizing mission preclude any thought of autonomy or any possibility of development outside the French empire. Self-government must be rejected - even in the more distant future.[1]

Test Ban Treaty, 1963

Soviet atmospheric testing led to ramping up of testing.. Bans testing in atmosphere..outer space..ocean Can do underground testing as long as fallout doesnt cross borders. -commitment to reducing contamination in environment.. On August 5, 1963, representatives of the United States, Soviet Union and Great Britain signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which prohibited the testing of nuclear weapons in outer space, underwater or in the atmosphere.Nov 9, 2009 In 1959, radioactive deposits were found in wheat and milk in the northern United States. As scientists and the public gradually became aware of the dangers of radioactive fallout, they began to raise their voices against nuclear testing. Leaders and diplomats of several countries sought to address the issue. The treaty, which President John F. Kennedy signed less than three months before his assassination, was hailed as an important first step toward the control of nuclear weapons.

German partition, 1945

Soviets lose more in war than other allies Stalin wants 10 bil dollars for reparations in germ Western not keen on this Remember versailles.. If cripple germany we will drag whole continent into depression and possible war Want to ensure germany does not suffer same fate after 1945.. Cant decide.. James burns proposes leaving germany divided Says let soviet take reparations from their zone we will leave our zones alone.. German question left unsolved.. Germany remains fragmented and occupied by allies. Have to rely on decent relations with soviets to get to people in parts of berlin. This will become big issue For purposes of occupation, the Americans, British, French, and Soviets divided Germany into four zones. The American, British, and French zones together made up the western two-thirds of Germany, while the Soviet zone comprised the eastern third. Berlin, the former capital, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was placed under joint four-power authority but was partitioned into four sectors for administrative purposes. An Allied Control Council was to exercise overall joint authority over the country. The separation of Berlin began in 1945 after the collapse of Germany. The country was divided into four zones, where each superpower controlled a zone. In 1946, reparation agreements broke down between the Soviet and Western zones. Response of the West was to merge French, British, and American zones in 1947. The West wanted to revive the German economy and combine the three western zones into one area. Soviet Union feared this union because it gave the one combined zone more power than its zone. On June 23, 1948, the western powers introduced a new form of currency into the western zones, which caused the Soviet Union to impose the Berlin Blockade one day later. After Germany was divided into two parts, East Germany built the Berlin Wall to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the west. The wall physically divided the country into eastern communism and western democracy. Many East Germans tried to escape to the west because it was economically prosperous and granted its citizens more freedoms. The Berlin Wall is the climax to the separation of Berlin. It was built on the night of August 12 with barbed wire entanglements that stretched along the thirty mile line that divided Berlin.

Italian elections, 1948

THE CIA INTERVENES: ITALIAN ELECTIONS 1948 -clear to british this is a proxy war -US wont give marshall aid to communist country -Communists in elections repudiate aid as blood money -The US authorizes the funneling of money to christian democrats in italy. Gain majority of seats. -One way in which US used CIA early on.. In order to influence the election, the US agencies undertook a campaign of writing ten million letters, made numerous short-wave radio broadcasts and funded the publishing of books and articles, all of which warned the Italians of what was believed to be the consequences of a communist victory

OSS

The OSS (office of strategic services).. Predecessor to CIA. chi minh helpful to OSS. helped identify location of US men. OSS helped arm ho chi minh.. So important they give ho a number #19 he OSS was formed as an agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)[3] to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all branches of the United States Armed Forces. Other OSS functions included the use of propaganda, subversion, and post-war planning. OSS officer Archimedes Patti played a central role in OSS operations in French Indochina and met frequently with Ho Chi Minh in 1945.[10]

Paris Peace Accords, 1973

The Paris Peace Accords, officially titled the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam, was a peace treaty signed on January 27, 1973, to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. US will ultimately largely accept north vietnams terms. Cease fire.. Will withdraw troops.. North makes no commitment. We bombed them into letting us accept their terms.. Kissinger... -kissingers own view is that bombing was unsuccessful and had backfired both in vietnam and back at home.. Had weakened nixon publicly because presidency associated with expansion.. If we had made concessions earlier many would still be alive., Kissinger and nixon hoped the paris peace accords would not stick if they signed and drag feet on withdrawing from vietnam... The United States, South Vietnam, Viet Cong, and North Vietnam formally sign "An Agreement Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam" in Paris. Due to South Vietnam's unwillingness to recognize the Viet Cong's Provisional Revolutionary Government, all references to it were confined to a two-party version of the document signed by North Vietnam and the United States—the South Vietnamese were presented with a separate document that did not make reference to the Viet Cong government. This was part of Saigon's long-time refusal to recognize the Viet Cong as a legitimate participant in the discussions to end the war. The settlement included a cease-fire throughout Vietnam. It addition, the United States agreed to the withdrawal of all U.S. troops and advisors (totalling about 23,700) and the dismantling of all U.S. bases within 60 days. In return, the North Vietnamese agreed to release all U.S. and other prisoners of war. Both sides agreed to the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Laos and Cambodia and the prohibition of bases in and troop movements through these countries. It was agreed that the DMZ at the 17th Parallel would remain a provisional dividing line, with eventual reunification of the country "through peaceful means." An international control commission would be established made up of Canadians, Hungarians, Poles, and Indonesians, with 1,160 inspectors to supervise the agreement. According to the agreement, South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu would continue in office pending elections. Agreeing to "the South Vietnamese People's right to self-determination," the North Vietnamese said they would not initiate military movement across the DMZ and that there would be no use of force to reunify the country.

