HIST 1301 Unit 3
Lowell, Massachusetts
the most famous center of early textile manufacturing employing young women
Barbary Wars
the new nation's first encounter with the Islamic world
turnpikes
tollroads
Summarize the specific circumstances that produced the Supreme Court's decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803), and explain the concept of judicial review, as well as how it increased the Supreme Court's power
-Marshall established the Court's power to review laws of Congress and the states -first landmark decision of the Marshall Court -Adams had appointed a number of justices of the peace for DC -Madison refused to issue the official document entitling them to assume their posts -Marbury sued for his office -declared unconstitutional as it exceeded the power of Congress as outlined in the Constitution as was therefore void -may have been entitled to his commission but the Court had no power under the Constitution to order Madison to deliver it -the Supreme Court had assumed the right to determine whether an act of Congress violates the Constitution (judicial review)
Explain why President Jefferson imposed the Embargo on U.S. trade with foreign countries, and evaluate the Embargo's effects
-Jefferson believed that economic health of the United States required freedom of trade with which no foreign government had a right to interfere -used trade as a weapon -the embargo act places a ban on all American vessels sailing for foreign ports -serious show of federal power which was unusual for Jefferson -brought back memories of the Intolerable Acts -the navy sealed off ports and seized goods without warrants and the army arrested accused smugglers -Jefferson hoped it would lead the Europeans to stop their interference with American shipping and reduce the occasion for impressment -destroyed American port economies and export cities
Explain why the Jefferson Administration was concerned about France's reacquisition of the Louisiana Territory (and control of New Orleans in particular), and explain how the Louisiana Purchase promoted Jefferson's political faith in ordinary citizens
-Jefferson had to abandon his conviction that the federal government was limited to powers specifically mentioned int eh Constitution -the document said nothing about buying territory from a foreign power -he had been concerned about American access to the port of NO which lay at the mouth of the Mississippi River -the right to trade through New Orleans was essential to western farmers -ended the French presence in North America -farmers were the chosen people of God and the country would remain virtuous as long as it was chiefly agricultural
Identify the contrasting positions that the followers of Jefferson and those of Hamilton took on the French Revolution, and analyze how the difference reflects the political values of each
-Jefferson: believed that despite its excesses the Revolution marked a victory for the idea of popular self-government which must be defended at all costs -Hamilton: believed the revolutions raised the specter of anarchy, and America had no choice but to draw closer to Britain
Describe how the textbook's author uses the life of Abraham Lincoln to illustrate how the market revolution transformed American life
-Lincoln was born in Kentucky and moved with his family to Indiana -Lincoln himself traveled by flatboat to the city to sell the goods of a local merchant -as an adult he embraced the market revolution -promoted the improvement of rivers to access markets -represented the Illinois Central Railroad which opened large areas of Illinois to commercial farming
Explain how the construction of the first toll roads, or "turnpikes," was financed, and why the turnpikes failed to produce the desired results for either their builders or their users
-New England and Middle Atlantic states chartered more than 900 companies to build the new roads -maintenance costs were higher than expected and many towns built detours "shunpikes" to avoid tollgates -this caused the private toll roads to never turn profit
Explain how the "XYZ Affair" pushed the U.S. further toward support for Britain in its conflict with revolutionary France
-a neutral nation but both Britain and France kept seizing ships -Americans sent to Paris to negotiate a treaty but the officials presented them with demands of bribes before negotiations could proceed -the French officials were designated by XYZ in Adams' public dispatches -France and America engaged in a quasi-war in the seas with France seizing American ships and the new American navy harassing the French -finally signed a peace negotiation with France in 1800
Identify the regions that the Erie Canal connected, commercially as well as physically
-across upstate New York -allowed goods to flow between the Great Lakes and New York City -attracted an influx of farmers migrating from New England -connected cities like Buffalo, Rochester and Syracuse
Explain the contribution that Samuel Slater made to American industrialization, and how he achieved it
-established America's first factory -British law made it illegal to export the plans for industrial machinery, he built from memory a power-drive spinning jenny -factory produced yarn which was then sent to rural men and women to weave into cloth
Contrast the impact that the Haitian Revolution, led by Toussaint L'Overture, had on black and white Americans, and explain the reasons for this difference
-affirmed the universality of the revolutionary era's creed for liberty -inspired hopes for freedom among slaves in the US -black Americans looked to Toussaint as a hero and celebrate the winning of independence -several thousand free African Americans emigrated to Haiti whose government promise newcomers political rights and economic opportunity they did not have in the US -thousands of refugees from Haiti poured into the US -tales told of the massacres and reinforced white Americans' fears of slave insurrection at home -to most whites the rebellious slaves seemed not men and women seeking liberty but a danger to the American institutions
Analyze how the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions expressed the revolutionary ideals of freedom
-attacked the Sedition Act as an unconstitutional violation of the first amendment -asserted that states could nullify laws of Congress that violated the constitution -directed against assaults on freedom of expression by the federal government -No other states endorsed these Resolutions and were horrified by the idea of state action that might endanger the union -revulsion against the Alien and Sedition acts contributed to Jefferson's election as president
Explain how the corporation differed from the pre-industrial forms of business (which had been owned by individuals, families, or partners).
