hist 1301 exam 4
John Brown
Slavery remained an emotional and symbolic issue 1859: John Brown's raid on federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia Raid failed but aroused sympathy in the North May 24, 1856: John Brown attacked proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek -Harpers Ferry, Virginia ▪October 1859: John Brown's Raid -John Brown led an interracial group of men who took over a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, hoping to spark a slave revolt -Brown and some men were captured by federal troops under the command of Robert E. Lee -Brown was tried for treason, murder, and conspiracy and found guilty -He was executed on December 2, 1859
ch 15 Compare and contrast the treatment of the different types of European immigrants
Slums such as the notorious Five Points district in New York City were characterized by overcrowding, poverty, disease, and crime. Recognizing that these conditions created potential dangers for the entire urban population, middle-class reformers worked to professionalize police forces, introduce sanitary water and sewage-disposal systems, and upgrade housing. They made some progress before the Civil War, but the lot of the urban poor, mainly immigrants, was not dramatically improved. Most urban immigrants' lives remained unsafe, unhealthy, and unpleasant.
Know why South Carolina began the succession movement in 1860 end ch 15
Southern states that seceded immediately after Lincoln's election in 1860 did so because they had already been planning it in the event of a Republican victory. Their motivation involved what they perceived as a threat to the institution of slavery, which their economy was dependent upon.
Know the goals of both the North and South at the start of the Civil War
To achieve emancipation, the Union had to invade the South, defeat the Confederate armies, and occupy the Southern territory. The Civil War began as a purely military effort with limited political objectives. The North was fighting for reunification, and the South for independence.
Explain the origins of the Know Nothing, Free Soil and the Republican Parties
-1849: Know-Nothing Party formed ▪Began as secret organization; members were to say "I know nothing" when asked about it ▪Anti-immigrant ▪Appealed to native-born Protestants ▪Party split over Kansas-Nebraska issue in 1856 The Free Soil Party ran former president Martin Van Buren as its presidential candidate in the election of 1848, with a platform that included banning slavery in the Mexican Cession. -Republican party united groups ▪Former Whigs, Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers, Northern Democrats ▪Appealed to northern sectional sympathies ▪Defended West for white, small farmers ▪Leaders were seasoned politicians
Discuss the importance of the Dred Scott v. Sanford Supreme Court case
-1857: Dred Scott v. Sandford ▪Scott a Missouri slave who sued for his freedom ▪Said he had lived for years in area where Missouri Compromise had outlawed slavery -Supreme Court ruled that: ▪No African American could be a citizen of the United States, so Scott had no right to sue ▪Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in territories, so Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional -North viewed decision as act of "slave-power conspiracy" -Ruling supported Republican claim that branches of government were dominated by aggressive slave power The Dred Scott decision stripped American blacks—free and slave alike—of most legal rights. Finally, Lincoln chose to oppose slavery on moral grounds, making freedom a human (and not simply legal) right. Dred Scott case Scott was a slave whose master took him to Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory, both of which prohibited slavery His master moved him to Missouri, a slave state Scott then sued for his freedom, arguing that his master had taken him to free states, so he was no longer a slave Case went to U.S. Supreme Court, where he lost
Know the results of the 1844, 1848, 1852, 1856, 1860, and 1864 Presidential Elections
-Election of 1844 ▪Martin Van Buren against annexation; lost nomination ▪James K. Polk ran on expansionist platform and won -Polk garnered a narrow popular margin -Liberty Party took Whig antislavery votes from candidate Henry Clay; affected outcome ▪After Polk's victory, Congress approved annexation of Texas Election of 1848 Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan supported popular sovereignty General Zachary Taylor ran without a platform Former President Martin Van Buren ran under new Free-Soil Party Taylor won; sought immediate admittance of California and New Mexico as states Election of 1852 Whig Winfield Scott Allied with northern antislavery wing of party Lost in a landslide to Democrat Franklin Pierce, who swept the Deep South and free states Whigs failed because they lacked a program distinct from Democrats with appeal to both sections of the country Voters perceived Democrats as reliable supporters of Compromise of 1850 Candidates in 1856 Republican John C. Frémont Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore Democrat James Buchanan Election really two separate races North: Frémont vs. Buchanan South: Fillmore vs. Buchanan Buchanan won, but Frémont swept upper North and garnered majority of popular vote South: Results brought relief but anxiety Existence of sectional party that wanted to restrict slavery Unified Democratic Party under southern control was last hope •The Election of 1860 -Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln ▪Party wanted to win Illinois ▪Lincoln a moderate ▪Lincoln a self-made man, embodying Republican ideal of equal opportunity -Republican platform meant to broaden party's appeal in North ▪High protective tariff ▪Free homesteads ▪Federal aid for improvements, like transcontinental railroad Candidate Party Popular Vote Electoral Vote* Lincoln Republican 2,213,655 212 McClellan Democratic 1,805,237 21
Explain the outcome of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-February 2, 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ▪Ceded New Mexico and California to United States for $15 million ▪Established Rio Grande as Texas-Mexico border ▪Promised that United States would assume financial claims of American citizens against Mexico ▪By June, just months after Mexico singed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, nation caught the fever of California gold Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Signed in 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico relinquished its claims to Texas and ceded an additional 500,000 square miles to the United States for $15 million.
