HIST 1302: Chapter 21-24

New Nationalism

- President Theodore Roosevelt's program calling for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them; efficiency in government and society; and protection of children, women, and workers. It accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. It also encouraged large concentrations of capital and labor.

Who was Woodrow Wilson's secretary of State who was a pacifist?

- Philander C. Knox - Roosevelt's attorney general - together pursued a policy of Dollar Diplomacy: to promote American Financial and business interests abroad. Policy had profit-seeking motives but it also aimed to substitute economic ties for military alliances.

Who wanted to clean up college sports?

- President Theodore Roosevelt - founded the Intercollegiate Athletic Association, which in 1910 became the national Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)

Josiah Strong

- 1847-1916 Protestant minister - advocated his works and speeches the responsibility of the Anglo-Saxons to civilize and Christianize "inferior" races around the world - his opinions influenced support among American protestants for the development of an expansionist and imperialist foreign policy - published Our Country: Its possible Future and Its Present Crisis (argued expanding American trade and dominion)

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

- 1863-1914 born in Graz Austria. Heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, his assassination on June 29, 1914, sparked the First World War, setting off one-by-one a series of entangling alliances.

Hepburn Act

- 1906 law that strengthened the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate the railroads

How many Americans died in the Philippine-American War? Who led the resistance to the US occupation of the Philippines?

- 4,300 Americans died - 50,000 to 200,000 Filipinos died - Emilio Aguinalda, filipino leader, 29 years old in 1898. Worked for an American vicotry. Filipino insurgents helped guide Dewey into Manila Bay, and Dewey sent a ship to Hong Kong to bring back Aguinaldo to lead an uprising against the Spanish. On June 1898, the insurgents proclaimed their independence - Emilio Aguinaldo led the resistance to the American takeover of the Philippines. But in the end he concluded that resistance was futile and advocated working the country's new rulers. - Cooperating with Americans, they drove the Spanish out of many areas; established local governments and appointed provincial governors. He waited for American recognition but McKinley and others had concluded that the Filipinos were not ready. Soon warfare broke out between Filipinos and Americans over Filipino independence. - 1899, the American army had dispersed the organized Filipino army but claims of victory proved premature. Aguinaldo shifted to Guerilla Tactics, striking suddenly and the melting into the jungle or friendly native villages. Both sides committed atrocities.

Imperialism

- A policy of extending a country's power and influence through military conquest, economic domination, or annexation - many wanted to expand country's borders but few were interested in the idea

Philippine-American War

- A war fought from 1899 to 1903 to quell Filipino resistance to US control of the Philippine Islands. - war lasted more than three years - a guerrilla war between American troops and newly freed Filipinos. - 1898-1902 took a heavy toll; 4,300 American lives and thousands of Filipino lives (estimates range from 50,000 to 200,000)

19th Amendment

- Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. - ratified in 1920

Why did the United States enjoy "free security" in the 1800s?

- American were sheltered by two oceans and the British navy - could enunciate bold policies such as the Monroe Doctrine--which instructed European nations to stay out of the affairs of the Western Hemisphere--while remaining virtually impregnable to foreign attack. - Americans focused on domestic concerns, reconstruction, the movement westward, and simply making a living.

Anti-Imperialist League

- An organization formed in 1898 to fight the Treaty of Paris ending the Spanish-American War. Members opposed acquiring overseas colonies, believing it would subvert American ideals and institutions. Membership centered in New England; the cause was popular in the South and West

Lusitania

- British Luxury steamship that set sail from New York to Liverpool. - Secretly, it carried a load of ammunition as well as passengers. - A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war. - was sunk alongside the Arabic

Committee of Public Information

- Created in 1917 but President Wilson and headed by progressive journalist George Creel, this organization rallied support for American involvement in WWI through art, advertising and film. Creel worked out a system of voluntary censorship with the press and distributed posters and pamphlets.

Zimmermann Telegram

- February 25, British government gave Wilson a telegram intercepted from Arthur ZImmerman, the German foreign minister, to the German ambassador in Mexico. A day later, Wilson asked Congress for authority to arm merchant ships to deter U-boat attacks. When Lafayette and a handful of others threaten to filibuster, Wilson published the Zimmerman Telegram. In it Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico in case of war with the US, offering financial support and recovery of Mexico's "lost territory" in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizonn

How did Samuel Gompers and "Big Bill" Haywood differ?

- Gompers represented craftsmen and tried to work with business owners - wanted to overthrow the capitalist system by forcible means if necessary - Heywood represented unskilled workers and opposed owners.

How did the US and Great Britain avoid war over Venezuela?

- Grover Cleveland sympathized with Venezuela and him and Secretary of State Richard Olney urged Britain to arbitrate the dispute. Britain failed to act, making Olney draft a diplomatic note affirming the Monroe Doctrine, asserting US predominance in the Western Hemisphere, and denying European nations the right to meddle in its affairs - four months later, the British prime minister and foreign secretary replied. Rejecting Olney's arguments. He sent two letters. The first bluntly repudiated the Monroe Doctrine as international law. The second rejected Olney's arguments for Venezuelan boundary. Cleveland then defended the Monroe Doctrine and asked Congress for authority to appoint a commission to decide the boundary and enforce its decision.

What did supporters of the annexation of Hawaii argue?

