HIST 2610

Which of the following is true about the Confederate government's handling of its military needs during the Civil War?

*A. Jefferson Davis signed the first conscription act in U.S. history. Despite the fact that the Confederacy emphasized the importance of states' rights, the South enacted the first conscription act in U.S. history. B. It subjected even the wealthiest planters and their sons to the draft. Wealthy planters enjoyed exceptions from the draft on the grounds that they had to protect their slave property. C. Its military draft was widely popular within the Confederacy. The draft was unpopular in the Confederacy, just as it was in the North. D. It left military procurement and manpower to states in accordance with the belief in states' rights. The Confederacy had to violate some of its principles of states' rights and eventually organize a Confederate army on a Confederate level.

The first state to prohibit the sale of all alcoholic beverages in 1851 was

*A. Maine. Maine became a completely dry state in 1851. B. Vermont. Vermont was not the first state to prohibit the sale of all alcoholic beverages in 1851. C. New Hampshire. New Hampshire was not first in outlawing the sale of all alcoholic beverages in 1851. D. Connecticut. Connecticut was not the first state to prohibit the sale of all alcoholic beverages in 1851.

Prior to the 1720s, what was one major reason that birthrates for white women were lower in the South than in New England?

*A. Mortality rates were higher in the South. Mortality rates for mothers and infants were higher in the South. In addition to the increased mortality rates, the gender ratio in the South still favored men at the beginning of the eighteenth century. B. Southern women married at an older age. Both southern and northern women married young in the eighteenth century. C. Most northern women spent the first twenty years of marriage bearing and rearing children. Most women in the colonies, both the New England and the Chesapeake colonies, spent the first two decades of marriage bearing and rearing children. D. The northern colonies had more men than women. From the outset, most New England colonies were settled with an even or nearly even sex ratio. In the South, however, there were more men than women at the beginning of the eighteenth century.

What was the effect of Governor Tryon's decision to attack the Regulators and then publicly hang six of them?

A. Regulators disbanded across the colonies. Regulator groups did not disband. The South Carolina Regulators won concessions in 1769. B. Local residents turned Herman Husband over to the governor. Husband fled the Carolina frontier and settled in Pennsylvania. *C. Many colonists bitterly resented Tryon's actions. Many local residents believed that Tryon had ordered the murders of hardworking Carolinians. D. A Regulator movement emerged in South Carolina. The South Carolina Regulators emerged prior to the Alamance battle and the public hangings.

Which of the following new job opportunities expanded in the 1840s as a result of new technological developments?

A. Shoemaker The demand for shoemakers did not expand as a result of technological changes in the 1840s. B. Carpenter The demand for carpenters did not grow as a direct result of technological changes. *C. Editor Steam presses expanded the capacity to print and publish newspapers, which in turn needed editors. D. Lawyer The demand for lawyers in the 1840s did not expand as a result of technological changes at the time.

Why did many poor Americans join the British cause during the American Revolution?

A. The British promised them land in return for their service. The British made no promises of land. B. The British promised bonus money in return for their loyalty. The British made no promises of bonus payments. *C. They resented patriot landlords and owners. Exploited by their owners or landlords, many poorer men and women became loyalists in opposition to local elites who pledged their support to the patriots. Many former Regulators joined the British in the American Revolution. D. They were offered safe haven in British-held cities. The British did not offer poor people safe haven in return for loyalty.

Why were George Washington's patriot troops discouraged in December 1776?

A. The British refused to fight until the spring thaw. In keeping with European tradition, General Howe and his men decided to wait out the winter. His decision, however, was not the reason for the discouragement felt by Washington's men. *B. They had not won a battle since the Declaration of Independence the previous July. In the six months after the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Army endured several defeats without any victories. C. They had recently suffered a large wave of desertions, lowering morale. Washington's army did not suffer a large wave of desertions shortly before December 1776. D. They could not find any new recruits. The Continental Army received new recruits that December, although not nearly as many as they needed.

Who was the author of the Compromise of 1850?

A. Zachary Taylor President Taylor did not offer the Compromise of 1850. *B. Henry Clay Senator Clay of Kentucky had authored the Missouri Compromise in 1819-1820 and now offered a new compromise in 1850. C. John C. Calhoun South Carolina Senator Calhoun did not author the compromise and refused to support any compromise that allowed Congress to decide the fate of slavery in the western territories. D. William H. Seward Seward was an antislavery senator from New York. He did not author the compromise but opposed it fiercely.

Why were slaves in the border states eager to join the Union army?

*A. Military service would result in their freedom. Military service marked the end of their servitude and the beginning of freedom for them. B. They wanted to protect their homes from nearby Confederates. The desire to fight for the homes of their slave masters did not drive them to enlist. C. They saw how brave fellow African Americans and slaves had fought in the vicinity. While some slaves may have had the chance to learn about the bravery of fellow African Americans in Union uniform, this was not the primary reason for the desire to join the army. D. Army recruiters actively sought out slaves in the border states. Army recruiters did not travel the border states in search of slaves willing to volunteer.

Why were some African Americans frustrated with Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)?

*A. Though effective, it was written by a white woman. Some African Americans were frustrated by the fact that a fictional story by a white woman was more effective in stirring the cause against slavery than their factual narratives of real suffering. B. It portrayed southern slaves as crude and beastly. The portrayal of southern slaves as crude and beastly would have upset African Americans, but Uncle Tom's Cabin did not do that. C. It made light of slave owners' cruelty and of the power of overseers. The book highlighted the brutality of slavery rather than made light of it. D. It finished with an unrealistically happy ending. Uncle Tom's Cabin was a sentimental depiction of slavery, but it did not finish with an unrealistically happy ending.

What was an effect of the riots over the leasing policies of landlords in the 1740s?

A. A more just distribution of land The leasing policies of landlords were not fundamentally changed by the riots. B. Colonial officials siding with the rioters Colonial officials sided with the landlords. *C. Colonists forming popular militia companies In the wake of the land-leasing riots, poor farmers formed small militia companies to carry out justice along the Hudson River. D. Tenants and squatters filing a petition to colonial officials Tenants and squatters along the Hudson River in New York first tried to settle their grievances by filing a petition. Colonial officials' ignoring that petition prompted the riots.

Why did Prince Henry of Portugal launch a systematic effort to modernize sea exploration and long-distance trade in the fifteenth century?

A. He wanted to find a more direct route to Africa. Portuguese sailors explored the coast of Africa in the course of developing sea routes elsewhere. *B. He wanted to find a path to India. Prince Henry sought a path to India so that the Portuguese could benefit from trade with the East and could also challenge Muslim power. C. He wanted to open up trade with the Americas. When Prince Henry initiated his effort to modernize sea exploration, Europeans did not yet know about the Americas. D. He wanted to open a slave trade. Henry the Navigator was interested in trade in spices and other luxury goods.

How did the French presence in North America differ from that of the English?

A. France had more settlers. The French had far fewer settlers in North America, a mere 10,000 in 1680. B. France allowed all French citizens to settle in North America. Huguenots, French Protestants, were not allowed to emigrate from France. *C. France extended influence through exploration and commerce. Rather than settling large areas of land, the French extended their colonial influence through exploration and trade. D. France was less likely to ally itself with Native Americans. French colonists were more dependent on Native Americans than their English counterparts and, for the most part, they conducted themselves accordingly.

What tensions were manifest in the Great Awakening as well as among colonists who protested the actions of Parliament?

A. Generational tensions Tensions between generations did not animate the rhetoric of the Great Awakening or protests against the British government. B. Racial tensions Tensions of race did not cause protests against the British government. *C. Class tensions In the Great Awakening and in the protests against the British government, class conflict was used to pit the majority of the colonists against unsympathetic aristocrats. D. Religious tensions Religious tensions did not animate protests against the British government.

The eighteenth-century European cultural movement that emphasized rational thought and science over traditional religion was known as

A. Pietism. Popular among German immigrants, Pietism encouraged people to embrace emotion in their spiritual lives. B. Spectral evidence. Spectral evidence, evidence drawn from dreams or visions, was introduced during witchcraft trials. *C. The Enlightenment. A European cultural movement, the Enlightenment emphasized rational and scientific thinking as more important than traditional religion. D. The Great Awakening. The Great Awakening was a series of religious revivals in the colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.

In 1739, the most serious slave rebellion of the eighteenth century occurred in which colony?

A. Rhode Island The most serious slave rebellion of the eighteenth century did not take place in Rhode Island. B. Maryland The most serious slave rebellion of the eighteenth century did not take place in Maryland. C. Virginia The most serious slave rebellion of the eighteenth century did not take place in Virginia. *D. South Carolina A group of slaves marched through the South Carolina countryside killing whites and setting fire to plantations. Chapter 4: Religious Strife and Social Upheavals, 1680-1754 Topic: An Ungodly Society? books: The Rise of Religious Anxieties Cries of Witchcraft

In 1829 the white residents of which city attacked black neighborhoods and forced more than half of its black residents to flee?

A. Philadelphia An attack on free blacks in Philadelphia took place three years later. *B. Cincinnati White residents of Cincinnati attacked black neighborhoods in 1829, forcing more than half of the city's black population to flee. C. Ontario Ontario was the Canadian province to which many of the fugitives from this 1829 attack, as well as the 1832 attack on free blacks in Philadelphia, fled. D. New Orleans No such attack occurred in New Orleans at the time.

Who controlled most of southwest Asia, North Africa, and portions of the Iberian Peninsula by the ninth century?

A. Roman empire The Roman empire had fallen by the ninth century. B. Byzantine empire The Byzantine empire did not control most of southwest Asia and portions of the Iberian Peninsula in the ninth century. *C. Islamic regimes Islamic regimes controlled most of southwest Asia and portions of the Iberian Peninsula in the ninth century. D. Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks were the chief rivals to the group that did control these areas.

What name did the opponents of immigration into the United States assume by the 1840s?

A. Xenophobes Xenophobia refers to the fear of the foreign or foreigners, but that was not the name opponents of immigration chose for themselves. B. Whigs Whigs were the national party that emerged in opposition to Jacksonian Democrats in the 1830s. *C. Nativists By the 1840s, Americans who opposed immigration took the name "nativists" and launched public campaigns against foreigners, especially Irish Catholics. D. Reformers Many different groups with diverse goals considered themselves reformers in this period.

Inca priests engaged in human sacrifice to

A. punish enemies captured in war. Punishing enemies was not the purpose of human sacrifice for the Incas. B. ensure the population increased over time. Ensuring the fertility of the population was a reason Aztec priests engaged in human sacrifice. C. guarantee a good yield from their crops. Ensuring successful crop growth was a reason Aztec priests engaged in human sacrifice. *D. ward off natural disasters and military defeat. The Incas practiced human sacrifice to prevent natural disasters and military defeat.

Why did the Puritans attack the Pequots in 1636?

A. The Pequots had brutally murdered Puritan women and children. A Puritan attack in 1637 left 400 Pequot men, women, and children dead. B. The Pequots refused to trade beaver furs to the Puritans. Tensions between the Pequots and the Puritans did not involve the fur trade. *C. The Pequots opposed the expansion of Puritan settlements. The Puritans used the death of two Englishmen in 1636 as a pretext to justify a military expedition that would diminish the Pequots' ability to oppose continued expansion. D. The Pequots had attacked the Puritans' allies, the Wampanoag. A Pequot attack on the Wampanoag did not precipitate the Puritans' actions.

What was the significance of North Carolina's and Rhode Island's refusals to ratify the Constitution, even after it was to be put into effect?

A. They demonstrated the importance of the passage of a bill of rights. Their hesitance continued after Federalists promised a bill of rights. B. They illustrated the impact of Shays's Rebellion. Shays's Rebellion took place in Massachusetts. *C. They underlined the concern about strong government power at the time. The new government came into office under great suspicion; President Washington and Congress quickly worked to dispel any ideas of despotism. D. They revealed the persuasive power of The Federalist Papers. States that chose not to ratify the Constitution did not reveal the persuasive power of The Federalist Papers.

The Civil War had which of the following economic consequences for both North and South?

A. Deflation The war did not lead to falling prices in either region. *B. Inflation The war increased the currency in circulation in both regions, causing prices to skyrocket. C. Mass unemployment Labor shortages were the economic problem of the time, not mass unemployment. D. A steady decline in manufacturing After some initial slow-downs, manufacturing expanded over the course of the war on both sides.

To what place did the rebels who took part in the Stono rebellion hope to escape?

A. Georgia The rebels did not plan to escape to British-controlled Georgia. *B. Florida The rebels planned to escape to Florida where the Spanish governor promised freedom to all slaves who arrived. Thirty-eight fugitive families settled in St. Augustine in the middle of the eighteenth century. C. New York The rebels did not plan to escape to settle in British-controlled New York. D. West Indies The rebels did not plan to escape to the British West Indies.

What was John Wesley's role in American theology?

A. He led the German Pietists. John Wesley was not a leader of the German Pietists, although he taught Pietist ideas to his students at Oxford. B. He supported the Enlightenment. John Wesley did not support the Enlightenment movement. C. He founded the Great Awakening. John Wesley was not the founder of the Great Awakening, although his teachings and ideas contributed to the revival movement. *D. He was the founder of Methodism. John Wesley founded Methodism in the American colonies.

Which of the following plagued the Confederacy in 1864, the third year of the Civil War?

A. Inability to get supplies to the army The Confederacy was running out of supplies fast in 1864. B. Slave revolts Although slaves were frequently running away to seek protection from Union troops and gain their freedom, slave revolts were not widespread. *C. Low morale and increasing loss of confidence Confederate troops suffered from increasingly low morale. D. Widespread unrest among immigrants Few immigrants settled in the Confederacy during the war.

What was the significance of the Battle of Bunker Hill?

A. It convinced the Continental Congress that the war would be short. The Battle of Bunker Hill did not portend a short war. B. It convinced the Continental Congress to declare independence. Congress declared independence more than a year later. C. It forced the Continental Congress to raise money for the militias. Congress did not move to raise money for local militias in the aftermath of Bunker Hill. *D. It prompted the Continental Congress to establish an army. The Battle of Bunker Hill prompted congress to establish a Continental Army for defense of the colonies and to choose George Washington to lead that army.

What was the significance of Virginia's state constitution, created during the American Revolution?

A. It established a model for the emancipation of slaves. Virginia's constitution did not address the emancipation of slaves. B. It served as a model for replacing the governor with an executive council. Pennsylvania's constitution, not Virginia's, dissolved the position of governor in favor of an executive council. *C. It provided a model for a bill of rights. The Virginia constitution had a bill of rights that guaranteed citizens of Virginia certain rights, such as freedom of the press. Other states, and eventually the U.S. Constitution, adopted the idea. D. It provided a model for granting some women the right to vote. New Jersey's constitution, not Virginia's, enfranchised propertied women.

What caused the 1680 Pueblo Revolt?

A. The alliance between the Apache and the Spanish The Spanish benefited from the enmity between the Pueblo and Apache in the 1690s, but they had no alliance with the Apaches at any time. B. The Spanish raid on a Pueblo village in 1671 The Pueblo Revolt was not prompted by a raid on a Pueblo village. C. The sale of Pueblo Indians into West Indian slavery The Pueblo Revolt was not caused by the enslaving of any Pueblo Indians. *D. The violence enacted on Pueblo people accused of idolatry In a string of abuses against Pueblo people, the hanging, whipping, and incarceration of Pueblo Indians accused of idolatry spurred Popé and 17,000 others to seek revenge.

What caused the War of Spanish Succession and also caused Queen Anne's War?

A. The death of Queen Anne The War of Spanish Succession did not begin because of the Queen's death. B. Breach of the Treaty of Utrecht The Treaty of Utrecht ended the War of Spanish Succession; it did not cause it. C. Conflicts over Newfoundland and Nova Scotia Tensions over Newfoundland and Nova Scotia did not cause the War of Spanish Succession. *D. The death of King Charles II When Charles II of Spain died, there was no heir to the throne. His death ignited a contest for the Spanish kingdom and its colonies.

