HIS P - Final
the Antonines
The Age of the "Five Good Emperors"; includes: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aureluis; were not power-hungry like the Flavians but were absolute monarchs unlike Augustus; didn't expand the empire, but defended what was already won
English common law
The basis of a court system for justice. The essence of this system is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the facts before them. Utilized juries. Granted remedy.
Qur'an / Koran
holy book written in Arabic and considered authoritative only in that language / memorize and recite it /word of God revealed to Muhammad / includes rules and instructions for correct living
Clovis I
king of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy. Ex. his name was rendered as Gallic 'Louis' (466-511) Frankish ruler (481 AD) became known as one of the most orthodox Christian rulers in the West in 5th century; had alliance with Pope User-contributed converts to Catholicism and makes France entirely Frankish
Hejazi
lived in Hejaz, supported by agriculture and trade, wealth from business transactions, luxurious living in towns, Arabs that lived along the coastal region characterized by agriculture and trade, Hejaz
Law Code of Justinian
lso known as the corpus juris civiis, the body of civil law, that was composed of the Code, the Digest, and the Institutes, Since Roman law was preserved by Byzantine Emperors, it was utilized but the Roman law was large, unusable and complex. Justinian had a committee organize the Roman Laws, which was the Code. It was a distilled version of Roman Law. Then he organized the Roman science and philosophy law which was the Digest. The Institutes was a code of civil law. Justinian composed a handbook of all which was a simpler to understand for all.
Emperor Theodosius
made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, Roman Emperor; He made Christianity the official religion in Rome; He called all non-Christian institutes "pagan"; He closed down all pagan institutes including schools; This action began the process the catholic church controlling education in the middle ages;He was also the 1st political leader forced to do a Penance (physical act gaining forgiveness of Sin); The importance of this is that it shows that the church would be more powerful than the state
Picts and Scots
two warlike tribes that lived above Hadrain's Wall. They attacked the Romans, hadrians wall was built to protect prats of roman britain from these two groups
fief
under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal held political authority within his fief, An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty
The Song of Roland
one of the earliest and most famous Medieval epic poems; it's glorifies a band of french soldiers who perished after fighting the Muslims from Spain, It was a famous medieval epic poem and it was about a group of French soldiers fighting during the reign of Charlemagne and they were all very brave and they also fought off a group of Muslim invaders-eventually had to retreat and die though
House of War / Dar-al-Harb
pg 198. Non-Muslim states that existed until they would be subjected or converted.
mayor of the palace
The person who performed all the official duties of the kingdom, Mayor of the palace is someone who oversaw what the king did. He took care of the day to day affairs of the Merovingians., This person oversees what the king did. He took care of the day to day affairs of the Merovingians during the "do nothing kings" period
Petrine Doctrine
The statement used by popes, bishops of Rome, based on Jesus' words, to substantiate their claim of being the successors of Saint Peter and heirs to his authority as chief of the apostles, Peter (prophet) given the keys to heaven by Jesus; first true Pope, all popes are successors to Peter... gives the Pope special authority over the rest of the church
Holy Roman Emperor
Title given to a person who had charge of not only the empire, but also the church, Charles V
villa
19 lines total. Five tercets and one quatrain. Rhythm and rhyme follows ABA (or ABAB for the quatrain). First and third lines become the refrain for each stanza and the final two lines of the poem. The poem builds around repeated lines and turns on two rhymes
the Julio-Claudians
1st dynasty in the Roman Empire; made up of Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero
Hadrian's Wall
80 mile wall across northern britan to show the barbarian tribes that rome wasn't expanding, built by hadrian, split rome from britania, kept soldiers and barbarians from entering roman lands
Alfred the Great
871-899 fought the danes, things became so bad he lived in a shed, came up with lets give the danes money not to attack, unified most of southern England. He was literate, knew Latin and A-S, set up the A-S chronicle, Valued A-S literature translated lots of Latin to A-, ..., an English king who defeated the Vikings, if he had failed it would have been the end of the English language - wrote laws, and promoted learning and translation - cultural advancement
Franks
A Germanic tribe that gained power in Gaul, then became Christian during the reign of their king Clovis. This united them with the Church, and them expanded to encompass most of France during his reign. Later, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short, and Charlemagne conquered so much territory that the Frankish empire was larger than the Byzantine Empire, uniting western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. It was divided into 3 kingdoms upon the death of Charlemagne's heir.
constitutional monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution or national set of laws. A fourm of governmet where in the monarchy is the head of state, however he or she is legally bound by the same laws that govern the citizens
princeps civitatis
A Latin term meaning "first citizen" used as an official title by the early Roman emperors, from Augustus/Octavian through Diocletian, followed by a Latin term meaning a city under Roman imperial authority possessing some limited degree of autonomy.
catacombs
"among the tombs". Pagan custom: cremation vs. Jewish/Christian custom: burial. Cremation or burial had to take place outside the walls of the city. catacombs were dug in areas of soft volcanic as underground burial places and also places where Christians would go to celebrate the anniversary of the death of a martyr.
Messiah
"anointed one", warrior king from line of David to unite the people, bring them in favor of God, and permanently free them from oppression, Messiah will fulfill the covenant with God, "God's chosen (anointed) one" - the awaited king of the Jews; this term is derived from the Hebrew language
Saladin
A Muslim conqueror, he recaptured Jerusalem in 1187, then agreed in 1192 with Richard the Lionheart to a three year truce where Jerusalem remained under Muslim control but unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city's holy places.
double monastery
A monastery that housed both men and women in two adjoining establishments and was governed by one superior, an abbess.
caliph
A title meaning "successor to the Prophet" given to Muslim rulers who combined political authority with religious power, A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government
monasticism
A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith., - Choice that the best way to live a Christian life is to separate from the world/comforts/temptations/corrupting influences and pursue a life of prayer, solitude, and meditation. means "alone" or "single" in the Greek.