-became central to the new market economy -unlike family owned companies a corporation could fail without ruining its directors and stockholders -able to raise far more capital than the traditional forms of enterprise
The Whiskey Rebellion
-broke out when backcountry Pennsylvania farmers sought to block collection of the new tax on distilled spirits
Explain how industrialization changed Americans' conception of time itself -- when they worked, when they enjoyed leisure, how they were paid for their work
-clocks became part of daily life -work and leisure time were clearly marked off from one another -work took place for a specified number of hours a day -pay was known as price since it was linked to the goods he produces -pay then became wage paid according to an hourly or daily pay
Assess the larger effects of the War of 1812 on Americans' view of their nation's role in the world, and on Canadians' view of Americans
-confirmed the ability of a republican government to conduct a war without surrendering its institutions -completed the conquest of the area east of the Mississippi River -when war broke out, Canadians saw American traders as spies -strengthened anti-Americanism even among Canadians not connected to revolutionary-era Loyalists -war reaffirmed a sense of national identity and both came to see the conflict as a struggle for freedom
Assess the role of both the Supreme Court and local judges in granting greater power to corporations within the states and local communities in which they operated.
-courts upheld the validity while opposing efforts by established firms to limit competition from newcomers -defined corporate charters issued by state legislatures as contracts which future lawmakers could not alter of rescind -granted steamboat navigation -local judges held businessmen blameless for property damage done by factory construction
Describe the changes in working conditions that occurred as skilled artisans gave way to industrial employees who performed specialized tasks
-craftsmen who traditionally produced an entire pair of shoes or piece of furniture saw the labor process broken down into numerous steps requiring far less skill and training -constant supervision of the employers and relentless pressure for greater output and lower wages
Samuel Slater
-creator of the first factory and the spinning jenny
Identify and describe the key themes of President Washington's Farewell Address
-delivered through newspapers not orally -defended his administration against criticism -warned against the party spirit -advised his countrymen to steer clear of international power politics by avoiding permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world
Explain how the Hartford Convention damaged the reputation of the Federalists, leading to the extinction of their party
-did not call for secession or disunion -affirmed the right of a state to interpose its authority if the federal government violated the Constitution -could not free themselves form the charge of lacking patriotism -their elitist ideas and distrust of popular self-government placed them more at odds with the new nation's democratic ethos -southern domination of the national government remained an issue that outlived their political party
Analyze how the rise of the cotton economy in the Deep South affected the movement of slaves within the U.S., creating a new, stateside form of the slave trade
-estimate around 1 million slaves were shifted from the older slave states to the Deep south -majority transported by slave traders to be sold at auction and work in the cotton fields -groups chained to each other on forced marches to the Deep South -cotton produced on slave plantations that became the linchpin of southern development
Identify the key objectives of the Lewis and Clark expedition of 1804-1806
-explored the new territory -both scientific and commercial to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography and to discover how the region could be exploited economically -hope the expedition would establish trading relations with western Indians and locate a water route to the Pacific Ocean -discovery of the north west passage
Identify the provisions of the Naturalization Act and the Sedition Act (the "Alien and Sedition Acts"), and explain how the Federalists hoped to use them
-extended the residency requirement for immigrants seeking American citizenship -allowed the deportation of persons from abroad deemed dangerous by federal authorities -authorized the prosecution of virtually any pubic assembly or publication critical of the government -the main target was the Republican press seen by Federalists as a group of upstart workingmen whose persistent criticism of the administration caused popular rebelliousness and endangered liberty
Explain why the Irish immigrants were feared and resented by the native-born Americans known as "nativists."