- Hawaiin Islands offered a tempting way station to Asian Markets // "Crossroads of the Pacific" and ships of many nations stopped there. In 1820, the first American missionaries arrived to convert the islanders to Christianity. Like missionaries elsewhere, they advertised Hawaii's economic and other benefits and attracted new settlers. Their children later dominated Hawaiian political and economic life and played an important role in annexation. -US tightened its connections with the islands. The reciprocity treaty of 1875 allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the US duty-free and prevented the Hawaiian monarchy from making territorial economic concessions to other powers. Treaty made Hawaii economically dependent on the US - in 1887, a new treaty reaffirmed these arrangements and granted the US exclusive use of Pearl Harbor, a magnificent harbor that had early caught the eye of naval strategists. - pointed to Hawaii's strategic location; that Japan, Germany, or Britain might seize the islands if the US did not; and suggested that Americans had a responsibility to civilize and Christianize the Native Hawaiians. - foreshadowed the later debate over the treaty to end the Spanish-American War - opponents warned that annexation might lead to a colonial army and colonial problems, the inclusion of a "mongrel" population in the US and rule over an area not destined for statehood. The year before president William McKinley had sent a treaty of annexation to the Senate, but opponents stalled it.

Why was Theodore Roosevelt's partnership with Gifford Pinchot important?

- He worked closely with Gifford Pinchot, chief of the Forest Service, and helped establish the first comprehensive national conservation policy.

Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy

- In 1909, Richard A. Ballinger, Taft's secretary of the interior put up for sale a million acres of public land that Pinchot, who had stayed on as Taft's chief forester, had withdrawn from sale. Pinchot fearing that Ballinger would hurt conservation programs protested. Seizing on a report that Ballinger had helped sell Alaskan coal lands to syndicate that Included J.P. Morgan, he asked Taft to intervene. After investigating, Taft supported Ballinger, although he asked Pinchot to remain in office - Pinchot refused to drop the matter. He provide two anti-Ballinger magazine articles and wrote a critical public letter that senator Dolliver of Iowa read to the Senate. Taft then fired the insubordinate Pinchot, which, though appropriate, lost the president more support. Newspapers followed the converse for months. - The controversy obscured Taft's contributions to conservation. He won from Congress the power to remove lands from sale and conserved more land than Roosevelt did. Still the controversy tarred Taft and upset Roosevelt.

What was the main economic consequence of WWI for the US?

- In 1914, the US was a debtor nation. Americans had owed foreign investors about $3billion. Five years later the US had become a creditor nation. Foreign governments owed more than $10billion and foreign citizens owed American investors nearly $3billion. The war marked a shift in economic power rarely equaled in history.

Fourteen Points

- In January 1918, president Woodrow Wilson presented these terms for a far-reaching non-punitive settlement of WWI and the establishment of a League of Nations. While generous and optimistic, the Points did not satisfy wartime hunger for revenge and were largely rejected by European nations.

What did the Chinese Boxers try to achieve?

- In June 1900, a secret intensely nationalistic Chinese Society called the Boxers tried to oust all foreigners from their country. Overrunning Peking, they drove foreigners into their legations and penned them up for nearly two months. In the end, the US, Britain, Germany and Japan and other powers sent troops to lift the siege.

Lawrence Strike

- In Lawrence Massachusetts, had an effect on progressives - strikers sent their children out of the city to stay with sympathetic families; in Paterson, when they rented New York's Madison Square Garden for a massive labor Pageant - Led by IWW (industrial workers of the World)

Why did public opinion turn against the coal companies when the United Mine Workers went on strike in 1902?

- Led by John Mitchell, a moderate, the United Mine Workers demanded wage increases, an eight-hour workday, and company recognition of the union. The Coal companies refused and in May 1902, 140,000 miners walked off the job and the mines were closed - the coal strike threatened to paralyze the economy and freeze the nation; Theodore Roosevelt stepped in to broker a settlement.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

- March 1911, a fire in New York focused nation wide attention on unsafe working conditions. - when the fire started, 500 men and women, mostly Italians and eastern European Jews, were just finishing their workday. - Many died in the stampede down the narrow stairways or the single fire escape. Others, trapped on the top stories far above the reach of the fire department's ladders, jumped to their death on the street below. 146 people died. - 80,000 people marched silently in the rain in a funeral procession up Fifth avenue.

Who founded the Women's Trade Union League?

- Margaret Dreier Robins - WTUL led the effort to organize women into trade unions, lobby for legislation protecting female workers, and educate the public on the problems and needs of working women. - it accepted all working women who would join, regardless of skill (although not, at first, African American women), and won crucial financial support from well-to-do women such as Anne Morgan, daughter of JP Morgan.

Sussex Pledge

- May 4, 1916, it promised to shoot on sight only enemy warships. A short period of friendly relations between Germany and the US ensued. The pledge applied not only to passenger liners but to all merchant ships, belligerent or not. There was one problem: Wilson had taken such a strong position that if Germany renewed submarine warfare on merchant shipping, war was likely. Most Americans however, viewed the agreement as a diplomatic stroke for peace by Wilson and the issues of peace and preparedness dominated the presidential election of 1916.

Who did progressives want to curb the influence of?