Muhammad
About 610, Muhammad had a transformational spiritual experience and traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah. He believed in on God / Allah's words were given to Muhammad and collected by his followers and compiled in Quran
Carolingian Dynasty
After the death of Charles Martel, Pepin the Short wanted to be king. He agreed to fight the Lombards and in exchange for the pope to appoint him King by the grace of God. this began the Dynasty, Charles Martel- pepin the short-Carloman, Charlemagne- Louis the Pious- Charles the Bald, Lothair, Louis the German
Alcuin
Alcuin, an Anglo-Saxon scholar, became head tutor at the court of Charlemagne at Aachen, and in 796 Abbot of Tours. Alcuin's importance is best shown in the manuscripts of the school at Tours, in his educational writings, revision of the text of the Bible, biblical commentaries and in the completion of the Gregorian Sacramentary version of the Roman liturgy. He standardized spelling and the style of writing, reformed missionary practice, and contributed to the drawing up of collections of church regulations. Alcuin was also the leading theologian in the struggle against Adoptionists in Spain, who believed that the man Christ was God's 'adopted son'.
Anglo-Saxon England
Beowulf, the period of the history of the part of Britain that became known as England, lasting from the end of Roman occupation and establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th century until the Norman conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror. Anglo-Saxon is a general term referring to the Germanic peoples who came to Britain during the 5th and 6th centuries, including Angles, Saxons, Frisii and Jutes. The term also refers to the language spoken at the time in England, which is now called Old English, and to the culture of the era, which has long attracted popular and scholarly attention.
City of God
Book by Augustine saying that Christians should not see their current disasters with despair but should instead think of their spiritual self (and not earthly self)., Augustines most famous work, profound expression of Christian philosophy of gov and history. Augustine set out to provide a consolation of Christianity, writing that even if the earthy rule of the empire was imperiled,and the city will ultimately triumph
House of Peace
pg 202. Non-Muslim states could be exempt from attack in the two-fold division between the House of War and the House of Islam. This legal device permitted travel and trade between Muslim and the non-Muslim regions, and there was often a relationship of mutual tolerance established between the Muslim world and regions outside its borders.
Roman Catholic Church
Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope., This powerful religion exerted considerable control over European society during the Middle Ages. It prompted some to challenge its doctrines during the protestant Reformation where it began losing power.
Virgil
Classical Roman poet, author of Aenied., 1. most distinguished poet of the Augustan age 2. wrote the aenied to rival Homer 3. patroned by Augustus 4. Bringing back old roman values
St. Augustine of Hippo
Doctor of the Church; often depicted with a child, dove, book, flaming heart, shell, whispers, or a pen; he lived a life of sin until his conversion at age 29; he became the Bishop of Hippo; wrote two famous books: "The Confessions" and "The City of God;" he wrote about the Trinity, grace, and original sin; he was the single most influential writer, up until St. Thomas Aquinas matched him, many of his writings directly affected the development of Church Doctrine over the next 8 hundred years
Hohenstaufen Dynasty
Dynasty in Central Europe, started by Frederick Barbarossa, used Roman law, required vassals to take an oath of allegiance, forbade private warfare
Angevin Dynasty
Dynasty of British rulers, founded by Henry the Second
Ostrogoths
Eastern Goths. Moved into Italy after the collapse of the Hun threat. Their leader was Odoacer.
Orthodox Church
Eastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople. (also called the Byzantine Church), Official Church of Byzantine Empire centered in Constantinople-did not regard the pope as higher than others, "Right belief"; one of the oldest branches of Christianity, traces itself back to apostle Andrew; prominent in eastern Europe, Mediterranean
Christianity
Currently the most popular religion in the world based on the number of worshippers found throughout the world. While this monotheistic religion developed from Judaism, there are several key differences in its teachings. Christianity was founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century CE. The Christian holy book is called the Holy Bible.
Canute
Danish king who conquered England and joined together the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings in 1016
St. Basil of Caesarea
Developed Urban Monasticism, provided social services, and was called the Father of Eastern Monasticism, organized monastic movement
imam
For Shi'i Islam, an early successor to Muhammad and leader of Islam (most Shi'i acknowledge twelve Imamas), believed to have a special spiritual insight., Muslim prayer leader
oath of fealty
In medieval Europe, fealty was sworn between two people, the obliged person (vassal) and a person of rank (lord). This was done as part of a formal commendation ceremony to create a feudal relationship. A key element to feudalism.
What were the ways that Rome spread her influence throughout the world?
Increasing their control over the nation's finances, religion, & nobility. Increasing the size of standing army adior developing a strong navy & increasing government bureaucracy and making it an instrument of their royal will & increasing the size of their territory through war if necessary
Canon law
the Church's own body of laws; this law applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals, Church Law. The church established courts to try people accused of violating canon law. Violaters faced excommunication and interdict.
pontifex maximus
the high priest of Rome, the head of Roman state religion; he appointed and oversaw the vestal virgins. , *High priest of the state religion in Rome. Julius Caesar was appointed as one., "Greatest pontiff", the most important position in the ancient Roman religion, open only to patricians until 254 BC, at which time a plebeian first occupied the post. A distinctly religious office under the early Roman Republic before it gradually became politicized under the rule of Augustus and was subsumed into the imperial office., Constantine called himself this, means "Great bridge builder", Pontif (pope) comes from this
Muslim
the monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran, "One who submits"
Byzantine Empire
(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine., Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
Huns
- a nomadic people; migrated from central asia to Europe. Skilled riders who fought fierce battles to dislodge the Germanic peoples in their path. A factor in the fall of the empire was due to the run ins with the Huns and numerous other groups that sacked and "hurt" the empire., large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.