-faced discrimination in a largely Protestant society -feared the impact of immigration on American political and social life -blames immigrants for urban crime, political corruption and being intoxicated -accused them of undercutting native-born skilled laborers by working for starvation wages
cotton gin
-fairly simple device made from rollers and brushes that made possible the growing and selling of cotton on a large scale
Recount the events leading up to and including the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, and explain how President Washington's response to it reflects the Federalist political outlook
-federalists only major party in American history to proclaim democracy and freedom were dangerous in the hands of ordinary citizens -Washington sent militia men and fought in the field, the rebels didn't fight back -Washington was motivated by concern for the impression the restoration of public order would make on other
corporation
-firms enjoy special privileges and powers granted in a charter form the government
XYZ affair
-french officials would demand for bribes before negotiations could proceed and when Adams made the dispatches public he used XYZ to designate these officials -poisoned America's relations with its former ally
Identify the backgrounds and political ideals of the supporters of the Republican Party
-had more faith in democratic self-government -support from an unusual alliance of wealthy southern planters and farmers -more critical than the federalists of social and economic inequality and more accepting of broad democratic participation as essential to freedom -called Federalists monarchists intent on transforming the new national government into a corrupt British style aristocracy
Explain why Alexander Hamilton intervened in the deadlocked Election of 1800 and supported Jefferson for president, over Aaron Burr
-he disliked Jefferson but believed him enough of a statesman to recognize that the Federalist financial system could not be dismantled -he thought Burr was obsessed with power -it tipped the balance of the 35/35 vote
Describe the newly-elected President Jefferson's actions against the Federalists' policies
-he hoped to dismantle as much of the Federalist system as possible -he pardoned all those imprisoned under the Sedition Act -reduced the number of government employees and slashed the army and navy -abolished all taxes except the tariff including the tax on whiskey -paid off part of the national debt -aimed to minimize federal power and eliminate government oversight of the economy -ensured the US would not become a centralized state on a European model like Hamilton wanted
Explain Hamilton's proposal for dealing with the nation's war debt, clarify why he believed that his plan would strengthen the federal government
-he proposed that the federal government assume the responsibility for paying off at the full face value the national debt inherited from the war -creation of a new national debt -old debt would be replaced by new interest bearing bonds issued to the government's creditors -believed it would give men of economic substance a stake in promoting the new nation's stability -the stronger and more economically secure the federal government, the more likely it would be to pay its debts
Identify Alexander Hamilton's main goals as the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury
-immediate aims were to establish the nation's financial stability -bring to the government's supports the country's most powerful financial interests -encourage economic development -long term goal was to make the US a major commercial and military power
Assess how the farmers of the market revolution era differed from those of the Revolutionary era, and how new forms of financing and technology played key roles in creating this change
-in the north, the market revolution and westward expansion set in motion changes that transformed the region into an integrated economy of commercial farms and manufacturing cities -farmers found a market for their produce and source of credit in the growing cities of the East -loans and insurance companies financed the acquisition of land and supplies, fertilizer and agricultural equipment
Assess the significance for the U.S. economy of the invention of the steamboat by Robert Fulton
-increased the speed and lowered the expense of commerce -made possible upstream commerce on the country's major rivers as well as rapid transport across the Great lakes and eventually the Atlantic ocean
Identify the two major areas of innovation that made the market revolution of the first half of the 19th century possible
-innovations in transportation and communication -represented an acceleration fo developments already under way in the colonial era
Identify the backgrounds and political ideals of the supporters of the Federalist Party