Trans-Arabian pipeline

The Trans-Arabian Pipeline (Tapline) was constructed by the Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO) to carry crude oil from Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia, to the Mediterranean coast. As originally conceived during World War II, the line was to follow a great circular route running northwest through Saudi Arabia and Jordan, which would have located the Mediterranean terminus at Haifa, then part of the British Mandate of Palestine. Just after the war as production ramps up ARAMCO opens trans arabian pipeline..runs across arabian peninsula to medit. Sea.. now u dont need suez canal.. -dont have to worry about persian gulf, iran, what you may encounter on suez -changes

Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

The Trust Territory of the Pacific was a United Nations Trust Territory administered by the United States. It consisted of the Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Palau Islands, and the northern Marianas Islands—all of Micronesia except for Guam. Scattered across roughly three million square miles of the western Pacific, these island groups were geographically and culturally heterogeneous; their population included at least six distinct ethnic groups and nine mutually unintelligible languages. Having passed through colonial rule by the Spanish, Germans, and Japanese, the islands of Micronesia became a United States administered United Nations strategic trusteeship following World War II.(in 1947) This new arrangement was named the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI). Guam, the southernmost of the Marianas, was excluded. The islands of Kapingamarangi and Nukuoro, which are culturally Polynesian rather than Micronesian, were included. At the outbreak of World War I, Japan immediately moved militarily to take over Germany's possessions in Micronesia. After Germany was defeated, Japan sought to incorporate Micronesia into its empire, but the League of Nations made the islands a mandate to be administered by Japan. Nevertheless, the Tokyo government developed the territory as though it exercised full sovereignty. The region became a strategic battleground during World War II, the United States finally securing the islands in the course of its Pacific campaign. After Japan's defeat the United States remained in control of the islands, and in 1947 they became a United Nations trusteeship under U.S. administration The Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands thus became sovereign, self-governing states with the United States responsible for their security and defense, and the Northern Mariana Islands formally became a commonwealth of the United States. .

"Evil Empire"

To national association association of evangelicals, march 1983 Better dead than red.. Reagan says anecdote.. Not about freedom and enslavement its about god and godlessness. -we are against communists bc communists dont believe in god.. -rather die believing in god than have to grow up in atheistic regime. Only been about 10 years when went to moscow and did deals with them.. Reagan saying no they are evil and we must oppose soviet union and regard arms race as struggle between good and evil.. There is profound reaction to his speech.. Come up within week or two to discredit claims we are war mongers.. Reagan's aggressive stance toward the Soviet Union became known as the Reagan Doctrine. He warned against what he and his supporters saw as the dangerous trend of tolerating the Soviets' build-up of nuclear weapons and attempts to infiltrate Third World countries in order to spread communism. Advocating a peace through strength policy, Reagan declared that the Soviets must be made to understand we will never compromise our principles and standards [nor] ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire. To do so would mean abandoning the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil.

