HIST 202 Exam 2

Espionage Act

(postwar tensions) 1917 Act that was basically a speech/law against criticizing Wilson. People were getting arrested for negative comments - newspapers critical of Wilson; socialist but also conservatives who opposed Wilson's draft - Act made it a crime for any person to share information intended to interfere with the U.S. armed forces or to promote the success of the country's enemies. No spying. - Act making it illegal to spread negative views about the U.S., banned media that called for change - 2,000 charged, 1,000 convicted, strikes

Tehran/Potsdam Conference Division

- 1945 Conferences where leaders coordinated their military strategy against Germany and Japan and made a number of important decisions concerning the post World War II era; Stalin also agreed in principle that the Soviet Union would declare war against Japan following an Allied victory over Germany. - communist "Lubin" Poles vs non-communist "London" Poles - Overall makeup of Eastern European govts - Germany: Western vision of de-Nazified but economically reconstructed/democratic nation vs Soviet vision of prostrate nation/reparations - atomic bombs: Stalin knows US has a bomb, but Truman won' admit it

First Great Migration

- 500,000 African Americans leave for northern cities, which were known for more labor opportunities and less restrictions - They still faced restricted employment, exclusion from unions, and housing segregation - 1917 - 1921 600 killed (mostly in North) in large anti-black riots

Hoover's responses to Depression

- He didn't recognize importance of consumer spending by 1920s, claims of 'tide turning' and 'this is normal' makes Americans distrust him - In 1930 the Hawley-Smoot Tariff caused other nations to raise tariffs and reduce the market for goods - 1932 tax increase to balance budget took spare money away from pockets (bad idea) - Public Responses: 1932 Bonus Army (WWI vets) charges D.C. to collect money, Iowa farmers blocked roads to protest low crop prices, Communist Party active in protest, riots in London, verge of revolution?

Women in World War II

- Hollywood/advertising celebrates independent women like Rosie the Riveter, etc - they make up 1/3 of civilian labor force, including industry/professional jobs - first time that married women outnumbered young single women in workforce

What did the United States and the Soviet Union disagree about concerning the postwar world?

- U.S. and Soviet Union disagreed about overall makeup of Eastern European govts - Germany: Western vision of de-Nazified but economically reconstructed/democratic nation vs Soviet vision of prostrate nation/reparations - atomic bombs

Twin Shocks of 1949

1. Sept. 1949 the Soviets successfully test atomic bomb and this shocked the U.S. because it was earlier than U.S. expected and now both nations could destroy each other, U.S. moves toward hydrogen bomb 2. Fall of China to communism

Social Security Act

1935 law passed during the Great Depression that was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to older Americans and thus save them from poverty.

Bretton Woods Conference

1944: The common name for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in New Hampshire - 44 nations at war with the Axis powers met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe.

"Massive Resistance"

1956 southern movement resisting school integration - 80% of southern Congress members sign Southern Manifesto to resist Brown decision

Chicago Freedom Movement

1966: MLK Jr. and others in civil rights organizations tried to spread movement to the north and end employment, mortgages, and housing discrimination, but failed. Canceled march to avoid violence as a result of a possible riot.

19th Amendment

Amendment that gave right to all women (mostly white) to vote

Glass-Steagall Act

Banned commercial banks from stock activity (repealed in 1990s)

Race and housing

Before King and mostly in the North/Midwest, African Americans were forced to relocate all over. Feds only ensured mortgages if they would be resold to whites, cities also redeveloped interiors and pushed AA's towards suburbs. Private developers then blocked non-whites from suburbs and forced blacks to inner cities

Flappers

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts, often in dance halls/music clubs - Symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. - People saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior as a sign of changing morals. - Image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom, individual autonomy/personal rebellion, not tied to broader social reform - Women's self-conscious pursuit of personal pleasure no longer scandalous (led to advertising - cigs)

How did the Great Depression start and how did President Hoover initially try to deal with it?