-laid claim to the language of liberty and accused the Republican party of engaging in a conspiracy to destroy it -supported of the Washington administration, favored Hamilton's economic program -outlook was generally elitist reflecting the traditional 18th century view of society as a fixed hierarchy and of public office reserved for men of economic substance -freedom did not mean the right to stand up i opposition to the government -spirit of liberty unleashed by American Revolution was degenerating into anarchy
Describe the Shawnee warrior Tecumseh's view of the impact of white settlement on native peoples, as well as his proposed solution
-looked to revive Neolin's pan-Indian alliance -he proclaimed that Indians must recognize that they were a single people and unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land -called for attacks on American frontier settlements
Explain the effect of the invention of the telegraph by Samuel F.B. Morse
-made possible instantaneous communication throughout the nation -messages could be sent over electric wires with each letter and number represented by its own pattern of electrical pulses -service for businesses and especially newspapers rather than individuals -helped speed the flow of information and brought uniformity to prices throughout the country
Identify the two major groups of immigrants to the U.S. between 1840 and 1860, where they tended to settle, and the differences between them
-majority from Ireland and Germany -90 percent headed to the northern states with abundant job opportunities without competing with slave labor -Irish men and women fleeing the famine filled low wage unskilled jobs Americans sought to avoid -built railroads, dug canals and worked as common laborers -Germans included skilled craftsmen -settled in tightly knit neighborhoods in the eastern cities -moved west and established themselves as craftsmen -vibrant German culture with its own school news associations and churches
Assess how the debates of the 1790s expanded the nation's public sphere (political discussion and activity among the citizenry)
-more and more citizens attended political meeting and became avid readers of pamphlets and newspapers -more post offices made the circulation of personal letter and printed materials more possible -hundreds of obscure men formed political organizations
Evaluate the settlement established in the Treaty of Ghent, in terms of how fully it addressed the issues that had led to the War of 1812
-neither side wished to continue the conflict and the treaty was signed -restored the previous status quo -no territory exchanged hands or any provisions related to impressment or neutral shipping rights -produced an unusual episode in American diplomacy -Britain paid for the runaway slaves that they would not return and those free men settled in Nova Scotia Canada
Louisiana Purchase
-one of history's greatest real-estate bargains between Jefferson and Napoleon for $15 million dollars
Summarize the key aspects of Gabriel's Rebellion, and explain how conditions in Richmond, Virginia, contributed to Gabriel's conspiracy, as did the conspirators' use of "the American language of liberty."
-participants in the conspiracy spoke the language of liberty forged int eh American Revolution -black's were half of Richmond's population but only 1/5 was free -many could read and write and enjoyed the privilege of hiring themselves out to employers and negotiating -death or liberty -demonstrated that the slaves possessed the love of freedom as fully as other men -knowledge of the American language of liberty
Describe the impact that the War of 1812 had on the western Indians (like Tecumseh) who sided with Britain
-produced significant victories over western Indians who sided with the British -they were defeated and Tecumseh was killed at the Battle of the Thames
Explain why President Madison asked Congress to declare war on Great Britain, and identify the regions that supported and opposed the War of 1812
-reports that the British were encouraging the efforts of Tecumseh -Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war -the American nationality was at stake and he was afraid they would no longer remain independent people -most everyone representing the sates of New Jersey and north where mercantile and financial resources of the country were concentrated voted against the war
Describe the relationship between the industrial revolution and southern slavery, particularly after the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney
-revolutionized American slavery -cotton plantations spread into the South Carolina upcountry -reopened the African slave trade and encouraged white settlement -planters monopolized the fertile land a massive trade developed within the US
Explain how the transfer of New Orleans from France to the U.S. affected black New Orleanians
-slaves in Louisiana enjoyed legal protections unknown to eh US -promised that all free inhabitants would enjoy the rights advantages and immunities of citizens -free blacks suffered a steady decline in status and the local legislature soon adopted one of the most sweeping slave codes in the south -blacks were forbidden to ever consider themselves equal to whites
Describe the negotiations that led to the establishment of a new national capital in what would become Washington, D.C.