Potsdam conference, 1945

Truman left to be president, not privy to much including deals made at Yalta. Meeting in occupied germany to discuss postwar. Truman mentions possession of atomic bomb to stalin. Stalin agrees to enter war in japan. Churchill n truman recognize govt of poland as it is in 1945..essentially puppet govt by soviet union. Potsdam begins to deal w endless problem of germany. Overriding feature of international law is kellogg briand pact holds war unlawful. clear germany and japan aggressors >attlee replaced churchill as prime minister midway through potsdam conference He was labor leader.. Was deputy prime minister in sitting government. Was there for not only substitute for churchill but was also in charge of domestic affairs for britain.. British decide they would rather focus on domestic affairs and not foreign like churchill Want to devote time and money to rebuild britain Don't wanna be involved in the empire again..churchill was devoted imperialist.. attlee finished negotiations in pots settled three main german problems: dismemberment went forward, reparations from western zones of soviet union were soon stopped, and over truman and attlees objections stalin insisted that new poland have german territory. The Big Three—Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (replaced on July 26 by Prime Minister Clement Attlee), and U.S. President Harry Truman—met in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to negotiate terms for the end of World War II. The major issue at Potsdam was the question of how to handle Germany. At Yalta, the Soviets had pressed for heavy postwar reparations from Germany, half of which would go to the Soviet Union. While Roosevelt had acceded to such demands, Truman and his Secretary of State, James Byrnes, were determined to mitigate the treatment of Germany by allowing the occupying nations to exact reparations only from their own zone of occupation. Truman and Byrnes encouraged this position because they wanted to avoid a repetition of the situation created by the Treaty of Versailles, which had exacted high reparations payments from Germany following World War One. Many experts agreed that the harsh reparations imposed by the Versailles Treaty had handicapped the German economy and fueled the rise of the Nazis. he negotiators confirmed the status of a demilitarized and disarmed Germany under four zones of Allied occupation. According to the Protocol of the Conference, there was to be "a complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany"; all aspects of German industry that could be utilized for military purposes were to be dismantled; all German military and paramilitary forces were to be eliminated; and the production of all military hardware in Germany was forbidden. Furthermore, German society was to be remade along democratic lines by repeal of all discriminatory laws from the Nazi era and by the arrest and trial of those Germans deemed to be "war criminals." exchange for the territory it lost to the Soviet Union following the readjustment of the Soviet-Polish border, Poland received a large swath of German territory and began to deport the German residents of the territories in question, as did other nations that were host to large German minority populations. The negotiators at Potsdam were well-aware of the situation, and even though the British and Americans feared that a mass exodus of Germans into the western occupation zones would destabilize them, they took no action other than to declare that "any transfers that take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner" and to request that the Poles, Czechoslovaks and Hungarians temporarily suspend additional deportations. he President informed the Soviet leader that the United States had successfully detonated the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945. Historians have often interpreted Truman's somewhat firm stance during negotiations to the U.S. negotiating team's belief that U.S. nuclear capability would enhance its bargaining power. Stalin, however, was already well-informed about the U.S. nuclear program thanks to the Soviet intelligence network; so he also held firm in his positions. This situation made negotiations challenging. The leaders arrived at various agreements on the German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries and reparations. Although talks primarily centered on postwar Europe, the Big Three also issued a declaration demanding "unconditional surrender" from Japan. Although postwar Europe dominated the Potsdam agenda, the war in the Pacific lurked offstage. Truman received word of the successful atomic bomb test soon after he arrived at Potsdam; he told Churchill the news but mentioned 'a new weapon' only casually to Stalin. Truman continued to solicit Stalin's assistance against Japan, but he knew that if the bomb succeeded, Russian help would not be needed Firstly, Stalin was the only constant from the previous conferences. Shortly after the Yalta conference, Roosevelt had died to be replaced by Harry S Truman his Vice President. Churchill had also been replaced as he had lost the British General Election and the new Prime Minister was Labour's Clement Attlee. There were also two new global developments at the time of the Potsdam conference. The US had developed the atomic bomb, the ultimate new weapon. There was also the German surrender from May 1945 Firstly it confirmed the division of Germany into four zone each run by a different power. This would also be extended to Berlin despite Berlin being inside the Soviet sector of Germany. Truman however disagreed with the reparations repayments. He did not want Germany economically crippled as this might bring about resentment and a repeat of Nazism. Truman did agree that reparations could be taken from each zone for each country. Truman was also suspicious of Stalin's intentions. The Soviet Army, was starting to occupy the countries it had repelled the Nazis from. Truman also wanted to address Poland again. He wanted there to be new borders and for Soviet influence to reduced over Poland. In addition, Truman reluctantly agreed to accede to Soviet demands that Poland's new western border lay along the Oder-Neisse Line. The use of these rivers to denote the new border saw Germany lose nearly a quarter of its prewar territory with most going to Poland and a large part of East Prussia to the Soviets. Though Bevin argued against the Oder-Neisse Line, Truman effectively traded this territory to gain concessions on the reparations issue. The transfer of this territory led to the displacement of large numbers of ethnic Germans and remained controversial for decades. In addition to these issues, the Potsdam Conference saw the Allies agree to the formation of a Council of Foreign Ministers that would prepare peace treaties with Germany's former allies.