Causes: - stock market driven by investors/speculators - real estate bubble burst, bank failures, foreclosures - farmers haven't been able to purchase goods like cars/appliances Hoover: - He didn't recognize importance of consumer spending by 1920s, claims of 'tide turning' and 'this is normal' makes Americans distrust him - In 1930 the Hawley-Smoot Tariff caused other nations to raise tariffs and reduce the market for goods - 1932 tax increase to balance budget took spare money away from pockets (bad idea)

Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Board

Created in 1935, they supervise votes for unionization and firing/blacklisting of union supporters outlawed - guarantees the right of workers to organize and outlines the legal framework for labor unions and management relations. In addition to protecting workers, the act provides a framework for collective bargaining.

Jackson Pollock/Charlie Parker

Cultural rebels of the 50s - Pollock: drip painting, consciousness "spills out" on canvas - Parker: "bop" jazz, playing to play, individual

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural revival of African American Culture in Harlem, Manhattan - NYC becomes center of Black American Culture - Broadway acts as an advocate - Black theatres in Harlem search for root of black experience - African, rural southern folk traditions, growing urban neighborhoods in north/midwest as sources - "United Negro Improvement Association" parade 1924

Fair employment Practices Commission/Executive Order 8802

FDR issues executive order 8802 which bans discrimination in defense industries that receive govt contracts - The Fair Employment Practices Commission monitors this

The First Hundred Days/First New Deal (1933-1934)

FDR's actions for economic recovery --> expansion of govt activity: - let workers organize unions - build schools, roads, hospitals, bridges, airports, highways, courthouses - employ doctors, dentists, artists, writers - institute millions of mortgages held by private banks - regulate airwaves/telephones/stocks/bonds

FDR's New Deal/Democratic Coalition

FDR's immediate moves in 1933: - "bank holiday" to halt withdrawals, bank failures - Emergency Banking Act, provides fund to banks facing failure - Glass-Steagall Act - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: insures individuals to certain amounts - rescued financial system and increased govt power over that system - 1/2 of all banks in nation failed between 1929-33, none in 1936

Rebel Without a Cause

Film starring James Dean which portrays themes of youth rebellion and juvenile delinquency in the 50s - point of film was that the absence of stern father figure leads to delinquency, but teens liked the car races, romance, smoking, drinking, Dean's detached character. Made delinquency seem 'cool' instead themes: - alienation of "mass society" - attitude of aloofness, indifference to cultural norms - existential individualism - society fake, will die soon so get personal pleasure

Why and how did cultural rebellion begin in the 1950s?

Freedom/autonomy/independence of women and AA's, plus the War led to rejection of materialism of suburbs/militarization of life in Cold War. People sought immediate pleasure/impulsive actions, consciousness expanded by exploring non-rational (drugs or sexual experimentation) - alienation of "mass society" - attitude of aloofness, indifference to cultural norms - existential individualism - society fake, will die soon so get personal pleasure

Know the elements of cultural conflict in the 1920s. How would you describe the decade?

I would describe the decade as one that had tension, one that tested and pushed back on norms. - Flappers - Scopes Monkey Trial --> pushed debate on religion + modernism - Renaissance/African Americans on the rise to Civil Rights Movement (1960s) - Depression and Hoover caused distrust between govt and society

Berlin Blockade/Airlift

In 1948, Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. In order to combat this, the United States began to airlift supplies into Berlin. (Makes Stalin look bad) - Stalin eventually backs down, but division of Germany/Berlin sealed for 40 years - 1949: West Germany = Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) - 1949: East Germany = German Democratic Republic (GDR)

Iran/Turkey in 1946

Iran: - Russian troops don't leave by March deadline (they want their oil) - Iran, US, UN, force Russian exit - lesson for US is to be tough Turkey: - Soviets demand joint control of exit from Black Sea to Mediterranean - US backs successful Turkish resistance - US sends warships into eastern Mediterranean * barriers are more concrete in 1945 and brings more conflicts

Civil Rights Act/Voting Rights Act

Laws created in 1964/1965 which 1) banned employment discrimination 2) outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War

What did the Cold War lead to for the United States by the early 1950s?