Why did most pioneers moving to the West in the 1840s and 1850s come from middling status?

A. They were the only ones who read news about opportunities in the West. The reading of newspapers was not just a middle-class affair, and working people with lesser means also knew about opportunities in the West. B. They were the only ones who saw their opportunities diminish in the East. The poor and working people in the eastern states were just as eager for new economic opportunities. C. Americans of the middle class were looking for new political freedom in the West. Middle-class Americans were politically active in the eastern states and could not complain about a lack of political involvement. *D. Westward migration required a certain amount of funds. Westward migration required at least enough funds for wagons and supplies to last for a three- to six-month journey.

Why did women not try to pursue their reform goals through direct political participation in the 1830s and 1840s?

A. They were tied down at home with domestic responsibilities. Women in the American middle class had many household duties to maintain, but they also had time to take part in reform movements. *B. They did not have the right to vote. Without the right to vote, it was impossible to change the course of politics directly and elect new political leadership. C. They did not think political change was necessary. Women reformers were certainly convinced that political change was necessary. D. Husbands did not allow their activist wives to vote. The law did not allow women to vote.

Which amendment to the Constitution prohibited the denial of voting rights to African American men because of their race?

A. Thirteenth Amendment The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. B. Fourteenth Amendment The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed citizenship for African Americans. *C. Fifteenth Amendment The Fifteenth Amendment attempted to guarantee voting rights for African Americans by prohibiting the use of race as a bar to suffrage. However, the Amendment opened the door to using criteria other than race, such as literacy, payment of taxes, or good moral character, as a way to disfranchise voters. D. Sixteenth Amendment The Sixteenth Amendment established the income tax.

Why did 500 Continental Army officers remain in Newburgh, New York, in March 1783?

A. To defend New York With the war effectively over, there was no reason to defend New York. B. To demand benefits for their troops The officers were not gathered in Newburgh on behalf of their troops. *C. To protest their lack of pay The officers remained in Newburgh in protest; they had not received the compensation promised them by the Continental Congress for their military service. D. To quell a military uprising The officers did not gather in Newburgh to put down a military uprising.

People who received a loan to cross the Atlantic Ocean and then found an employer who would pay back the loan in exchange for their work were known as

A. indentured servants The indentured servitude system did not involve employers paying back loans on behalf of the migrant. *B. redemptioners The redemptioner system emerged in the 1720s as a way to facilitate migration to the colonies. It was especially popular among German immigrants. C. apprentices Apprentices were bound to labor for a master craftsman, who would provide room and board while teaching the apprentice a skilled trade. D. convicts With prisons overcrowded in Britain, criminals were given the option to migrate rather than serve time in prison.

Slaves most commonly resisted enslavement on plantations by

A. killing their masters. Slaves typically resorted to other forms of resistance than homicide. B. fleeing to England. Slaves did not have to flee all the way to England to escape servitude. C. sending petitions to the state legislature. Slaves had no reason to expect any relief from southern state legislatures dominated by slave owners. *D. working slowly. Slaves had the best chance at successful protesting by slowing down work, breaking tools, or feigning injury.

During trials for witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England, evidence that came to witnesses in dreams or visions was called

A. accomplice evidence. Evidence derived from dreams or visions was not called forensic evidence. B. hearsay evidence. Evidence derived from dreams or visions was not called hearsay. *C. spectral evidence. So-called spectral evidence was presented in court by girls who claimed to have been harmed by witches. It was admitted by the courts. D. eye witness evidence. Evidence derived from dreams or visions was not considered eye witness evidence.

Books such as Mercy Otis Warren's History of the Revolution and Mason Weems' Life of Washington were popular in the early republic because they

A. addressed a female audience. Although novels were increasingly read by and written for women, Warren and Weems' histories did not target a specifically female readership. B. offered suggestions on marriage. Although many novels addressed themes of love and marriage, Warren and Weems' histories did not offer advice on marriage. *C. celebrated America's founding. Both Warren and Weems glorified America. Weems, though a bit fanciful in places, lionized the life and service of Washington. D. ridiculed other American writers. Warren and Weems were not popular because they attacked other authors.

By the eve of the Civil War, southern intellectuals had come to see slavery as

A. an evil necessity. Southern intellectuals did not see slavery as simply a necessary evil. *B. a positive good. By the 1850s, southern intellectuals had developed a proslavery argument that they thought showed that bondage was good for blacks and superior to the northern system of wage labor. C. a minor annoyance. Southern intellectuals did not contend that slavery was only a minor annoyance. D. an outrageous injustice. Southern intellectuals denied that slavery was unjust.

In the early nineteenth century, American novelists like Susanna Rowson and Charles Brockden Brown

A. wrote paeans to traditional concepts of marriage. Rowson and Brown were critics of traditional concepts of marriage and embraced new marital ideals of greater equality between spouses. B. offered readers a frank view into the lives of the poor. Rowson and Brown did not portray social reality at the bottom of society in their novels. C. wrote for an almost exclusively male audience. In part due to improvements in girls' education, women were thought to be the most avid readers of the new genre of novels. *D. sought to improve their readers' morals through their fiction. Rowson and Brown sought to educate readers about virtuous action by placing ordinary women and men in moments of high drama that tested their moral character.

Approximately what percentage of white women in the early-eighteenth-century colonies never married?

*A. 10 In the eighteenth century, marriage for white women was nearly universal, with some 90 percent of white women getting married. The fertility rate was also high—an average of eight children per woman—resulting in a fast-growing population that was remarkably young. B. 20 The percentage of white women who never married was not 20 percent. C. 30 The percentage of white women who never married was not 30 percent. D. 40 The percentage of white women who never married was not 40 percent.

What was Beringia?

*A. A land bridge that allowed people to migrate from Asia to North America The land that connected northeast Asia to present-day Alaska about 20,000 years ago is known as Beringia. B. A body of water that people used to reach North America from Europe Migration took place from Asia to North America via land. C. A glacier that formed some 13,000 years ago in present-day Alaska and encouraged the growth of the mammoth population The Beringia was not a glacier. D. A group of people who migrated from Northeast Asia to present-day Alaska about 20,000 years ago Beringia does not refer to a group of people.

Why did the Dakota Sioux go to war with the United States in 1862?

A. They were Confederate allies. The Sioux were not Confederate allies. B. They opposed being drafted. The Sioux had not been drafted. *C. The United States had broken treaties. Treaties broken by the United States led the Sioux to attack U.S. forces. The United States emerged victorious and arrested and executed thirty-eight Sioux. D. The United States threatened to end slavery. Slavery was not an issue in causing the war.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Now the Earl of Granville's Office, shut in such a manner, that no one in the Province knew but it would open again every year. . . . [B]ut four or five years being now elapsed, there is so much of the Lands seated under these Circumstances [cleared and cultivated], that Individuals in Power, and who has Money, are Marking them out for a Prey. . . .

It is to be feared too many of our Rulers have an eye to make a Prey of these poor People, because an Opinion seems to be propagated, that it is Criminal to cut a Tree down off the vacant Lands. Whether this Notion took its Rise from the great Men's making Tar and Turpentine on vacant Lands . . . or from the Motive's above mentioned [powerful men seeking improved lands], I would advise no honest Man to suffer such an Opinion to take Place with him; for the Thing is so inhuman and base, that you will not find a man but he will deny and clear himself, or hide such a Design as long as he can. . . ." According to Herman Husband's pamphlet, why were government officials refusing to grant farmers title to their lands? A. Parliament had passed a law forbidding colonial officials from granting the land titles. Husband does not fault Parliament for passing restrictions on landownership. B. The Earl of Granville had directed his agents to buy up as much improved land as possible for himself. Although Husband faults the earl for not keeping the land office open to process claims, he does not accuse him of attempting to buy up lands for himself. *C. Wealthy individuals wanted the lands for themselves once farmers had made improvements. Husband argues that some wealthy people were out to make "prey" of poor farmers by acquiring the lands that farmers had improved at their own expense. D. The king of England had refused his assent to a law that would have made lands more widely available. Husband does not discuss the king of England. Topic: Postwar British Policies and Colonial Unity books: Common Grievances Forging Ties across the Colonies Great Britain Seeks Greater Control

The slaves of which sugar-rich Caribbean island successfully revolted against French rule in 1791?

*A. Saint Domingue In 1791, slaves of the sugar-rich island of Saint Domingue launched a revolt against French rule. B. Cuba Spain, not France, controlled Cuba. C. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico was under Spanish, not French, rule. D. Bahamas The Bahamas were not under French rule.

What was the effect of General James Wolfe's victory in Quebec in 1759?

*A. The British gained control of Canada. With Wolfe's victory, Great Britain took control of Canada. B. The Seven Years' War ended. The war continued for four more years. C. France left the war. France continued to fight, but the Battle of Quebec was a decisive defeat for that nation. D. Wolfe continued on to capture Lake Champlain. General Jeffrey Amherst captured forts on Lake Champlain before Wolfe's victory in Quebec.

What was one important effect of Pontiac's rebellion and the Conestoga massacre?

*A. The British issued the Proclamation Line of 1763. The persistence of Indian-colonial conflict prompted the British crown to proclaim a dividing line down the Appalachian Mountains to keep colonists and Indians away from one another. B. Pontiac's Ottawa tribe was exterminated. The Ottawa tribe was not exterminated in the 1760s. C. The Ottawa resettled from Pennsylvania to Detroit. The Ottawa had not lived in Pennsylvania prior to the rebellion. D. Ben Franklin settled the issue of protection for western settlers. Franklin negotiated a truce between the Paxton Boys and the Pennsylvania authorities but was not able to settle the issue of protection for western settlers.

How did Chinese men manage to make a steady income after they were run off their claims by Anglo-American gold miners in California in the late 1840s and early 1850s?

*A. They offered cooking and laundry services to miners. Some Chinese men used the skills traditionally assigned to them in their homeland, such as cooking and washing clothes, to earn a far steadier income than prospecting for gold could have ever provided. B. They picked up jobs with the railroad. Railroads did not provide ample employment for Chinese men in California in this period. C. They became scouts on the overland trails. Chinese men lacked the knowledge of local geography to become successful scouts for the overland trails. D. They became successful merchants in San Francisco. Racial discrimination against Chinese would have made it difficult for them to succeed as merchants in San Francisco.

What was the central point of the platform of the Free-Soil Party in the election of 1848?

*A. The exclusion of slaves from western territories The Free-Soil Party broke political conventions of its time by drawing attention to the issue of slavery rather than avoiding it. Its platform centered on the exclusion of slaves from western territories. B. The emancipation of southern slaves The Free-Soil Party was critical of slavery but did not advocate emancipation. C. The liberation of California and New Mexico The Free-Soil Party did not promise the liberation of California and New Mexico, territories the United States had just acquired. D. Full equality for African Americans The Free-Soil Party did not propose equality for African Americans.

What role did Spain play during Revolutionary War battles in the West?

*A. Assisting in the defeat of British-allied Indians Spain, which controlled the Louisiana Territory, assisted the American war effort in the West by fighting British-allied Indians. For example, Spanish forces defeated an Indian force at St. Louis, giving the Patriots more control of the Ohio valley. B. Fighting for Britain against the Americans and French Spain did not fight for Britain. C. Allying with Indians against both Britain and America Spain did not ally with Indians against both Britain and America. D. Remaining neutral and selling supplies to all sides Spain did not remain neutral.

What was an important effect of the repeated skirmishes between Indians and colonists along the southern and western frontiers in the middle of the eighteenth century?

*A. Colonists along the frontier felt abandoned by political leaders in more settled areas. Backcountry settlers resented the lack of support provided by leaders in more settled regions. Colonists along the frontier were often forced to fend for themselves against repeated Indian attacks. B. Colonists along the frontier sought to renew trade agreements with local Indians. Hostility toward Indians increased rather than decreased as a result of the skirmishes. C. The British ceded territory along the southern frontier to Indian tribes. Great Britain did not give land to the Indians in the 1750s. D. Colonial leaders diverted much needed money and men to support settlers along the frontier. Political leaders in more settled areas were not compelled to send men or supplies to backcountry farmers.

What group of planters was especially hard hit by the panic of 1819?

*A. Cotton planters A cotton boom followed the War of 1812, and cotton planters borrowed heavily to bring more land under cultivation in places such as Alabama. When cotton prices collapsed in the panic, however, they were unable to repay their loans. B. Rice planters Rice planters were not especially hard hit by the panic. C. Sugar planters Sugar planters were not especially hard hit by the panic. D. Tobacco planters Tobacco planters were not especially hard hit by the panic.

How did the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 encourage the arrest of suspected runaways?

*A. The law offered commissioners more for returning slaves than for finding them innocent. Commissioners were paid $10 for each slave sent back but only $5 if the slave was found but not returned. This provision encouraged arrests. B. The law became active in all northern states. As a federal law, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 became active in all states. C. The law mandated that trials of runaways be held in southern states rather than in the North. The law did not require trials of alleged runaways to be conducted only in the South. D. The law gave slave catchers the right to hold and keep the slaves for themselves. The law did not authorize slave catchers to keep convicted runaways as their own property.

Why did the expulsion of the last Muslims from Granada and a newly unified Spain help Christopher Columbus in his Enterprise of the Indies?

*A. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain were ready to expand their empire. With a newly unified Spain, the Spanish monarchs were able to focus on other ways to increase their power. B. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to Christianize India. Although the Spanish monarchs used Christianity as a tool to unify Spain, they did not plan to Christianize India. C. Ferdinand and Isabella sought to gather as much gold as possible. Gold was not the primary objective of Columbus's original expedition, although, as a result of his expeditions, thousands of tons of gold were gathered for Spain. D. Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to establish diplomatic ties with newly discovered lands. Ferdinand and Isabella sought to gain power through trade when they decided to fund Columbus in 1492.

As the eighteenth century progressed, why were British colonists living longer lives?

*A. Good diets The fertile soil and abundant wildlife in America helped colonists live healthier and longer lives. B. Higher birthrates While higher birthrates contributed to an increased population, they did not cause an increase in life expectancy. C. Less warfare Warfare was frequent in the colonies throughout the eighteenth century. D. More women and children arrived While the arrival of more women and children increased the population, their arrival did not increase life expectancy.

What was an effect of George Washington's efforts to expel squatters from his large tract of land in the western territory in the 1780s?

*A. He became concerned about the weaknesses of the confederation government. After the squatters refused to leave his territory, Washington realized that he was without recourse because the confederation government could not help him or others in his situation. B. He alienated many members of the confederation congress. Washington's efforts to push settlers off his land did not alienate many members of the confederation congress. C. He moved to grant squatters legal claims to tracts of land. Washington did not decide to grant legal claims for squatters. He wanted them to either move off the land or pay rent for it. D. He demanded that Virginia and Massachusetts yield their claims to western lands. Although the congress and Washington did want Virginia and Massachusetts to relinquish land claims, this desire was not an effect of his unsuccessful efforts to expel squatters.

Why did Roger Williams challenge Puritan leaders?

*A. He did not believe that the leaders were all Saints. Roger Williams, a Puritan minister, believed that not all Puritan leaders were destined for salvation. In fact, he preached that some Puritan leaders were insufficiently pure and were bound for damnation. B. He disagreed with their monopoly of power over the community. Puritan leaders did have an inordinate amount of power over the community, but Williams did not challenge their authority. C. He wanted the influx of new Puritans to stop. Williams did not have a problem with the influx of new congregants. D. He did not agree with the policy of having "praying towns." Williams did not challenge missionary work or praying towns.

Why is John Marshall significant?

*A. He helped define the powers of the Supreme Court. John Marshall, who sat as the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801-1835), insisted that the powers of the Court must be equal to and balance those of the executive and legislative branches. B. He served as Thomas Jefferson's vice president. Aaron Burr and George Clinton were Jefferson's vice presidents. C. He negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. James Monroe negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. D. He pushed Thomas Jefferson's legislation through Congress. Marshall, a Federalist, opposed Jefferson's political goals and did not serve in Congress during Jefferson's presidency.

