HIST 2100 Exam Three
This Constitutional Amendment reversed the Dred Scott decision and made all native-born, naturalized persons American citizens.
14th Amendment
Ratified in 1870, this Constitutional Amendment prohibited states from denying voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
15th Amendment
This president's first inaugural address was reassuring and conciliatory toward the South on the issue of slavery, but firm and inflexible concerning the perpetuity of the Union.
Abraham Lincoln
This political party reflected the growing frustration felt by many Americans over the growing political influences of immigrants, especially Catholics from Germany and Ireland.
American (Know-Nothing) Party
This president sabotaged radical Reconstruction and encouraged Southern resistance because he believed he was protecting whites from the horrors of "Negro domination."
Andrew Johnson
Under the reconstruction plan of this president, new state governments were required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment and abolish slavery in their constitutions.
Andrew Johnson
General George McClellan squandered his numerical and strategic advantage by refusing to pursue Lee's retreating forces and possibly ending the war in the aftermath of this 1862 engagement.
Battle of Antietam
The Confederate victory at this early Civil War battle was a severe blow to Union morale and demonstrated to the North that victory would not be quick or easy.
Battle of Bull Run
The Confederate victory during this July 1861 battle confirmed the superiority of the rebel fighting men and convinced Southerners of the inevitability of Confederate nationhood.
Battle of Bull Run
General Ulysses S. Grant's victories at these two military fortifications gave the Union control of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers and opened Tennessee to future Union advances.
Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
The decisive Confederate victory over General Ambrose Burnside at this 1862 battle restored Southern morale after General Robert E. Lee's defeat at Antietam.
Battle of Fredericksburg
The Union victory during this 1862 battle effectively ended the Confederacy's southwestern campaign, keeping the West and Southwest in Union hands.
Battle of Glorieta Pass
As the result of this 1862 battle, Union troops and Indians from the Five Civilized Tribes drove Confederate forces out of Missouri into neighboring Arkansas.
Battle of Pea Ridge
General Ulysses S. Grant's victory during this 1862 battle effectively ended any Confederate hopes of blocking the Union's advance into northern Mississippi.
Battle of Shiloh
Enacted by the new state governments, these laws kept freedmen subordinate to whites by denying them the right to vote and restricting blacks to farm work or domestic service.
Black Codes
This 1848 event complicated the national debate over slavery when Californians quickly established a territorial government sympathetic to the Free Soil movement.
California Gold Rush
In a last ditch effort to continue Reconstruction, Republicans endorsed this 1875 Act which barred any person from depriving citizens of any race equal treatment under the law.
Civil Rights Act
Although this Act was the first federal law to define citizenship and required the end of racial discrimination in state laws, in vetoing the bill, President Andrew Johnson argued that the Act was an unconstitutional invasion of states' rights.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
This 1866 Act conferred the rights of citizenship to all persons born in the United States.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
One of the many social injustices that occurred in the wake of this 1873 event was the Supreme Court vacating the indictments of the attackers.
Colfax Massacre
Complicating the fate of this 1850 piece of legislation was John C. Calhoun's demand that Southerners have veto power over any national legislation concerning slavery.
Compromise of 1850
In permitting continued Republican leadership in the nation's executive branch, this 1877 Compromise required the removal of federal occupying forces in the South and federal funds to rebuild the South's infrastructure.
Compromise of 1877
This 1861 Act conferred contraband status on all slaves used in direct support of the Confederate war effort.
Confiscation Act
This 1863 Act was unpopular among the working classes because wealthier citizens could afford to purchase exemptions or hire substitutes to avoid military service.
Conscription Act
In representing the extreme wing of the northern Democratic Party, this opposition group undermined the military effort by resisting conscription laws, encouraging desertion, and arguing that emancipation was unconstitutional.
Copperheads or Peace Democrats
In an attempt to entice seceding states back to the Union and to prevent the Border States from secession, this 1861 Amendment would have prohibited Congress from abolishing or interfering with the domestic institutions of the States.
Corwin Amendment
The South believed that European dependence on this commodity would convince foreign leaders to favor and assist the Confederacy.
Cotton
This 1860 compromise proposed amending the Constitution in order to guarantee the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states by extending the Missouri Compromise line to California and strengthening the government's commitment to the fugitive slave laws.
Crittenden Compromise
Under this agricultural system, merchants advanced goods to sharecroppers in exchange for legal claim to future crop yields.
Crop Lien System
Viewing President Lincoln's reconstruction plan as inadequate, Radical Republicans offered this 1864 alternative which would have guaranteed the equality of the freedmen before the law.
Davis-Wade Bill
Delegates from this political party walked out of their National Convention when Northerners endorsed the ideology of popular sovereignty and rejected federal slave codes for the territories.
Democratic Party
By the 1876 elections, this Southern political party had helped their national party regain control of the House of Representatives.
Democrats
As nascent political parties competed to replace the disintegrating Whig Party during this election, northern support of the Republican platform created a new party system based on sectionalism.
Election of 1856
Political conditions surrounding this presidential election included the Democratic Party endorsing the concept of popular sovereignty and labeling the Republican Party as extremists that would destroy the Union since Republicans called for a Congressional prohibition of slavery in all territories.