John Foster Dulles

U.S. secretary of state (1953-59) under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was the architect of many major elements of U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War with the Soviet Union after World War II. President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Dulles as his Secretary of State on January 21, 1953. During the 1950s, Dulles and Eisenhower forged a strong friendship that granted the Secretary of State direct and unprecedented access to the President. Furthermore, Dulles's time as Secretary was marked by a general consensus in U.S. policy that peace could be maintained through the containment of communism. CIA AND STATE DEPT: ALLEN AND JOHN FOSTER DULLES -run by brothers who have close understanding of how to deal with american foreign relations -brothers write brief siding with british about mossadegh's govt. Thought he was vulnerable to communist takeover. Pitch that brothers make to president is domino theory type argument.. If iran goes might threaten saudi arabia where us do have interests. Eisenhower agrees to it..

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

US is backing vietnam.. Just off shore of north vietnam Northviet forces retaliate on american destroyer... Aug 4th report another set of attacks on destroyer on gulf tonkin but was not clear that there actually was.. At one point one of radio officers says no doubt about it i think But that gets transformed into reason to take action with vietnam. Casus belli Johnson wants to launch air strike.. Tremendous concern to how this would look.. The congress approves and supports the determination of the president, as commander i chief- resolution gulf of tonkin. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution authorized President Lyndon Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression" by the communist government of North Vietnam. It was passed on August 7, 1964, by the U.S. Congress after an alleged attack on two U.S. naval destroyers stationed off the coast of Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. The resolution was prompted by two separate attacks on two U.S. Navy destroyers, U.S.S. Maddox and U.S.S. Turner Joy, which allegedly occurred on August 2 and August 4, 1964, respectively. resolution put before the U.S. Congress by Pres. Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. Seventh Fleet in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2 and August 4, respectively. Its stated purpose was to approve and support the determination of the president, as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. It also declared that the maintenance of international peace and security in Southeast Asia was vital to American interests and to world peace.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese patriot, american enthusiast Went to peace conferences in paris to get independence for vietnam.. Because of 14 points said they might be able to. the leader of the Vietnamese nationalist movement for nearly three decades, Ho was one of the prime movers of the post-World War II anticolonial movement in Asia and one of the most influential communist leaders of the 20th century. British have colony in burma, fighting japanese in burma, us flying missions to supply nationalist chinese fighting off japanese. Ho becomes valuable to us in this period of the war because he knows what is going on.. HO chi minh helpful to OSS. helped identify location of US men. OSS helped arm ho chi minh.. So important they give ho a number #19 He organized a group of Vietnamese living there and in 1919 addressed an eight-point petition to the representatives of the great powers at the Versailles Peace Conference that concluded World War I. In the petition, Ho demanded that the French colonial power grant its subjects in Indochina equal rights with the rulers. This act brought no response from the peacemakers, but it made him a hero to many politically conscious Vietnamese. The following year, inspired by the success of the communist revolution in Russia and Vladimir Lenin's anti-imperialist doctrine, Ho joined the French Communists when they withdrew from the Socialist Party in December 1920. After the Japanese invasion of Indo-China in 1941, Ho returned home and founded the Viet Minh, a communist-dominated independence movement, to fight the Japanese. He adopted the name Ho Chi Minh, meaning 'Bringer of Light'. At the end of World War Two the Viet Minh announced Vietnamese independence. The French refused to relinquish their colony and in 1946, war broke out. After eight years of war, the French were forced to agree to peace talks in Geneva. The country was split into a communist north and non-communist south and Ho became president of North Vietnam. He was determined to reunite Vietnam under communist rule. some will be shocked to find out that the United States and Ho Chi Minh, our nemesis for much of the Vietnam War, were once allies. Indeed, during the last year of World War II, American spies in Indochina found themselves working closely with Ho Chi Minh and other anti-colonial factions—compelled by circumstances to fight together against the Japanese. Dixee Bartholomew-Feis reveals how this relationship emerged and operated and how it impacted Vietnam's struggle for independence.

Joseph Mobutu

Wanna put in mobutu -did not have evidence that eisenhower said eliminate lumumba Dr Sidney Gottlieb, CIA: "joe from paris" -sidney was technical chief of CIA -was supposed to get tube of poisoned toothpaste into lumumba's bathroom and die -Cia chief said didnt wanna do the plan -the army of rep of congo got hold of lumumba. The death of Lumumba -taken to leopoldville shown to journalists beaten.. -taken to momutu villa where there were TV cameras , took copy of his speech and forced down his throat and then bc momutu wanted plausible deniability, he turned lomumba over to separatists.. Separatist movement in katanga ordered assassins to destroy body, hacked body and dissolved in acid from mines nearby -Pressured to install civilian govt.. -Kennedy's successor LBJ wanted to keep out of congo but ultimately send cia aircraft to help mobutu to establish regime. Bombed enemy sites, Mobutu covertly supported Kasavubu's attempt to dismiss Lumumba. When Lumumba rallied his forces to oust Kasavubu in September 1960, Mobutu seized control of the government and announced that he was "neutralizing" all politicians. In February 1961, however, Mobutu turned over the government to Kasavubu, who made Mobutu commander in chief of the armed forces. Many believe that Mobutu bore some responsibility for the death of Lumumba, who was arrested by Mobutu's troops and flown to Katanga, where, it is believed, he was killed by Congolese or Katangese troops. Mobutu removed Kasavubu in a coup and assumed the presidency. Two years later Mobutu put down an uprising led by white mercenaries attached to the Congolese army. His efforts to revive the Congo's economy included such measures as nationalizing the Katanga copper mines and encouraging foreign investment. Agricultural revitalization lagged, however, and consequently, the need for food imports increased.