Discuss the importance of habeas corpus and why it was suspended during the Civil War
-Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 ▪Allowed president to suspend write of habeas corpus Presidents suspend civil liberties in times of military conflict to maintain public order and safety, reducing distractions that take away from the war effort. A danger in interfering with the basic rights given to all citizens in the U.S. Constitution is the opportunity for abuse of the power, such as removing rights in order to silence critics or advance a political agenda. The Supreme Court ruled that the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act did not authorize creation of military tribunals or imposition of martial law where courts were working.
Explain the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
-Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 ▪Allowed special federal commissioners to decide the fate of alleged fugitives without a jury trial or testimony of the accused ▪Required individual citizens to assist in capture if called on Prohibited local authorities from interfering
Discuss the origins of the Ku Klux Klan
-Greensboro, North Carolina ▪Ku Klux Klan -Founded by former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest in Tennessee -Largest terrorist organization in U.S. history -Spread across South after Civil War -Employed violence and intimidation to: •Defeat Republican candidates •Keep black from the polls •Deprive freedpeople of their rights -Between 1868 and 1872: Rise of secret societies ▪Ku Klux Klan formed in 1866 in Tennessee ▪Wanted to restore white supremacy by intimidating blacks ▪Used lawless and brutal tactics ▪Thrived on local initiative and support ▪Difficult to suppress ▪Some victims threatened; others whipped or murdered -Methods first used in presidential election of 1868 ▪Klan's reign of terror to keep blacks from voting ▪Political violence claimed lives of 1,000 African Americans in Louisiana and 200 Republicans in Arkansas Ku Klux Klan: A secret terrorist society first organized in Tennessee in 1866. The original Klan's goals were to disfranchise African Americans, stop Reconstruction, and restore the prewar social order of the South. The Ku Klux Klan re-formed in the twentieth century to promote white supremacy and combat aliens, Catholics, and Jews.
Discuss the origins and results of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson
-Johnson obstructed congressional plans ▪Dismissed officeholders who supported Radical Reconstruction ▪Countermanded orders of generals in charge of southern military districts ▪Congress limited presidential power -Tenure of Office Act: Required Senate approval for removal of officials who had been appointed with Senate's consent -Limited Johnson's authority to issue orders to military commanders ▪Johnson said restrictions violated separation of powers -Congress began calling for Johnson's impeachment -January 1868: Johnson ordered General Grant to replace Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a Radical ▪Grant refused to defy Congress; General Lorenzo Thomas agreed to serve ▪House impeached Johnson on February 24 for disobeying Tenure of Office Act -Republicans one vote short of conviction ▪Failure embarrassed the Republicans ▪Johnson pledged to enforce Reconstruction Acts Radicals had at least neutralized his opp
Discuss the importance of the Reconstruction Act of 1867
-Radical Reconstruction: Compromise plan between Radicals and moderates ▪Based on assumption that armed with vote, blacks could protect themselves against white supremacists ▪Signaled retreat from Radical position that federal authority needed to complete reconstruction Radical Reconstruction: The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 divided the South into five military districts. They required the states to guarantee black male suffrage and to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment as a condition of their readmission to the Union.
Abraham Lincoln
1858: Abraham Lincoln vs. Stephen Douglas in Illinois Senate race Lincoln: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." Douglas charged Lincoln with endangering the Union by wanting to abolish slavery Lincoln distinguished between tolerating slavery in the South and allowing it to expand elsewhere Douglas accused Lincoln of believing in racial equality Republicans chose Abraham Lincoln Party wanted to win Illinois Lincoln a moderate Lincoln a self-made man, embodying Republican ideal of equal opportunity Although Lincoln lost the contest for the Senate seat in 1858, the Lincoln-Douglas debates established his reputation as a rising star of the Republican Party. A lawyer by profession, Lincoln belonged to the Whig Party before becoming a Republican. Despite being relatively inexperienced politically, he demonstrated his speaking skills during his debates with Stephen Douglas. On February 27, 1860, Abraham Lincoln gave a campaign speech at Cooper Union in front of 1,500 people that helped him win the presidency. In this forceful, hour-long speech, he proved that the Founders intended to regulate slavery. On his way there, he stopped at photographer Mathew Brady's studio. Brady's "Cooper Union Portrait" became the iconic image of President Lincoln. During the war, Lincoln did not fashion a final, comprehensive plan for reconstruction Favored lenient policy 1863: Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction Offered full pardon to southerners who took oath of allegiance to Union and accept emancipation Ten Percent Plan: Once 10 percent of state's voters had taken oath, they could set up government By 1864: Louisiana and Arkansas had set up Unionist governments Lincoln's goal was to weaken southern causes
ch 14 Compare and contrast nativism from the 19th to the 21st centuries
Nativism: Movements and sentiments hostile to immigrants and immigration Has recurred throughout American history First surge: 1830s to 1850s, "Know-Nothing" Party: Anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant Peaked again: Early twentieth century, leading to passage of discriminatory quota system in 1924
Andrew Johnson