Election of 1856
Complicating the settlement of this disputed presidential election was the threat of Southern secession if the Democratic candidate was not awarded the victory.
Election of 1860
The Republican victory in this election was the immediate cause for Southern secession because Southerners believed anti-slavery forces would eventually restructure Southern society in accordance with the free-labor model.
Election of 1860
This document, which linked the South's cause to slavery, made any foreign alliance with the Confederacy an alliance with slavery.
Emancipation Proclamation
These 1870-71 Acts enforced the provisions of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments by holding state officials liable for depriving anyone of their civil rights.
Enforcement Act
By vetoing this bill, President Andrew Johnson helped to galvanize moderate Republicans to nullify the black codes and to affirm equal benefit of the law to blacks.
Extended Life of Freedman's Bureau
Armed hostilities between the North and South officially began when Confederate forces fired upon this federal installation in Charleston harbor in April 1861.
Fort Sumter
This prominent abolitionist believed that slavery was an abomination in the eyes of God; that all slaves should be immediately and completely emancipated; and that slavery would be abolished when whites experienced a revolution of conscience.
Frederick Douglas
During the Election of 1848, this political party argued that free men on free soil was morally and economically superior to slavery.
Free Soil Party
Created in 1865, this federal agency sought to transition slaves into freedmen by sponsoring educational resources for ex-slaves and supervising labor contracts between freedmen and planters.
Freedmen's Bureau
This doctrine, espoused by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates, argued that settlers could keep slavery out of the territories by refusing to pass the slave codes needed for its existence.
Freeport Doctrine
Northerners opposed this 1850 law because it denied alleged runaway slaves a jury trial or the ability to testify on their own behalf.
Fugitive Slave Act
Several Northern states passed personal liberty laws which prevented state officials from enforcing this 1793 Act.
Fugitive Slave Act
This 1850 Act provoked northern outrage and galvanized many northerners against slavery by requiring all citizens to assist in the apprehension of runaway slaves and by allowing free blacks to be identified as fugitives and forced back into slavery.
Fugitive Slave Act
This Union general played an important role in helping to transform the Civil War from a conflict to preserve the Union to the eventual abolishing of slavery by providing the legal rationale for the seizure of slave property when he declared slaves as contraband of war.
General Benjamin Butler
This general's defeat at the Battle of Bull Run demonstrated to Northerners that victory would not be quick or easy.
General Irwin McDowell
This Union general's Peninsula Campaign was compromised by his overly-cautious, slow advance towards Richmond which enable Confederate defenders to launch a series of counteroffensives forcing the Union army to abandon the campaign.
George McClellan
Under the provisions of this 1863 Act, any citizen who discouraged military enlistments, resisted the draft, or engaged in disloyal practices could be placed under military arrest.
Habeas Corpus Suspension Act
In making western lands available to independent farmers, this 1862 Act required settlers to reside on the land for five years and show evidence of improvements before a deed could be granted.
Homestead Act
His 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry in Virginia left an increasing number of southern whites to conclude that many Northerners wanted to end slavery with violence.
John Brown
His massacre of five pro-slavery men at Pottawatomie Creek led to President Franklin Pierce declaring martial law in the Kansas territory.
John Brown
In the early struggle to expand slavery through the doctrine of popular sovereignty, pro-slavery supporters invaded this territory to control the territorial election through fraud and intimidation.
Kansas
One of the purposes for this 1853 territorial addition was to help promote the idea of a southern route for a transcontinental railroad.
Kansas-Nebraska
This 1854 Act, unanimously rejected by Northern Whigs, was proposed to bolster economic development and win support for a Midwestern route for the Transcontinental Railroad by allowing the territories to determine slavery's existence through popular sovereignty.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
When the Civil War began, this border state's assembly passed a declaration of neutrality.
Kentucky
The ratification of this document was problematic for abolitionists in Kansas Territory because the referendum presented to voters failed to offer the choice to ban slavery.
Lecompton Constitution
To enable the government to finance the Civil War after its gold and silver reserves were depleted, this Act permitted the government to issue unbacked paper money to pay its bills.
Legal Tender Act
Believing that Reconstruction's goals had been achieved, this political party advocated for Confederate amnesty, civil service reform, and the removal of federal troops from the South.
Liberal Republican Party
Four additional slave states seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy in May 1861 as a result of this presidential action in the days following the surrender of Fort Sumter.
Lincoln's Call for Troops
These 1858 "debates" raised the issue of whether Congress or the territorial settlers themselves had the authority to regulate slavery.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
President Abraham Lincoln ordered federal troops to occupy this border state to prevent Washington, D. C. from being surrounded by enemy territory.
Maryland
Under the provisions of this 1862 Act, the president was authorized to employ as many persons of African descent deemed necessary to suppress the rebellion.
Militia Act
Border ruffians from this state poured into Kansas territory and "elected" a territorial government that legalized slavery and authorized the death penalty for helping escaped slaves.
Missouri
In providing land grants to states, this 1862 Act required that states establish and fund colleges specializing in agriculture and the mechanic arts.