Why did General Howe fail in 1776 to launch a more aggressive campaign in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which might have ended the war?

*A. He intended to wear down the Continental Army. Howe wanted to wear down the Continental Army so that they would plead for peace and the war would end. Both sides wanted a civilized, rather than a brutal, end to the American Revolution. B. He did not have the resources to move aggressively. Howe had the resources and the military might in 1776. C. He wanted to give his troops a chance to regroup after heavy losses. Howe's hesitance to lead a more aggressive campaign did not stem from his desire to let his men regroup. D. He was waiting for more Hessian soldiers to arrive. Howe was not waiting for Hessian soldiers.

What angered Americans about Martin Van Buren's response to the panic of 1837?

*A. He refused to intervene in the crisis. Martin Van Buren did not think it was the responsibility of the federal government to intervene in the economic recession. B. He bailed out the nation's largest banks. Van Buren did not bail out banks and was no supporter of having a national bank. C. He nationalized the country's state banks. Van Buren did not have the authority or desire to nationalize state banks. D. He provided excessive aid to the needy. The federal government at the time did not provide any assistance to individuals.

Why did Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas argue for the establishment of a Nebraska Territory in the early 1850s?

*A. He wanted the federal government to build a railroad through the territory. Senator Douglas needed the federal government to gain control of land along the route that he had proposed, and therefore argued for the establishment of a vast Nebraska Territory. B. He had bought significant amounts of land in the region. Senator Douglas did not own property in Nebraska. C. He was hoping to expand the number of free states. Senator Douglas had no particular interest in expanding the number of free states and creating an imbalance between the North and the South in the Senate. If anything, he had reason to assuage southern fears about the expanding North. D. He knew of valuable mineral deposits in the Nebraska flatlands. The senator had no knowledge of any valuable mineral deposits in the Nebraska flatlands, and indeed there were none.

Why did Southerners oppose the tariff of 1828?

*A. Higher duties made the goods Southerners bought more expensive. Higher duties on manufactured items meant that Southerners had to pay more for the goods they bought. At the same time, prices for staples like cotton and rice had still not fully recovered from the panic of 1819. B. They feared that it would lead to rising agricultural prices. Planters would have favored rising prices for agricultural commodities, as the prices for cotton and rice had still not recovered from the panic of 1819. C. They opposed the importation of cheap foreign manufactured goods. Southern planters very much wanted to buy cheap foreign manufactured goods. but the tariff made imports more, rather than less, expensive. D. They feared that their states would be flooded with cheap New England manufactured goods. Manufactured goods from New England factories were more expensive than foreign ones, which is why Northerners wanted the tariff and Southerners wanted to avoid it.

Why did Spain seek to reinforce its claims to Texas?

*A. To counter France's claims in Louisiana Spain sought to reinforce its presence in Texas because of France's settlements in the lower Mississippi valley. B. To protest England's claims in Carolina Spain did not reinforce its claims in Texas in response to English settlement in Carolina. C. In response to the Pueblo revolt in New Mexico Spain did not reinforce its claims in Texas in response to the Pueblo revolt. D. To fight Apache and Caddo claims there Spain did not reinforce its claims in Texas in response to the Apache and Caddo presence in the area, although they did have to contend with the Apache, Caddo, and other Indian nations in Texas.

Most pioneers making the trek to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s and 1850s belonged to which group?

*A. The middle class Because the trek to Oregon required extensive equipment and supplies, it appealed to the middle class, who had the resources for the initial investment required to prepare for the journey. B. Irish immigrants Irish immigrants were not especially drawn to migrating to Oregon; they tended to settle in cities. C. Single men People who journeyed to Oregon tended to go as families, including women and children. D. Mormon families Families belonging to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints settled in Utah.

What did the economies of the North and South have in common between 1820 and 1850?

A. Both developed more manufacturing. More manufacturing developed in the North than in the South. B. Both reaped financial gains from the cash economy. The growing financial industry was centered in the North. *C. Both became more reliant on cotton. Cotton tied together the economies of the North and South as southern cotton was turned into textiles in northern mills. D. Both turned away from steamboats in favor of trains. Steamboat and train usage in the North outstripped usage in the South.

While women played subordinate roles in marriage in the late seventeenth century, what aspect of daily life did both wives and husbands often share?

A. Child care By and large, women were responsible for rearing children in British North America. B. Public commerce Public commerce was largely the domain of men, although some women bartered amongst a community of wives. *C. Work In most communities in colonial America, husbands and wives shared work. On farms, they had different duties, and in towns a wife would often help her husband at his craft. D. Politics In the seventeenth century, politics was a decidedly male domain.

Why was the Continental Congress crippled financially during the American Revolution?

A. Continental dollars were not abundant. They were plentiful, but they were not worth very much. *B. Congress could not tax the states. Without the power to tax, the wartime government was forced to depend on loans to sustain the war effort. C. Members of Congress were corrupt. Corruption was not a major issue during the American Revolution. D. The Continental Army overpaid its soldiers. Continental soldiers were not overpaid. Low wages plagued civilians and soldiers alike during the war.

What fear lay embedded within the written state constitutions of Delaware, South Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania?

A. Fear of concentrating power in the legislature The fear of concentrated legislative power was not embedded within these state constitutions. *B. Fear of strong national government The fear of a strong central government animated the state constitutions of the 1770s. C. Fear of a strong ruler The fear of a strong ruler or dictator was not embedded within the fledgling state constitutions. D. Fear of taxes The fear of taxes was not embedded within the fledgling state constitutions.

What did the United States gain through the Treaty of Fort Stanwix?

A. Fishing rights off Canada The treaty did not address fishing rights. *B. Land in New York and Ohio Negotiated with a number of Indian leaders, the treaty ceded vast tracts of land in New York and Ohio to the United States. The land was quickly prepared for sale to Americans. C. Peace with France The treaty did not concern France. D. Spain's neutrality The treaty did not involve Spain.

What characterization describes the Republican Party at the time of the election of 1860?

A. Hampered by nativist positions The Republican Party did not endorse nativist positions in 1860. B. Declining in influence The Republican Party, which had just emerged in 1854, was clearly on the rise in 1860. *C. Largely sectional The Republican Party in 1860 won support only in the free states and had no support in the South. D. A one-issue party While Southerners might have viewed the Republicans as a single-issue party, the party took stands on several issues other than slavery in the territories.

Why did Eli Whitney never profit from his invention of the cotton gin?

A. He failed to receive a patent for the machine. Eli Whitney did receive a patent on his invention. B. It proved too costly and complicated to use. To the contrary, the device was exceedingly simple to build and operate. *C. The device was too easy to duplicate. The machine consisted of a wooden box with a mesh screen, rollers, brushes, and wire hooks. Because the mechanism was simple enough for people to copy and build themselves, they had no reason to buy cotton gins from Whitney or rely on him for building them. D. Whitney got cheated out of his business. Whitney did not invest in the cotton ginning business himself but moved on to other inventions and developments, such as the mass productions of rifles.

By 1861, the Confederacy had moved its capital to the city of

A. New Orleans. New Orleans was not the capital of the Confederacy. *B. Richmond. Virginia was by far the most significant slave state of the Upper South that had joined the secession, and it was strategically close to Washington, D.C. The Confederacy thus moved its capital to Richmond. C. Montgomery. The Confederacy had originated in Montgomery, Alabama, but after the secession of Virginia, the capital moved somewhere else. D. Charleston. Charleston, South Carolina, was a hotbed of secession but was never the capital of the Confederacy.

What caused the British government to pass the Declaratory Act in 1766?

*A. A desire to assert supremacy Following the repeal of the Stamp Act, Parliament wanted to declare its ultimate supremacy in the colonies to make clear to the colonists their responsibility to obey Parliament's enactments. B. The fear of revolution Parliament did not fear revolution as much as political unrest. C. A desire for harmony The British desire for peace did not cause passage of the Declaratory Act. D. The fear of economic losses The desire to raise funds contributed to the repeal of the Stamp Act but not to the passage of the Declaratory Act.

How many soldiers remained in George Washington's Continental Army at the beginning of 1777?

*A. Fewer than 5,000 George Washington had about 5,000 soldiers under his command. This is in stark contrast to the British army with their Indian allies and Hessian mercenaries. B. About 10,000 In January 1777, George Washington had fewer than 10,000 soldiers under his command. C. About 15,000 In January 1777, George Washington had fewer than 15,000 soldiers under his command. D. About 20,000 In January 1777, George Washington had fewer than 20,000 soldiers under his command.

Refer to the image Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary

A portrait of Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. From the 1674 image of Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary, it appears that the Freake family belonged to which social class? A. Poor The family shown is not poor. B. Working class The family shown is not working class. C. Middle class The family shown is not middle class. *D. Wealthy Although dressed plainly in accordance with Puritan tastes, the silk gowns and embroidered cloth indicate that the family has wealth.

During the 1830s and 1840s, at what age were slaves on southern plantations put to work full time?

A. 1 to 3 years This would have been too young for slaves to work full time. Children at these ages were typically left in the care of cooks and washerwomen. B. 4 to 6 years This would have been too young for slaves to work full time. Children at these ages were typically left in the care of cooks and washerwomen. C. 7 to 9 years This would have been too young for slaves to work full time. Children at these ages were typically left in the care of cooks and washerwomen. *D. 10 to 12 years Slaves began to work full time at the age of 11 or 12.

According to the Wade-Davis Bill (1864), what percentage of voters in Confederate states had to swear loyalty to the United States?

A. 10 percent Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction required 10 percent. B. 25 percent The Wade-Davis Bill would have required more than 25 percent. *C. 50 percent The Wade-Davis Bill, crafted by the Radical Republican-influenced Congress, set a higher bar for Confederate states to meet—much higher than the 10 percent loyalty oath requirement favored by Lincoln. D. 75 percent The Wade-Davis Bill required less than 75 percent of voters to swear loyalty to the United States.

By what year did societies dedicated to agriculture thrive in the Americas near the equator?

A. 20,000 B.C.E. The first migrations from Asia to present-day Alaska occurred about 20,000 years ago. B. 500 B.C.E. Societies near the equator did not thrive by 500 B.C.E. *C. 500 C.E. By 500 C.E., complex societies, rooted in intensive agriculture, began to thrive in the equatorial region. D. 1500 C.E. By 1500 C.E., societies near the equator were already well established.

By the spring of 1865, how many African Americans were serving in the Union army and navy?

A. 20,000 There were far more African Americans in the Union army and navy than that. B. 50,000 There were many more African Americans in the Union army and navy than that. C. 100,000 There were more African Americans in the Union army and navy than that. *D. 200,000 Approximately 200,000 African Americans served in the Union army and navy by the spring of 1865. And by the end of the war, 37,000 black soldiers had given their lives for freedom and the Union.

Why did economic and political power become more consolidated in the South in the middle of the eighteenth century?

A. An increase in immigrants While immigration did increase in the middle of the eighteenth century, it did not lead to the consolidation of political and economic power in the South. *B. Growth of slavery The influx of slaves into the South led to increased wealth and political power among planters and merchants. This small group of men came to control the markets, the legal system, and the terms of southern race relations. C. Addition of more land The increase in farm land in the South did not lead to the consolidation of economic and political power in the middle of the eighteenth century. D. The boom in trade While trade did increase across the South in the middle of the eighteenth century, this did not lead to a consolidation of economic and political power.

After the end of the Civil War, how did congressional Republicans think the South should be treated?

A. As equal to the other states Congressional Republicans had far more hostile views toward the South. B. As an honored but defeated foe Congressional Republicans harbored more bitterness and desire for revenge than this attitude would suggest. C. As a "foreign nation" Congressional Republicans did not want to treat the South as a foreign nation. *D. As "conquered provinces" They argued that the Confederates had broken their contract with the Union when they seceded and should be treated as "conquered provinces" subject to congressional supervision.

Where was the center of African American evangelical revivals?

A. Boston Boston was not the center of African American evangelicals. B. Savannah Savannah, Georgia, was not the hub of African American evangelicals. C. Baltimore Baltimore was not the focus of African American evangelicals. *D. Philadelphia African Americans in Philadelphia built fifteen new churches between 1799 and 1830 alone.

In the years before the Civil War, which slaves were most likely to run away to hide out for short periods in local areas before returning to their plantation?

A. Child slaves Child slaves were not the most likely to run away temporarily. *B. Female slaves Female slaves were the most likely to run away for a short period before isolation, hunger, or concern for their children led them to come back to the plantation. C. Domestic slaves Domestic slaves were not the most likely to run away temporarily. D. Field slaves Field slaves were not the most likely to run away temporarily. Topic: Planters Tighten Control books: Planters Tighten Control Harsher Treatment for Southern Blacks White Southerners without Slaves Planters Seek to Unify Southern Whites

When the mercantile elite invested in the construction of their homes and the larger urban landscape, what were they trying to emulate?

A. Chinese refinement British colonists invested in Chinese goods but did not try to pattern their lives after Chinese lifestyles. *B. British stateliness The stately homes, brick churches, town halls, and bowling greens built in North America were constructed to emulate contemporary British styles and structures. C. French grandness Colonists in British North America did not seek to emulate the French. D. Italian extravagance Colonists in British North America had other models in mind.

What was a result of the increased religious diversity at the end of the eighteenth century?

A. Deep religious conflict arose. Religious diversity also brought about increased tolerance. The late eighteenth century was not characterized by deep religious conflict. B. The Baptist church became the established church in southern states. Although the Baptist church grew, it did not become established as the official church of any state. C. Most states required officeholders to be Christians. The religious requirement was not a result of religious diversity. *D. No single religious perspective prevailed in the new nation. Religious diversity ensured that no one religious voice directed the founding of the new nation.

In South Carolina, English planters sought to replicate the practices of which other colony?

A. Delaware South Carolina colonists did not replicate the practices of Delaware. B. New York South Carolina colonists did not replicate the practices of New York. C. Pennsylvania South Carolina colonists did not replicate the practices of Pennsylvania. *D. Barbados With extensive business and social connections to Barbados, South Carolina colonists emulated the West Indian colony by introducing African slave laborers, building plantations, and trading with the West Indies.

What characterized the Federalists during the ratification debate?

A. Desire for stronger state governments The Federalists were not united in their support for stronger state governments. *B. Desire for a stronger central government The Federalists wanted a stronger central government. They planned to implement a federalist, rather than a confederate, system of government wherein the national and state governments share power. C. Desire to implement the Virginia Plan The Federalists were not united in their support of the Virginia Plan. D. Desire to implement the New Jersey Plan The Federalists were not united in their support of the New Jersey Plan.

How did the Constitution separate federal judges from popular opinion?

A. Having the president alone appoint judges The president does not act alone in appointing federal judges. B. Requiring states to approve judicial nominees States do not play a role in selecting federal judges. *C. Allowing judges to serve for a lifelong term By allowing judges to serve for life, the Constitution attempted to insulate them from popular opinion since they would not have to worry about losing their jobs if they angered people with their decisions. D. Forbidding politicians from becoming judges Politicians were not barred from becoming judges; many judges have previously held elected office.

Which of the following accurately characterizes Whig Zachary S. Taylor, who was elected president in 1848?

A. He was a northern merchant and abolitionist. Taylor was not a Northerner, a merchant, or an abolitionist. *B. He was a southern slaveholder. Zachary Taylor was a southern slaveholder, which made him less than representative for many in the Whig Party. C. He promised to contain slavery in the states where it existed. This would have come across as a threat to the South and was unlikely to win Taylor votes there. He did not take such a stand. D. He advocated the return to Mexico of territories recently gained. Taylor was a supporter of settlement in the new territories.

Which of the following was true about the Whigs' presidential candidate of 1840, William Henry Harrison?