B-52 bombing of Cambodia

Way the hanger is organized.. B52 is largest aircraft in hanger. Can carry fearsome bomb load -us drops more bombs on cambodia and laos than it dropped on japan and germany combined in ww. - want to destroy ho chi minh trail. Cant do this legally congress has not authorized war on cambodia -one general who comes from pentagon to whitehouse and shows kissinger targets to bomb in cambodia.. Kiss gives him orders. B52 are not given those targets are given other targets.. Told to divert to other target., along ho chi minh trail ..ordered to destroy anything related to mission. U.S. B-52 bombers are diverted from their targets in South Vietnam to attack suspected communist base camps and supply areas in Cambodia for the first time in the war. President Nixon approved the mission-formally designated Operation Breakfast-at a meeting of the National Security Council on March 15. This mission and subsequent B-52 strikes inside Cambodia became known as the "Menu" bombings. A total of 3,630 flights over Cambodia dropped 110,000 tons of bombs during a 14-month period through April 1970. This bombing of Cambodia and all follow up "Menu" operations were kept secret from the American public and the U.S. Congress because Cambodia was ostensibly neutral. The objective of the campaign was the defeat of the approximately 40,000 troops of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (VC) in the eastern border regions of Cambodia

"new world order"

We can see a new world coming into view a world in which there is the very real prospect of a new world order..where the united nation, freed from cold war stalemate is poised to fulfill historic vision of its founders... Bush says gulf war is future of international relations..going to ensure UN is brought to fruition. ..resolve problems peacefully and if not peacefully then under the rule of law. Bush says gulf war is future of international relations..going to ensure UN is brought to fruition. ..resolve problems peacefully and if not peacefully then under the rule of law. Despite various interpretations of this term, it is primarily associated with the ideological notion of global governance only in the sense of new collective efforts to identify, understand, or address worldwide problems that go beyond the capacity of individual nation-states to solve. term on superpower cooperation and regional crises. The 1991 Persian Gulf War was, according to President Bush, about "more than one small country; it is a big idea; a new world order," with "new ways of working with other nations . . . peaceful settlement of disputes, solidarity against aggression, reduced and controlled arsenals and just treatment of all peoples."

cluster bombs

Weapons used in cambodia.. Big shell casing and within it smaller bombs containing razor sharp metal.. 700,000 of these dropped.. The indiscriminate killing of civilians was american war crime Logic is kissingers... why continue bombing I refuse to believe that a little fourth rate power like north vietnam does not have breaking point -HK. Cluster bombs have a significant failure rate (up to 30% in Laos during the Vietnam War), which means that they often fail to explode upon hitting the ground but continue to pose a risk of detonation. In Laos, for instance, approximately 80 million of the cluster bombs dropped failed to detonate, leaving extensive contamination from unexploded ordnance (UXO). As a result, more than 98% of known cluster bomb victims are civilians and 40% are children, who are drawn to the small, toy-like metal objects. during the Vietnam War, the US used cluster bombs in air strikes against targets in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. 80 million failed to explode.[8] The GlobalPost reports that as of 2009 about 7,000 people have been injured or killed by explosives left from the Vietnam War era in the Vietnamese Quang Tri Province alone.[

Gulf War

f iraq going to invade kuwait going to put oil at risk.. Clear violation of international norms...if resort to force violate un contract..us successfully gets resolution for un coalition to be stationed in saudi arabia and to be poised to push iran out of kuwait if iran does not withdraw. They dont withdraw by deadline..un coalition goes in and pushes them out of kuwait..swift and successful war.. Bush goes and says this is evidence of the kind of world we gonna see.. Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Alarmed by these actions, fellow Arab powers such as Saudi Arabia and Egypt called on the United States and other Western nations to intervene. Hussein defied United Nations Security Council demands to withdraw from Kuwait by mid-January 1991, and the Persian Gulf War began with a massive U.S.-led air offensive known as Operation Desert Storm. After 42 days of relentless attacks by the allied coalition in the air and on the ground, U.S. President George H.W. Bush declared a cease-fire on February 28; by that time, most Iraqi forces in Kuwait had either surrendered or fled. Though the Persian Gulf War was initially considered an unqualified success for the international coalition