Abraham Lincoln's vice president and successor Andrew Johnson, from Tennessee, detested the southern slaveholding elite, but had almost as much disdain for African Americans. Andrew Johnson became president in 1865 after the assassination of President Lincoln. He was the first president to be impeached, after a lengthy battle with Congress over the fate of Reconstruction. Andrew Johnson at the Helm Johnson born into poverty in Tennessee Illiterate till adulthood Became spokesman for Tennessee's nonslaveholding whites Held several offices; 1857: Elected to U.S. Senate 1861: Only senator from a Confederate state who remained loyal to Union and stayed in Washington Not antislavery and not friendly to blacks Supported emancipation to destroy hated planter class Radical Republicans initially supported Johnson 16.1.2 Andrew Johnson at the Helm Johnson's Reconstruction plan Southern states given provisional governors Governors would call constitutional conventions Participation required taking oath of allegiance Confederate leaders and those with taxable property of $20,000 or more had to apply for presidential pardons Convention delegates urged to: Declare secession illegal Repudiate Confederate debt Ratify Thirteenth Amendment Then state governments could be reestablished under constitutions meeting these conditions 16.1.2 Andrew Johnson at the Helm Johnson happy with results of conventions, but Congress wasn't Some states approved recommendations with qualifications All constitutions limited suffrage to whites States passed Black Codes, restricting freedom of former slaves Vagrancy and apprenticeship laws, which forced African Americans to work and denying choice of employers Laws denying blacks right to testify in court Separate penal code for blacks Prominent ex-Confederates elected to Congress in 1865 Congress refused to seat southern delegations Congress did not recognize new state governments Andrew Johnson's successful defense against conviction in his impeachment case centered on his invocation of the Constitution to defend his presidential rights and powers. Impeached in 1868, Johnson escaped conviction by a single vote. Furious at Congress, President Andrew Johnson went on a speaking tour of the Northeast and Midwest Called "Swing Around the Circle" Went to drum up support for Democrats in 1866 midterm elections Tried to convince voters that he had the right to oppose the Civil Rights Act and Freedmen's Bureau Radical Republicans heckled him, with a particularly hostile crowd in Cleveland Increasingly bad press Became clear that Johnson had ruined himself politically
Stephen Douglas
Act fashioned by Senator Stephen Douglas; offered "popular sovereignty" as a middle ground between slavery and freedom Stephen Douglas, the most prominent spokesman of the young Americans Movement, during the debate over Kansas. Stephen Douglas, the "Little Giant" from Illinois, won election to Congress when he was just 30 years old. Four years later, he was elected to the Senate.
Describe the philosophy of popular sovereignty
Act fashioned by Senator Stephen Douglas; offered "popular sovereignty" as a middle ground between slavery and freedom The Kansas-Nebraska Act applied the principle of popular sovereignty to voters in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, allowing them to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery in their territories. The act repudiated the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had prohibited slavery in the territory of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30' latitude. George Caleb Bingham's The Verdict of the People (after 1855) celebrates the application of the principle of popular sovereignty in Kansas. The painting suggests that the issue of slavery could be decided without bloodshed, but the actual process was anything but peaceful. -Popular sovereignty ▪To northern Democrats: Settlers determined status of slavery at first meeting of a territorial legislature ▪To southern Democrats: Decision made when convention drew up a constitution and applied for statehood popular sovereignty: The concept that the settlers of a newly organized territory had the right to decide (through voting) whether to accept slavery.
James K Polk
After eight ballots, a dark-horse candidate—James K. Polk of Tennessee—emerged triumphant. Polk, a protégé of Andrew Jackson, had been speaker of the House and governor of Tennessee. An expansionist, Polk ran on a platform calling for the simultaneous annexation of Texas and assertion of American claims to all of Oregon. He identified himself and his party with the popular cause of turning the United States into a continental nation, an aspiration that attracted support from all parts of the country. Polk won the election by a relatively narrow popular margin. He secured his triumph in the Electoral College by winning New York and Michigan,
Discuss the origins of the Mexican American War
Although Mexico had offered to recognize Texas independence in 1845 to forestall annexation to the United States, it rejected the Lone Star Republic's dubious claim to the unsettled territory between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. When the United States annexed Texas and assumed its claim to the disputed area, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations and prepared for war.
Ulysses S. Grant
In the West, Vicksburg, Mississippi, fell to Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant, new general in chief of Union army, led assaults on Confederate forces there March 1864: Grant ordered invasion of the South on all fronts William Sherman marched through Georgia Grant laid siege to Richmond, Petersburg By 1864 Union military leaders: Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman Pursued modern strategy of total war against South, even civilians Reconstruction ended quickly 1868: Ulysses S. Grant elected president Historians blame Grant for inconsistency and failure of his southern policy Grant had no vision nor sense of duty to tackle nation's challenges Political issues replaced Reconstruction as focus of national politics Plight of African Americans in South receded in white consciousness
Discuss the importance of Ft. Sumter, where it was located and when it was attacked
April 13, 1861: Union's Fort Sumter fell to Confederate forces The fall of Fort Sumter was a watershed for the secessionist movement. Lincoln's election prompted the secession of seven states. In South Carolina, "cooperationism" was defeated, sparking other states to follow. Republicans rejected compromise on the question of slavery in new states, and Lincoln resolved to use force should the South strike first. In 1861 at Fort Sumter, it did. Fort Sumter is an island fortification located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina most famous for being the site of the first shots of the Civil War (1861-65).