How was France reunified?
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What did the title Holy Roman Emperor signify to European people?
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What effect did Islam have upon Eastern and Western Europe?
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What is feudalism and how does it relate to manorialism?
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Gaul
After Julius Caesar spent a year as consul, he appointed himself governor of this place; he and his legions conquered all of this place, which made him very popular with the Roman people , An ancient region and Roman province that included most of present day France.
The Venerable Bede
Author of Historia Ecclesiastia. Monk: a profound man of learning. 30-35 works by him. Known as Father of English History. Wrote Biblical commentaries. Wrote about nature and chronology- "study of time". Generated view of BC and AD. One of his students, Egbert, became Bishop of York., A chronicler for the english church. He recorded all of the history of the church and is considered a saint in the catholic church.
Hugh Capet
He was the king of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) . He succeeded the Carolingians; his descendants, known as the Capetian kings, used their power and resources to systematically consolidate and expand their power
Albigensians
Heretical sect that advocated a simple, pious way of life following the example set by Jesus and the Apostles, but rejecting key Christian doctrines
solemnia
Money from the state
Magyars
Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary
eremitical life
The life of a hermit, separate from the world in praise of God and for the salvation of the world, in the silence of solitude, assiduous prayer, and penance
infidels
Unbelievers (e.g. used by Muslims to describe Christians and by Christians to describe Muslims)
Alamanni
battle at which Clovis declares he will convert if he wins, Germanic tribe which invaded Rome multiple times during the third-fifth centuries CE.
the Severi
more plaques =, Virulence
Charles Martel
"The Hammer" the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him., Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.
serfs
"Tied to the Land"; they worked and tended the land in exchange for food. They cant be sold, they come with the land, he has rights, he can have a wife and kids, Men of women who were the poorest members of society, peasants who worked the lord's land in exchange for protection.
primogeniture
"Primogeniture is the right, by law or custom, of the firstborn male child to inherit the family estate, in preference to siblings (compare to ultimogeniture). In the absence of children, inheritance passed to collateral relatives, usually males, in order of seniority of their lines of descent. The eligible descendants of deceased elder siblings take precedence over living younger siblings, such that inheritance is settled in the manner of a depth-first search" (wiki).
Shi'ites
"Supporters of Ali" Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran
Sunna / Sunni
"custom" or "tradition." The teachings and actions of Muhammad recorded in writings known as hadith, which provide the model for being Muslim; Islam's second most important authority (after the Qur'an)., (Islam) the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of Muhammad and interpretations of the Koran, "Traditionalists," the most popular branch of Islam; Sunnis believe in the legitimacy of the early caliphs, compared to the Shiite belief that only a descendent of Ali can lead.
Islam
"surrender" or "submission"; this is the religion of Islam: Submission to the one God, or Allah. Islam is deeply rooted in the biblical tradition, and that it reveres the shaping of Western culture, A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
wergeld
'man money,' the amount of money payed in compensation for wronging that person, it differed on how valuable that individual was considered, The Germanic fine paid by offenders based on social class and the severity of one's crimes, Literally "man-payment," an important Germanic legal concept that set the monetary value of a human life. The function of wergeld payments was to prevent an endless cycle of killing and counter-killing among feuding families.
Umayyad Dynasty
(661- 750 CE) First islamic dynasty (sunni); first caliph, Muawiya, caused Shi'ite sunni spit. instituted hereditary line for the caliphate rather than elected. Very military oriented causing considerable growth from afghanistan to spain almost into France, but thwarted by Charles Martel. forced conversion on polytheists but just taxed monotheist. exclusion of non-Arab subjects from government and whatnot lead to problems and capital of Damscus was overthrown leading to the newly built city of Baghdad and end of dynasty, 661-750; Dynasty that tried to take Constantinople, twice; Muslim's spread all the way into Europe; called Moors in Spain; lost the Battle at Tours; tolerated other religions if you paid the jizya
Treaty of Verdun
(843): divided the Carolingian empire between the three sons of Louis the Pious: Charles the Bald: France, Lothar: Middle Kingdom, Lotharingia, and Louie the German: Germany, 843 Treaty that ended power struggle of Charlemagne's 3 sons after his death and split Franks into 3 kingdoms
Pope Gregory VII
(Early 12th Century) Pope who took on the issue of appointment of church officials. Believed that the church should assign its own officials. Fought lay inversture. As a result, gave more power to the church and established the principle of seperation of church and state, reformed a lot and determined to challenge secular authority. He caused a lot of conflict and was admired by many and hated by many. He banned lay investiture, which angered Henry IV
Year of the Four Emperors
(Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian) After Nero: Galba - failed to restore republic, Otho - had a fear of conspirators and executed many senators and equites without trial; was killed by Praetorian Guard, Vitellius - Flavian Revolt, lack of military expertise led him to rely on inneffective lieutenants which led to his downfall, and Vespasian - founder of the Flavian dynasty. , Otho, galba, Vitellius, Vespasian. Three emperors died while trying to become ruler.