Aramco

just after the war as production ramps up ARAMCO opens trans arabian pipeline..runs across arabian peninsula to medit. Sea.. now u dont need suez canal.. -dont have to worry about persian gulf, iran, what you may encounter on suez -changes american calculation with respect to region. The infusion of capital fueled the rapid development of Ras Tanura and the construction of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline. That, along with continuing exploration and development efforts, transformed ARAMCO into the largest oil-producing company in the world. In 1978, forty years after oil was discovered in commercial quantities in Saudi Arabia, ARAMCO's cumulative total production exceeded 30 billion barrels. 1933: Saudi Aramco is born out of an agreement between Saudi Arabia and California-based oil company Socal. This agreement, like many granted to big U.S. and British oil companies at the time, gave it the exclusive right to explore and extract oil on Saudi territory. 1944: The California Arabian Standard Oil Company was renamed the Arabian American Oil Company, or as we now know it, by its acronym Aramco. It was run by a consortium of U.S. oil companies — including the predecessors of Chevron, Texaco and Exxon Mobil. 1960: Following the creation of OPEC, Saudi Arabia and several other oil-producing countries began nationalizing their natural resources -iranian gov votes to nationalize anglo-iranian pipeline.. Represents continuation of decolonization...

Kennan "long telegram," 1946

kennen.. Long standing diplomat..career sovietologist..long career of studying russians.. Kennen says whatever their intentions conduct foreign policy on basis that conflict is inevitable.. No matter what they mean to do..even if they honestly intend ..will be overtaken by marxist leninist ideology.. That system will override Doesnt matter what they meant because system is deciding course of soviet nation...this ideology too powerful and controls whatever individual psychology is operating. Basic ideas in long telegram are present in statement above. ssr believes "no permanent peaceful coexistence" with capitalism -capitalism generates conflict, which it prefers to project outward -ussr should therefore promote conflict within the capitalist world -"everything must be done to advance relative strength of USSR.. no opportunity must be missed to reduce strength and influence of capitalist powers" -" Relentless battle must be waged against socialist and social democratic leaders abroad" -this is not soviet worldview, this is what american leaders begin to think is soviet view. George Kennan, the American charge d'affaires in Moscow, sends an 8,000-word telegram to the Department of State detailing his views on the Soviet Union, and U.S. policy toward the communist state. Kennan's analysis provided one of the most influential underpinnings for America's Cold War policy of containment. The lengthy memorandum began with the assertion that the Soviet Union could not foresee "permanent peaceful coexistence" with the West. This "neurotic view of world affairs" was a manifestation of the "instinctive Russian sense of insecurity." As a result, the Soviets were deeply suspicious of all other nations and believed that their security could only be found in "patient but deadly struggle for total destruction of rival power." Kennan was convinced that the Soviets would try to expand their sphere of influence, and he pointed to Iran and Turkey as the most likely immediate trouble areas. In addition, Kennan believed the Soviets would do all they could to "weaken power and influence of Western Powers on colonial backward, or dependent peoples." Kennan's telegram caused a sensation in Washington. Stalin's aggressive speeches and threatening gestures toward Iran and Turkey in 1945-1946 led the Truman administration to decide to take a tougher stance and rely on the nation's military and economic muscle rather than diplomacy in dealing with the Soviets. These factors guaranteed a warm reception for Kennan's analysis. His opinion that Soviet expansionism needed to be contained through a policy of "strong resistance" provided the basis for America's Cold War diplomacy through the next two decades. His conclusion was that "the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."His conclusion was that "the main element of any United States policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies."

mujahideen of Afghanistan

ouvel observateur, 1998: Brzezinski being interviewed by french journalists... being interviewed to discuss american foreign pol in central asia during carter presidency.. Soviets get stuck in afghanistan..was their vietnam.. US historically in newspapers can see funds opposition to soviet union to ensure they had as hard as time in afghanistan as possible.. But brez talking about is not only that us gave aid to mujahideen after soviets committed to invasion,. But also gave aid before soviets invaded and were trying to provoke mujah.. Into launching attacks at soviet installations so soviets would be lured into afghan war. Question was do u regret creating this group in middle east. Central asia in order to undermine soviet union.. Given what had happened... brez said regret what? We lured russians into vietnam.. We created version of vietcong.. Hastened collapse of soviet union. The word "mujahideen" comes from the same Arabic root as jihad, which means "struggle." ... In the context of Afghanistan during the late 20th century, the mujahideen were Islamic warriors defending their country from the Soviet Union, which invaded Afghanistan in 1979 and fought a bloody war there for a decade.Aug 10, 2018 The United States had been engaged in detente with the Soviets, but their expansionist move into Afghanistan angered President Jimmy Carter, and the U.S. would go on to supply money and arms to the mujahideen through intermediaries in Pakistan for the duration of the conflict. (The U.S. was still smarting from its loss in the Vietnam War, so the country did not send in any combat troops.) The People's Republic of China also supported the mujahideen, as did Saudi Arabia.