A. He was the youngest presidential candidate at the time. Harrison was well past sixty when he ran for president. *B. He was born to a wealthy planter family in Virginia. Harrison spread a story of his upbringing in a log cabin at the Indiana frontier, even though he was born to a planter family in Virginia. C. He grew up in a log cabin in frontier Indiana. Though Harrison's campaign advertised this story about Harrison, it was not true. D. His service in the Texas rebellion made him a national hero. Harrison became a national hero for his victory at Tippecanoe in the War of 1812, but he did not participate in the Texas rebellion.

At the beginning of the Civil War, which of the following advantages did the Confederacy enjoy?

A. More ships for blockade duty With a much larger maritime sector, the North held the advantage in ships and the ability to blockade southern ports. *B. Many experienced officers Many officers, including large numbers of West Point graduates and veterans of the Mexican-American War, led the Confederate armies during the war. C. Alliances with Indian tribes Although the Confederacy formed alliances with Natives, the Union did as well. D. Greater farm production The North was not only more industrialized, but it held the advantage in food production as well.

What caused almost 300 American soldiers to march on Philadelphia in June 1783?

A. News of the pending peace treaty thrilled them. The march on Philadelphia was not a celebratory march. B. The soldiers believed they had been unfairly discharged. The soldiers were discharged in June 1783, but this was not the reason they marched to Philadelphia; most would have preferred to return home. C. British soldiers attacked the Confederation Congress. American soldiers did not march on Philadelphia to defend the congress. *D. They had been sent home without back pay. American soldiers marched on the congress in Philadelphia because they had been discharged without any promise of back pay.

What ideal of womanhood did middle-class advice books, magazines, and novels present to their readers?

A. Not having children Middle-class literature emphasized having children as an important part of being a woman. B. Career building Middle-class literature did not encourage women to pursue careers. *C. Domesticity Without fail, middle-class literature argued that women should embrace the domestic sphere of home and family as the surest way to be truly happy. Nevertheless, women were encouraged to take on a public role, such as organizing charitable events, as long as it was distinct from the business and politics assumed to be male prerogatives. D. Staying single Middle-class literature assumed that women would marry.

Which of the following generals carried out Ulysses S. Grant's strategy of "hard war" in Georgia and South Carolina during the latter stages of the Civil War?

A. Robert E. Lee Lee was a Confederate general. B. George McClellan A Union general early in the war, McClellan had been forced out by the time Grant took command. C. Joseph Hooker A Union general, Hooker did not command the army on campaign in Georgia and South Carolina. *D. William T. Sherman Sherman's assault on Atlanta and March to the Sea was the embodiment of hard war strategy in which the Union army sought to destroy civilian crops, livestock, fields, and property to undermine Confederate morale and disrupt supply chains.

How did Noah Webster aim to make Americans more independent from Britain in the early republic?

A. Signing the Declaration of Independence Webster did not sign the Declaration; he was not active in public life until the early nineteenth century. B. Calling for war against Britain in 1812 Webster did not advocate war against Britain in 1812. *C. Reforming American education Webster believed that "America must be as independent in literature as in Politics, as famous for arts as for arms." To that end, he published the American Spelling Book (1810) and the American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) to promote an American style of education. D. Founding the American Philosophical Society Webster did not found the American Philosophical Society.

What caused the Battle of Alamance Creek in 1771?

A. Tension between British customs officials and North Carolina Regulators British customs officials were not involved in the battle. B. Colonists' anger over the Townshend Act The Townshend Act did not cause the conflict, although Regulators initiated their campaign during the battle against the act. C. Governor Tryon's allegiance to British policies Tryon opposed the program of British taxation. *D. Governor Tryon's decision to send troops to the North Carolina frontier Governor Tryon's decision to send troops to the Carolina frontier to confront Regulators caused the Battle of Alamance Creek, in which twenty Regulators were killed.

What was the significance of the Mexican-American War?

A. Texas regained its status as an independent republic. Texas, which the United States had annexed before the war began, remained part of the United States. B. Mexico was forced to give up land and apologize for starting the war. Mexico did give up land but did not have to apologize for starting the war. C. The United States gave up claims to California in return for control over Oregon. The United States had no claim to California before the war; the Oregon question was settled in an agreement with Britain, not Mexico. *D. The United States gained California and the New Mexico Territory. Under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States paid Mexico $15 million in return for undisputed control of Texas and acquisition of California and the New Mexico Territory.

Why was it so difficult for the Patriots to form alliances with Native Americans?

A. The British bribed Native Americans to join them and not the Patriots. Although the British may have exchanged gifts as a sign of respect, they did not need to bribe Indians to join them. B. Natives refused to fight alongside the Patriots' French allies. The French alliance did not affect Indians' refusal to join the Americans. C. Natives were too preoccupied fighting against other Native groups to join the Patriots. Although the war did bring Natives into conflict with other Natives, that was often because of the revolution. *D. The Americans hoped to increase expansion onto Native lands. Natives clearly saw that an American victory would accelerate the pace of expansion onto their lands, a fact that Patriot leaders admitted. Topic: Winning the War and the Peace, 1778-1783 books: Fighting in the West War Rages in the South An Uncertain Peace A Surprising Victory

Why did the residents of Rochester feel increasingly concerned about their town in the late 1820s?

A. The Erie Canal had failed to bring about economic growth. To the contrary, the Erie Canal had triggered a boomtown growth in Rochester. *B. The boomtown growth raised fears about the rising tide of sin. In the late 1820s, boomtown growth in Rochester and other localities in western New York along the Erie Canal aroused deep concerns about the growing tide of sin. C. Catholic immigrants from Canada were diluting the town's Protestant heritage. Immigration from French Canada was not a concern at the time. D. A growing number of workingmen in the city had turned to public preaching. Public preaching by workingmen was not a concern of the people of Rochester.

What allowed Native American hunter and gathering societies along the Pacific Ocean to develop permanent societies several centuries ago?

A. The successful cultivation of grapes The cultivation of grapes did not enable migrating bands of hunters and gatherers to settle along the Pacific coast. B. The sophistication of spears While native peoples in the Americas did develop sophisticated spears for killing game, these spears did not enable hunter and gathering societies to settle. C. The expansion of trade The expansion of trade did not precede the settlement of the hunters and gatherers along the Pacific coast. *D. The ready and abundant food sources The abundant food sources along the Pacific coast enabled hunter and gathering societies to settle into more permanent societies. This stability distinguished them from their counterparts on the plains who had to follow their food.

Why were house slaves among the most feared by owners in the South in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A. They handled the planter family's food. House slaves did handle the planter family's food, but that was not a reason they could instill fear in the master. B. They had the keys to the house. Access to the planter family's quarters was a requirement for a house slave, but that did not cause masters concern. C. They frequently handled the master's weapons. House slaves did not necessarily handle weapons. *D. They were in intimate contact with white families. The close relationship with the master's family allowed house slaves to learn family secrets and endear themselves to family members, which gave them leverage over the planter and his family.

What was significant about the colonists who protested against impressment in colonial seaports in the eighteenth century?

A. They were mostly women. Women took part in the protests but did not make up a majority of the protesters. B. They were mostly black. African Americans participated in the protests but did not form a majority of the protesters. *C. They were from different classes. In contrast to many protest movements, the backlash against British impressment united members of the lower, middle, and upper classes. D. They were mostly southerners. Southerners took part in the protests but did not make up a majority of the protestors.

What was the purpose of the Stamp Act?

A. To punish the colonists for their resistance to the Sugar Act The Stamp Act was not put into place to punish the colonists. *B. To have the colonies pay for their own maintenance through taxes The Stamp Act was put into place so that the colonists, rather than Britons, contributed to the cost of soldiers, customs officials, and other expenses of colonial administration that had previously been covered by the British government. C. To demonstrate Parliament's authority to tax the colonies The Stamp Act was not designed to demonstrate Parliament's authority. D. To keep the colonists under control The Stamp Act was not put into place to control the colonists.

What characterized urban poverty at the turn of the eighteenth century in British North America besides seasonal work and crowded housing?

A. Weak labor unions Labor unions did not form in British North America. B. Aggressive child labor laws There were no child labor laws in the eighteenth century. Almost all children of lower-income families worked to help their parents. *C. Rampant disease Because of the crowded housing for the urban poor, diseases such as smallpox and scarlet fever were common and the infant mortality rate was high. D. Deportation Deportation was not a consequence for poverty or joblessness.

In the North and West, who did many Americans blame for the panic of 1837?

A. William Henry Harrison and John Tyler Future presidents Harrison and Tyler were not blamed. B. William Travis and Benjamin Lundy Travis, the commander at the Alamo, and Lundy, an abolitionist journalist, were not blamed. *C. Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren Many people in the North and West blamed Van Buren and his predecessor (and fellow Democrat) Andrew Jackson for damaging the economy, especially through the war against the Second Bank of the United States. D. James Polk and Henry Clay Future president Polk and perennial presidential candidate Clay were not blamed.

Who led attacks on government officials in protest against the decision to place the Green Mountains in New York rather than in New Hampshire?

A. William Prendergast Prendergast led a New Jersey group known as the Levellers, who refused to pay rent to their landlords. B. Jeffrey Amherst Amherst was a British general in charge of colonial affairs in North America. C. Herman Husband Husband joined the Regulator movement in North Carolina. *D. Ethan Allen Allen led a group of men known as the Green Mountain Boys. They refused to acknowledge New York's rule and established their own government to rule themselves.

"The fire raged fearfully all night, but on Saturday perfect quiet reigned. The vile Yankees took from us clothing, food, jewels, all our cows, horses, carriages, etc., and left us in a deplorable condition after stealing from us. Sherman, with great generosity, presented the citizens with 500 cattle, so poor they could hardly stand up. No words of mine can give any idea of the brutality of the ruffians. They swore, they cussed, plundered, and committed every excess. No age or sex was safe from them. Sometimes, after saving some valueless token, it was ruthlessly snatched from our hands by some of their horde. Our noble women were insulted by words, and some, I have heard of, in deeds, but none came under my knowledge, for I myself, God be praised, I received no rude word from any of them. I did not speak . . . to them at all. The fire burned eighty-four squares, and nothing can tell the quantity of plunder they carried off as on Monday they left us, and though we feared starvation, yet we were glad to be rid of them."

From her diary account of the Union army's march through Columbia, South Carolina, how did Eleanor Cohen Seixas feel about General William Sherman's presence in her hometown? A. She was happy the war was coming to an end because of his efforts. Although Sherman's March to the Sea was instrumental in bringing the war to an end, Seixas is not happy about it. *B. She hated him for destroying the city and ruining her way of life. Seixas is angry. She recounts the outrageous behavior of the Union troops and laments the loss of her way of life. The soldiers "left us in a deplorable condition after stealing from us," she writes. C. Though angry, she was grateful he provided food for the city's inhabitants. Seixas is sarcastic when mentioning the food Sherman provided, writing "Sherman, with great generosity, presented the citizens with 500 cattle, so poor they could hardly stand up." D. An opponent of slavery, she was pleased to see that slaves would be freed. Seixas and her family owned slaves. She says nothing to indicate she opposed the institution or favored emancipation.

What did the English systems of indentured servitude and slavery have in common in seventeenth-century Virginia?

*A. Both the English system of indentured servitude and slavery were ways to meet the demand for labor. With the explosion of tobacco cultivation, Virginia farmers demanded more and more workers during the seventeenth century. Both indentured servitude and slavery were used to meet that demand. B. Both defined people as bound to labor for life. Although slaves were bound to labor for life, indenture contracts always ended and indentured servants obtained their freedom as well as land. C. Both only applied to men and excluded women. Women were also indentured servants and slaves. D. Both were ways to remove Indians from the land. Indentured servitude and slavery did not aim to remove Indians from the land.

Which preacher of the Second Great Awakening used plain speech, powerful images, and mass meetings to reach a middle-class audience with a message of religious conversion?

*A. Charles G. Finney One of the most prolific preachers of the Second Great Awakening, Finney adapted techniques pioneered by southern Baptists and Methodists, such as plain speech, powerful images, and mass meetings, to spread his message of conversion. He preached an especially popular revival in Rochester, New York, in 1830. B. Joseph Smith Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, also known as the Mormons. He was not a major figure in the Second Great Awakening. C. William Miller Miller predicted the Second Coming of Jesus Christ would occur in 1843. He was not a major figure in the Second Great Awakening. D. George Ripley Ripley founded the transcendentalist utopian community Brook Farm in 1841. He was not a major figure in the Second Great Awakening.

Which political office did African Americans fail to serve in during Reconstruction in the South?

*A. Governor No freedmen served as governor of a former Confederate state following Reconstruction, but African Americans did serve in state legislatures and in Congress. B. U.S. senator Mississippi sent two African Americans to serve in the U.S. Senate during Reconstruction. C. U.S. congressman Sixteen African Americans served in the House of Representatives during Reconstruction. D. State legislator Some 600 African Americans served in state legislatures in the South during Reconstruction.

What battle led British General Charles Cornwallis to withdraw to the Virginia coast to await reinforcements?

*A. Guilford Court House The Continental Army, led by General Nathanael Greene, outmaneuvered Cornwallis at Guilford Court House, in South Carolina, and although the British drove the Americans from the field, they suffered high casualties. Following other defeats at Cowpens and King's Mountain, Cornwallis decided to hunker down in Virginia to await help. B. Yorktown Yorktown was the final battle of the war; Cornwallis surrendered his army in defeat. C. Charleston The British took control over Charleston in 1780, allowing Cornwallis to move further into the southern backcountry. D. Camden The Battle of Camden was a victory for the British and a bitter defeat for the Americans.

What problem associated with the textile industry did Samuel Slater solve in the early republic?

*A. He circumvented British restrictions on exporting technology to help build a spinning mill in Rhode Island. Hoping to keep advanced technology in the country, Britain forbade engineers from migrating out of the country. Slater, a young apprentice, did leave, however, and assisted Moses Brown in building a spinning mill in Rhode Island. B. He invented a machine that quickly separated seeds from the raw cotton, thereby increasing production. Eli Whitney invented such a machine, called the cotton gin. C. He refined a system of making spinning machines from interchangeable parts that reduced production costs. Eli Whitney implemented the idea of interchangeable parts in the firearm industry. D. He convinced Congress to fund a series of transportation improvements to the nation's roads and waterways. Slater did not secure government support for internal improvements.

How did Lewis Morris impact urban politics?

*A. He democratized urban politics. Morris helped to increase the voter base in New York City and inspired a movement willing to publicly attack corruption in the government. B. He increased the class divide. Although one of his projects in New Jersey reinforced class divisions, Morris did not increase the gap between rich and poor in urban areas. C. He signaled an end to corruption in urban politics. Morris and his followers challenged corruption, but they did not signal an end to it. D. He switched allegiances. Although Morris did become a royal governor, the transformation of his allegiances did not impact urban politics.

Why did Henry Clay lose the presidential election of 1844?

*A. He failed to take a strong stand on Texas annexation. Clay attempted to finesse the Texas issue by not taking a definite position. The insurgent Liberty Party, committed to annexing Texas and expanding slavery, siphoned off enough Clay support to elect Polk. B. He condemned slavery and embraced emancipation. Clay did not condemn slavery and promise emancipation. C. He opposed expansion in the Oregon Territory. Clay did not oppose expansion in to Oregon. D. He called on Whigs to reject the Second Bank of the United States. Clay had favored the Second Bank of the United States, although it was moribund by 1844.

What was an effect of the 1763 Peace of Paris, which ended the Seven Years' War?

*A. Indian land claims in lands ceded to Britain were ignored. The Indian land claims acknowledged by Spain and France were ignored, as these territories became part of the British empire. B. Spain ceded all land claims in North America to Britain. The Spanish gained Louisiana along with all previously held French territory west of the Mississippi River. C. Colonial claims over the Ohio River valley were settled. Contested claims over the Ohio River valley remained after the peace agreement. D. The contested claims over British North America's frontiers were settled. Contested claims over British North America's frontiers persisted.

Why was Francisco Pizarro's conquest of the Inca empire important to Spain?