Constantine
(Roman emperor) ends the persecution of Christians and religious/political persecution against them and legalizes Christianity - successors accept and hold Christianity as the only legitimized religion to make Christianity the official religion of the Roman empire - which causes a vastly asymmetrical relationship between the 2 religious groups (official state religion and a small dispersed sect on the other hand); Jewish synagogues are not torn down, but Pagan buildings are torn down; Because Judaism is still recognized as people of the Old Testament and from which Christianity emerged - goal to convert these people eventually, not to repress them (Jews subjected to 2nd class citizenship - tolerated but are not equal), 312 A.D.; led army into battle Milvian bridge near Rome; flaming cross appeared in sky -beneath fiery letters - "In hoc signo vinces" - "With this as your standard, you will have victory"; ordered soldiers to paint cross on shields; army won battle; credited Christian God; 312 A.D. - became emperor; 313 A.D. issued Edict of Milan; extended toleration to all religions in Roman Empire; 305 - 312 A.D. - civil wars; tried to reinforce Diocletian's reforms; legalized - landowners chaning workers to keep them on farm; declared most jobs heredity; sons had to follow father‟s occupations; 330 A.D.; established new capital city at Byzantium
German
(adj) relevant and appropriate; closely or significantly related.Please keep your remarks germane to the issue.
Louis the German
(c. 804-876) Grandson of Charlemagne who recieved the easternmost portion of Charlemagne's empire when it was divided up in the Treaty of Verdun. This region became modern-day Germany.
Jesus of Nazareth
(ca. 3 BCE- 29 CE) According to Christian scripture was born to deeply religious parents (Mary and Joseph) & raised in Galilee. Ministry began when he was around 30 & he taught by preaching & telling stories. Left no writings but accounts of his sayings/teachings that had first circulated orally through followers and later written down. Principal evidence for his life= 4 Gospels., (AD 1-30) First-century Jewish teacher and prophet; he founded Christianity and taught about kindness and love of God. His teachings spread through the Roman Empire and, eventually, the rest of the world.
Gentiles
(hebrew word for nations) Since the spread of Christianity, the word Gentiles designates, in theological parlance, those who are neither Jews nor Christians. a person of a non-Jewish nation or of non-Jewish faith; especially: a Christian as distinguished from a Jew. Not a descendant of Abraham.
gladiators
(noun) a person; often a slave or captive; who was armed with a sword or other weapon and compelled to fight to the death in a public arena against another person or a wild animal; for the entertainment of the spectators
Caesar Augustus
, In Luke's infancy narrative, Jesus is described as "Son of God," "Lord," "savior," and as one who brings "peace." What other historical figure mentioned in the infancy narrative was also given all of these titles? Also known as, Octavian, Augustus started the building of the Roman empire. Referring to himself as, "first man," instead of king or emperor, Caesar had his empire, during the first two centuries C.E., in disguise providing security, grandeur, and relative prosperity for the Mediterranean world. This period of time was known as the pax Romana, Rome's greatest extent and greatest authority over all. , Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. He established his rule after the death of Julius Caesar and he is considered the first Roman Emperor.
Council of Nicea / Nicene Creed
-A council called by Constantine in A.C.E 325 in order to solidify further teachings of Chrisitianity. In Nicea in Anatolia, the Church leaders wrote the Nicene Creed, which defines the basic beliefs of the church , (early 4th century CE) mission was to bring all Christian sects together and unified. Goes against the common paganist belief that anyone can worship whoever they want. Made the Nicean Creed, which was a general statement about unifying Christian beliefs ->God made all things, both visible and invisible. Decided which books made it into the Bible., A council when Bishops would answer questions about Christianity, consisting of over 300 Bishops in the Roman Empire. They believed in the Trinity- Father, Son, and Holy Spirit
Magna Carta
1215 document that listed the rights of English citizens and limited the power of the English monarch. Rights included trial by jury, no taxation without representation, protection of the law, and habeas corpus, (1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom
How did the Eastern and Western Empires differ in their governmental and religious systems?
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How did the Merovingian and Carolingian rulers govern their empire?
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How did the combination of Christian faith, Greco-Roman culture and Germanic tradition combine to create European society?
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How was it that Christianity overcame the Roman Empire and became the state religion?
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In English history what was the significance of the Magna Carta?
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Ovid
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What contributed to the decline of the Carolingian Empire?
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What motivated barbarians to invade the Roman Empire?
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What was significant about the conversion of Clovis I?
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What was the impact of the Rule of St. Benedict upon Western monasticism?
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What were the effects of the Roman Catholic Church upon the post-Roman world?
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What were the positive contributions of Byzantine and Islamic culture to Europe?
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Why did the pope encourage the Crusades?
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Why was Charlemagne's rule so significant?