INF Treaty of 1987

reduction of nuclear weapons, d -destruction of intermediate range ballistic missiles -verification program..people from us will go to missile sites in soviet union to verify there were no missiles and the same way the other way around.. Inviting principal adversary to verify keeping up promises Why reagan do this? Why resumption of talk after complete u turn in 1980s.. Dunno Might have to do with reagan's personal beliefs was deeply affected by the day after movie.. But dont really know..some people attribute to change in personality because of alzheimer's..d Unno. He had political reason to do this known as iran contra The INF Treaty eliminated all nuclear and conventional missiles, as well as their launchers, with ranges of 500-1,000 kilometers (310-620 mi) (short-range) and 1,000-5,500 km (620-3,420 mi) (intermediate-range). The treaty did not cover sea-launched missiles.[3] By May 1991, 2,692 missiles were eliminated, followed by 10 years of on-site verification inspections. nuclear arms-control accord reached by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987 in which those two nations agreed to eliminate their stocks of intermediate-range and shorter-range (or "medium-range") land-based missiles (which could carry nuclear warheads). It was the first arms-control treaty to abolish an entire category of weapon systems. In addition, two protocols to the treaty established unprecedented procedures for observers from both nations to verify firsthand the other nation's destruction of its missiles.

Operation Ajax

resident gives approval in broad outline. -cia is for us govt and president to deny responsibility.. -involves bribing military leaders in iran. -going to install young shah and put back in place of mossadegh - pay a lot of people to go out of streets in front of newsreel cameras to support overthrow. - get signal to go in 1953, mossadegh not as weak he reacts firmly and arrests protestors IRANIAN COUP 1953 Reaction so strong and successful that CIA realize it is a mistake. Sent message to Roosevelt that say operations should be discontinued. Kermit says no. Ignores orders from CIA to end operation AJAX. hires more people.. Overthrows mossadegh -soldiers capture mossadegh and will be tried for cooperation with communsits. and the first United States covert action to overthrow a foreign government during peacetime.[10] Mosaddegh had sought to audit the documents of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), a British corporation (now part of BP) and to limit the company's control over Iranian oil reserves.[11] Upon the refusal of the AIOC to co-operate with the Iranian government, the parliament (Majlis) voted to nationalize Iran's oil industry and to expel foreign corporate representatives from the country.[12][13][14] After this vote, Britain instigated a worldwide boycott of Iranian oil to pressure Iran economically.[15] Initially, Britain mobilized its military to seize control of the British-built Abadan oil refinery, then the world's largest, but Prime Minister Clement Attlee opted instead to tighten the economic boycott[16] while using Iranian agents to undermine Mosaddegh's government.[17]:3 Judging Mosaddegh to be unreliable and fearing a Communist takeover in Iran, UK prime minister Winston Churchill and the Eisenhower administration decided to overthrow Iran's government, though the predecessor Truman administration had opposed a coup, fearing the precedent that Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) involvement would set.[17]:3 Operation Ajax, in short, was when the CIA overthrew Muhammad Mossadeq's democratic government in 1953 and reinstalled the Shah to the throne of Iran. In 1951, a British company (AIOC) had control of Iran's oil fields. The Iranian people believed that their deal with the AIOC was unfairly benefitting the company and a political controversy ensued. A man named Muhammad Mossadeq, a member of Iranian parliament, demanded a renegotiation of the standing agreement and the Iranian people were quick to rally behind him and make him their honored leader. The previously ineffective parliament then became the primary government in the area, leaving the Shah, who had ruled as an authoritarian monarch powerless. Since Mossadeq was backed by the majority of the people in Iran, it appeared to be Iran's first democratically elected leader. he purpose was to return the Shah to power through CIA engineered protests and bribery of Iranian officers. The first phase was unsuccessful and the Shah fled Tehran, fearful that his life was in danger for his participation in the attempted overthrow of Massadeq. The second phase was more successful, and enabled the Shah to victoriously return to Iran where he then had a 25-year dictatorship supported by the United States.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