*A. It gave Spain control of the most settled and wealthiest area of South America. As a result of Pizarro's conquest, Spain was now in control of the most densely populated regions of South America, areas that also contained the greatest mineral wealth. B. It prevented a potential Aztec-Inca alliance. The Aztecs had already been conquered when Pizarro launched his effort. C. It created the possibility of launching an attack on Brazil. Brazil had been claimed by Portugal, and the Spanish did not challenge that claim. D. It fulfilled a pledge made to enemies of the Incas. Spanish officials had made no pledges to Inca enemies to bring that empire down.

In addition to bringing together delegates from twelve of the colonies, what was the significance of the First Continental Congress?

*A. It shifted the protest from focus on Boston to a coordinated effort. Although Boston was the center of activity in the early 1770s, the congress established shared power between all of the colonies. B. It shifted control of colonial protests from the wealthy to the poor. In fact, the congress shifted the power of resistance from radicals to wealthier and more moderate individuals. C. It broke the trust of the colonists with their king. Loyalty to the king persisted in many of the delegates who attended the congress. Independence was not yet a goal. D. It took on issues of class relations in the hopes of ending them. The First Continental Congress focused on the colonists' relationship with the British government rather than on issues of class.

What was the significance of the election of 1796?

*A. It was the first two-party election in American history. John Adams's race against Thomas Jefferson was the first election between two men who identified themselves with two different national parties. B. Aaron Burr and Thomas Pinckney ran as vice presidents. While Burr ran with Jefferson and Pinckney ran with Adams, their candidacies were not what made the race significant. C. It was the last single-party election. The election of 1796 was not a single-party election. D. George Washington's influence determined the results. Washington's influence did not have an impact on the significance of the election.

Who was responsible for the kidnapping and murder of proslavery advocates in the 1856 incident known as the Pottawatomie Massacre?

*A. John Brown Abolitionist John Brown, who traveled to Kansas to arm the antislavery forces there, carried out a brutal attack on proslavery sympathizers. Five men were kidnapped and murdered near the Pottawatomie Creek. B. Charles Sumner A Massachusetts senator, Sumner was caned by a southern congressman following an impassioned speech on the danger of the "Slave Power." C. Preston Brooks A southern congressman, Brooks caned a Massachusetts senator who gave a lengthy speech denouncing the "Slave Power." D. John C. Frémont Frémont was the Republican Party's first candidate for president, in 1856.

What was an important consequence of King William's War?

*A. The Iroquois Nation resolved to remain neutral in European affairs. Following King William's War, in which the Iroquois suffered serious losses and disruption of their fur trade, the Iroquois Confederacy agreed to remain neutral in future European conflicts. B. It established French dominance in North America. King William's War did not substantially change either French or English land claims in North America. C. The uncertain peace after this war led to Queen Anne's War. Although Queen Anne's War took place after King William's War, the peace settlement of the first war did not lead to the second one. D. It prompted Louis XIV to raise a well-trained army of 300,000 men. Louis XIV raised his great army before, not after, King William's War.

In 1827 the Cherokees adopted a republican form of government based on what model?

*A. The U.S. Constitution The Cherokees had adopted a republican form of government in 1827 that was based on the U.S. Constitution. B. The Georgia constitution The Cherokees did not base their government on the Georgia constitution. C. The Magna Carta The Cherokees did not form their government on the model of the Magna Carta. D. The Iroquois Confederation The Cherokees did not base their government on the Iroquois Confederation.

What allowed societies along the southern Mediterranean, in northern Africa, and in southwest Asia to excel in astronomy, mathematics, architecture, and the arts?

*A. The productivity of agriculture Highly productive agriculture allowed the societies of the southern Mediterranean to grow and thrive. B. The success of the Crusades The Crusades largely failed. C. The lack of drought in the region Droughts did strike the southern Mediterranean, northern Africa, and southwest Asia, but societies in the region had developed techniques to deal with such hardships effectively. D. The simplicity of the economy The economies of the southern Mediterranean were dynamic and productive.

What part of the 1857 Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court did the Fourteenth Amendment overturn?

*A. The ruling that denied citizenship to African Americans The Fourteenth Amendment defined citizenship to include African Americans, thereby nullifying the ruling in the Dred Scott decision of 1857, which declared that blacks were not citizens. B. The ruling that declared the Missouri Compromise null and void. The Fourteenth Amendment did not address that part of the Dred Scott ruling, but since slavery had been abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, it did not have to. C. The ruling that excluded blacks from popular sovereignty The Dred Scott decision did not include such a ruling. D. The ruling that prohibited states from incurring debt The Dred Scott decision did not include such a ruling, and the Fourteenth Amendment only repudiated Confederate debts.

Why did southern white yeomen also become sharecroppers in the years following the Civil War?

*A. The war's devastation pushed many small farmers into sharecropping. The loss of harvests and destruction of the region pushed many small farmers into bankruptcy and forced them to accept rental contracts. B. Yeomen could make more profits in cotton with additional rented land. Yeomen did not rent land to supplement their own landholdings. C. Successful freedmen bought yeomen's land and leased it back to them. Black Southerners did not gain this type of economic leverage over white farmers. D. They were unwilling to return to their former homes and moved to new areas, where they had to lease land. Most yeomen returned to their home areas but entered sharecropping for economic reasons rather than because of geographic mobility.

Early in Andrew Jackson's first term as president, who led the opposition to the appointment of John Eaton as secretary of war?

*A. The wives of politicians John Eaton was said to have had an affair with a married woman before the death of her husband. When they married, the wives of prominent politicians protested his appointment to a cabinet post in the so-called Petticoat Affair. The entire cabinet eventually resigned to make peace. B. New England firearms manufacturers Firearms manufacturers did not lead the protest to Eaton. C. Quakers and other pacifists Quakers and pacifists did not lead the opposition to Eaton. D. Followers of John Quincy Adams Adams's followers did not lead the opposition to Eaton.

How did the Puritans respond to the outcome of the Pequot War?

*A. They believed it was a sign of God's grace. The Puritans believed that their defeat of the Pequots was a sign of divine approbation of their colony and their actions. B. They broke their alliance with the Narragansett. Following their joint victory, the English did not break ties with the Narragansett people. C. They welcomed Roger Williams back into Massachusetts. Williams was not welcomed back to Massachusetts Bay. D. They increased their mission work. Following the defeat of the Pequot nation, the Puritans did not increase their mission work in Massachusetts.

How did southern slaves respond to the presence of Union troops in their vicinity in the early years of the Civil War?

*A. They exchanged information about troop movements and fled to Union camps if they could. Slaves traded information they had about the movements of Confederate troops and ran away from plantations to Union camps when they could. B. They hid out of fear, since they did not know the Union soldiers' intentions. Southern slaves did not hide out of fear. C. They fled farther south out of fear they might be sold by their masters. Slaves did not flee deeper into the South, where whites were hostile to them. D. They volunteered for the Confederate Army to protect the land they knew. While many African Americans felt tied to the land, they were highly unlikely to volunteer for Confederate military service.

Why did southern blacks enter into tenant contracts with large landowners to become sharecroppers from the late 1860s onward?

*A. They lacked the capital to buy farms on their own. As much as free blacks wanted to own their own land, they lacked the capital to make this a reality. B. They were comfortable working with their old masters. Southern blacks had many reasons not to want to work with their old masters. C. They did not want the responsibility of owning a farm. Southern blacks wanted to own their own land very badly. D. They did not have the right to purchase land outright. African Americans had the right to purchase property but not the means.

How did most military and political officials feel about women's direct engagement in the Civil War?

*A. They opposed it initially. Military and political officials initially opposed women's direct engagement in the war effort. B. They did not think it necessary. While military and political officials opposed a direct engagement of women in the war effort, this did not come from the belief that it simply was not needed. C. They were hoping for it. Initially, military and political officials opposed women's direct engagement in the war effort. D. They regretted women's lack of interest. Military and political officials initially opposed women's direct engagement in the war effort and had no desire to stir their interest in such participation.

Why did northern free blacks generally oppose the efforts of the American Colonization Society?

*A. They thought the organization was less inspired by goodwill than by racism. Although some African Americans supported the colonization scheme, northern free blacks generally opposed it, understanding colonization as an effort that originated "more immediately from prejudice than philanthropy." B. They argued that an African American colony in Africa required federal funding. Lack of federal funding was not the reason that free blacks opposed the American Colonization Society. C. They did not want to live in an all-black nation. Free blacks had no reason to oppose an all-black nation. D. They thought the colony that the organization had established in Africa was far too small. The size of the colonial project in Africa was not the issue for free blacks.

Why did new leaders in Jamestown decide to attack local Native Americans in 1610?

*A. They wanted to intimidate Native Americans in the area. Jamestown's new leaders thought that aggression and violence would scare area Indians into submission and convince them to obey English demands for food and labor. B. They sought revenge for the loss of life during the "starving time." The new leaders did not blame Powhatan and his people for the loss of life during the previous winter. C. They believed that Powhatan's men had stolen from them. There was not an accusation or suspicion of thievery. In fact, Powhatan and his men had given to, not taken from, the colonists. D. They suspected treachery on Powhatan's part. A suspicion of treachery did not move the English leaders to commit violence against the local native population.

Why did California's political leaders decide to apply for admission to the Union as a free state in the winter of 1849?

*A. They wanted to keep the state's population white Some California political leaders opposed slavery on principle, but others wanted to "save" the state for whites by outlawing slavery, discouraging free blacks from migrating to the state, and restricting the rights of American Indian, Mexican, and Chinese residents. B. It was clear that the state would have little use for slaves. Advocates of slavery in California did not think that the state lacked opportunities for slave labor. C. The state had few blacks or other minorities who could have been enslaved. As early as 1849, the state had a diverse group of minorities, including Mexican, Chinese, Indian, and African American people. D. California leaders hoped it would make for quicker admission as a state. California leaders did not think that application as a free state would speed up its admission.

Why did southern states begin to pass a variety of laws called "black codes" in 1865?

*A. To reduce blacks to living in conditions as close to slavery as possible White legislators who took office in southern states in 1865 passed a variety of black codes intended to reduce blacks to living in conditions as much like slavery as possible. B. To enact segregation in public facilities The main purpose of black codes was not the segregation of public facilities. C. To address the poverty of recently freed African Americans The purpose of black codes was discrimination against African Americans, not assistance for them. D. To guide African Americans into freedom Black codes were not meant to guide African Americans into freedom.

According to John Winthrop and his fellow Puritans, what would be the function of a Puritan settlement in America?

*A. To serve as a source of inspiration for wayward Europeans Winthrop believed that the Puritan settlement in America would be a "City upon a Hill," a model that would inspire Europeans to purify the church. B. To provide a profit-sharing venture that would drive the Atlantic economy Even though many of the original Puritans were wealthy, their purpose in moving abroad was not to make money. C. To be a place for the Puritans to split away from Protestantism Unlike Pilgrims, Puritans were not religious separatists. They wanted to stay in the Anglican Church but purify it. D. To form a safe-haven from persecution Even as Puritans endured persecution in England, Winthrop and his fellow Puritans did not cross the Atlantic to hide from religious persecution.

What or who threatened the security of the United States in 1805?

*A. War between France and Britain By 1805 the security of the United States was threatened by continued conflict between France and Great Britain. B. Barbary pirates Earlier in his presidency, Jefferson had addressed the threat of Barbary pirates to American merchant marine vessels in the Mediterranean. C. Haitian revolutionaries The independent nation of Haiti posed no threat to the United States. D. French rebels in Louisiana There were no French rebels opposing U.S. control of the Louisiana Territory.

What contributed to a more pronounced gap between rich and poor in the southern colonies in the early eighteenth century?

*A. Wealth from tobacco The wealth of tobacco planters became more pronounced as planters bought more land, built larger homes, employed house servants, and imported luxury goods from the Caribbean. B. Decreased independence for free blacks In the beginning of the eighteenth century, free blacks found their independence increasingly curtailed, but this was not the reason for the conspicuous gap between rich and poor. C. Lack of land for most white southerners Most white southerners owned land in the early eighteenth century. D. Decline in the number of small farmers There was not a decrease of small farmers in the South.

In the seventeenth century, a person who did not subscribe to the dominant values of the larger culture was more likely than others to be accused of which crime?

*A. Witchcraft People accused of witchcraft were often people who did not adhere to the expectations of the surrounding culture. In particular, women who were poor, quarrelsome, or in line to inherit property were more likely than others to be accused of witchcraft. B. Libel A person who did not subscribe to the dominant values of the larger culture was not more likely than others to be accused of libel. C. Treason A person who did not subscribe to the dominant values of the larger culture was not more likely than others to be accused of treason. D. Slave trading Slave trading was not a crime in the seventeenth century.

What was Quaker writer Anthony Benezet known for in the late eighteenth century?

*A. Working for abolition of slavery Quakers were at the forefront of the abolition movement in the late eighteenth century, and Benezet was one of the movement's most articulate spokesmen. B. Reforming the army officer corps As a Quaker pacifist, Benezet was not involved in reforming the army. C. Reducing the national debt Benezet did not weigh in on reducing the national debt. D. Advocating a tax on whiskey Benezet did not advocate for a whiskey tax.

Most of the manual labor involved in building the new national capital in Washington City was performed by

*A. slaves. Hundreds of slaves labored to build the new nation's capital in Washington City, performing jobs such as clearing trees and stumps, building roads, digging trenches, baking bricks, cutting and laying sandstone, cooking, doing laundry, and nursing the ill. B. German mercenaries. German mercenaries known as Hessians fought with the British against the Americans in the Revolution. C. convicts. Convicts were not employed to build the new national capital. D. Native Americans. Native Americans were not employed to build the new national capital.

The chief federal government agency for assistance and support of African Americans in the South after the Civil War was

*A. the Freedmen's Bureau. The Freedmen's Bureau was the most important government agency for assistance and support for African Americans in the South after the Civil War. B. the U.S. Sanitary Commission. The U.S. Sanitary Commission had been responsible for coordinating medical care for Union troops during the Civil War. C. the Union army. While Union soldiers and officers frequently supported the cause of freedmen, the army was not the chief agency for assistance and support. D. the Republican Party. The Republican Party was the party for African Americans in the South after the Civil War, but it was not a government agency for assistance.

What percentage of black farmers in the South managed to buy their own land after 1865?

A. 5 percent The share of black farmers who were able to buy their farm was higher. B. 10 percent The share of African Americans who could own their own land was higher. *C. 20 percent About a fifth of black farmers in the South managed to buy their own land after 1865. D. 50 percent The share of African Americans able to own their own land was much lower.

What government system was established at the 1787 convention?

A. A system that gave the executive more power than the legislative branch The Constitutional Convention produced a system in which the executive and legislative branches each had powers and limits on those powers. B. A confederacy in which the central government has more power The Constitutional Convention did not establish a confederate government, but another form. C. A federalist system in which the judiciary checked state power The Constitutional Convention established a federal government but not one that relied on the judiciary to check state power. *D. A federalist system in which the central government has more power The Constitutional Convention established a federal government wherein the national government shares power with state governments, but the national government holds more power.

What did Baron Friedrich von Steuben, the Marquis de Lafayette, and Thaddeus Kosciusko all have in common?

A. All three led French army units in the war following the American alliance with France. The three did not lead French units in the war. *B. All three contributed their experience in European warfare to the Continental Army. All three men brought their European military experience to America to assist the Continental Army. Von Steuben, for example, drilled the troops at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-1778. C. All three represented American interests as diplomats to Britain's enemies in Europe. The men were not diplomats. D. All three were Hessian commanders who were hired to assist the British in North America. The men were not Hessians.

What mistake did British authorities make in implementing the Stamp Act?

