HIST 102 final

Under the Ming dynasty, China's economy boomed, allowing cities to grow. What portion of the Chinese population lived in urban environments?

10 percent

According to best estimates, Aztec society comprised approximately __________ people in the late fifteenth century.

25 million

Which of the following were the five leading Afro-Eurasian hubs of maritime trade in the late tenth century?

Alexandria, Cairo, Quilon, Melaka, and Quanzhou

Which of the following was a long-term effect of the Atlantic trade on Africa

American food crops produced more calories per acre than traditional African staples, which partially offset the population loss of the slave trade

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?

Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

Where did Muslim elites look for cultural inspiration?

China and the east

Which response best describes Columbus's reaction to encountering the New World?

Columbus thought he had found Asia, even though he had accidentally "discovered" something else.

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations?

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

Which of the following represents a key lesson the Spanish learned from the conquest of the Aztec Empire?

Conquest needed to be completed quickly

Which of the following statements is true about Buddhism in India from the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries?

Elements were mixed into Hinduism, with Hindus considering Buddha to be one of their deities.

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

What was the winning advantage of the Spanish against the Aztec Empire?

European diseases

Why did the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople spread panic among Europeans?

Europeans feared that the Ottomans would hinder their trade with Asia.

By 1789, which country held the richest sugar colony?

France

Which of the following was a consequence of the fact that European buyers preferred male slaves?

Gender imbalance in the Americas contributed to the continuation of the transatlantic slave trade.

Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death?

He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession

How did European seaborne commerce in Asia compare with its commerce in the Americas?

In Asia, European merchants struggled to conquer empires or control large territories

How did the Ottoman Empire view trade?

It actively encouraged and protected trade.

Which of the following best describes the Chinese armada headed by Zheng He?

It aimed to control trade and tribute, not secure more territory.

Which of the following best describes Portuguese exploration

It gradually took the Portuguese around the Cape of Good Hope into the Indian Ocean.

What is true of the encomienda system?

It led to great numbers of Amerindians perishing from disease, malnutrition, and overwork.

How did the Black Death impact the Church's influence in Europe?

It stimulated hostility and resentment against the Church among some Christians.

Which best describes the Holy Roman Empire?

It was a loose confederation of principalities clustered mainly in central Europe.

What was a main cause of the Cahokia's downfall?

Its inhabitants depleted their resources until they could no longer sustain their civilization.

In the days of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japanese culture blended elements of __________ cultures.

Japanese, European, and Chinese

Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century?

Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades

What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies

Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies.

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia?

Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

Which of the following helped to destabilize the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth century

Military campaigns and a growing population strained the empire's resources.

After the Yuan dynasty collapsed in China, it was replaced by the

Ming Dynasty

Which is an accurate comparison of the Ottoman, Mughal, and Ming Chinese leaders during this period?

None benefited substantially from the foreign commerce in which their merchants engaged

How did relations between the Ottoman Empire and its merchants compare with those between European nation-states and their merchants?

Ottoman merchants regularly feuded with rulers, whereas European merchants tended to have a mutually beneficial relationship with rulers.

A Christian state that looked to Byzantium for spiritual, cultural, and architectural inspiration developed in

Russia

What was the primary commodity used by Europeans to trade with the Chinese?

Silver

Which of the following "commodity" lists best describes the Atlantic trade of the seventeenth century?

Silver, sugar, and slaves

Which of the following accurately describes labor on Caribbean sugar plantations?

Slaves often dropped dead from exhaustion, working up to sixteen-hour days

Which of the following was the most lucrative source of wealth for European planters in the Americas in the seventeenth century?

Sugar

Much of China's silver imports came from Japan and

The Americas

What is the best explanation for how China avoided the religious warfare of post-Reformation Europe?

The Chinese believed in a cosmic unity and emperors promoted religious tolerance.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch?

The Dutch did not proselytize

For what reason did the Dutch kill or enslave nearly the entire population of the Banda Islands?

The Dutch wanted to buy nutmeg at a low price in the Banda Islands and sell nutmeg at many times that price in Europe.

Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians?

The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways.

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century?

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

How did the Mongol invasions contribute to the rise of the Ottomans?

The Mongols' military forays opened up Anatolia to new political forces.

Which response describes the relationship between Ottoman power and Islamic religious authority?

The Ottomans built new mosques, supported religious schools, and claimed they were caretakers for the welfare of Islam.

What was Portugal's strategy when approaching Indian Ocean commerce?

The Portuguese used cannons to bombard ports, rival navies, and enemy merchants

What was a consequence of the Turkish invasions of India?

The Turks retained their Islamic beliefs but thought of themselves as Indian.

What was an effect of early Ottoman rulers' decision to avoid trade with the outside world?

The decision led to Ottoman rulers becoming dependent on loans of silver from wealthy merchants.

Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires

The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy.

How did Japanese leaders respond to China's growing power?

They distanced themselves from Chinese culture and developed their own identity

How did Dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce?