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Diocletian
..., Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians, Emperor of Rome (284-305) who divided the empire into east and west (286) in an attempt to rule the territory more effectively. His desire to revive the old religion of Rome led to the last major persecution of the Christians (303). CE 244? - 311 Roman emperor who divided the Empire into We stern and Eastern halves. This strategy meant it was easier to administer the large empire. For instance, the collecting of tax revenues became much easier. Although called a Roman emperor, Diocletian broke with the tradition that the seat of government had to be in Rome. He ruled the eastern half of the empire from a city called Nicomedia in modern day Turkey. The western half of the empire was still ruled from Rome by a person under the authority of Diocletian called Maximian. Diocletian is also remembered for renewing the persecutions against Christians. He retired from being emperor in 305 CE.
vassal
1. A lesser lord who protects their lords lands, wealth, castles, and perhaps some soldires in return for protection for themselves 2. A person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant
Inquisition
1. a former tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church (1232-1820) created to discover and suppress heresy 2. A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.
provinces
1.)Province describes a political or geographic area smaller than nation, but larger than district or city. A province is roughly equivalent to a state. , Land outside the city of Rome that was controlled by the Roman government. , governmental divisions like states
fiefdom
1.The estate or domain of a feudal lord. 2.Something over which one dominant person or group exercises control
Bayeux Tapestry
1070-1080, EMBROIDERY, commissioned by Odo, tells story of William the Conqueror at Battle of Hastings, borders comment on main scene, color used in non-natural manner, different parts of horse are colored, neutral background, flatness of figures, narrative transition, 230 feet long
Crusades
1095-1204 Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation., 1096 Christian Europe aim to reclaim Jerusalem and aid they Byzantines; 1st success and the rest a failure; weakens the Byzantines; opens up trade
William Duke of Normandy
1106 invaded England claiming the English throne. William's conquest took extensive time. Since the Saxons nobles resisted the Norman advance. Because William Duke of Normandy was able to grant land to his Norman nobles only as he gained territory most of them ended up with holdings scattered throughout the country. This made it extremely difficult for one lord to gather enough power to challenge the king's authority. William was able to strengthen his power by ordering a survey of his entire realm. The result of this was the enormous Domesday Book and the title referred to the judgment. This book allowed William and his agents to know who owned what and what it was worth.
pax Romana
200-year period during and after the reign of Augustus; "Peace of Rome;" period of relative stability and prosperity throughout the empire, "Roman peace." A term used to refer to the stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries a.d.
Arianism
3rd & 4th century heresey founded by the Alexandrian priest Arius. It denied Jesus' divinity, claiming that Jesus is neither God nor equal to the Father, but rather an exceptional creature raised to the level of "Son of God" because of heroic fidelity to the Father's will and his sublime holiness.
the "Barracks Emperors"
49 years and 22 emperors; ends in 284 AD; they were mainly military commanders, twenty-six Roman emperors between 235 and 284 C.E that were originally generals who gained power but then quickly lost it to their enemies
Vandals
A barbarian tribe that helped spread heresy of Arianism. The Vandals were the 2rd group to invade the Roman Empire after the Germans. They were known for their reputation for destruction. They invaded Gaul and Spain and built a robber kingdom on the site of ancient Carthage. They then invaded Rome in 455, plundering for 2 weeks and taking the roof off the Capitol because they thought it was gold and bronze statues.
Salic Law
A body of traditional law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the early Middle Ages during the reign of King Clovis I in the 6th century. The best-known tenet of Salic law is agnatic succession, the rule excluding females from the inheritance of a throne or fief. In 1316, King John I the Posthumous died, and for the first time in the history of the House of Capet, a king's closest living relative upon his death was not his son. French lords (notably led by the late king's uncle, Philip of Poitiers, the beneficiary of their position) wanted to forbid inheritance by a woman. These lords wanted to favour Philip's claim over John's half-sister Joan (later Joan II of Navarre), but disqualify her future claim to the French throne, and any possible future claims of Edward III of England. These events later led to the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453).
lay investiture
A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. Whoever controlled this held the real power in naming bishops, who were very influential clergy that kings sought to control., The appointment of bishops and abbots by secular rulers, often in exchange for temporal protection.
Mecca
A city of western Saudi Arabia near the coast of the Red Sea. The birthplace of Muhammad, it is the holiest city of Islam and a pilgrimage site for all devout believers of the faith.
gentes
A group of Roman families linked together by being descendants of the same ancestor or bearing the same family name., families grouped into social units, also known as "clans", descended from same ancestor and bearing same family name, closely associated with pracitce of clientage
jihad
A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal, "struggle for the faith"; can be thought of as an individual or communal struggle; as the latter, the term embraces notions of defending the muslim community and holy war, "striving in the way of the Lord," describes practice of conducting raids against local neighbors or holy war against unbelievers, greater jihad: struggle against sin, temptation, doubt and lesser jihad: physical struggle, conflict/warfare
barbarian
A member of a people considered by those of another nation or group to have a primitive civilization., A person belonging to a tribe or group that is considered uncivilized
boyars
A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince
indulgence
A pardon for sin for oneself or one's dead relative or friends. The granting of an indulgence could help speed deceased sinners from purgatory to heaven. In Martin Luther's time,the Catholic Church sold indulgences., Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
feudalism
A political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty. King - Nobles-Knights-Peasants. Refer to chart on page 361 in textbook. Be able to compare to Japanese Feudalism. Lord= landowner, land = fief....vassal=someone receiving a fief, Knights = mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lord's land in exchange for fiefs. Peasants worked the fields. Serfs = people who could not lawfully leave the land where they were born, not technically slaves because they could not be bought or sold, just belonged to the land and their produce went to the lord who owned the land. Manor = lord's estate., A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
Domesday Book
A record of a survey ordered by William the Conqueror to determine how much wealth there was in his new kingdom, who held what land, and what land had been disputed among his vassals; it is an invaluable source of social and economic information.
Zoroastrianism
A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity—Ahuramazda—who engaged in a twelve-thousand-year struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides in the struggle between good and evil. Those whose good conduct indicated their support for Ahuramazda would be rewarded in the afterlife. Others would be punished. The religion of the Achaemenid and Sasanid Persians, Zoroastrianism may have spread within their realms and influenced Judaism, Christianity, and other faiths.