A. Allowing colonists to vote on the act, which resulted in its repeal before it had time to raise revenue The colonists were not allowed to vote on the Stamp Act, which was one of the most important criticisms of the new law. *B. Announcing the new law a year before it went into effect, which gave the opposition time to organize resistance Although calculated to provide governance for the benefit of colonists, the Stamp Act was denounced as an act of aggression against the colonists' traditional rights. The year notice only gave those opposed to the law time to plan their response carefully. C. Angering colonists by taxing them more heavily than people who paid stamp taxes in Britain The colonists were lightly taxed compared to people living in Britain, a situation the Stamp Act did not significantly change. D. Imposing new taxes at a time of renewed prosperity following the war, which stalled the economy's growth The colonial economy was struggling in the 1760s, and the Stamp Act promised only to raise costs when money was already scarce.

What was one of the political consequences of the panic of 1819?

A. Americans became more ardent opponents of slavery. The panic of 1819 did not have a significant impact on Americans' position on slavery. B. Americans became stronger supporters of internal improvements. The panic of 1819 did not have a significant impact on Americans' position on internal improvements. *C. Americans became more skeptical of federal authority. The prolonged economic crisis had shaken national confidence, and citizens became more skeptical of both federal authority and banks. D. Americans tended to place more trust in banks. As a result of the panic, Americans tended to be more suspicious of banks, even if they continued to rely on them for regional and national commerce.

What enabled ratification of the Articles of Confederation?

A. An American-Cherokee truce There was no truce between Americans and Cherokee Indians. *B. Ceding of Western land claims to the Continental Congress New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts relinquished their land claims to the Continental Congress, satisfying the request of Maryland, the last state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. C. States' agreement to assume the war debt The states did not assume the national government's war debt. D. The prospect of imminent victory The Articles of Confederation were finally ratified as a result of a political settlement.

Which of the following factors shaped Lincoln's deliberations on the emancipation of slaves in 1862?

A. An emancipation proclamation would rally northern white troops. If anything, Lincoln had reason to worry that emancipation might prompt discontent among predominantly racist white troops. B. Emancipation might cause panic among British and French slave owners in the Caribbean. Britain and France had abolished slavery in the West Indies in the 1830s and 1840s, and Lincoln would have no interest in the reaction of British and French nationals in the West Indies at any rate. C. Emancipation would encourage slaves to run to Union camps. Slaves were already fleeing to Union camps as "contraband" whenever they had the chance. *D. Embracing abolition as a war aim would likely prevent international recognition of the South. Lincoln hoped that emancipation would signal to European nations that the United States was fighting for a good cause rather than simply to repress a rebellion and thereby forestall any move by those nations to recognize and give support to the Confederacy.

What did Americans and their representatives believe to be the solution to the post-Revolution economic crisis?

A. An end to slavery Americans did not believe that an end to slavery could solve the economic crisis. B. An end to conflicts with Indians Peace with Native Americans did not promise to end the economic crisis following the Revolution. C. Urbanization The growth of cities did not promise to end the economic crisis following the American Revolution. *D. Land in the West Citizens, state governments, and the federal government believed that the settlement and sale of western lands could solve the economic crisis of the 1780s.

What was one effect of the quadrupling of the New England population between 1700 and 1750?

A. An increase in indentured servitude in this region Indentured servitude did not increase in New England in the first half of the eighteenth century. B. An expansion of agricultural diversity in New England While the increased population led to more workers to farm the land, an increase in agricultural diversity did not result. *C. An increase in migration to the frontier As the population in New England increased, land became limited. The scarcity of land led many to migrate to the frontier with the hope of securing land. D. Increasing insularity in Puritan communities With the expansion of the population and the growth of commerce, Puritan communities were forced into contact and trade with non-Puritans.

A form of agriculture in which people work small plots of land with simple tools is known as

A. Beringia. Beringia refers to the land bridge that allowed migration between Asia and North America. *B. Horticulture. Horticulture refers to a type of agriculture in which people work small plots with simple tools. Horticulture developed between 8000 and 2000 B.C.E in present-day Mexico. C. Encomienda system. The encomienda system was introduced to the Americas by the Spanish in the sixteenth century. D. Columbian exchange. Columbian exchange refers to the transfer of animals, plants, and diseases between the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Europe.

What did the artists of the Hudson River School have in common with the writer Ralph Waldo Emerson?

A. Both advocated "complex marriage" as ideal The belief that people should be free to engage in sexual relations with any consenting adult, "complex marriage," was promoted by Oneida community founder John Humphrey Noyes. *B. Both emphasized the power of nature in their work Transcendentalist writer Emerson developed the idea of a Universal Being who was revealed in nature, while the Hudson River School artists, such as Thomas Cole, also stressed the grandeur of the natural world in their paintings of landscapes, mountains, waterfalls, and vistas. C. Both believed that poverty was the result of idleness Poverty reformer Emily G. Kempshall argued that poverty resulted from idle drunkenness. D. Both argued that abolitionists should not engage in politics William Lloyd Garrison and his followers abstained from politics because they believed it acknowledged the legitimacy of a government that allowed slavery. Topic: Organizing for Change books: Varieties of Reform The Problem of Poverty The Temperance Movement Utopian Communities

Why was the presidential election of 1876 in dispute?

A. Both candidates had the same amount of popular votes. Tilden won 51 percent of the popular vote. *B. The electoral votes were undecided in three southern states. Reconstruction political battles in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina put the election up for grabs. In each of these states, the outgoing Republican administrations certified Hayes as the winner, while the incoming Democratic regime declared for Tilden. C. The results from Oregon were uncertain due to voter fraud. The electoral vote from Oregon was disputed in the 1876 election, but the 19 electoral votes from the southern states of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina put the outcome of the presidential election in the balance. D. Ballots were lost in several key states. There was no problem of lost ballots in the 1876 election.

What did wealthy New York City businessmen and New York City free blacks have in common in 1863?

A. Both supported the Copperheads in the Democratic Party. Eager to make peace even if it left slavery in place, the Copperheads would not have been supported by free blacks. B. Both were more likely than others to serve in the army. The wealthy could buy their way out of military service; early in the war free blacks were barred from enlisting. C. Both went to work in factories to replace men gone to war. The wealthy would not have worked in factories. Women and children often replaced men gone to war. *D. Both suffered attacks during the New York draft riots. Rioters targeted both groups—free blacks, who were blamed for starting the war and competing with poor whites for jobs, and the wealthy for being able to buy their way out of service.

What did Delaware Indians in the Ohio valley have in common with Pennsylvania Quakers during the American Revolution?

A. Both traded weapons to each side. Neither the Delaware nor the Quakers traded weapons. *B. Both stayed neutral. Although many Indians sided with the British, the Delaware Nation remained neutral. Likewise, the Quakers defied their fellow Pennsylvanians by refusing to take sides. C. Both joined the Americans. Neither the Delaware nor the Quakers joined the Americans. D. Both joined the British. Neither the Delaware nor the Quakers joined the British.

Why was 1756 a significant year in the Seven Years' War?

A. Britain and its allies had been defeated in almost every theater of the war. Britain and its allies suffered losses in almost every part of the world in 1757, not 1756. B. The ambush of Braddock started a war between Britain and France. The ambush of Braddock took place in North America in 1755. *C. Both France and Great Britain officially declared war that year. In 1756, the war between France and its allies and Great Britain and its allies officially commenced. D. William Pitt took command of the British effort in the Seven Years' War. Pitt took control of the British war effort in 1757.

What prompted Pontiac to convene a council of Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Huron leaders in 1763?

A. British incursions into Florida British incursions into Florida did not prompt Pontiac to convene a council of various Indian leaders. *B. Britain and Spain's acquisition of French territory The terms of the Peace of Paris practically nullified Indian claims in territories previously ruled by the French. Pontiac convened the council to avoid a large land loss. C. Spain's acquisition of Florida Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. D. France's acquisition of Canada France lost Canada in the Peace of Paris.

How did the new type of cheap tabloid newspapers in the United States woo readers in the 1840s?

A. By offering attractive subscription deals These newspapers did not use subscription deals to lure readers. *B. By publishing sensational stories of sex and crime Improvements in printing created vastly more and cheaper newspapers, and these tabloids wooed readers by publishing sensational stories of crime, sex, and scandal. C. By covering local politics with investigative reports Tabloid newspapers focused on scandalous stories more than on local politics. D. By providing theatrical reviews Coverage of the new urban culture was not a feature newspapers used to woo readers in the 1840s.

How did the Republican Party manage to expand its base in the mid-1850s?

A. By stressing women's rights The Republican Party did not stress women's rights. B. By calling for black suffrage Republicans did not call for African Americans to gain the right to vote and undoubtedly would have lost support in the 1850s had they done so. *C. By advocating industrial development Republicans did advocate a program of commercial and industrial development and internal improvements, thereby attracting a broader base than did earlier antislavery political coalitions. D. By opposing internal improvements Republicans supported internal improvements along with commercial and industrial development.

Why were some colonists discouraged by the state of religious practice in the colonies before the Great Awakening?

A. Clergy were uneducated and lacked the proper knowledge of theology and the Bible. The problem was more that clergy who had been well educated in England or in colleges such as Harvard and William and Mary were found deficient in their sermons. *B. Clergy were not available in sufficient numbers to meet the needs of the growing population. The pace of population growth in the colonies outstripped the number of clergy available for ministry. In rural areas, people grew weary from the lack of attention. C. Preachers were too emotional, and their sermons lacked the substance people wanted to hear. Great Awakening preaching generally aimed at the heart, an approach many people welcomed. D. Preachers in urban churches required congregants to mix with people of different backgrounds. Urban churches separated people by social class. The wealthy sat in front in pews they rented, with the poor left standing in the back.

Which prominent colonist was one of the most forceful advocates of Enlightenment ideas in North America?

A. Cotton Mather Mather was a Puritan minister. B. George Whitefield Whitefield was a preacher popular during the Great Awakening. C. Samuel Sewell Sewell was a Puritan minister. *D. Benjamin Franklin Inventor, scientist, printer, and statesman, Franklin was also one of the leading advocates of the Enlightenment in the colonies.

Who advocated equal rights for black and white voters in New York in 1821?

A. Democratic-Republicans Democratic-Republicans and Martin Van Buren proposed only the elimination of property restrictions for white men. B. Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson was not a New Yorker and was not involved in the debate over voting rights in that state. C. National Republicans The National Republicans emerged only later, in the 1820s. *D. Federalists New York Federalists advocated equal rights for black and white voters in 1821, as long as property qualifications limited suffrage to respectable citizens.

Who became a national hero as a result of the War of 1812?

A. Dolley Madison Although Madison distinguished herself with her commitment to the preservation of government documents and valuables in the evacuation of Washington City, she was not celebrated as a national hero. *B. Andrew Jackson Jackson became a national hero after his troops defeated the British army at New Orleans in January 1815, delivering a decisive—if unnecessary—victory for the United States. C. Tecumseh The Shawnee warrior was the primary foe of U.S. troops on the western frontier. He was killed in Canada in the Battle of the Thames in 1813. D. John Ross John Ross was a Cherokee Indian and ally of Andrew Jackson in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend during the War of 1812 but did not become a national hero as a result.

What was the key to the success of the Inca empire?

A. Domination over sixteen million people The size of the population the empire controlled was a demonstration of its success, not the key to that success. B. A successful trade system centered in Cuzco Cuzco was the center of trade for the empire, but it was not the key to the civilization's success. *C. Cultivation of fertile mountain valleys The key to the success of the Incan empire was the cultivation of the fertile mountain valleys. D. Production of gold and silver While the mountains in which the empire was situated provided silver and gold, that mineral wealth was not the key to the civilization's success.

How did the economic characteristics of the nation's regions change in the nineteenth century following the War of 1812?

A. Each region came to rely more and more on manufacturing. Although the North became more industrialized, the South and West remained agricultural. B. Each region became less involved with slavery and the slave trade. The number of slaves in the South increased over the antebellum period. C. Each region became more self-sufficient with less national trade. The volume of trade conducted within the United States increased in the early nineteenth century. *D. Each region became more specialized and more interdependent. The nation's three regions in the early republic—the North, South, and West—became both more specialized in their economies and more dependent on each other. For example, the southern cotton boom fueled the growth of the northern textile industry.

In the nineteenth century, what did southern planters, yeomen farmers, and middle-class professionals have in common?

A. Economic interests The economic interests of the three groups often diverged, with yeomen farmers and middle-class professionals standing to reap little direct benefit from slavery. *B. Support for slavery Regardless of their different social statuses and their varying economic interests, all three groups supported slavery. C. Social status The three groups enjoyed different social statuses, with planters clearly on top. D. Political influence The three groups enjoyed different degrees of political influence, with planters dominant over the other two.

What was significant about the battle on the village green of Lexington in April 1775?

A. Eight colonists were killed. British soldiers killed eight colonists, but this is not why the battle was significant. B. The British succeeded in seizing the patriot arsenal. The events that immediately followed the deadly skirmish did not imbue the battle with significance. C. Patriots defeated the British soldiers. The British were not defeated in the gun fight at Lexington, and they marched on to Concord. *D. It was the opening battle of the American Revolution. Word of the fighting at Lexington and Concord spread quickly and was followed by other aggressive steps taken by the patriots. The war for independence had begun.

When did Congress first limit naturalization—the process of becoming a citizen—to white immigrants?

A. In 1807 Congress limited naturalization to white immigrants long before then. *B. In 1790 As early as 1790, Congress limited naturalization to white immigrants. C. In 1819 Congress limited naturalization to white immigrants long before this time. D. In 1820 Congress limited naturalization to white immigrants long before this date.

Why was the outbreak of the bubonic plague in Europe in the mid-1300s important?

A. It halted the wars between England and France, restoring peace. The wars began before the onset of the plague and continued long after it. B. It put an end to the Crusades. The Crusades had effectively ended by the time the plague broke out. *C. It killed about half the population. Between 1346 and 1350, about 36 million Europeans perished from the bubonic plague. D. It discouraged Europeans from pursuing trade with Asia. Trade continued during the plague and grew larger afterward.

How did Congress take advantage of the absence of southern Democrats in its economic policies during the Civil War?

A. It imposed a heavy tax on cotton. The predominantly Republican Congress did not impose a tax on cotton. B. It subsidized northern wool production. The predominantly Republican Congress did not subsidize northern wool production. *C. It passed a steep tariff on manufactured imports. The predominantly Republican Congress passed a steep tariff on manufactured imports. D. It raised the minimum wage by 50 percent. No federal minimum wage existed during the Civil War.

What action did the Virginia Assembly take in the 1660s regarding slavery?

A. It protected the status of free blacks in perpetuity. Rather than protecting the status of free blacks, the assembly moved to decrease the number of free blacks in Virginia. B. It banned the slave trade. The assembly did not ban the slave trade. *C. It codified southern slavery. In a matter of a decade, the assembly codified southern slavery, creating a version of servitude that imbued slave masters with the greatest degree of power over other human beings. D. It passed laws to help poor whites buy slaves. Composed of the planter elite, the assembly had little desire to serve the interests of poor whites.

How did the War of 1812 change the United States?

A. It restored the credibility of the Federalist Party. The Federalists' convention at Hartford in 1814 and their opposition to the war caused them irreparable political harm. B. It tarnished the young nation's international reputation. The War of 1812 garnered international prestige for the young nation. *C. It allowed the United States to gain greater control of western lands. Since the British failed to act as advocates for their western allies, the war in practical terms resulted in greater U.S. control over vast expanses of land in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys that had been held by Indian nations. D. It demonstrated the fragility of U.S. sovereignty. The war represented an important defense of U.S. sovereignty.

What was significant about the suffrage laws in New Jersey following the American Revolution?

A. Only property-holding white men were allowed to vote. Suffrage was not confined to property-holding white men. B. All citizens over 21 had the right to vote. Land ownership was a requirement for suffrage in New Jersey. *C. Property-holding black men and women could vote. New Jersey allowed property-holders to vote, regardless of race or gender. D. New Jersey had a religious requirement for suffrage. New Jersey did not have a religious requirement for suffrage.

What did the Puritans call visible signs of God's hand in the world?