-southerners would accept Hamilton's program with the exception of subsidies in exchange for the establishment of the permanent national capital -hope the location would enhance their own power in the government while removing it from the influence of the northern financiers and merchants in the north
Explain who the War Hawks were, and what their agenda included
-spoke passionately of the defending the national honor against British insults but also had more practical goals in mind -the annexation of Canada -also pressed for the conquest of Florida a haven for fugitive slaves owned by Britain's ally Spain
Identify the groups within American society that became key supporters of Secretary Hamilton's economic proposals, as well as the groups that opposed them
-supported by American financiers, manufacturers and merchants -surprised those who believed the future lay in westward expansion not in ties with the British trade -had little desire to promote manufacturing or urban growth or to see economic policy shaped in the interests of banker and business leaders
Characterize the relationship between the U.S. and the Barbary states of North Africa, and explain why the U.S. fought a military conflict against the pasha of Tripoli (part of the Ottoman Empire)
-the Barbary states had long preyed on shipping in the Mediterranean and Atlantic receiving tribute from the US to protect their vessels -Jefferson refused demands for increased payments and the pasha of Tripoli and Libya declared war on the US -naval conflict lasted until an American squadron won a victory at Tripoli harbor
Describe how the Barbary Wars caused the federal government to clarify the role of Christianity in the U.S., and how the wars reflected and strengthened Americans' views of Muslims
-the conflicts helped to establish a long-lasting pattern in which Americans viewed Muslims as an exotic people whose way of life did not adhere to Western standards -in the eyes of many, Islam joined monarchy and aristocracy as forms of Old World despotism that stood as opposites of freedom
Explain why opposition to Hamilton's economic program came mainly from the South, and what the "strict constructionists" believed regarding the Constitution
-the insisted that the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the document -the supported the new constitution -believed the new bank was unconstitutional since the right of congress to create a bank was not mentioned it it -thought it was unfair for states who had paid off most debts to be taxed since not all states had done that
Louisiana Territory
-the port of New Orleans was there which lay within Louisiana at the mouth of the Mississippi River -this port was very important to western farmers
Summarize the argument put forth by Mary Wollstonecraft regarding the rights and personal independence of women
-the rights of humanity should not be confined to the male line -called for greater access to education and to paid employment for women -rested on the idea that this would enable single women to support themselves and married women to perform more capably as wives and mothers -dropped a hint that women should have representation in the government
Explain why the U.S. possessed an obligation to ally itself with France during the French Revolution, and how Jay's Treaty ended that alliance
-there was a permanents alliance between the two that dated back to 1778 and no one advocated that the US should become involved in the European war -the treaty canceled the American-French alliance and recognized British economic and naval supremacy as unavoidable facts of life -sharpened political divisions int he US and led to the formation of organized opposing parties
Explain how the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall weakened the power of the states in Fletcher v. Peck
-they extended judicial review to state laws -land companies paid their legislators and then sold the land to individual buyers at large profit -whatever the circumstances of the legislature's initial action, the Constitution forbade Georgia from taking any action that impaired a contract -individual purchasers could keep their land and the legislature could not repeal the original grant
Explain why Hamilton's proposal for repaying the nation's war debt worked to the advantage of speculators who had purchased that debt second-hand
-they would reap the windfall by being paid at face value while the original holders got nothing
Describe the role of the Bank of the United States that Hamilton proposed, and the role of the tariff that he advocated in his Report on Manufactures
-to serve as the nation's main financial agent -it would be a private corporation rather than a branch of the government and it would hold public funds issue bank notes that would serve as currency and make loans to the government when necessary -return tidy profit to the stockholders -the tariff would help encourage the development of factories that could manufacture products currently purchased form abroad in the US
Describe the features that made the industrial town of Lowell, Massachusetts, distinctive, and explain how this community changed women's roles (at least temporarily)
-young unmarried women from farm families dominated the workforce and tended to the spinning machines -set up boarding houses with strict rules regulating personal behavior -first time in history that large numbers of women left their homes to participate in the public world -the women only worked a few years before moving back home to marry and move west