- Progressive reformers aimed to curb the influence of "special interests" and --through political reforms such as the direct primary and direct election of senators--make government follow the public will. Once it did, they welcomed government action at whatever level was appropriate. - as a result of this style of thinking, the use of federal power increased, as did the power and prestige of presidency. Progressives not only lobbied for government-sponsored reform but also worked in their home neighborhoods, cities, and states. much of the significant change occurred in local settings, outside the national limelight. Most important, the Progressives believed in experts' ability to solve problems.

18th Amendment

- Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages - took effect January 1920 - amendment encountered troubles in the 1920s as the social atmosphere changed; progressives thought Prohibition was a major step toward eliminating social instability and moral wrong.

Square Deal

- Roosevelt called his actions in the coal miners strike a "square deal" for both labor and capital, a term that stuck to his adminstration

Bull Moose Campaign

- Roosevelt renamed new political party - the progressive party renamed to the Bull Moose Party

The Maine

- Sinking of the main due to an explosion that was attributed to the Spanish or their Cuban allies (this allegation drove the US to war) - Ordered by McKinley to Havana to demonstrate strength and protect American citizens. - Feb 15, an explosion tore a hull in the Maine - ship was a symbol of the new steel navy - sank quickly ; 266 lives were lost - explosion incident blames the sinking on an accidental internal explosion from spontaneous combustion in poorly ventilated coal bunkers. - Americans blamed it on Spain in 1898 - blaming the explosion on Spain escalated the war

What were some of the fundamental beliefs of progressivism? When did it begin?

- Six characteristics defined Progressivism as a whole 1. Progressives acted out of concern about the effects of industrialization and the conditions of industrial life. While their viewpoints varied, their goals were to humanize and regulate business, not harm it 2. a fundamental optimism about human nature, the possibilities of progress, and people's capacity to recognize problems and take action to solve them // "investigate, educate, and legislate" -- progressives believed they could learn about a problem, inform people about it, and, with the help of an informed public, find and enforce a solution 3. progressives were confident that they had the right to intervene in people's lives. They knew best, and as a result, their ideas had an element of coercion. 4. Fourth, while progressives preferred if possible to achieve reform through voluntary means, they tended to turn to the authority of the state and government at all levels to effect the reforms they wanted. 5. many Progressives drew on a combination of evangelical Protestantism (which gave them the desire--and, they thought, the duty--to purge the world of sins like prostitution and drunkenness) and the natural social sciences (whose theories made them confident they could understand and control the environment in which people lived). Progressives tended to view the environment as a key to reform thinking--as some economists, sociologists, and other social scientists were suggesting--that if they could change the environment, they could change the individual. 6. Progressivism was distinctive because it touched virtually the whole nation. not everyone was a Progressive, and there were many who opposed or ignored Progressives' ideas. There were also those who were untouched by Progressive reforms and those whom the movement overlooked. But in one way or another, a remarkable number of people were caught up in it, giving Progressivism a national reach and a mass base. - Progressivism began in the cities during he 1890s. It first took form around settlement workers and others interested in freeing individuals from the crushing impact of cities and factories. - began in August 1912, when Jane Addams attended the conviction of the Progressive Party in her hometown of Chicago, in the hope advancing the causes of equality and opportunity she had been promoting for decades. Progressives were nominating Theodore Roosevelt for President. She supported Roosevelt during his presidency.

Name the territories the US acquired after the Spanish-American War?

- Spain granted independence to Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and the Pacific island of Guam to the US, and allowed Americans to occupy Manila until the two countries reached final agreement on the Philippines.

What rebellion did the US affirm the Open Door Policy and respect for China's independence?

- The Boxer Rebellion in Peking (Now Beijing) - Fearing that the rebellion gave some nations, especially Germans and Russia an excuse to expand their spheres of influence, Hay sent off another round of Open Door notes affirming US commitment to equal commercial opportunity and respect for China's independence. - The policy tried to help China, but it also led to further AMerican meddling in Chinese Affairs. moreover, by comitting itself to a policy that Americans were not prepared to defend militarily, the McKinley administration laid the basis for later controversy with Japan and other expansion-minded powers in the Pacific.

What was Theodore Roosevelt's political program called?

- The New Nationalism and the New Freedom -

How well prepared were the Americans and the Spanish military for the Spanish-American War?

- The US was militarily unprepared. Their regular army consisted of only 28,000 officers and men, most of them more experienced in quelling Indian uprisings than fighting-large scale battles. McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers as many as 1 million young Americans responded. Ohio alone had 100,000 volunteers. Keeping the regular army Units intact, War Department officials enlisted volunteers in National Guard units that were then integrated into the national army. Problems of equipment and supply quickly appeared. The regulars had the new .30-caliber Krag-Jorgensen rifles, but National Guard units carried Civil War Springfield rifles that used old black-powder cartridges. The cartridges gave off a puff of smoke when fired, neatly marking the troops' position. Soldiers identified with their hometowns, dressed in the local fashion, and thought of themselves as members of a town unit in a national army. National guard units mirrored the social patterns of their communities. Relatively few Americans died in the fighting, and the quick victory seemed to verify burgeoning American power - Spanish troops had modern Mausers with smokeless powder, which they used to devastating effect. Food and sickness were also problems. Tropical disease felled many soldiers. Scores took ill after landing in Cuba and the Philippines, and half a regiment was sometimes unable to answer the bugle call.