Robert E. Lee
Brown and some men were captured by federal troops under the command of Robert E. Lee After seizing the armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, John Brown and his men simply waited for local slaves to rise in rebellion, giving the U.S. Marines, led by Robert E. Lee, ample opportunity to thwart Brown's ambitions. General Robert E. Lee forced to fall back south of Potomac Confederate General Robert E. Lee marched north to Gettysburg Failed to dislodge Union troops Lee and his army retreated Summer 1863: General Robert E. Lee moved north into Pennsylvania, Union territory
Discuss the importance of slavery in regards to Texan independence of 1836
But friction soon developed between the Mexican government and the Anglo-American colonists over slavery and the authority of the Catholic Church. Anglo-American settlers were not willing to become Mexicans. Yet under the terms of settlement, all people living in Texas had to become Mexican citizens and Roman Catholics. Slavery presented another problem. In 1829, Mexico freed all slaves under its jurisdiction. The Mexican government gave slaveholders in Texas an exemption that allowed them to emancipate their slaves and then force them to sign lifelong contracts as indentured servants, but many Texans refused to limit their ownership rights in any way. Settlers either converted to Catholicism in name only or ignored the requirement. A Mexican commission reported in 1829 that Americans in Texas were flagrantly violating Mexican law—refusing to emancipate their slaves, evading import duties on goods from the United States, and not converting to Catholicism. In 1830, the Mexican Congress prohibited further American immigration and importation of slaves to Texas. But the new law was feebly enforced, and the flow of settlers, slaves, and smuggled goods continued. Texans complained about the lack of local self-government.
William Seward
But the main cause for Scott's crushing defeat was the support he lost in the South when he allied himself with the dominant northern antislavery wing of the party, led by Senator William Seward of New York. Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, a colorless nonentity compared to his rival, swept the Deep South and edged out Scott in most of the free states (see Table 14.2). The outcome revealed that the Whig Party lacked a program that would distinguish it from the Democrats and appeal to voters in both sections of the country. The Whigs had declined to such an extent that even a war hero like General Scott could not give the party a victory the way Taylor had four years earlier. The Republicans, sniffing victory and insensitive to the depth of southern feeling against them, met in Chicago on May 16 to nominate a presidential candidate. The initial front-runner, Senator William H. Seward of New York, had two strikes against him: He had a reputation for radicalism and a record of opposition to nativism. Most of the delegates wanted a less controversial nominee who could win two or three of the northern states that the Democrats had carried in 1856. Lincoln met their specifications: He was from Illinois, a state the Republicans needed to win; he seemed more moderate than Seward; and he had kept his distaste for Know-Nothingism to himself. He was also a self-made man, whose rise from frontier poverty to legal and political prominence embodied the Republican ideal of equal opportunity for all. Although the New Yorker William H. Seward had more delegates at first, the convention chose Lincoln on the third ballot, since he was not tainted with accusations of radicalism, like Seward was.
James Buchanan
Candidates in 1856 Democrat James Buchanan Bleeding Kansas: The Contest over Free Soil Lecompton, Kansas President James Buchanan recognized the document
Describe the term Manifest Destiny
Coined in 1845, this term referred to a doctrine in support of territorial expansion based on the belief that the United States should expand to encompass all of North America.
Explain the pros/cons of the Compromise of 1850 for the North and South
Compromise of 1850 Slavery prohibited in California Slave trade abolished in Washington, D.C., but slave trading allowed Utah and New Mexico were opened to slavery More stringent Fugitive Slave Act was passed Left Missouri Compromise line intact -Compromise of 1850 further illustrated how hard it was for both sections to agree about slavery in the western territories •Early phase of sectional controversy -Leaders of two national parties had vested interest in resolving crisis -Emotion and ideology less divisive than what came later -1850: Fragile compromise reached
Thomas "Stonewall". Jackson
Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson earned the nickname "Stonewall" for holding the line against the northern assault until reinforcements routed the invading force. The raw Union troops stampeded back to safety in Washington.
John Bell
In this cartoon from the 1860 election, candidates Lincoln and Douglas struggle for control of the country, while Breckinridge tears away the south. John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party futilely attempts to repair the damage to the torn nation.
Explain the importance of King Cotton Diplomacy
Cotton diplomacy refers to the diplomatic methods employed by the Confederacy during the American Civil War to coerce the United Kingdom and France to support the Confederate war effort by implementing a cotton trade embargo against the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe.
