HIST 150 Chapter 15: Reordering the World, 1750-1850

social contract

An agreement between the government and the governed that law should bind both ruler and people.

free trade

An economic situation in which governments allow merchants to buy and sell across political boundaries without fees, quotas, or tariffs.

nation-state

A political organization in which the government represents the collective will of a group of people who share a common history, culture, and language.

A major political development of this time period was popular sovereignty, or the idea that legitimate governments must take direction from elected representatives of the people. A major economic development was the idea of free trade, which asserted that government regulation slowed down economic growth.

Complete this passage about major conceptual changes in the period from 1750 to 1850.

The change known as the industrious revolution occurred because household members worked harder and longer in an effort to earn silver and gold, which they then used to purchase goods like sugar, tea, and ceramics.

Complete this sentence about the underlying causes of the industrial revolution.

Nationalism is the idea that a group of people who share a culture, a language, and a history should have a physical territory of its own.

Complete this sentence to define one of the era's major political developments.

No. Brazil separated from Portugal without much fighting and without altering the social, economic, or religious structures within the territory.

Did Brazil achieve political independence through violent revolution?

No. West African slave-trading networks supplied slave labor to new West African enterprises, like palm oil and clove plantations.

Did the capture and enslavement of West Africans end when the Atlantic slave trade was outlawed?

British leaders developed and implemented an English system of education to replace the local institutions of learning; British leaders changed the language of government from Persian to English; British evangelical Christians and reformers condemned the practice of sati.

How did British control of India affect Indian culture and social structure?

India began to buy more than it sold through global trade, reversing its earlier economic success; the highly productive Indian textile industry was dismantled, and India became a net importer of cloth; British colonial cities became centers of trade and surpassed older Mughal cities in both economic and political importance.

How did British control of India change the economy of the region?

Previously the French king's legitimacy was rooted in support from the church and the local clergy, but the 1790 oath suggests that clergy was now subordinate to the French state.

In 1790, all clergy had to take an oath of loyalty to the new French state. How did this event indicate a shift in ideas about political legitimacy?

Just as aristocrats enjoyed privileges that common people could not, men enjoyed legal liberties that women did not; men's marriage rights included the right to control any property a woman had when she got married.

In both France and the United States, some women sought rights that would make them for equal to men, including the right to hold property in marriage. Given what you have learned in this chapter about liberties, what can be deduced from this demand?

Muhammad Ali

In response to growing European trade and power, leaders in Asia and Africa tried to reform and strengthen their own states using new European techniques. Which person implemented these kinds of reforms?

- Urban populations grew rapidly: manufacturing was concentrated in cities. - Factory workers' schedules were synchronized through the use of clocks, horns, and bells: mechanized factories used machines that worked in tandem, at specific speeds. - Disease became widespread in cities as a result of poor sanitation: growing cities lacked sewer and garbage disposal systems. - Economic downturns resulted in unemployment, desperation, and anger: urban workers depended on wages, rather than subsistence from their own farms, to obtain food, shelter, and clothing.

Match each industrial revolution change with its effect on people's day-to-day lives.

- monarch, landed aristocracy, janissaries, and ulama: Ottoman Empire - monarch, landed aristocracy, and the Catholic Church: France - Maratha Confederacy, Mughal dynasty, landed aristocracy, British Easy India Company, and indigenous coastal merchants: India - monarch, colonial plantation owners, and merchants: east coast of North America

Match each region to the primary groups who wielded political and economic influence in that area as of 1750.

- Will the forced labor of Amerindian peoples continue?: Andean miners vs. creole elites - Who will exercise political power in Latin America: European-born or American-born elites?: peninsulares vs. creoles - Will slavery be abolished?: African Brazilians vs. creoles - Will Latin America be divided into small nation-states or large regional confederations?: local military chieftains vs. regional political elites

Match the groups of people to the issues over which they fought during Latin American movements for independence.

European territorial expansion into the Americas was an important factor that enabled Britain's industrial revolution; merchants had more political power and political support in northwestern Europe than they did in China or India.

One reason the industrial revolution happened in northwestern Europe, rather than in China or India, had to do with the connection among merchants, maritime expansion, and the state. How did the role of merchants and maritime expansion differ between northwestern Europe and China and India?