Erie Canal
363 mile long canal across upstate New York allowed goods to flow between the Great Lakes and New York City
Contrast Hamilton's economic vision of America's future with the one shared by Jefferson and Madison, and explain Jefferson and Madison's concern about the role of "commercial capitalists" in a free society
Hamilton: hinged on close ties to Britain and was a system of tariffs and subsidies Madison and Jefferson: believed free trade would promote the American prosperity and foster greater social equality, goal was a republic of independent farmers marketing grain tobacco and other products freely to the entire world
Robert Fulton
Pennsylvania born artist and engineer who invented the steamboat
Embargo Acts
a ban on all American vessels sailing for foreign ports
Tecumseh
a chief who had refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville
Report on Manufactures
a report delivered to congress by Hamilton that called for the imposition of a tariff and government subsidies to encourage the development of factories that could manufacture products currently purchased from abroad
Tariff
a tax on imported foreign goods
Samuel F.B. Morse
an artist and amateur scientist who invented the telegraph
market revolution
an economic transformation
Mary Wollstonecraft
asserted that the rights of humanity should not be confined to the male line -did not directly challenge traditional gender roles but called for greater access to education and to paid employment for women
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
attacked the Sedition Act as an unconstitutional violation of the first amendment
Sedition Act
authorized the prosecution of virtually any public assembly or publication critical of the government
Bank of the United States
modeled on the Bank of England to serve as the nation's main financial agent
Lewis and Clark expedition
both scientific and commercial led by Lewis and Clark to discover a north west passage and access to water to the Pacific Ocean
Election of 1800
broad revulsion against the Alien and Sedition Acts contributed greatly to Jefferson's election
Jay's Treaty
contained no British concessions on impressment of the rights of American shipping -Britain agreed to abandon outposts on the western frontier -in return US guaranteed favored treatment to British imported goods
Naturalization Act
extended from five to fourteen years the residency requirement for immigrants seeking American citizenship
War of 1812
declared by Madison against Great Britain
Farewell Address
defended his administration against criticism and warned against the party spirit -advised his countrymen to steer clear of international power politics by avoiding permanent alliances with any part of the foreign world
Gabriel's Rebellion
demonstrated that slaves possessed the love of freedom as fully as any other man
Toussaint L'Overture
educated slave on a sugar plantation forged the rebellious slaves into an army able to defeat British forces seeking to seize the island -led an expedition hoping to reestablish French authority
nativists
feared immigrants were taking their jobs and undercutting their wages
John Marshall
headed the Supreme Court -he was a federalist who served Adams as secretary of state and was appointed to the Court shortly before Jefferson took office -believed in national supremacy and established the Court's power to review laws of Congress and the states
strict constructionists
insisted the federal government could only exercise powers specifically listed in the document
Haitian Revolution
inspired hopes for freedom among slaves in the US -affirmed the universality of the revolutionary era's creed for liberty
Republican Party
more sympathetic to France than the federalists and had more faith in democratic self-government -drew support from unusual alliance of wealthy southern planters and ordinary farmers
War Hawks
new generation of political leaders who came of age after the winning fo independence and were ardent nationalists
Barbary states
on the northern coast of Africa had long preyed on shipping in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic -pirates captured Americans and held them as slaves paralyzing the American trade in the Mediterranean
Treaty of Ghent
signed to end the war of 1812
Federalist Party
supporters of the Washington administration, favored Hamilton's economic program and close ties with Britain
Describe New England's key role in the industrial expansion of the early 19th century
the American system of manufactures relied on the mass production of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into standardized finished products -every town had its sawmill paper mill iron works shoemaker hat maker tailor and a host of other such small enterprises -the early industrial revolution was largely confined to New England
Fletcher v. Peck
the Court extended judicial review to state laws
Eli Whitney
the creator of the cotton gin -Yale graduate living in Georgia and working as a private tutor
Marbury v. Madison
the first landmark decision of the Marshall Court creating the process of judicial review
judicial review
when the Supreme Court assumes the right to determine whether an act of Congress violates the Constitution