Know the major inventors and inventions of the mid-19th century end ch 13
Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical reaper The mechanical reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831 and patented in 1834, made harvesting grain easier. It could do ten times the work of a single person. John Deere invents steel plow John Deere's steel plow, invented in 1837 and mass produced by the 1850s, enabled midwestern farmers to cultivate the tough prairie soils that had resisted cast-iron implements. 1787 John Fitch Steamboat First successful American steamboat 1793 Eli Whitney Cotton gin Simplified process of separating fiber from seeds; helped make cotton a profitable staple of southern agriculture 1798 Eli Whitney Jig for guiding tools Facilitated manufacture of interchangeable parts 1802 Oliver Evans Steam engine First American steam engine; led to manufacture of high-pressure engines used throughout eastern United States 1813 Richard B. Chenaworth Cast-iron plow First iron plow to be made in three separate pieces, thus making possible replacement of parts 1830 Peter Cooper Railroad locomotive First steam locomotive built in America 1831 Cyrus McCormick Reaper Mechanized harvesting; early model could cut six acres of grain a day
Know the states that formed the Confederacy
Delegates from the Deep South met in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4 to establish the Confederate States of America. The convention acted as a provisional government while drafting a constitution. Relatively moderate leaders, most of whom had not supported secession until after Lincoln's election, dominated the proceedings and defeated or modified the pet schemes of extreme southern nationalists. Voted down were proposals to reopen the Atlantic slave trade, abolish the three-fifths clause (in favor of counting all slaves in determining congressional representation), and prohibit admitting free states to the new Confederacy.
Discuss the advantages that both the North and South had at the start of the Civil War
Economies of the North and South -Civil War physically divided a nation that was already divided socially and economically -War pitted two armies, two different societies, two different economies -North could restore Union only by destroying South so thoroughly that its government would collapse ▪North and South resorted to conscription laws in 1862 -Mobilization in the North ▪Corruption and inefficiency at first ▪By 1863, North's factories and farms were producing more than enough -Mobilization in the South ▪Needed to import most manufactured goods ▪Union blockade forced Confederacy to produce materials ▪Southern agriculture failed to meet needs -Planters did not shift to needed crops Rail lines inadequate to move both troops and food
Explain how the Civil War affected the Federal Government
Federal government Predominant over states Took activist role in economy, shifting relationship between government and private enterprise The Civil War changed the status of many social groups, including women, who took on new social roles after the death of male family members, and blacks, who were adjusting to free status in a white society. New national institutions, including benevolent organizations and banks, contributed to an "organizational revolution." The federal government grew stronger than ever.
Discuss the origins and goals for the Freedman's Bureau
Freedmen's Bureau, (1865-72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 newly freed African Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom.
ch 16 Discuss how the Redeemers restricted voting rights of blacks.
Furthermore, white Democrats now controlled the electoral machinery and manipulated the black vote by stuffing ballot boxes, discarding unwanted votes, or reporting fraudulent totals. Some states imposed complicated voting requirements to discourage black participation. Full-scale disfranchisement did not occur until literacy tests and other legalized obstacles to voting were imposed from 1890 to 1910, but by then, less formal and comprehensive methods had already made a mockery of the Fifteenth Amendment. Redeemers: A loose coalition of prewar Democrats, Confederate veterans, and Whigs who took over southern state governments in the 1870s, supposedly "redeeming" them from the corruption of Reconstruction. They shared a commitment to white supremacy and laissez-faire economics. Southern blacks knew that only political power could ensure rights Redeemers said they would protect rights of African Americans But attempts to vote were met with violence and intimidation
George McClellan
George McClellan replaced McDowell as commander of troops in the Washington area and then became general in chief when Scott was eased into retirement. All summer, Lee's forces battled McClellan's up and down the peninsula southeast of the city until McClellan withdrew. In September, Lee invaded Maryland, hoping to isolate Washington from the rest of the North. The bloodiest one-day battle of the war ensued. When the smoke cleared at Antietam on September 17, almost 5,000 men had been killed on the two sides and more than 18,000 wounded. The result was a draw, but Lee was forced to fall back south of the Potomac to protect his supply lines. McClellan was slow in pursuit, and Lincoln blamed him for letting the enemy escape. He replaced McClellan with General Ambrose E. Burnside, who was responsible for a disastrous assault on Confederate forces at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862. This Union defeat ended a year of bitter failure for the North in the East. General George McClellan, announced he would not be bound by the peace plank and would pursue the war. But he promised to end the conflict sooner than Lincoln could because he would not insist on emancipation as a condition for reunion. By late summer, Lincoln thought that he would lose
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Beecher Stowe's enormously successful novel helped shape many northerners' image of what a slaveholder was. Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin Stowe's novel, which portrayed slavery as a threat to the family, sold more than 300,000 copies in its first year and turned many previously uncommitted northerners into strong opponents of slavery.