Led to National Security Act (CIA, Sec. of Defense, National Security Council, ect), and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), US defense budget tripled by Korean war, led to mccarthyism

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. His death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

National Security Act of 1947

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council. Also made National Security Advisors, Joint Chiefs of Staff permanent.

The Beats - Ginsberg, Kerouac

People who rejected materialism of suburbs/militarization of life in Cold War - they sought immediate pleasure/impulsive actions, consciousness expanded by exploring non-rational (drugs or sexual experimentation) - Allen Ginsberg (1956) "Howl" used first impulsive thought, no editing that would repress originality - Jack Kerouac (1957) "On the Road", wrote under the influence, critiques of materialism/social conformity of 50s

Doctrine of Containment

Policy that was a U.S response to prevent the spread of communism against the Soviet Union who was trying to enlarge it. - 1946 Soviet expert George Kennan's "Long Telegram" (8,000 words) - Soviets always looking for crisis, won't compromise due to need to have external enemies to justify internal rule - need to contain them; then their system will eventually mellow/change from within, collapse peacefully

How and why did the size and role of the federal government change during the Great Depression and the New Deal?

Role of govt vastly expanded, now responsible for living wage and protection against economic/personal misfortune: fed govt now intervening much more in economy - freedom now included public guarantee of economic security for ordinary citizens - New Deal redrew political map for next 3 decades

Second Great Migration

Second movement of African Americans to the north for industrial jobs, 700,000 - still experience discrimination, blocked from good colleges, limited job training, no loans for farm purchases in South

McCarthyism/HUAC

Senator Joseph McCarthy gave 1950s speech on "known disruptors" in State Dept. - gains wide popularity, ruins many reps - 1954 goes after army and leads to Army-McCarthy hearings (his downfall) leads to nationwide anti-communism: - House Un-American Activities Committee kept up accusations of Communists within the Federal Government/Background investigations of federal officials

Kitchen Debate

Televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. VP Richard Nixon (W). The two sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture vs Soviet state planning. - American National Exhibition in Moscow - Consumer/leisure goods vs Soviet heavy industry - American freedom linked to American consumption - pull of 'soft power'- jazz and blue jeans argument for end of Cold War

Scopes "Monkey" Trial

Tensions between evangelical Protestants (fundamentalists - literal truth of Bible, want to end religious modernism) and "mainline" Protestants (Anglicans, Presbyterians, Lutherans - want to integrate science w/religion and adapt Christianity to new secular culture - trial in 1925, Americans Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) supports John Scopes against anti-evolution law in teaching, becomes national sensation - Clarence Darrow vs William Jennings Bryan, who opens door to non-literal interpretation of Bible while on stand - technically, Scopes convicted, but modernists win public battle

Korean War

The conflict from 1950-1953 between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea and reached a stalemate. - 1945 divided at 38th parallel

What did the civil rights movement accomplish and what was left undone?

The movement accomplished laws against discrimination in employment and voting rights, African Americans were forced to inner cities, ongoing inequality in hiring (black unemployment double that of whites but half of income), housing, education, criminal justice, failure of northern progress like chicago freedom movement

What were American attitudes toward foreign policy in the 1930s?

There were many threatening activities going on internationally during the time and the American attitude was to try to remain neutral, although America supported fascist power in Spanish Civil War. Also, society was more interested in focusing on local reforms - Neutrality Act 1935 --> no travel on belligerent ships, no arms to belligerents - neutrality worked until end of 1941 (Pearl Harbor)

What assumptions underlay American and Soviet motivations in the post-WWII world?

U.S.: -global economic system of free trade/open markets will prevent depression -democratic govts will ensure American security because traditional moat defenses don't work in era of naval nuclear air Soviet -were focused on "friendly" govts in Eastern Europe, -recovery/reconstruction, -fear of capitalist conspiracy/encirclement, -inevitability of inter-capitalist war so you gotta either fight or gain Key: ideologies, wartime experiences (Soviets lost more), goals for postwar, fear/desires of leaders all different