Upton Sinclair

- Wrote the The Jungle 1906: a novel about packhouse workers the "wage slaves of the beef trust" hoping to do for wage slavery what Harriet Beecher Stowe had done for chattel slavery. Readers largely ignored his story of the workers and seized instead on his graphic descriptions of what went into their meat

Isolationism

- a belief that the US should avoid entanglements with foreign nations - some wanted to abolish the foreign service

Roosevelt Corollary

- a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, which asserted that the US would intervene in Latin American affairs if those countries could not keep their affairs in order.

What did the US do to prepare to become a world power?

- Theodore Roosevelt spent his presidency by modernizing the army, using lessons learned from the war with Spain - Worked with Secretary of War Elihu Root to establish the Army War College, imposed stiff tests for promotion, and in 1903 created a general staff to oversee military planning and mobilization. Roosevelt doubled the strength of the navy to end dependence on British fleet - took steps to make new positions in the Caribbean and Central America. European powers shich had long resisted American initiatives there. now accepted American supremacy. - Roosevelt wanted a canal to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the isthmus connecting North and South America. John Hay negotiated with Britain the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, permitting the US to construct and control an isthmian canal, provided it would be open to ships of all nations. - created the Panama canal, calling it "the most important action in foreign affairs" - Roosevelt Corallarly: to the Monroe Doctrine, the new policy warned Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention.

How did Theodore Roosevelt view trusts?

- Theodore Roosevelt wavered on the trusts. Large-scale production and industrial growth, he believed, were natural and beneficial; they needed only to be controlled. Still he distrusted the Trusts' impact on local enterprise and individual opportunity. Distinguishing between "good" and "bad" trusts, he pledged to protect the former while controlling the latter. - in 1902, he instructed the Justice Department to sue the Northern Securities Company for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. - Roosevelt initiated other antitrust suits. In 1902, he had also moved against the beef trust, an action western farmers and urban consumers both applauded. - Roosevelt was not a trust buster; instead roosevelt used antitrust threats to keep businesses within bounds. Regulation he believed was a better way to control large-scale enterprise.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

- This 1903 treaty with Colombia granted the US control over a canal zone 10 miles wide across the Isthmus of Panama.

Underwood Tariff Act

- This 1913 law reduced tariff rates and levied a graduated income tax to make up for the lost revenue.

Clayton Antitrust Act

- This law outlawed interlocking directorates (in which the same people served as directors for several competing companies), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. It also declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect property.

Treaty of Paris

- Treaty in December 1898 ending the Spanish American War. Under its terms, Spain Recognized Cuba's independence, assumed the Cuban debt and cede Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the US. - created a storm of debate

What did some anti-imperialist argue why the Philippines should not be annexed?

- Treaty of Paris set off a storm of debate. - Treaty of Paris gained Puerto Rico, Alaska, Hawaii, part of Samoa, Guam, the Philippines and a chain of Pacific Islands. - Industrialist Andrew Carnegie, reformer Jane Addams, labor leader Samuel Gompers, Mark Twain and many others argued forcefully against annexing the Philippines - annexation the anti-imperialists protested violated the very principles of independence and self-determination on which the US was founded - some labor leaders feared cheap labor from new Pacific colonies. Gompers warned about the "Half-breeds and semi-barbaric people" who might undercut wages and the union movement. Other anti-imperialists argued against assimilation of different races: "Spanish-Americans" - racist views were also commong among those favoring expansion, and the anti-imperialists usually focused on different arguments. If the US established a tyranny abroad, they were sure they would soon be tyranny at home. - Many thought the country's republican ideals could not be reconciled with subjugating people abroad. - Carl Schurz, another anit-imperialist of the Anti-Imperalist League lobbed McKinley to not annex the Philippines after the Spanish-American War in 1898. Imperialists argued that the annexation of the Philippines would violate republican principles. - November 1898, opponents of expansion formed the Anti-Imperialist League to fight the treaty.

How did US policy in Latin America become much more active between 1900 to 1920?

- US intervened often in Latin America to protect the Canal, promote regional stability and exclude foreign influence. - Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the new policy warned Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention.

What popular form of entertainment reflected the variety of city life in the early 20th century?

- Vaudeville skits (Vaudeville)

Who brought blues to northern cities?

- W.C. Handy took the black southern folk music of the blues to northern cities.

Who played a leading role in the creation of the Niagara Movement?

- W.E.B. Du Bois was its inspiration - rejected Booker T. Washington's gradualist approach

How did US overseas expansion starting in the 1890s differ from western expansion?

- Western Expansion: the American republic had been expanding; settlers pushed westward. Most lands were contiguous with US territory and most were intended for settlement, usually agriculture - Overseas Expansion: it involved island possessions, most of them thickly populated. The new territories were intended less for settlement than for use as naval bases, trading outposts or commercial centers on major trade routes. Most were viewed as colonies, not as states in the making. - Historian Samuel F. Bemis described the overseas expansion as "the great aberration," a time when they country adopted expansionist policies that did not fit with its history. Other historians, pointing to expansionist tendencies in though and foreign policy that surfaced during the last half of the nineteenth century, have found a developing pattern that led naturally to the overseas adventures of the 1890s.

Who developed the doctrine of pragmatism?

- William Jones, a Harvard psychologist who became the key figure in American thought from the 1890s to WWI.

New Freedom

- Woodrow Wilson's program, which empahsized business competition and small government. It sought to rein in federal authority, release individual energy and restore competition. It achieved many of the progressive social-justice objectives while pushing for a free economy rather than a planned one.