Discuss the origins of Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow laws: Segregation laws enacted by southern states after Reconstruction. -Jim Crow laws ▪Term came from antebellum minstrel show; became synonym for a black person ▪Segregation and disfranchisement began as informal arrangements ▪Took firm hold in the 1890s -Southern blacks knew that only political power could ensure rights ▪Redeemers said they would protect rights of African Americans ▪But attempts to vote were met with violence and intimidation -Democrats controlled electoral process ▪Voting restrictions
John C. Fremont
John C. Fremont and expedition declared independence as Bear Flag Republic
John Deere
John Deere's steel plow, invented in 1837 and mass produced by the 1850s, enabled midwestern farmers to cultivate the tough prairie soils that had resisted cast-iron implements. Steel surface kept soil from sticking; farming thus made easier on rich prairies of Midwest
Henry Clay
Liberty Party took Whig antislavery votes from candidate Henry Clay; affected outcome The hypocrisy of the Fugitive Slave Act and Henry Clay's mixed motives are the focus of this 1851 cartoon. Whites preach the "blessings of liberty" at a free black man they are holding back from freedom as Clay turns his back on the man and talks to a northerner about the tariff. Henry Clay sought to reduce sectional tension Proposed admitting California as free Also proposed organizing the rest of the Mexican session without the Wilmot Proviso Sought to resolve boundary between New Mexico and Texas Recommended prohibiting slave sales at auction in District of Columbia For the South, called for more effective fugitive slave law Henry Clay, shown here addressing the Senate, helped negotiate the Compromise of 1850 to settle the dispute over the extension of slavery into territories acquired in the Mexican-American War. Daniel Webster, seated at left resting his head on his hand, supported Clay's proposed compromise. Ardent states' rightist John C. Calhoun, standing third from right, led the opposition.
Explain how plantation romances were viewed
Popular novelists produced a flood of "plantation romances" that glorified southern civilization and sneered at that of the North. The notion that planter "cavaliers" were superior to money-grubbing Yankees was the message that most southerners derived from the homegrown literature they read. In the North, prominent men of letters—Emerson, Thoreau, James Russell Lowell, and Herman Melville—expressed antislavery sentiments in prose and poetry, particularly after the outbreak of the Mexican-American War.
Explain why the railroad industry was successful end ch 14
Railroads connected vast regions of the United States and allowed for the efficient transport of goods. The geographic connections railroads allowed created a national market. No longer were goods and products regional. Instead mass production and distribution of items created larger corporations and enormous profits.
Discuss the importance of the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments in regards to civil rights
Ratification Process (3/4 of all states required, including ex-Confederate states) 13 Slavery prohibited in United States January 1865 December 1865 (27 states, including 8 southern states) 14 National citizenship; state representation in Congress reduced proportionally to number of voters disfranchised; former Confederates denied right to hold office; Confederate debt repudiated June 1866 Rejected by 12 southern and border states, February 1867; Radicals make readmission of southern states hinge on ratification; ratified July 1868 15 Denial of franchise because of race, color, or past servitude explicitly prohibited February 1869 Ratification required for readmission of Virginia, Texas, Mississippi, and Georgia; ratified March 1870
David Wilmot
Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania suggested amendment to a war appropriations bill August 1846: Free-Soil crusade began Wilmot Proviso Amendment to Mexican‒American War appropriations bill by David Wilmot (D-PA) Would ban all blacks from territories acquired from Mexico, providing economic opportunities for North's common folk Northern Whigs shared concern about competition from slaves and free blacks Proviso passed in House, with vote mostly along sectional lines Blocked in Senate by southern influence and Democratic loyalty to administration Wilmot Proviso: In 1846, shortly after the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced his amendment banning slavery in any lands won from Mexico.
jefferson Davis
Seven southern states convened in Montgomery to form the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as their president President Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and Vice President Alexander Stephens of Georgia Jefferson Davis, inaugurated as president of the Confederacy on February 18, 1861, was a West Point graduate and had served as secretary of war under President Franklin Pierce and as a U.S. senator. Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure Jefferson Davis Concerned mainly with military duties Greatest failing: Neglected civilian morale and economy Support eroded as war continued Lacked influence with state governments Had no organized party behind him
Explain the importance of the Texan Revolution and the major battles fought for independence
Texans complained about the lack of local self-government. Under the Mexican federal constitution, Texas was part of the state of Coahuila, and Texan representatives were outnumbered three to one in the state legislature. In 1832, the colonists showed their displeasure by rioting in protest against the arrest of Anglo-Americans by a Mexican commander. The Texans' status as "tolerated guests" was threatened in 1834 when General Antonio López de Santa Anna made himself dictator of Mexico and abolished its federal system. News of these developments reached Texas late in the year, along with rumors that the American immigrants were going to be disfranchised or even expelled. The Texans, already aroused by earlier restrictive policies, prepared to resist Santa Anna's effort to enforce tariff regulations. Santa Anna sent reinforcements. On June 30, 1835, before they arrived, settlers led by William B. Travis captured the Mexican garrison at Anahuac without firing a shot. The Texans first fought Mexican troops at Gonzales in October and forced a cavalry detachment to retreat. Shortly thereafter, Austin captured San Antonio along with most of the Mexican troops then in Texas.