A. Praying towns Praying towns were places where Christian Indians lived together in order to share their faith while being protected from colonists who might exploit them. B. Encomenderos Encomenderos were Spanish landowners in the early seventeenth century. C. The Mayflower Compact The Mayflower Compact was a constitution framing the government for the Puritan community in New England. *D. Remarkable providences Puritans saw God as active in their lives, as evidenced by events such as comets and eclipses.

Why did Catherine Hammond, the wife of South Carolinian James Henry Hammond, move to Charleston?

A. She needed to recover her health in a better climate. Catherine Hammond did not move for health reasons. B. She wanted to attend college in the city. Catherine Hammond did not attend college in Charleston. *C. She caught her husband having sex with his slaves. When Catherine Hammond found out her husband, James, was abusing his slaves, she left their plantation and moved to Charleston with her two youngest daughters. D. She found the Charleston social scene more appealing. Catherine Hammond did not move for the Charleston social scene.

Why did the Fifteenth Amendment spark serious conflicts among old abolitionist allies in 1869?

A. Some abolitionists began to fear for the safety of southern blacks if they were given the right to vote. Concern for the safety of African Americans was not the source of strife among former abolitionist allies. B. Some abolitionists feared that the amendment could be interpreted as giving women the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment very clearly did not apply to women. *C. Some abolitionists feared that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments restricted women's rights. Women's rights advocates who had been abolitionists objected that the Fourteenth Amendment inserted the word male into the Constitution for the first time in its description of citizens and that the Fifteenth Amendment allowed for disfranchisement based on gender. D. Some abolitionists feared that the Fifteenth Amendment could be used to allow immigrants to vote. The voting rights of immigrants were not a cause for concern among former abolitionists.

By the end of the Civil War in 1865, women had almost entirely replaced men in what military occupation?

A. Spy Women served as spies, but they did not dominate this area of activity. B. Scout Women did not serve as scouts for troops. C. Doctor Women rarely served as doctors. *D. Nurse By the end of the Civil War in 1865, women had almost entirely replaced men as military nurses.

What venue played a critical role in circulating trade information in eighteenth-century ports?

A. Taverns Taverns did not play a critical role in circulating trade information in eighteenth-century ports. B. Town halls Town halls did not play a critical role in circulating trade information in eighteenth-century ports. C. Churches Churches did not play a critical role in circulating trade information in eighteenth-century ports. *D. Coffeehouses Coffeehouses flourished in port cities around the Atlantic as places for merchants to gather and exchange information critical to the movement of goods and credit.

Why did British colonists in eighteenth-century Pennsylvania complain about German and Scots-Irish immigrants?

A. The Germans and Scots-Irish did not use the British legal system in the colony. German and Scots-Irish immigrants frequently used the courts to sue each other and to sue land surveyors. B. The Pennsylvania charter prohibited immigrants from anywhere except Britain. The Pennsylvania charter did not prohibit immigrants from outside Britain. *C. The newcomers were thought to be generally lazy, unlike British men and women. British colonists looked down on German and Scots-Irish immigrants. William Penn's secretary called them "idle," "worthless," and "indigent." D. Pennsylvanians condemned the immigrants' eagerness to defraud Indians of their lands. British colonists themselves defrauded Native Americans in land deals such as the Walking Purchase.

Which power had been receiving tribute payments from the United States throughout the 1790s?

A. The Mohawk Indians The United States did not make tribute payments to Mohawk Indians. B. Britain The United States did not make tribute payments to Britain. C. France The United States did not make tribute payments to France. *D. The Barbary States In order to gain protection for its merchant ships operating in the Mediterranean Sea, the United States had paid bribes to the Barbary States in the 1790s. Jefferson ended the practice when taking office as president.

What did the Declaration of Sentiments of the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention call for?

A. The abolition of slavery The participants of the Seneca Falls Convention were typically abolitionists, but the agenda of the convention was women's rights. B. More workers' rights The Seneca Falls Convention was concerned with women's rights, not labor issues. *C. Women's equality The convention at Seneca Falls in 1848 was concerned explicitly with women's rights, and the Declaration of Sentiments called for women's equality in everything from education and employment to legal rights and voting. D. An end to the Mexican-American War The Declaration of Sentiments of the 1848 Seneca Falls convention did not address the Mexican-American War.

Why was support for abolition of slavery strongest in western Virginia compared to other parts of that state in the 1830s?

A. The area was settled by antislavery Quakers. Quakers were not a major part of the population of western Virginia. *B. Slavery had never been profitable there. Slavery had never been profitable in the western counties of Virginia; as a result, representatives from that region argued for the gradual abolition of slavery. C. The slaves in that area had mostly been sold to owners in other areas. While slavery had never been prominent in this region, some slaves were found there. D. The area was more industrial than agricultural. Western Virginia, like the rest of the South, was largely agricultural.

Why did many American citizens fear the decisive power of the fifty-five delegates gathered at the Constitutional Convention?

A. The delegates represented rural interests. American citizens did not fear the power of the delegates because they represented rural interests. B. They represented a more urban populace. American citizens did not fear the power of the delegates because of their urban origins. C. They met in secret. The secrecy of the meeting did not lead American citizens to fear the decisive power of the delegates. *D. They were elite, white men. Landed elites met to discuss the future government for a nation of farmers, small merchants, women, free blacks, and slaves. The socioeconomic composition of the convention led many citizens to fear a government designed to benefit the elites.

Why was the plan to force an early decision on rechartering the Second Bank of the United States a mistake?

A. The early recharter plan led to Jackson's defeat in the 1832 election when it was supposed to ensure a second term. Jackson won reelection in 1832. B. Because he spent so much time fighting the bank recharter, Jackson was unable to address the Nullification Crisis. Jackson handled both issues forcefully. *C. Jackson's veto of the Second Bank of the United States proved enormously popular among voters. Concocted by Jackson's enemies, pushing for an early recharter of the Second Bank of the United States was supposed to force Jackson to issue a veto that would split the Democratic Party into pro- and anti-bank factions and help National Republican candidate Clay win the presidency. Jackson, however, vetoed the bank and rallied popular support to win anyway. D. Failure to renew the bank's charter left the Second Bank of the United States dependent on foreign banks that charged high interest rates. The Second Bank of the United States was not left dependent on foreign banks.

Why did the Democratic-Republican Party split prior to the election of 1828?

A. The failure of the Missouri Compromise divided the party into northern and southern factions. For the moment, the Missouri Compromise held together as a solution to the problem of slavery's status. *B. The 1824 election revealed deep antagonism within the party over the role of the federal government. Already splintering in 1824, following the controversial election of John Quincy Adams, the party began to formally separate into two new parties—the Democrats and the National Republicans. The extent of federal power was an especially divisive issue. C. The increasingly regional character of local economies separated the party into northern, southern, and western wings. Although regional economies became increasingly distinct, they also became increasingly interdependent, and political parties needed a national appeal to win elections. D. After losing the 1824 election in a "corrupt bargain," Andrew Jackson left the party to lead the National Republican Party. Jackson's supporters coalesced into the Democratic Party as he continued to campaign for president in 1828.

In the eighteenth-century South, what factor limited the economic prospects of immigrants?

A. The growth of indentured servitude Indentured servitude did not limit the economic prospects of immigrants in the South. B. A lack of available land A lack of available land did not limit the economic prospects of immigrants in the South. *C. Slavery The growth of slavery put more economic and political power in the hands of slave owner elites, challenging the ability of immigrants to rise. D. Anti-immigrant laws Anti-immigrant laws did not limit the economic prospects of immigrants in the South.

Why did the conquistadors have great power in the New World in the early sixteenth century?

A. The king in Spain made the conquistadors his official representatives in the New World, giving them the power to act in his name. Officially, the rulers in Spain were supposed to set the agenda for American ventures. B. The conquistadors were able to conquer the Aztec empire without any assistance from either Spain or other native peoples of the Americas. The Spanish conquest of the Aztecs was successful in large part because of alliances formed with the Aztecs' enemies. C. The Aztec leader Montezuma formed an alliance with the conquistador Hernán Cortés against Spanish authorities in Spain. Cortés conquered Montezuma and the Aztecs in 1521. *D. With the Americas far away from Spain, conquistadors were responsible for distributing lands as rewards for those who served under them. Because of the distance separating Spain from the Americas, the king gave responsibility for distributing lands to conquistadors, which made them more powerful to their underlings than the king.

Why did affluent white Americans often embrace Indian names and symbols in the early republic?

A. To disparage Indians for giving up their land The Indian names and symbols were not adopted by whites to disparage Indians. B. To mock poor frontier farmers who faced Indian attacks The affluent whites did not intend to mock frontier farmers who were attacked by Indians. C. To show solidarity with natives being pushed to give up land Affluent whites who adopted Indian symbols did not aim to show concern for Indian land losses. *D. To emphasize a distinctly American national identity Eager to distinguish themselves from their European contemporaries (especially the British), Americans identified themselves with images of things and people that did not exist in Europe, such as Native Americans and their culture.

Why did Thomas Jefferson list the abuses and crimes committed by King George against the colonists in the Declaration of Independence?

A. To garner support from the new Americans Jefferson did not list the king's abuses to garner support from his fellow Americans. B. To win support from the English people Jefferson did not list the king's abuses to gain support from the British. C. To cajole the king into compromise Jefferson did not list the king's abuses in any sort of appeal to the king. *D. To justify rebellion In keeping with Locke's contract theory of government, Jefferson listed the abuses and crimes of the king to justify the colonists' rights to dissolve their ties to the British government.

Why did many wealthy New Yorkers purchase and maintain slaves?

A. To give birth to more captives Urban slaves were not encouraged to have children. B. To hire them out for extra income Although urban slaves were often hired out, the extra income did not make up for the purchase price of the enslaved individual. *C. To have them as a status symbol Much like the stately homes and extravagant décor, slaves were often kept as status symbols in New York, a luxury of the rich. D. As an investment for resale The promise of a quick profit was not a common reason for wealthy New Yorkers to have slaves.

In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, why were pregnant women urged to prepare their souls?

A. To raise a religiously devout child While parents were expected to encourage religious piety among the young, this was not the reason that pregnant women were urged to prepare their souls. B. To lessen the pain of childbirth While women hoped for easy childbirth, they were not urged to prepare their souls to ensure one. C. To prepare for the possibility of the infant's death Although the rate of infant deaths was high, that was not the reason that pregnant women were urged to prepare their souls. *D. The high death rate of mothers during childbirth In 1700, one in every thirty births led to the death of the mother. As women gave birth to many children throughout their child-rearing years, they repeatedly confronted the possibility of death. During pregnancy, as a result, women were urged to prepare their souls for the afterlife.

Why did Puritans establish "praying towns"?

A. To redeem the souls of those who were led astray by the devil Praying towns were not established to redeem wayward Puritans. *B. To persuade Indians to convert to Christianity Praying towns were established by John Eliot in an attempt to get Indians to renounce their traditional faith and convert to Christianity. C. To protect Indians from exploitation The praying towns did protect Indians from exploitation but only as means to another end. D. To teach Indians to read the Bible Praying towns did teach Native Americans to read the Bible, but this was only a part of the larger mission.

Why did Powhatan allow Pocahontas to marry John Rolfe?

A. To secure land rights The marriage between Pocahontas and John Rolfe did not guarantee any land rights to Powhatan or his people. B. To save his life Powhatan's life was not threatened. *C. To try to forge an alliance Chief Powhatan allowed his daughter, Pocahontas, to marry Rolfe in a last attempt to create an alliance between his confederacy and the English colonists. They married, and she converted to Christianity, traveling to England with Rolfe before her death in 1617. D. To earn his independence Powhatan was not in the custody of the English at the time of the engagement.

What was an effect of French diplomat Edmond Genêt's visit to the United States?

A. Trade with the French West Indies increased. American trade with the British and French West Indies increased as a result of the Neutrality Act, not Genêt's visit. *B. Republican clubs donated to the French cause. Though escalating tension with the nation's leaders, Genêt whipped up enthusiasm in Republican clubs, which gave money to his cause. C. U.S. ships began to capture much of the sugar trade. Increased access to the sugar trade resulted from the Neutrality Act. D. Federalist clubs came out to listen to and support Genêt. Republican clubs, not Federalist clubs, came out in support of Genêt.

Why did workingwomen in textile factories ultimately abandon the fight for the ten-hour day in the 1840s?

A. Wages were too good to abandon twelve-hour shifts. Wages were not high enough to justify twelve-hour days for workingwomen in textile factories. B. Men in textile industries refused to support the ten-hour cause. Workingmen joined the cause of women factory workers from New England. *C. Irish immigrants flooded the labor market and agreed to low pay and long hours. Farmers' daughters abandoned the fight and left the textile mills as Irish immigrants flooded the labor market and agreed to accept lower pay and longer hours. D. Mechanization had made textile operatives an increasingly rare occupation in the 1840s. Despite the expansion of mechanized production, factory operatives remained an important labor force in industry.

How did Northerners react to the growth of the abolition movement in the 1830s?

A. White workers approved since freed slaves would help them do their jobs. White workers feared competition from freed slaves. *B. Manufacturers generally disapproved, since an end to slavery would disrupt the trade in southern exports. Slave labor supported northern trades, and manufacturers did not want to see profitable commerce changed. C. Most ministers supported the leading role taken by women in the abolition movement. Northern ministers who opposed slavery often condemned women's antislavery work as contrary to women's proper role. D. Large crowds supported abolition gatherings such as the 1838 Antislavery Convention of American Women. A mob interrupted the meeting and burned down the convention hall.

In the eighteenth century, Quakers and Moravians were similar in that both

A. condemned the fur trade as immoral. Both groups participated in the fur trade. *B. enjoyed peaceful relations with natives. Because of their theology, the Quakers and Moravians, unlike many other British colonists, generally enjoyed peaceful relations with natives. Quaker and Moravian hopes to partner with Indians in the fur trade also encouraged amicable relations. C. rejected the Christian religion as unreasonable. The Quakers and Moravians were both Christian denominations. D. flourished exclusively in the colony of Georgia. Although the Moravians settled in Georgia, they also settled in the Carolinas. The Quakers primarily settled in Pennsylvania, where Quaker William Penn Jr. was proprietor. Topic: Religious Awakenings books: The Roots of the Great Awakening An Outburst of Revivals Religious Dissension

Young couples of the early nineteenth century considered themselves as embarking on marriages that, in comparison to those of their parents, were more

A. leisurely. Young American couples did not consider themselves more leisurely than their parents. *B. egalitarian. Young American couples considered themselves more egalitarian than their parents. C. hierarchical. Young American couples did not view themselves as more hierarchical than their parents. D. traditional. Young American couples did not regard themselves as more traditional than their parents.

Before 1850, the most well-known individuals aiding fugitives were

A. northern politicians. Northern politicians were not the most well-known supporters of fugitives. *B. free blacks. Before 1850, the most well-known individuals aiding fugitives were free blacks, such as David Ruggles in New York City and Frederick Douglass in Rochester, New York. C. northern labor recruiters. Labor recruiters were not active in aiding the cause of slave fugitives. D. evangelical clergy. While many evangelicals supported the cause of abolition, the individuals best known for their assistance to fugitives were not evangelical clergy.

Following the Revolution, women saw their roles enhanced through greater opportunities for

A. owning property. Although some states allowed women greater legal rights to own property in certain circumstances, women generally saw their property rights restricted. B. voting. Some property-owning women in New Jersey were able to vote, but otherwise women did not vote. *C. education. Even people who did not believe in women's equality nevertheless insisted that women be well educated, if only so that they could help sons to be good citizens and daughters to be capable of one day raising sons as good citizens. Some writers, such as Judith Sargent Murray, went further and demanded education for women based on equality. D. operating businesses. Although some women in certain circumstances owned businesses, they generally did not.