Why did Mexican immigration accelerate after 1910?

- after a revolution in Mexico in 1910 that forced them to flee across the border into Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. - almost all came from the Mexican lower class, eager to escape peonage and violence in their native land - labor called them coyotes -- usually in the employ of large corporations or ranchers -- recruited Mexican workers - between 1900 and 1910 the Mexican population of Texas and New Mexico doubled; in Arizona it doubled; in California it quadrupled. Almost 10 percent of the population of Mexico moved to the American southwest. - exact population numbers are unknown. - many lived in shacks and shanties along railroad tracks. formed enclaves in the cities; these barrios became cultural islands of family life, food, church and festivals.

Pragmatism

- an early twentieth-century doctrine, based on the ideas of William James. Pragmatists were impatient with the concept of truth as an abstract reality. They believed that truth should work for the individual and that people were not only shaped by their environment but also helped to shape it. If an idea worked, it became truth.

What did conservation mean to Theodore Roosevelt?

- an effort to preserve nature. -meant the wise use, not lacking away, of natural resources; so those who thought that wilderness should be preserved rather than developed generally opposed his policies. When Roosevelt took office in 1901, there were 45 million acres in government preserves. By 1908, there were almost 195 million

Frederick Winslow Taylor

- an inventive mechanical engineer - strove to extract maximum efficiency from each worker

Why did Progressive's favor commissions?

- at every level--local, state, and federal--thousands of commissions and agencies took form. Staffed by trained experts, they oversaw a multitude of matters from railroad rates to public health. - reformers created a growing number of regulatory commissions and municipal departments. They hired engineers to oversee utility and water systems; physicians and nurses to improve health; and city planners to develop parks and highways. - created and strengthened commissions to regulate railroads and utilities, - to regulate business, virtually every state crated regulatory commissions to examine corporate books and hold public hearings. Building on earlier experience, state commissions after 1900 were given new power to initiate actions, rather than await complaints, and in some cases to set maximum prices and rates. Dictating company practices, they pioneered regulatory methods alter adopted in federal legislation in 1906 and 1910 - To the Progressives, commissions offered a way to end the corrupt alliance between business and politics. Another way to do that was to "democratize" government by reducing the power of politicians and increasing the influence of the electorate.

What did President McKinley decide in regards to the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?

- considered the Philippines to be a problem. Land was huge, sprawling, populous and thousands of miles from America. - believed he could give the islands back to Spain; public opinion would not allow it. Germany, Japan, Britain, and Russia had all expressed interest in acquiring them. If Germany even sent a fleet to Manila and laid plans to take the Philippines if the US let them go. - McKinley considered independence for the islands but was soon talked out of it. People - McKinley decided the only practical policy was to annex the Philippines, with an eye to future independence after a period of tutelage. American opinion was swinging to the same conclusion. Religious and missionary organizations appealed to McKinely to hold on to the Philippines in order to "Christianize" Them, although most Filipinos were already Roman Catholics.

What is an oligopoly?

- control of a commodity or service by a small number of large, powerful companies. - six powerful financial groups dominated the railroad industry; a handful of holding companies controlled utilities and steel.

NAACP

- created in 1909, this organization became the most important civil rights organization in the country

Social-Justice Movement

- during the 1890s and after, this movement attracted followers who sought to free people from the often devastating impact of urban life. It focused on the need for housing, reform, more stringent child labor regulations and better working conditions for women.

Ashcan School

- early twentieth-century realist painters who portrayed the slums and streets of the nation's cities and the lives of ordinary urban dwellers. They often advocated political and social reform.

Where did most African Americans live in the beginning of the 20th century?

- eight of every ten African Americans still lived in rural areas, mainly in the South - jim crow laws segregated many schools, railroad cars, hotels and hospitals. - many labored on the cotton farms and in the railroad camps, sawmill, and mines of the South under conditions of peonage.

What were some of the consequences of the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890?

- ended the special status given Hawaiian sugar and awarded American producers a bounty of two cents a pound. - Hawaiian sugar production dropped dramatically, unemployment rose, and property values fell. - this caused Queen Liliuokalani to draw a new constitution that gave greater power to native Hawaiians. - in response American residents revolted in January 1893 and called on the US for help. John L. Stevens, the American minister in Honolulu sent 150 marines ashore from the cruiser Boston to help the rebels, and within three days, the bloodless revolution was over. Liliuokalani surrendered to the US

How did farmers benefit in the first two decades of the 20th century?

- farmers prospered, the beneficiaries of greater production and expanding urban markets. - Rural free delivery (RFD) begun in 1896 helped diminish the farmers' sense of isolation and changed farm life. the delivery of mail to the farm door opened that door to a wider world; it exposed farmers to urban thinking, national advertising, and political events. In 1911, more than one billion newspapers and magazines were delivered over RFD routes. - better roads, mail-order catalogs and other innovations knit farmers into the larger society. Early in the new century Mary E. Lease--urged Kansas farmers to raise less corn and more hell-- moved to Brooklyn.

How did the Chinese American immigration differ from other immigrant groups during the early 20th century?