Carolingian Dynasty
A series of Frankish rulers including Pepin and Charlemagne lasting from 751 to 987, After the death of Charles Martel, Pepin the Short wanted to be king. He agreed to fight the Lombards and in exchange for the pope to appoint him King by the grace of God. this began the Dynasty
Exchequer
A special branch of government created by Henry I, which ultimately became what we call the Treasury. It was called this because checkered boards were used for greater ease in dealing with Roman numerals. He was responsible for keeping the king's and England's accounts.
catholic
Along with One, Holy and Apostolic, Catholic is one of the marks of the Church. Catholic means "universal." The Church is catholic in two senses. She is catholic because Christ is present in her and has given her the fullness of the means of salvation and also because she reaches throughout the world to all people, (adj) universal; embracing everything
Pope Gregory I
Also known as "the Great," This pope strongly emphasized the sacrament of penance and encouraged confession for the remission of sins which made people more dependent on the church for salvation. Also made pope a secular job, used the church to raise money, build roads, help poor, created state and religion relationship, thought pope should oversee everything.
Frederick Barbaross
Among the most vigorous of the medieval emperors. Clashed with the pope over the appointment of the clergy. Known as "the red beard" (r. 1152-1190). He attempted to conquer Lombardy (n. Italy) and unite the German princes, but the popes did not approve of this and forced him to surrender Lombardy.
Goths
An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people., 300s, Invaders of the Roman Empire made up of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths. In 410 they marched into Rome and sacked or destroyed the city.
manorialism
An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production
The Ecclesiastical History of England
Bede's most famous text, History of the missionary expedition of Augustine to the Brisish isles to convert the people there to Christianity, or reform the kind they already had. Church there already had the Lindisfarne Gospels - that was their brand of Christianity. Includes information about Synod of Whitby., most important source of information about anglo saxons and their encounter with roman catholicism
reconquista
Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.
simony
Buying or selling of church offices or powers. The name is taken from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18), who tried to buy the power of conferring the gifts of the Holy Spirit. Simony was said to have become widespread in Europe in the 10th-11th century, as promotions to the priesthood or episcopate were bestowed by monarchs and nobles, often in exchange for oaths of loyalty. Changes in the understanding of the nature of simony and the relationship between lay and religious orders contributed to the perception of the growth of simony, even though corrupt practices did exist.
Greek fire
Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople
Vikings
Came from (Sweden/Norway) Scandanavia, also called Northmen or Norsemen, and Danes. Sea warriors, they built amazing ships that held 300 warriors, could hold 30 tons. Raided villages and monastaries. Also traded and farmed. Journeyed to Russia and Constantinople. Gradually excepted Christianity.
Louis the Pious
Charlemagne's only surviving son (814-840) his sons divided empire into 3 brining end to Carolingian empire, (814-840) - Louis the Pious was Charlemagne's only surviving son. He succeeded his father and held the empire together. He did not have Charlemagne's strong military aptitude, and lost control of local authorities who pursued personal interests as a result. His three sons disputed over inheritance, which led to a civil war. This caused the kingdom to be split up into 3 parts in 843.
The Kingdom of Lothair
Charlemagne's son and fought against his two other brothers for Charlemagne's land. Ends up signing the treaty of Verdun and gets the part in the middle. Co-ruled the Roman Empire with his father. After his father died, his two brothers fought against him in a civil war. Ultimately, this ended with the Treaty of Verdun which gave Lothair control of Middle Francia (which included the low countries).,
Mozarabs
Christians who adopted some Arabic customs but did not convert., "Would-be Arabs" in Muslim-ruled Spain, referring to Christians who adopted much of Arabic culture and observed many Muslim practices without actually converting to Islam. (pron. MOH-zah-rabs)
Merovingian Dynasty
Clovis, King of the Franks, started this dynasty. It was a Christian Dynasty. After Clovis died, he divided this kingdom into four parts among his four sons., Clovis's sons decendants the Merovingian Kings known as the "do-nothing" kings lost their power to local chiefs and royal officials called the "mayors of the palace", family that ruled the Franks from the 500s to the 700s (before the Carolingian Dynasty); The kingdom of Clovis and Charles Martel spread Christianity throughout France and expanded its territories
comitatus
Comitatus would be the king's followers. The basic ideas is that everyone protects the king at all costs even if it means a warrior giving up his own life. Faithful followers who act as body guards, Germanic Friendship structure that compelled kings to work with there soildiers, This is a direct source of the practice of fuedalism between a germanic lord and his subserviants influenced by the romans, Just as Romans those "inferiors" would plegde alliance to the king, in return gaining land, compensation, or priviledge, Bond of loyalty between warriors and their king.
imperator
Commander in chief, Basically synonymous with emperor, coined by Augustus (Octavian) because of it's lack of political baggage.
coenobitic monasticism
Communal living in monasteries, encouraged by Saint Basil and the church because it provided an environment for training the aspirant in the virtues of charity, poverty, and freedom from self-deception. , WEST. Communal living in monasteries,it provided an environment for training the aspirant in the virtues of charity, poverty, and chastity from self-deception. Importance: Caused split in East and West ideologies.