William T Sherman
The Civil War occurred at a time when military technology was quickly rendering old military strategies, customs, and habits obsolete. Americans expected combat to look a lot like it did in previous wars, but improved artillery and conic-shaped musket bullets increased the lethal aim of armies, making defenses stronger and attacks far more deadly. Observers were shocked to see the carnage of modern warfare at Bull Run, which reached even more shocking proportions by the summer of 1863 and extended to a systematic targeting of the civilian population in Sherman's scorched-earth strategy that he deployed in his siege on Atlanta and subsequent March to the Sea. In the beginning of the war, the Union's Army of the Potomac under the leadership of General McClellan had proven reluctant to pursue military advantage and victory at all costs. But by 1864, military leaders like Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman pursued a modern strategy of total war against the South, including its civilians.
Explain the importance of the Enrollment Act of March 1863 and how one could avoid military service.
The Enrollment Act of March 1863, which provided for outright conscription of white males but permitted men to hire substitutes or pay a fee to avoid military service, provoked a violent response from those unable to buy their way out of service and unwilling to fight for blacks.
Discuss the results of the Mexican-American War
The Mexican-American War lasted much longer than expected because the Mexicans refused to make peace despite military defeats. In the first major campaign of the conflict, Taylor took Matamoros and overcame fierce resistance to capture the city of Monterrey.
ch 13 Analyze why immigrants were coming to America during the mid-19th century
The incentive to mechanize northern industry and agriculture came in part from a shortage of cheap labor. Compared to the industrializing nations of Europe, the economy of the United States in the early nineteenth century was labor-scarce. Since it was difficult to attract able-bodied men to work for low wages in factories or on farms, women and children were used extensively in the early textile mills, and commercial farmers had to rely on the labor of their family members. Labor-saving machinery eased but did not solve the labor shortage. Factories required more operatives. Railroad builders needed construction gangs. The growth of industrial work attracted many European immigrants during the two decades before the Civil War. Economic opportunity attracted most of the Irish, German, and other European immigrants to America. A minority, like some German revolutionaries of 1848, chose the United States because they admired its democratic political system.
Cyrus McCormick
The lithograph, by an anonymous artist, is titled The Testing of the First Reaping Machine near Steele's Tavern, Virginia, 1831. A revolution in farming followed the introduction of new farm implements such as Cyrus McCormick's reaper, which could do ten times the work of a single person. Mechanized harvesting; early model could cut six acres of grain a day
Explain the push/pull factors that led to Irish Immigration
The push factor that caused 1.5 million Irish to forsake the Emerald Isle between 1845 and 1854 was the great potato blight, which brought famine to a population that subsisted on this single crop. The low fares then prevailing on sailing ships bound from England to North America made escape to America possible. Ships involved in the timber trade carried their bulky cargoes from Boston or Halifax to Liverpool; as an alternative to returning to America partly in ballast, they packed Irish immigrants into their holds. The squalor and misery in these steerage accommodations were almost beyond belief. Because of the ports involved in the lumber trade—Boston, Halifax, Saint John's, and Saint Andrews—the Irish usually arrived in Canada or the Northeast. Immobilized by poverty and a lack of the skills required for pioneering in the West, most of them remained in the Northeast. By the 1850s, they constituted much of the total population of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and many smaller New England and Middle Atlantic cities. Forced into low-paid menial labor and crowded into festering urban slums, they were looked down on by most native-born Americans. Their devotion to Catholicism aroused Protestant resentment and mob violence. Racists even doubted that the Irish were "white" like other northern Europeans.
Explain the importance of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
This 1854 act repealed the Missouri Compromise, split the Louisiana Purchase into two territories, and allowed settlers of Kansas and Nebraska to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty. -1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act ▪Allowed Kansas and Nebraska to join Union as slave states if residents voted for slavery ▪Act fashioned by Senator Stephen Douglas; offered "popular sovereignty" as a middle ground between slavery and freedom ▪Northern Democrats left the party out of protest ▪Whig Party collapsed The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a Storm 1854: Stephen A. Douglas proposed bill to organize territory west of Missouri and Iowa Supported expansion of settlement and commerce Wanted to apply popular sovereignty to the area Hoped issue would unite Democrats Expected the Democratic nomination and presidency in 1856 South wanted amendment repealing the Missouri Compromise Douglas agreed Bill passed but issue split the Democrats -Kansas-Nebraska Act ▪Northerners saw bill as an abomination ▪Southerners felt obliged to support it ▪Catastrophe for sectional harmony -Repudiated compromise North viewed as binding compact -Made concession to South without equivalent to the North ▪Act destroyed second-party system -Whigs disintegrated -Democrats no longer a unifying national force ▪President Pierce's effort to acquire Cuba provoked antislavery firestorm The Kansas-Nebraska Act applied the principle of popular sovereignty to voters in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, allowing them to decide for themselves whether to permit slavery in their territories. The act repudiated the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which had prohibited slavery in the territory of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30' latitude.