- fewer people from China emigrated in these years, deterred from Chinese laws and hostility - as of late as 1920, men outnumbered women by ten to one in the Chinese American population and with a male median age of 42, the elderly dominated their communities. - unlike for other immigrant groups whose numbers tended to grow, the number of Chinese Americans shrank in these years--from about 125,000 in the ealry 1880s to just over 60,000 in 1920. - Congress prohibited immigration from China.

National American Women Suffrage Association

- founded by Susan B. Anthony in 1890, this organization worked to secure women the right to vote. It stressed careful organization and peaceful lobbying

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

- founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies, aimed to unite the American working class into one union. It organized unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led strikes.

Who developed the Wisconsin idea?

- governor of Wisconsin, Rober M. La Follette - established industrial commission, the first in the country, to regulate factory and safety sanitation. Improved education, workers' compensation - became the first state to adopt a direct primary for all poltiical nominations, and a state income tax. - Theodore Roosevelt called the Wisconsin Idea, "The laboratory of democracy"

Why did Henry Cabot Lodge try to slow down the ratification process of the Versailles treaty?

- he opposed the Fourteen Points - would be the Senate Foreign Relations committee.

What two countries did Theodore Roosevelt convene a peace conference in 1905?

- held in Portsmouth New Hampshire - convened with Japan and Russia (only ones to accept an offer to mediate conflict)

Why did Pancho Villa raid American border towns?

- hoped to goad th eUS into doing something that would help him seize power, villa raided border towns killing 18 American civilians. - angered that Wilson was providing American support of his rivals for the control of Mexico

Birds of Passage

- immigrants who came to the US to work and save money and then returned to their native countries during the slack season.

How did the advertising industry change between 1900 to 1920?

- in 1900 business firms spent about $95 million on advertising - 20 years later, they spent more than $500 million. Ads and billboards touted cigarettes, cars, perfumes and cosmetics - advertising agencies boomed; using new sampling techniques, they developed modern concepts of market testing and research. Sampling customer preferences also made more responsive to public opinion on social and political issues.

What lesson did Henry Ford learn within the first ten years of establishing his company?

- in 1903, Henry Ford and a few associates formed the Ford Motor Company, the firm that transformed the business. That year, Ford sold the first Ford car. The price was high, and in 1905, ford raised prices still higher; sales plummeted. In 1907, he lowered the price; sales and revenues rose. FOrd learned an important lesson of the modern economy: a smaller unit profit on a large number of sales meant enormous revenues. - in 1908 he introduced the Model T, a four-cylinder, 20-horsepower "Tin Lizzie" costing $850, and available only in black. The year 11,000 sold - the key was mass production, and after many experiments, Ford Copied the techniques of meatpackers. Adapting the process to the automobile assembly, ford in 1913 set up moving assembly lines in his plant in Highland Park, Michigan, that dramatically reduced the time and cost of producing cars. Emphsizing continuous movement, he strove for a nonstop flow from raw material to finished product. He sold 248,000 Model T's in 1914 - Ford workers assembled a car in 93 minutes, one-tenth the time it had taken just eight months before. On a single day in 1925, Ford set a record by turning out 9,109 Model Ts--a new car every 10 seconds of the workday

J.P. Morgan was a leader in what industry?

- investment banking - investment firms; held directorships in many corporations, creating "interlocking directorates" that allowed it control many businesses.

What was Samuel Gompers goal with the American Federation of Labor?

- largest union organization, remained devoted to the interests of skilled craftspeople. - sought to better wages and working conditions, it also aimed to limit entry into the crafts and protect worker prerogatives. - within limits, the AFL found acceptance among giant business corporations eager for conservative policies and labor stability

What best explains why Americans enjoyed more leisure time?

- many Americans enjoyed more leisure time - greater leisure time gave more people opportunity for play, and people flocked to places of entertainment - baseball, automobiles, streetcars, ballparks, major-league games, football, athletes, students of college, movie theaters, phonographs, record companies, middle-class parlors, skits, orchestras, music, vaudeville, songs

John Dewey

- most influential educator of the Progressive Era, applied pragmatism to educational reform - argued that thought evolved in relation to the environment that education is directly related to experience - founded a separate School of Pedagogy at the University of Chicago, with a laboratory in which educational theory based on the newer philosophical and psychological studies could be tested and practiced - introduced educational revolution that stressed children's needs and capabilities - opposed memorization, rote learning, and dogmatic authoritarian teaching methods; emphasized personal growth, free inquiry, and creativity - helped organize the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) alongside John Addams [civil rights organization]

Name some of the factors that cause a change in American foreign policy starting in the 1890s.

- motivated by the desire to promote the ideals of civilization, democracy and freedom around the world. - the belief of imperialism, that a country should expand to other lands for economic, cultural and political reasons - In North and South America, they based policy on the Monroe Doctrine; a recurrent dream of annexing Canada or Mexico; a hope for trade; and Pan-American unity against the nations of the Old World. In the pacific, they coveted Hawaii and other outposts on the sea-lanes to China. - Influence of Josiah Strong: argued for expanding American trade and dominion (religion). Americans could civilize and Christianize "inferior" races around the world since Anglo Saxons were members of God-favored raced destined to lead the world. Influence of John Fiske: argued Anglo-Saxon racial superiority, a result of the process of natural selection. English and Americans would occupy every land on the globe that was not already civilized bringing the advances of commerce and democratic institutions. Ideas from Charles Darwin's theories of evolution. Applied to human and social development, biological concepts seemed to call for the triumph of the fit and the elimination of the unfit.