The Confessions of St. Augustine
Confessions written to God by St. Augustine. He confesses his stubbornness and how he has a difficult time changing his will. Becomes a Christian by the end, stated that knowledge and intelligence don't necessarily equal a virtuous life, Autobiography in which the Saint combined prayer & scholarly speculation.
excommunication
Excommunication is a censure by means of which a person is excluded from the communion of the faithful in response to a grave, habitual, public sin. An excommunicated person is forbidden to have a ministerial role in the celebration for the sacraments and other public ceremonies, to receive the sacraments \, or to exercise church offices or ministries. Excommunication can be latoe sententioe(i.e. automatic for certain intrinsically evil acts, such as abortion or the desecration of the Eucharist) or ferendoe sententioe(i.e. imposed by ecclesiastical authority).
dioceses
Geographic administrative districts of the Church that were each under the authority of a bishop and centered around a cathedral
Visigoths
Germanic people who migrated to Rome, originally came from Scandinavia and Russia. They adapted Roman cultures and provided troops for the Roman army. They created settlements around Rome, and stormed and sacked it in 410. The western part of the Roman Empire was in shambles by the mid fifth century CE. , A member of the western Goths that invaded the Roman Empire in the fourth century A.D. and settled in France and Spain, establishing a monarchy that lasted until the early eighth century.
Saxons
Germanic people. During the 5th century ad groups from these communities migrated to Britain either by invitation or invasion and in due course founded kingdoms , a germanic people that conquered England and merged with the Angles to become Anglo-Saxons
St. Martin of Tours
He encouraged alms giving., He said that those who believed Jesus was just divine not human shouldn't be executed but excommunicated., An outstanding missionary bishop whose guidelines for catechesis were useful in the later in the conversion of the barbarian nations, Gave his military coat to a beggar. converted the people of Gaul to Christianity., Tried to civilize the locals (France), taught them to farm, founded monastary near poitiers, had monastic movement spread west, built small room next to cathedral to live moastic life, helped convert Gaul to Christianit, he wanted to live free but people followed him so he could be the bishop of Tours, the people ordained him
Charlesmagne
He was the son of Pepin. After Pepin died, Charles became ruler. He became know as Charles the Great. His kingdon grew into an empire. The Pope was impressed with him and crowned him the new Roman Emperor., (768-814A.D.) Emperor of the Romans. Built an empire from Spain/Italy to Central Europe. He divided the empire into counties. Had missi dominici's who checked on the counts., built an empire greater than any known since ancient Rome, reunited western Europe for the first time sine the Roman Empire, made empire larger than Byzantine
What were the primary reasons for the decline of the Western Roman Empire?
High government expenses and resulting increased in tax burden to the poor; population growth, famine and resulting high food prices; and Enlightenment ideas
Emperor Justinian and Empress Theodora
Justinian accompanied by Bishop Maximianus and leaders of church and state, presents the paten that will be used to hold the Eucharistic host; a complex and carefully controlled system of overlapping allows us to see these figures clearly and logically situated within a shallow space, moving in a stately procession from left to right toward the entrance to the church and the beginning of the liturgy
Christians
Name given to Jews and Gentiles who began to follow the teachings of Jesus. The name is first used in the City of Antioch.
Celt
Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90), Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.
tribunicia potestas
Roman magistrate of plebeian family, elected annually to defend the interests of the common people; only two were originally chosen in the early 5th century BC, but there were later ten. They could veto the decisions of any other magistrate., An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates. Given to Augustus and one of his main sources of authority early on. Allowed him to convene the Senate, Emperor Augustus recieves this, it gave him the power and ability of a Tribune to veto actions
typikon
Rule for the Service, arranged according to the Calendar of the year and the movable feasts; rules for the celebration of feasts, Set of rules for living in a monastary
The Kingdom of Charles the Bald
Son of Louis the Pious, inherited the Kingdom of Western France (modern day France.), Fairly bad West Carolingian monarch who was very weak and got a lot of Viking raids going on in his place. Levies taxes in Paris to deal
counties
Subdivisions of state government formed to carry out state laws, collect taxes, and supervise elections, basic unit for adminitristation of state gov't - typically governed by elected board or commission but move towards county administrators. Three forms of county org - commission form w some delegated powers (sheriff, treasurer, etc) - Comission-Administrator which uses an admin or an admin assistant to take over some commission powers - Council-Executive with a specifically elected executive., Local government and administrative agencies of the state, run by elected boards of supervisors; principle responsibilities include welfare, jails, courts, roads, and elections.
umma
The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)
Capetian Dynasty
The first French dynasty started, from the west Frankish lands after the last Carolingian ruler; the west Frankish nobles elected Hugh Capet as king in 987, creating France; however, the Capetian kings actually had little power, only over Ile- de- France (area around Paris), since the dukes did.
Donatists
They were Christians who had their own churches in Africa for almost a hundred years. They maintained that a denial to one's faith in the face of torture or execution could never be forgiven, and thus bishops who had been disloyal or who had cooperated with the Roman authorities could never again give real baptism. The validity of any given sacrament depended on the worthiness of the priest or bishop who administered it., A group of North African Christians that believed church cannot include those who betrayed the faith. Those people could not validly baptize or ordain to church office. The who lapsed in time of persecution were lapsi. Schism group. Claimed to be the true Catholic churches beginning. Think they're the only true Christians. Only perfect people could be Christians. Clark Ch 6.
college of cardinals
They were a group of people who are high clergy and wore red and their job was to choose a holy Pope. This was established in 1000.