All French citizens are equal under the law; all French citizens have liberties that cannot be taken away.

The French National Assembly issued the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" in 1789. Which philosophical concepts were embodied in this document?

popular sovereignty

The idea that a government's power is granted by the people it governs, not by God or military might.

The French Revolution overturned basic French economic and social structures when leaders abolished feudalism, whereas the American Revolution ultimately left slavery in place; the French Revolution ushered in more radical political changes than the American Revolution.

The text implies that the French Revolution was more tumultuous and violent than the American Revolution, even though both were based on similar principles. Why might this have been the case?

The Qing, Mughal, and Ottoman governments all saw peasant farmers -- not merchants or manufacturers -- as the foundation of their future success; China, India, and the Ottoman Empire did not have profit-seeking investors who used their money to fund inventors and scientists; the most talented minds in China, India, and the Ottoman Empire saw great rewards in working for their respective governments, rather than becoming entrepreneurs.

The text suggests that the industrial revolution of the eighteenth century occurred in northwestern Europe, and not in China, India, or the Ottoman Empire in part because of how their governments treated two segments of their populations: scholars and peasant farmers. How did these governments view scholars and peasant farmers?

Ottoman merchants and European bankers.

The text suggests that the kings' need to borrow money led to democratic reforms in both England and France, but that this did not happen in the Ottoman Empire because the sultans were able to borrow funds without giving up political power. Who lent money to the Ottoman government?

False

True or False: When Thomas Jefferson wrote "All men are created equal," the inhabitants of the American colonies agreed that "All men" really meant white men who owned a certain amount of property.

True

True or False: Advocates of free trade thought it would make societies more fair and efficient, and help everyone in the world improve their lives.

False

True or False: After the end of the Atlantic slave trade, Africa and Europe ceased to have any significant economic interactions because Europeans were not interested in other African products.

False

True or False: China and India were similar in 1750, in that they were both firmly under the control of foreign conquerors: the Manchu in China and the Mughals in India.

True

True or False: China's population and territorial growth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was made possible by peasants' incorporation of crops from the Americas -- specifically corn and sweet potatoes.

True

True or False: In theory, a nation-state is made up of a group of people who share a common history, language, and culture. In practice, many nation-states had residents with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.

False

True or False: One difference between Britain from 1750 to 1850 and China under the Qing dynasty was that Britain actively sought territorial expansion through conquest and settlement, whereas Qing China did not.

False

True or False: Orientalist scholars generally opposed British control of India and used their research to support Indian independence.

False

True or False: The bourgeoisie was a new economic class of people who began their lives as aristocratic landowners, but then took new jobs as accountants, financiers, and lawyers.

end or limit child labor, legalize prostitution, and shorten the workday

What changes did social reformers of the nineteenth century suggest to address the economic and social problems created by the industrial revolution?

Both groups were threatened by technological advances and increased global interconnections; both groups used violence at times in attempt to retain their social, economic, and political power.

What did English Luddites and Ottoman janissaries have in common?

The idea of universal citizenship was slow to develop and highly controversial; slaves understood the concept of political rights and wanted to be citizens in the American republic.

What did Gabriel Prosser's rebellion demonstrate?

industrial revolution

What do historians call the gradual increase and spread of technological knowledge that took place in Europe in the early nineteenth century and facilitated the expansion of global trade networks?

popular sovereignty

What is it called when a leader's right to rule is based on the will of the people, rather than the will of God?

Coal-powered steam engines replaced humans, animals, and water wheels as power sources for manufacturing; increasingly complex machines aided and then, in many cases, replaced human workers; manufacturers spent money buying improved machinery, rather than hiring more skilled workers.

Which of the following changes happened during the industrial revolution?

People collectively agree to the law, and then the ruler and the people are both bound by the law.

Which sentence most accurately reflects Locke's idea of the social contract?

The East India Company was a private company, but in places like India and China, it took on military, diplomatic, and governmental roles.

Which statement best describes the East India Company?

Latin America contained diverse, intermixed communities so there was no clear way to establish geographic boundaries each encompassing a group that shared one primary language, culture, and history.

Why were nation-states difficult to establish in newly independent Latin American territories?