Why did the American military authorities believe that the use of black troops was desirable? What were they called? How well did they serve?

- nearly one fourth of the invasion force that sailed for Cuba was African American. - in 1898, the regular army included four African American regiments: The Twenty-Fourth and Twenty-Fifth Inifantries and the Ninth and Tenth cavalries. - Black regiments had served with distinction against the Indians in the West, where most African American troops were posted. No eastern community would accept them. - When war broke out, the War departmnet called for five black volunteer regiments. Military authorities believed that blacks had a natural immunity to the climate and diseases of the tropics. But most state governors refused to accept black volunteers. African American leaders protested the discrimination. The McKinley administration intervened and in the end, the volunteer army included more than 10,000 black troops. - four black regiments in the West were ordered to camps in the South to prepare for the invasion of Cuba. - many black soldiers were not prepared to put up with this treatment. - More than 4,000 black troops training near Tampa and Lakeland, Florida, found segregated saloons, cafes, and drugstores. - blacks were assigned to the lowest decks, or whites and blacks were placed on different sides of the ship. But the confusion of war often ended the problem, if only temporarily. blacks took command as white officers died and Spanish troops soon came to fear the "Smoked Yankees" as they called them. - black soldiers played a major role in the Cuban campaign and probably staved off defeat for the Rough Riders @ San Juan Hill. In Cuba they won 26 Certificates of Merit and five Congressional Medals of honor. - Charles young, an 1889 graduate of West Point, was the only African American officer in the army during the Spanish-American war except for a few chaplins.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

- one of the main advocates for the new navy (Him and Benjamin F. Tracy) - the era's most influential naval strategist - after he graduated from the Naval Academy in 1859, he devoted a lifetime to studying the influence of sea power in history; - summarized his beliefs in books like The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890) and The Interest of America in Sea Power (1897) - argued industrialism produced surpluses of agricultural and manufactured goods, for which market must be found - Mahan called attention to the worldwide race for power (argued the US must expand to compete in the struggle) - influenced policymakers in the US and Europe - Benjamin F. Tracy became Harrison's secretary of the navy in 1889 --> Tracy organized Bureau of Construction and Repair to design and build new ships, Established the Naval Reserve in 1891 and built the first American submarine in 1893.

Breaker Boys

- picked out pices of slate from the coal as it rushed past on conveyors, often became bent-backed and suffered respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and tuberculosis after years of working 14 hours a day in the coal mines. Accidents--and deaths--were common in the mines.

Moral Diplomacy

- policy of Woodrow Wilson that rejected "dollar diplomacy." Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson sought to practice morality in international relations, preserve peace and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy.

What artist used bold colors and abstract patterns?

- postimpressionists such as John Marin, Max Weber, Georgia O'Keeffe, Arthur Dove - other modernists experimented in ways foreign to Henri's realists using bold colors and abstracts patterns to capture the energy of urban life

Conservation

- president Theodore Roosevelt made this principle one of his administration's top goals. In his view, this idea aimed at protecting the nation's natural resources, but called for the wise use of them rather than locking them away.

What was the Mann Act?

- prohibited the interstate transportation of women for immoral purposes; and buy 1915, nearly every state had banned brothels. Like that against liquor, the campaign against prostitution reflected the era's desire to purify and elevate, often through the instrument of government action.

Vaudeville

- skits or orchestral recordings that began in 1906 - consisted of a wide variety of acts; probably the most popular mass entertainment in early 1900s. W/ the addition of jugglers, pantomimists, magicians and others, the number of vaudeville theaters increased exponentially. - drew on the immigrant experience, voiced the variety of city life and included skits, songs, comics, acrobats, and magicians.

Queen Liliuokalani

- the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests - strong willed nationalist - resentful of white-minority rule - King Kalakaua's successor after he died. - was overthrown by US forces where they then set up a provisional government - first step toward American Annexation of Hawaii was in 1893 when Liliuokalani was overthrown. - Hawaii was annexed as a possession in 1898 and became a US territory in 1900.

Dollar Diplomacy

- the Taft administration policy in early 1900s to promote US financial and business interests abroad, especially in Latin America

Treaty of Versailles

- the US played a major role in drafting the treaty - the Senate never ratified the document, instead the US made a separate peace with Germany in 1921 - treaty crewed two new nations--Poland and Czechoslovakia--with large German speaking populations - Divided up the German colonies in Asia and Africa. Treaty made Germany accept responsibility for the war and demanded enormous reparations--which eventually totaled $33billion. -January 8, 1918, Wilson's Fourteen Points were generous and far-sighted, but they failed to satisfy wartime emotions for vindiction. 14 points of the Treaty of Versailles 1.Open diplomacy without secret treaties 2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace 3. Equal trade conditions 4. Decrease armaments among all nations 5. Adjust colonial claims 6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence 7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored 8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories 9. Readjust Italian borders 10. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination 11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Roumania, Serbia and Montenegro 12. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles 13. Creation of an independent Polish state 14. Creation of the League of Nations

Prohibition

- the ban of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the US. The Eighteenth Amendment, adopted in 1919, established prohibition. It was repealed by the Twenty-First Amendment in 1933.