the Tetrarchy
WHAT: refers to the division of the Roman Empire into a western and eastern empire, with subordinate divisions within the western and eastern empires, (rule by Four) WHO: Diocletian divided empire into 4 regions, 2 led by augusti and 2 CeasarsWHEN: 293, WHERE: Roman Empire, WHY: Diocletian knew that the empire had expanded its borders too far and there was no way for him to have control over the entire thing. I an attempt to hold onto his power, he divided the kingdom in half and took the name Augustus. Appointed another Augustus to rule over the other half of the empire. He both kingdom's in half again and both Augustus' appointed Caesars. Diocletian decided to step down from his role as emperor and convinced the other Augustus to as well. The two Caesars then took over as Augustus' and appointed new Caesars. This was Diocletian's attempt to solve the problem of succession. Augustus' were to choose Caesars they thought would be good rulers, and by the time the Augustus' died, the Caesars will already have had experience ruling and would be able to step up to Augustus and appoint a new Caesar who would eventually succeed them. This failed because the power hungry Caesar's ended up warring with the Augustus'
The Carolingian Renaissance
Was as a period of intellectual and cultural revival in the Carolingian Empire occurring from the late eighth century to the ninth century. During this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms, and scriptural studies. Creation of the Caroline minuscule, which is a script developed as a calligraphic standard in Europe so that the Latin alphabet could be easily recognized by the literate class from one region to another. (added spaces between words, capital and lowercase letters). Education and schools thrived during this time.
circuit judges
Within one circuit, there are many circuit judges, up to 30 judges in the largest circuit, the Ninth. When a case is appeals, 3 judges hear the appeal, taking briefs and hearing oral argument.
The Aenied
Written by Virgil. Story of Aeneas, a trojan soldier who finds rome after war. Also about the Trojan Horse
Rule of St. Benedict
Written in the sixth century, meant to be a guideline for communal monastic living. It divided today into a series of activities including: prayer, manual labor, and chanting. This included harsh rules like no joking or laughing with a punishment of beatings, Focused on obedience, humility, daily hours of prayer, modest living without possessions, hard work, and full obedience to the abbot. Excerpt from reading discusses at length the prohibition of possessions amongst monks as well as the distribution of items based on need.
jury
a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according to the evidence presented in a court of law
Beowulf
a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD, (Author unknown, date: around 10th century): first major work in Old English, heroic poem. Set in Scandinavia, the epic hero Beowulf defeats the monster Grendel to become king of the Geats. Possibly the product of oral tradition because of its inconsistent mix of pagan and Christian imagery.
Sassanids
a group of Persians who wanted to reestablish the borders of the old Persian empire. This meant reconquering all the land to the edge of the Mediterranean Sea from the Romans (Israel, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey), and also reconquering Egypt from the Romans. , barbarian group that invaded the east, expansionist, forced zoroastrianism on all they conquered, constantinople=trade=$$, prsecution of both religions, plague-no clear winner, emp destroyed
syncretic faith
absorbed and adopted many of the religious ideas of the east, christianity was one, got ideas from judaism, orphism, hellenistic thought, A faith that absorbed many of the religious ideas of the Western Mediterranian World, like Christmas, synchronized religions blended together, A faith that absorbed many of the religious ideas of the Western Mediterranian World.
Battle of Teutoburger Forest
battle in which a Roman legion was trapped near the Rhine river and defeated by a small group of barbarians. , 7-9 CE, 1st century CE, 3 legions under Varus cross the Rhine River into Germania, a romanized Arminius leads army into German ambush at this forest, Arminius wins and kills 20,000 roman soldiers, greatest defeat since Cannae, Germanic tribes remain free of Roman rule because Rome abandons the plan, this later influences the future shape of Europe
St. Patrick of Ireland
captured by Irish pirates, escapes and heads back to France where he becomes a priest; then travels back to Ireland to baptize people (Blends Irish culture to the church teachings), St. Patrick was a Scottish Bishop who converted the Irish. He often taught the Blessed Trinity using a shamrock.
Roma et Augustus
cult of loyalty; Roma was the god Augustus required everyone to honor, Augustus made this as a symbol of unity between the provinces and Rome, like a mascot. State religion
laeti
prisoners of war, were settled with their families in Gaul and Italy under the supervision of Roman prefects and landowners, Refugees, want a better life and be apart of Rome, from different places, given jobs by farming in poor areas,( refugees or prisoners of war )
Benet Biscop
saint who brough manuscripts and other treasures back from Italy, formed library where much research was done, - found/formed monasteries in England. Goes on a grand tour of all the monasteries so he can gather books for his library.Irish-Celtic culture permeated Roman Britian and Europe partly by way of monastis missels and books,
comites
senior offical or royal companion later called a count that persided over the civitas, Term meaning 'companions', referring to those who accompanied the emperors on their travels. In the military reorganization of the early 4th century CE, the name was given to high military and civil officials.
the Flavians
started with Vespasian; principate is now monarchy; expanded emperor's power; includes 3 emperors: Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian; ends in 96AD when Domitian was assassinated for his cruelty
civitas
state, citizenship, the city and surrounding territory served as a basis of the adminstrative system in the Frankish kingdom
pagans
term Christians generally used to refer to the various polytheistic religions that are not Christianity; non-religion
How did the transition from a secular to church-controlled state happen in the Western Empire?
wu di continued qin dynasty but lessened the stress and the harshness, kept what qin had done to keep it existing, but relaxing strictness and brutality (that made the first ruler hated), it was a confucian system with a legalist background, they had the mandate of heaven, so the emperor was supported, showed that through control, the change is able to be beneficial-there is less stress on the people improving what caused stress before, both continued trading system, qin unified china and the han dynasty expanded and made it a lot less cruel