They established a stock exchange, a banking system, and a system for insuring cargoes.

How did European monarchs strengthen their rule during the fourteenth century?

They established rules of succession to keep their lineage in power

The Chimú Empire, the Toltecs, and the Cahokia had which of the following in common between 1000 and 1300?

They had strong commercial expansionist impulses.

Which of the following strategies contributed to the early success of the Qing dynasty?

They presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional Chinese culture.

What was the major reason that European states wanted to prevent their New World colonies from trading with other states?

They wanted to prevent the spread of wealth to states other than their own.

Which of the following best characterizes the Mongols?

They were nomads whose warriors could ride up to seventy miles per day.

Which of the following was the most common way that African slaves in the Americas resisted the conditions of their enslavement?

Thousands of slaves fled to the remote interiors of Brazil or the Caribbean islands

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean?

Three years

What was one of the most significant effects of severe climate conditions on the Islamic world

Turkish groups from central Asia invaded a weakened Abbasid state in Mesopotamia

In general, the slave trade helped shift wealth toward which African social group?

Warrior elites

Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states?

Weak rulers and internal divisions

Spain's decision to support Columbus's westward expedition resulted in part from

a desire to expand Spanish wealth and power and to liberate Jerusalem.

In the period between 1000 and 1300, India was

a diverse mosaic of different cultures, religions, and ethnicities.

Which of the following was the principal long-term effect of the Crusades

a hardening of Muslim opinion against Franks and nonwestern Christians

Attempts to Christianize America's indigenous populations led to

a hybridization or mixture of Christian and indigenous American beliefs.

John Locke and Adam Smith believed that the best system to govern society was

a mixed system of authority and freedom

The Mughals

absorbed and adopted European military technology

What characterized the general attitude of Islamic rulers toward religious minorities?

acceptance of religious minorities as long they accepted Islam's ultimate political dominion

What aspects of intellectual life reflected the aspirations and commitments of the Safavid ruling elite?

architecture and art that celebrated Shiite visions of the sacred and reinforced the authority of the empire

Between 1000 and 1300, Afro-Eurasia

became a unified "world" through trade and migration.

The Renaissance led to new ideas about politics that

began to lay the foundations for new forms of government that challenged the traditional sources of authority.

The epidemic associated with the Black Death impacted Eurasian institutions by

challenging the power of religious authorities.

During the days of Columbus, most Europeans viewed the peoples of the Americas as either

childlike innocents or savages.

In its dealings with European traders, the Ming dynasty government

confined them to port cities

The Ming court generally believed that international trade was

dangerous enough to ban it but not so much to completely enforce the ban.

The position of sultan combined which the following social functions

defender of the faith, protector of the holy cities, military commander

The Ming dynasty emperors used _________ to enhance their legitimacy.

elaborate rites and ceremonies

The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by

failure to respond effectively to natural disasters

Based on current understanding, which of the following laid the foundation for the rapid spread of the Black Death throughout Eurasia?

famines, droughts, and cooler weather in Eurasia caused by climate change

Which response best describes Ottoman culture?

flexible, relatively tolerant, and diverse

In early modern Europe, the printing press

gave voice to political views different from those of the king.

Which of the following groups did the church persecute in the aftermath of the Black Death?

heretics, Jews, Muslims, prostitutes, homosexuals, and "witches"

Which of the following contributed to the strength of the Mongols

horseback-riding technologies, such as stirrups and saddles

Which of the following contributed the most to the maritime revolution that facilitated the growth of long-distance trade?

improved navigational aids, such as the needle compass

Which of the following contributed to the development of Europe's Christian identity?

increase in the number of churches and universities

Mughal strength rested on

military power

For which artistic medium were artisans in the Oyo Empire and Benin best known?

refined metal and bronze works

The Ottoman state and western European states

regularly fought one another over religious and economic issues.

In the sixteenth century, the Reformation led to

religious warfare between Protestants and Catholics.

Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance?

rising interest in Roman and Greek antiquity

The African slave trade under Islam

sold slaves to work as soldiers, sailors, domestic servants, or plantation workers.

In general, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the church

supported political dynasties in their efforts to consolidate and rule over the population of western Europe.

The figures of Sundiata and Mansa Musa and the cities of Jenne and Timbuktu correspond to what African polity?

the Empire of Mali

A common response to the Black Death in both Europe and China was

the birth of popular religious movements

What effect did new Chinese technologies have on Song China?

the world's first manufacturing revolution

Why did Great Britain take control of eastern Australia?

to create a prison colony

As a center of intellectual life and learning, Timbuktu

was a major point of congregation, bringing together knowledge from around the Muslim world.

Which of the following attracted Europeans to Asia?

wealth and the profits it offered merchants and kings alike

Under Akbar, Mughal India represented one of the world's __________ empires

wealthiest

Which of the following areas in the Eurasian world experienced the greatest degree of social fragmentation in the wake of the Black Death?

western Europe