Teller Amendment

- the declaration of war on Spain in 1898, the US pledged that it did not intend to annex Cuba and that it would recognize Cuban independence after the Spanish-American War. - offered by Senator Henry M. Teller, pledged that the US had no intention of annexing Cuba.

What amendment authorized the federal income tax?

- the sixteenth amendment

Why did the British and French have reservations to embrace Wilson's fourteen points?

- they distrusted Wilsonian idealism as a basis for peace. They had huge amounts of blood and treasure during the war - they wanted Germany disarmed and crippled; they wanted its colonies; and they were skeptical of the principle of self-determination

Federal Reserve Act

- this 1913 act created a central banking system, consisting of 12 regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the US with a sound yet flexible currency.

Selective Service Act

- this 1917 law required all American men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register for a military draft. The age limits were later changed to 18 and 45.

Espionage Act

- this law, passed after the US entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to 20 years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Open Door Policy

- this policy established free trade between the US and China in 1900 and attempted to induce European nations and Japan to recognize the territorial integrity of China. It marked a departure from the American tradition of isolationism and signaled the country's growing involvement in the world. - argued three agreements: 1. nations possessing a sphere of influence would respect the rights and privileges of other nations in that sphere 2. the Chinese government would continue to collect tariff duties in all spheres of influence 3. nations would not discriminate against other nations in levying port dues and railroad rates within their respective spheres of influence - policy's first test came with the outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion in Peking (Beijing)

What was the biggest reason Progressives opposed US intervention into WWI.

- thought the war violated the very spirit of Progressive Reform. - to many Progressives, Britain represented international finance, which they detested. - Germany had pioneered some of their favorite social reforms including health insurance, universal education and old-age pensions. - Progressives were sure that war would end reform. It consumed money and attention; it inflamed emotions

Yellow Journalism

- to sell newspapers before and during the Spanish-American war, publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer engaged in blatant sensationalization of the news - Although it did not cause the war, it helped turn US public Opinion against Spain - sensationalist reporting practiced mainly by a handful of newspapers in new York City that were eager to increase sales.

Describe President Wilson's policies in Latin America?

- urged a policy of neutrality with Latin America - Asked Congress for authority to use military force if needed - wanted to help the Mexicans achieve political and agrarian reform. But his tone and methods were condescending. - tried to impose Progressive reform on a society sharply divided along class and other lines - interfered in the affairs of another country and in doing so he revealed the themes--moralism, combined with pragmatic self-interest and a desire for peace--that also shaped his polices in Europe - approached policies not with "Pursuit of material interest" but with "human rights" and "national integrity"

What was president McKinley's policy leading up to the Spanish-American War?

- urged neutrality but leaned slightly towards the insurgents. - offered to mediate between Spain and the rebels, but, concerned over the suffering, he criticized Spain's "uncivilized and inhuman" conduct - the US did not contest Spain's right to fight the rebellion but insisted it be done with humane limits - April 11, 1898, McKinley asked for authority to send American troops to Cuba. Congress passed a joint resolution declaring Cuba independent and authorizing the president to use the army and navy to expel the Spanish from it. The Teller Amendment, offered by Colorado Senator Henry M. Teller, pledged that the US had no intention of annexing Cuba. - McKinley proclaimed a blockade of Cuba and called for 125,000 volunteers. On April 25, Congress passed a declaration of war and McKinley signed it - McKinley wanted peace and so did Spain, but conflicting national interests of the two countries brought them to war.

Muckrakers

- writers who made a practice of exposing the corruption of public and prominent figures and corporations and highlighting social and political problems

Sedition Act

A WWI law that imposed harsh penalties on anyone using disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language about the US government, flag, or armed forces.

Niagara Movement

A movement, led by W.E.B Du Bois, that focused on equal rights for and the education of African American youth. Rejecting the gradualist approach of Booker T. Washington, it favored militant action and claimed for African Americans all the rights afforded to other Americans

How did the US foreign policy differ in Latin American than in Europe?

Europe: - dominant world power - policy makers promoted trade and tried to avoid diplomatic entanglements Latin America - Secretary of State William Henry Seward who pushed for an expansive foreign policy. - developed a vision of an American Empire stretching south into Latin America and west to the shores of Asia. His vision included Canada and Mexico - South America based their policy on Monroe Doctrine Grover Cleveland - pursued an aggressive policy toward Latin America - almost brought the US to war with Britain over boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana - goal was to increase American influence in Latin America.

What Act created 12 regional banks?

Federal Reserve Act

What American foreign policy maker focused on expanding America's access to markets in Latin America?

James G. Blaine

Progressivism

Movement for social change between the late 1890s and World War I. Its origins lay in a fear of big business and corrupt government and a desire to improve living conditions. progressives set out to cure the social ills brought by industrialization and urbanization, social disorder and corruption - With concerns so large, Progressivism often had a sense of crisis and urgency, although it was rooted in a spirit of hopefulness and confidence in human progress. For varying reasons, thousands of people became concerned about their society. Separately and together, they set out to cure the ills they saw around them. The efforts of the so-called progressives changed the nation and gave the era its name.

What American foreign policy maker wanted to acquire Alaska?

Secretary of State William Henry Seward

Which document warned Latin American nations to keep their affairs in order or face American intervention?

Roosevelt Corallary

How was President Taft different then President Roosevelt?

Taft did not believe in stretching Presidential Powers - taft oppose