Morill Land Grant Act
These tariffs passed during the Civil War sought to raise revenue to help the Union pay for the war effort.
Morill Tariffs
The Union's capture of this city in May 1862 closed the Mississippi River to Confederate shipping.
New Orleans
Nurtured by class resentment and racism, this 1863 event was sparked because Irish immigrants believed that emancipated blacks would compete for white jobs in the North.
New York Draft Riots
Although this 1854 document supported slaveholding expansionists' desires to annex Cuba, by justifying the use of force if Spain refused to sell Cuba to the United States, it insinuated that Southerners were willing to provoke war to expand slave territory.
Ostend Manifesto
This 1863 Act provided government funding and land grants to assist in the development of the nation's first transcontinental rail line.
Pacific Railway Act
Proposed by Senator Lewis Cass as the battle over the expansion of slavery intensified, this measure would allow people who settled the territories to decide whether or not they wanted slavery.
Popular Sovereignty
When he took office in 1849, this president enraged southerners by championing a free-soil solution to slavery by urging Congress to admit California and New Mexico to the union as Free States.
President Zachary Taylor
This South Carolinian's caning of Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner in 1856 further inflamed sectional passions over the institution of slavery and its future in the Republic.
Preston Brooks
Although it declared personal liberty laws to be unconstitutional, this 1842 Supreme Court decision also held that officials did not have to use state resources to enforce federal laws.
Prigg .v. Pennsylvania
This proclamation, issued by President Lincoln in 1863, required the rebels to renounce secession and accept emancipation.
Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction
In exploiting the severe economic conditions of small white farmers in the South, this political party portrayed Republican economic policy as forcing poor white farmers to pay higher taxes to support freeloading blacks.
Redeemer Democrats
This political party sought to save southern civilization from "African barbarism" by dislodging whites from the Republican Party through social ostracizing and violence.
Redeemer Democrats
A coalition of abolitionists, Free Soilers, northern Whig, and northern Democrats, this political party emerged in the aftermath of the Kansas-Nebraska Act to oppose the extension of slavery into the territories.
Republican Party
In order to win over voters in the North and West, this political party broadened its platform to include popular economic programs during the 1860 campaign.
Republican Party
The initial ideology of this political party included opposing the extension of slavery in the territories, believing in the gradual extinction of slavery, and supporting the free-labor ideology.
Republican Party
By restricting Congress's ability to regulate slavery in the territories, this controversial Supreme Court decision gave credence to Republican paranoia of a Southern plot to nationalize slavery.
Scott .v. Sandford
During this turbulent period in 1860-61, six Deep South states withdrew from the Union, the Confederate States of America were established, and Jefferson Davis was elected president of the Confederacy.
Secession Winter
The decisive Confederate victory at this 1862 battle emboldened General Robert E. Lee to launch an invasion of the North.
Second Battle of Bull Run
General Robert E. Lee's victory over General George McClellan during this 1862 battle forced the Union to abandon its peninsula campaign.
Seven Days Battle
In an attempt to address the problem of black refugees, General Sherman issued this Field Order to partitioned confiscated land along the Atlantic coast to give to freed black families.
Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15
This 1873 Supreme Court decision curtailed the federal government's ability to protect black citizens by deciding that the government could no longer use the Enforcement Acts to prosecute paramilitary groups.
Slaughterhouse Cases
This Illinois Senator sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), which included a section repealing the Missouri Compromise because he needed southern support to finance a transcontinental railroad.
Stephen Douglas
Republicans were able to pursue efforts to impeach President Andrew Johnson when the president violated this 1867 Act by dismissing the Secretary of War without Senate approval.
Tenure of Office Act
According to this historical theory, sharecroppers were habitually in debt and trapped in an endless cycle of servitude.
The Sharecropper Cycle of Poverty
This 1852 novel influenced Northerners' attitudes towards slavery because it was a compelling novel and a vehicle for a stirring moral indictment of slavery.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Considered the single most powerful attack on slavery written at the time, the popularity of this 1852 novel (with over 300,000 copies sold, the book became America's first literary blockbuster) confirmed for an increasing number of southerners their suspicion that they had few northern supporters.
Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 intensified abolitionist efforts to assist escaped slaves in using this series of escape routes where over 75,000 slaves fled their captivity by 1861, the majority of which fled to Canada.
Underground Railroad
Simply, this term describes the network of secret routes used by slaves to escape to Canada.
Underground Railroad
Although it initially proved to be ineffective, this Union action was eventually recognized as "physically effective" by the British Parliament delaying any possible alliance between Great Britain and the Confederacy.
Union Blockade
Western delegates from this state opposed secession, yet voted to secede from the Confederacy to join the Union cause.
West Virgina
By the election of 1852, this political party's division over slavery weakened its national appeal and contributed to its collapse in North.
Whig Party
Support among Democrats and Whigs for this controversial Congressional action was split along sectional lines since Northerners wanted to preserve the West for free, white labor; and white Southerners were outraged at the possibility of slavery's exclusion from new territories.
Wilmot Proviso
This 1846 provision proposed banning slavery from any territory acquired from Mexico.
Wilmot Proviso
