HIST 102 Midterm Multiple Choice study guide (50-100)
The New Sciences were allowed to flourish in northern Europe, especially in the Netherlands and England, mainly because of:
A certain liberty of investigation that other areas lacked.
The _________, a primary target of English privateers, carried silver from Mexico to China annually and returned laden with Chinese silks, porcelain and lacquerware.
Acapulco-Manila treasure fleet.
All of the following statements are true of the Portuguese interaction or contacts in West Africa EXCEPT:
African agriculturalists became much more productive after adopting Portuguese iron plow shears.
The Spaniards pioneered silver mining innovations, such as the _________ method, which facilitated extraction through the use of mercury.
"patio"
When the Portuguese conquered Brazil, the indigenous population was estimated to be nearly _________ inhabitants.
5 million
The English Civil War (1642-1651) resulted in:
A short-lived theocracy.
In the presence of the German emperor Ferdinand III in 1672, Otto von Guericke demonstrated that:
A vacuum could be created by pumping the air out of two sealed spheres.
The Jewish community of ___________ excommunicated Baruch Spinoza for heresy, since he seemed to make God immanent in the world.
Amsterdam
On St. _______'s Day in August 1572, the Catholic king and aristocracy of France perpetrated a wholesale slaughter of thousands of Huguenots.
Bartholomew
Acquiring wealth with the help of money and thereby perhaps gaining a glimpse of one's fate became one of the hallmarks of ____________.
Calvinism
Cortés captured the last emperor of the Aztecs, ________, in 1521 and executed him in 1525.
Cuauhtémoc
"Renaissance" thinkers and artists considered their period a time of "rebirth" (the literal meaning of the word in the _______ language).
French
Because _________ universities and scientific academies refused to admit women, in contrast to their counterparts in other countries, the salon became a bastion of well-placed and respected female scholars.
French
The following statement is true of John Calvin:
He believed that all humans were predestined for heaven or hell before their birth.
By declaring that "Paris is well worth a Mass", Henry IV meant that:
He would convert to Catholicism in order to hold France together.
In 1649, a group of 70 mostly landless farmers and day laborers occupied "common" land about 25 miles south of ________ and set up a communal farm there.
London
The largest of the Atlantic port cities in the British colonies of North America was _________, followed closely by New York.
Philadelphia
The primary mining centers in colonial Spanish America were _______ in southeastern Peru (today's Bolivia) and Zacatecas and Guanajuato in northern Mexico.
Potosí
The term "casta" originated in the desire of the Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________.
Racial mixture
When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V.
Tenochtitlán
All of the problems below began disturbing Roman Catholic laypeople and some clergy from the later 15th century onward, EXCEPT:
The Church's high taxation of peasants.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas?
The Spaniards significantly outnumbered the native population.
One of the indicators of the success of Portuguese settlements in the Brazilian interior was:
The intermarriage of settlers with surrounding indigenous chieftain families.
The central objective of the "Glorious Revolution" in Britain was the:
The offering of a joint monarchy to the Protestant William III and Mary II.
The main impulse for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was:
The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia.
The indigo plant, which _____________, contributed to a booming economy in South Carolina starting in the 1740s.
Was processed into a dye.
The following sequence of events is correct:
1) Beginning of Luther's Reformation 2) French War of Religion 3) Thirty Years' War 4) "Glorious Revolution" in England.
A Native American reported an appearance of Our Lady of _________ in 1531, in a place where the native goddess Tonantzin used to be venerated.
Guadalupe
For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America.
Bolivia
All of the following is true of the period called "The Renaissance," EXCEPT:
Byzantine, or Eastern Orthodox, Christianity became more influential in Western Europe, weakening the Roman papacy and leaving it vulnerable to Protestant incursions.
A standoff between the Parliament and King _________ of England (and Scotland) led to civil war and the king's execution in 1649.
Charles I
The Spaniards' primary justification for their conquest of the New World was:
Christ's command to covert the heathen populations in the newly discovered lands.
The innovations of Desiderius Erasmus helped lay the foundations for modern:
Critical textual research
Coffeehouses allowed the literate urban public to meet, read __________, and exchange ideas.
Daily newspapers
The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world.
Diseases
Spain refused to recognize the "United Provinces of the ____________ Republic" until 1648.
Dutch
The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________ entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources.
Encomiendas
The original English colonies in North America went from being merely English to being part of a "British" empire after the _________.
English-Scottish union of 1707
The "conquistadors" Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Alonso Ortíz all originated in the Spanish region of __________.
Estremadura
At about the same time, _________, a relative of Cortés, conceived of a plan to conquer the Andean empire of the Incas after hearing rumors about an empire of gold and silver to the south.
Francisco Pizarro
The lasting achievement of the Marquise de Châtelet was:
Her translation of Newton's Mathematical Principles from Latin into French.
The English and French colonies of North America, lacking a sustainable native industry at first, moved further south in order to develop an agricultural base following the plantation system for growing _________, thus joining the Spanish and Portuguese exploitation of America's sub-tropical agricultural resources.
Indigo and rice
In 1690, the bishop of Puebla criticized the analysis of the Biblical incident of ____________ by Juana Inés de la Cruz in her own treatise.
Jesus's washing the feet of his disciples at the Last Supper.
Despite the appearance of his beaming benevolence at Versailles, the "absolutist" rule of ____________ was a complex mixture of centralized and decentralized forces.
Louis XIV
Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, an Aztec slave who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Malinche
The pattern of settlement in North America in the seventeenth century followed the trail of French, English and Dutch _________ who grew their own food and traded with the local natives for furs.
Merchant investors
All of the following are true of Maria Cunitz, one of the most remarkable scientific thinkers of the seventeenth century, EXCEPT:
She was a nun who lived and studied among the Cistercian monks.
Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior.
Slave raids
In Brazil, black freedmen and mulattoes:
Were equal in percentage of the population to Creoles
In the early 17th century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French.
Western Hispaniola