supply line Over course of american participation in vietnam war the ho chi minh trail becomes fully paved bc americans bomb it every now and then.. - want to destroy ho chi minh trail. Cant do this legally congress has not authorized war on cambodia -one general who comes from pentagon to whitehouse and shows kissinger targets to bomb in cambodia.. Kiss gives him orders. B52 are not given those targets are given other targets.. Told to divert to other target., along ho chi minh trail ..ordered to destroy anything related to mission. -bombing camp does not destroy ho chi minh trail.. Does destabilize regime in cambodia Cambodia has monarch sihanouk.. Makes impossible to govern there is coup. Succeeded by us friendly dictator LON NOL. As new dictator he carrying out war between communist guerillas in cambodia who were anti american guerillas who opposed regime.. KHMER ROUGE The Ho Chi Minh Trail was a military supply route running from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia to South Vietnam. The route sent weapons, manpower, ammunition and other supplies from communist-led North Vietnam to their supporters in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Since such raids had become common knowledge and were being reported in the American media, the U.S. State Department felt compelled to announce that these controversial missions were authorized by the powers granted to President Lyndon B. Johnson in the August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. But the Johnson administration came under increasing criticism at home and abroad because of the bombing raids along the trail in Laos and Cambodia. Congressional opponents of the Johnson administration thought the president was escalating the war without authorization.

Operation Success

tasks to infiltrate guatemala and go against arbenz (spreads anti arbenz propaganda) -hunt works together with church in guatemala to create the evils of communism (pastoral letter) People of guatemala...rise as single man against enemy of god and country -pastoral letter of 1954 By 1953 and into 1954, the U.S. government was intent on removing Arbenz from power and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was given this task by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. The CIA established a multifaceted covert operation (code named PBSUCCESS). Beginning in June 1954, the CIA saturated Guatemala with propaganda over the radio and through leaflets dropped over the country, and also began small bombing raids using unmarked airplanes. It also organized and armed a small force of "freedom fighters"-mostly Guatemalan refugees and mercenaries-headed by Castillo Armas. This force, which never numbered more than a few hundred men, had little impact on subsequent events. For the United States, the election of Castillo Armas was the culmination of a successful covert operation against international communism. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles declared that Guatemala had been saved from "communist imperialism." Operation PBSUCCESS, it installed the military dictatorship of Carlos Castillo Armas, the first in a series of U.S.-backed authoritarian rulers in Guatemala. the CIA devised a massive propaganda campaign in Guatemala to convince the populace of the invincibility of the forces seeking to take control of the country. Furthermore, CIA agents also conducted an intense psychological battle against the supporters of Arbenz, ranging from phone warnings in the middle of the night to death threats. On June 18, 1954, after approximately one year of preparation, U.S.- backed troops invaded Guatemala with the intention of overthrowing Arbenz. Realizing his army had forsaken him and fearing for his life, Arbenz resigned as president on June 27th and fled to Mexico. The U.S.-chosen leader of the military coup, Carlos Castillo Armas, assumed control of the government, thus ensuring the promotion of American interests in Guatemala.

Viet Minh

the British War in Vietnam -free japanese prisoners of war and arm them to go to war against vietnam. Bc british and us want french to be strong again.. British will fight viet minh for a year until can give back to france. "There is no front in these operations. We may find it difficult to distinguish friend from foe. Always use the maximum force available to ensure wiping out any hostilities.. organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French rule. The Viet Minh was formed in China in May 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. Although led primarily by communists, the Viet Minh operated as a national front organization open to persons of various political persuasions. When the Japanese occupation began, the Việt Minh opposed Japan with support from the United States and the Republic of China. After World War II, the Việt Minh opposed the re-occupation of Vietnam by France and later opposed South Vietnam and the United States in the Vietnam War. The political leader and founder of Việt Minh was Hồ Chí Minh.

"Quit India" movement

was a civil disobedience movement in India launched in August 1942, in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for the immediate independence of India. Its aim was to bring the British government to the negotiating table through determined, but passive resistance. Unilaterally and without consultation, the British had entered India into World War II, arousing the indignation of large numbers of Indian people. On July 14, 1942, the Indian National Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence from Britain and massive civil disobedience The Quit India Movement also known as India August Movement or Bharat Chodo Andolan was launched at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC) by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1948. The protest was initiated to demand an end to the British rule in India The first half of the movement was peaceful with demonstrations and processions. The peaceful protest was carried till Mahatma Gandhi's release. The second half of the movement was violent with raids and setting fire at post offices, government buildings and railway stations. The British were prepared for this massive uprising and within a few hours of Gandhi's speech most of the Indian National Congress leaders were swiftly arrested; most of whom had to spend the next three years in jail, until World War II ended. When Britain took India into the war without consultation in 1939, Congress opposed it; large nationalist protests ensued, culminating in the 1942 Quit India movement, a mass movement against British rule. For their part in it, Gandhi and Nehru and thousands of Congress workers were imprisoned until 1945.