Zachary Taylor
When the United States annexed Texas, it triggered a territorial dispute that became the Mexican-American War (1846 to 1848)—the premise for President Polk to realize his policy of Manifest Destiny and expand the United States to California. This print depicts General Zachary Taylor, who repulsed a larger Mexican army, at the Battle of Buena Vista, February 22-23, 1847. Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott took U.S. troops deep into Mexico to pursue Mexican armies General Zachary Taylor chased defeated Mexican forces south of the Rio Grande to Monterrey Polk unhappy with General Zachary Taylor Replaced him with General Winfield Scott Adopted a new strategy February 1847: General Zachary Taylor, Battle of Buena Vista ▪General Zachary Taylor ran without a platform election of 1848 The Free-Soil influence was decisive in the election; it split the New York Democratic vote, thus allowing Whig candidate Zachary Taylor to win New York and the presidency.
Explain why Lincoln was chosen as the Republican nominee in 1860
•Returned to politics in 1854 -Believed slavery unjust and should be tolerated to the extent that Constitution required -Became a Republican and leader of that party in Illinois -Chosen as party's presidential nominee in 1860 •Lincoln's election provoked southern secession and plunged nation into its greatest crisis -People were skeptical of his abilities -His training as a prairie politician would prove useful •Lincoln was an effective war leader -Identified wholeheartedly with northern cause -Inspired others to make sacrifices for that cause •Civil War put on trial the principle of democracy -Most European nations had rejected liberalism Lincoln believed preserving democratic ideal worth sacrifice of life
Explain the pros and cons of the Emancipation Proclamation
•The Coming of Emancipation -Pressure for emancipation ▪Slaveholding states within the Union would not endorse Lincoln's gradual plan ▪Union's defeats increased clamor for end of slavery ▪Would win sympathy for Union in Britain and France, keeping them from supporting South ▪Lincoln persuaded to wait till after a Union victory -September 22, 1862: Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation ▪Success at Antietam and political pressures ▪Gave Confederate states 100 days to surrender or lose slaves ▪No response from the South Emancipation Proclamation: On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln proclaimed that the slaves of the Confederacy were free. Since the South had not yet been defeated, the proclamation did not immediately free anyone, but it made emancipation an explicit war aim of the North. •The Coming of Emancipation -January 1, 1863: Lincoln declared all slaves in areas under Confederate control "shall be . . . forever free." ▪Justified as act of "military necessity" sanctioned by war powers ▪Authorized enlistment of freed slaves into the Union army ▪Did not extend to slave states loyal to the Union or to occupied areas, so did not free a single slave -As word spread among slaves, more ran away to northern armies -One-quarter of slave population gained freedom during the war under terms of Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln was skeptical of emancipation, although he favored it morally. Later he saw the strategic benefit of opposing slavery, so he declared the freedom of slaves in unoccupied areas in the January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation. Many African Americans escaped slavery and joined the Union army, helping to turn the tide of the war. Union victories helped reelect Lincoln in 1864.
Discuss the rise of the Radical Republican end ch 16
▪Radical Republicans -Minority in Congress -Strongly antislavery -Favored black male suffrage and other black rights Radical Republicans: Congressional Republicans who insisted on black suffrage and federal protection of civil rights of African Americans. • Lincoln saw individuals, not states, as having defied federal authority so he could use his pardoning power to certify a loyal electorate. \Both Lincoln and Johnson had their own notions of how Reconstruction should proceed. Radical Republicans who sought more protection for black rights challenged Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan. Later, when Johnson vetoed two bills, one to renew the Freedmen's Bureau and one to nullify the Black Codes, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to ensure equal rights to all Americans.
Discuss importance of the following Civil War Battles: Antietam, Bull Run, Gettysburg; Vicksburg
▪September 1862: Battle of Antietam -Bloodiest one-day battle of the war -Ended in a draw -General Robert E. Lee forced to fall back south of Potomac -September 22, 1862: Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation ▪Success at Antietam and political pressures -Bull Run, Virginia ▪War's beginning: Union optimistic about capturing Richmond, Confederate capital, quickly ▪July 1861: First battle of the war at Bull Run ▪Destroyed Union's optimism about a brief war Eyewitnesses saw horrors of modern warfare -North lost first major battle of war: Bull Run Creek in Virginia ▪Led to a shake-up in high command -Gettysburg, Pennsylvania ▪Confederacy's goal: Prevent Union troops from invading the South ▪Summer 1863: General Robert E. Lee moved north into Pennsylvania, Union territory ▪Three-day battle at Gettysburg -High cost in Confederate lives -Lee forced to retreat South on the defensive ▪Confederate General Robert E. Lee marched north to Gettysburg -Failed to dislodge Union troops -Lee and his army retreated In the East, after the hard-won Union victory at Gettysburg, the South never again invaded the North. In 1864 and 1865, Union armies gradually closed in on Lee's Confederate forces in Virginia. In the West, Vicksburg, Mississippi, fell to Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant In the western theater of war, Grant's victories at Port Gibson, Jackson, and Champion's Hill cleared the way for his siege of Vicksburg This painting depicts Grant's successful siege of Vicksburg. The Union victory helped the North achieve control of the Mississippi River.