Supporters of John Quincy Adams in the election of 1828 charged Andrew Jackson's wife with

A. political corruption. Rachel Jackson had not participated in politics and was not charged with any corruption. B. tax fraud. Rachel Jackson was not charged with tax fraud. C. infidelity to Andrew Jackson. Members of the Adams campaign did not suggest that Rachel Jackson betrayed Jackson. *D. adultery. President Adams's supporters questioned the timing of Rachel Jackson's divorce from her first husband and her remarriage to Jackson. One newspaper asked, "Ought a convicted adultress and her paramour husband be placed in the highest offices of this free and Christian land?"

Millerites in the United States of the late 1830s and early 1840s believed that

A. polygamy was divinely sanctioned. This was the belief of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. *B. the Second Coming of Christ would occur in 1843. William Miller, a prosperous farmer and Baptist preacher, claimed that the Bible proved that the Second Coming of Jesus Christ would occur in 1843. C. slavery was God's will. This was not an item of faith of the Millerites. D. Native Americans knew the right spiritual path. This was not a belief of the Millerites.

In one of his more serious essays, the writer Washington Irving challenged conventional American thinking by

A. preferring Dutch culture to British culture. Many of Irving's stories drew on Dutch folktales of old New York, but he did not exalt Dutch over British culture. *B. praising the courage of Indians. Although Irving was most known for his popular fiction, he also wrote a serious essay in which he argued that Americans had largely ignored courageous actions by Indians and applauded atrocities committed by whites against them. C. criticizing George Washington as a monarchist. Irving was not a harsh critic of George Washington. D. embracing British cultural norms. Irving's work celebrated American culture.

For many freedmen, the key to long-term survival following the Civil War was

A. receiving government payments. Freedmen did not aim to receive payments from the government. B. moving to northern cities. Moving to northern cities, where there was hostility to free blacks, was not a solution to many freedmen. *C. obtaining land to farm. Freedmen wanted land. With land of their own to farm they could take care of themselves and enjoy economic independence as well as political freedom. D. finding quality medical care. Although medical care was important, it was not the key to long-term survival for freedmen.

The activities of the Sons of Liberty in protesting the Stamp Act were characterized by

A. secret meetings. The protests by the Sons of Liberty were not characterized by secrecy. B. mob rule. The Sons of Liberty engaged in mass activity but did not enact mob rule. C. formal resolutions. The Sons of Liberty did not issue formal resolutions against the Stamp Act. *D. public demonstrations. The Sons of Liberty were very public in their protests, which consisted of mock funerals, large demonstrations, and pointed property damage.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have been encouraged by government to take up these lands in small tracts, receiving Certificates of the same- we have thus far Taken Sixteen thousand (16000) acres of Land here on This Island. We are ready to pay for this land When Government calls for it and now after What has been done will the good and just government take from us all this right and make us Subject to the will of those who have cheated and Oppressed us for many years God Forbid! We the freedmen of this Island and of the State of South Carolina-Do therefore petition to you as the President of these United States, that some provisions be made by which Every colored man can purchase land. and Hold it as his ownâ¦"

According to the Freedmen's Committee of Edisto Island, why should the island's land belong to them? A. The island's planters previously gave them the land. The freedmen were not promised land by their masters, nor do they claim to have been made such promises. *B. The federal government gave them title to the land. During the war's later stages, the Union government had distributed to freedmen some 400,000 acres of land abandoned by Confederates along the Atlantic coast. The committee says they have received "Certificates" reflecting the land transfer. C. They had already paid for the land themselves. Although the committee mentions paying for the land, the statement indicates they are willing to pay for the land in the future, if required. D. They were promised land for their military service. The freedmen do not argue that they have been promised land in exchange for military service.

What was the significance of Vermont's constitution, written during the American Revolution?

*A. It abolished slavery. In its 1777 constitution, Vermont was the first state to abolish slavery. B. It granted female suffrage. New Jersey's constitution granted limited female suffrage. C. It had a bill of rights. Many states included a bill of rights in their constitutions. D. It approved gradual abolition. Pennsylvania's constitution approved the gradual abolition of slavery.

Where in Europe did the Renaissance originate?

*A. Italy A cultural rebirth arose first in the Italian city-states of the fifteenth century and then spread through Europe. B. Spain Although the Renaissance influenced Spain, it did not first arise there. C. England Although the Renaissance influenced England, it did not first arise there. D. Portugal Although the Renaissance influenced Portugal, it did not first arise there.

In the spring of 1866, which southern city witnessed riots in which white residents terrorized the city's black residents?

A. Atlanta, Georgia There were no riots in Atlanta in the spring of 1866. B. Savannah, Georgia No riots took place in Savannah in the spring of 1866. *C. Memphis, Tennessee Memphis witnessed riots in the spring of 1866 during which white residents terrorized the city's black residents and burned their houses and churches. D. Birmingham, Alabama There were no riots in Birmingham in the spring of 1866.

Refer to the image Portrait of Loots-Tow-Oots and Wife

A photo shows Toots-Tow-Oots and his wife. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. Why does the Pawnee warrior Loots-Tow-Oots hold a sword in the photograph taken of him and his wife in 1868? A. To warn white settlers not to move west after the war Although Loots-Tow-Oots may have hoped to stave off white movement west, that was not the purpose of showing his sword in the picture. *B. To recall his service in a Union cavalry unit during the war The photograph shows the dual identities of Natives such as Loots-Tow-Oots and his wife: he appears in Union uniform with cavalry sword while wearing a feather in his hair. C. To show that swords were a standard for Pawnee warriors The image is not meant to show how Pawnee warriors usually dressed. D. To symbolize his leadership within the Pawnee tribe The sword is not a symbol of leadership in the Pawnee tribe.

From the 1830s to the 1840s, how many slaves did the majority of plantations in the American South have?

A. 1 to 3 The majority of plantations had more slaves than that. *B. 3 to 6 The largest number of plantations had just 3 to 6 slaves, but there were also many plantations with 20 to 50 slaves. C. 20 to 50 Far more planters of that time period had 20 to 50 slaves than above that number, but an even larger number of planters had fewer. D. More than 50 Only a small number of southern planters had 50 or more slaves during that time period.

Refer to the image New Amsterdam

An engraving, titled New Amsterdam, shows a man holding a piece of cloth while a woman holds a tray of fruits. In the background, African slaves carry heavy goods. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The engraving of New Amsterdam depicts a prosperous man and woman in front of a view of the city. As depicted in the image, how are the couple likely to have made their fortune? A. Conquering natives No natives are shown in the image. B. Mining No mining activities are depicted. *C. Trading New Amsterdam was a thriving commercial center that connected the backcountry hinterlands to the world's markets. It is implied that they are bringing goods to market. Numerous ships can be seen in the background, as if poised to carry out trade. D. Selling slaves Although slaves are shown in the image, they are carrying goods, presumably to be sold. Certainly slaves would have been traded in New Amsterdam, but it is not suggested that selling slaves was a primary business.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: A blood-red banner waves from the church of Bejar, and in the camp above us, in token that the war is one of vengeance against rebels; they have declared us such, and demanded that we should surrender at discretion, or that this garrison should be put to the sword. Their threats have had no influence on me, or my men, but to make all fight with desperation, and that high souled courage which characterizes the patriot, who is willing to die in defence of his country's liberty and his own honor. . . .

The bearer of this will give your honorable body a statement more in detail should he escape through the enemies lines. God and Texas—Victory or Death What tone does William Travis strike in his appeal for reinforcements to be sent to the Alamo in 1836? A. Desperate Travis's circumstances were certainly desperate, but he avoids giving that tone, since it would not make sense to send reinforcements if there were no hope for success. B. Frightened Travis and his men must have been frightened, but he tries to show courage, saying that the Mexican "threats have had no influence on me or my men." *C. Confident Travis tries to project an air of confidence in his ultimate success, promising "Victory or Death"" D. Indifferent Travis cares intensely about the outcome of the battle; his life depends on receiving help.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "It's the Black Robes who are making us die by their spells. Listen to me, I will prove it by reasons that you will recognize as true. They set themselves up in a village where everyone is feeling fine; no sooner are they there, but everyone dies except for three or four people. They move to another place, and the same thing happens. They visit cabins in other villages, and only those where they have not entered are exempt from death and illness. Don't you see that when they move their lips in what they call prayer, spells are coming out of their mouths? It's the same when they read their books. They have big pieces of wood [guns] in their cabins by which they make noise and send their magic everywhere. If they are not promptly put to death, they will end up ruining the country, and no one will be left, young or old. . . .

When she stopped speaking, everyone agreed that this was true, . . .[and] it seemed true . . . , for wherever the [Jesuit] Fathers went, God permitted death to accompany them so as to render more pure the faith of those who converted." According to Ursuline nun Marie de L'Incarnation's letter to her superiors, who were the Black Robes? *A. Jesuit priests Because they wore long black robes, natives in New France called the Jesuit missionaries Black Robes. B. Dominican friars The Black Robes were not Dominican friars. C. Algonquian chiefs The Black Robes were not Algonquian chiefs. D. Iroquois warriors The Black Robes were not Iroquois warriors.

What did the state of Texas demand from the federal government in the late 1840s?

*A. Assumption of all debts incurred by the Republic of Texas Texas continued to claim that debts accrued while Texas was an independent republic and during the Mexican-American war should be assumed by the federal government. B. Additional protections for slavery and the right to enslave Mexicans Texas did not demand special protections for slavery or the right to enslave Mexicans. C. New lands in the Kansas territories Texas did not demand territory to the north of its state border. D. A direct railroad connection from Texas to Washington, D.C. Texas did not express any interest in a direct railroad connection to the nation's capital.

The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 allowed Americans to trade with every nation except

*A. Britain and France. The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 allowed Americans to trade with every nation except France and Britain. B. Spain and France. The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 did not limit Americans' ability to trade with Spain. C. Britain and Prussia. The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 did not limit Americans' ability to trade with Prussia. D. Russia and Prussia. The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 did not restrict American trade with either Russia or Prussia.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The Slaveholding Interest is now paramount in the Executive branch of our national government; and its influence operates, indirectly, yet powerfully, through that medium, in favor of this Grand Scheme of Oppression and Tyrannical Usurpation. Whether the national Legislature will join hands with the Executive, and lend its aid to this most unwarrantable, aggressive attempt, will depend on the VOICE OF THE PEOPLE, expressed in their primary assemblies, by their petitions, and through the ballot-boxes."

What course of action did journalist Benjamin Lundy recommend to change U.S. policy toward Texas? *A. Voting new leaders into office Lundy argued that the only way to change U.S. policy in Texas is for the current president and Congress to hear "the VOICE OF THE PEOPLE, expressed in their primary assemblies, by their petitions, and through the ballot-boxes." B. Violent revolt against slave owners Although angry, Lundy did not recommend violence. C. Negotiating a peace treaty with Mexico Lundy did not discuss a treaty with Mexico. D. Prayer to change the hearts of U.S. leaders Although a Quaker, Lundy did not mention prayer as a way to change the hearts of U.S. leaders.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "In general then I rise at five o'Clock in the morning, read till Seven, then take a walk in the garden or field, see that the Servants [slaves] are at their respective business, then to breakfast. The first hour after breakfast is spent at my musick, the next is constantly employed in recolecting something I have learned least . . . , such as French and short hand. . . . I devote the rest of the time till I dress for dinner to our little Polly and two black girls who I teach to read, and if I have my papa's approbation (my Mamas I have got) I intend [them] for school mistres's for the rest of the Negroe children. . . . [After dinner, musick and then] the rest of the afternoon in Needle work till candle light, and from that time to bed read or write. . . ."

What is the significance of Eliza Lucas calling her family's black workers "servants"? A. The family employed only servants and did not own slaves. The family did own slaves. *B. Subconsciously, she does not want to admit that they are slaves. It appears that Lucas does not want to confront the fact that her family owns slaves, who work hard to make her life of leisure possible. C. Lucas opposes slavery and does not want to give slavery legitimacy. There is no indication that Lucas opposes slavery. D. Since slavery was illegal in South Carolina at the time, she cannot use the term. Slavery was legal in South Carolina when Lucas wrote.

Which candidate for president in 1856 received significant help from his wife campaigning with him?

*A. John C. Frémont Frémont campaigned with his wife, Jessie, who drew thousands of women to events across the country. B. James Buchanan Buchanan was a bachelor. C. Franklin Pierce Pierce was elected in 1852 and was not a candidate in 1856. D. Zachary Taylor Taylor served as president from 1849 until his death in 1850.

The vast expansion of agricultural production in the South in the early nineteenth century fueled

*A. regional specialization. The vast expansion of agricultural production in the South in the early nineteenth century fueled regional specialization, with the South focusing on cotton production, the West on food production, and the North on manufacturing. B. abolitionism. The growth of southern agriculture led to an expansion of the slave population but did not fuel abolitionism. C. a transportation revolution. Other factors spurred the growth of speedier transportation. D. rising prices. The growth of southern agriculture did not trigger inflation.

Most people who migrated to California after 1849 in search of gold were

A. families. The California gold rush typically did not attract families. B. Irish immigrants. Irish immigrants likely joined the gold rush, but they were not the group most often seen. *C. single men. Unlike the families who migrated to Oregon, the California gold rush attracted men aiming to get rich quick. Violence often followed. D. single women. Although women ventured to California in the wake of the gold rush, they did not come to mine gold.

Refer to the image Cherokee Removal, 1838

An engraving shows Cherokees disembarking from steamboats and making their way along banks of a river. to answer the following question. According to the woodcut image of Cherokee Removal, Indians migrated from their homelands A. by armed force. The only indication of an armed presence is a fort in the distance; otherwise, force does not seem to be involved. B. without U.S. involvement. A fort flying the American flag is shown in the distance, indicating some kind of U.S. role in removal. *C. on their own volition. The image shows an orderly process with little U.S. army involvement save for overseeing removal from a distance. From all appearances, the Cherokee are acting voluntarily. D. as prisoners of war. Nothing indicates the Cherokee are prisoners; no guards are shown, for instance.

Refer to the image Plan of a Slave Ship, 1794

An illustration shows the plan of different sections a slave ship accompanied by text. The slaves are packed tightly in the upper deck and along the sides of the lower deck with no moving space. Text reads, To increase their profits, slave traders built ships specifically to transport Africans. They were designed to hold as many people as possible at the least expense. The image of the slave ship Brooks vividly portrays the profit motive in transporting human cargo while The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano captures the horrific personal experience. Unusually for a slave, Equiano learned to read and write and purchased his freedom in 1766. His narrative likely combines his own experience with that of other slaves. Both documents were widely used by British abolitionists in late eighteenth century campaigns against the slave trade. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to the image of the Plan of a Slave Ship, 1794, what motivates slave traders? A. Patriotism Created by British abolitionists, the image is meant to embarrass their countrymen. B. Lust Although sexual abuse of female slaves occurred during the Middle Passage, the image does not suggest that lust motivated slave traders. C. Laziness The image shows that a great deal of thought and energy was put into the design of the most efficient method for transporting slaves. *D. Greed The image shows enslaved people packed as tightly as possible with little regard for their safety, let alone comfort, in an effort to carry as much human cargo to market as possible.

Chapter 1: Mapping Global Frontiers, to 1590

Topic: Native Peoples in the Americas books: Native Peoples Develop Diverse Cultures The Aztecs, the Maya, and the Incas Native Cultures to the North

Which of the following were part of the planned community of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s?

*A. Boardinghouses The textile factories of Lowell were built as part of a planned community that included boardinghouses for young female factory workers. B. Banks Banks were not part of the planned communities at Lowell. C. Farms Farms were not included in the planned communities at Lowell. D. Museums Museums were not part of the planned communities at Lowell.

What was the goal of Herman Husband's North Carolina Regulators?

*A. Economic protection for ordinary people The North Carolina Regulators sought protection from economic exploitation for farmers and laborers. B. Repeal of the Townshend Act Although the Regulators formed during the Townshend Act protests, their goal did not involve repeal of the act. C. Protection against Indian attacks The Regulators were not established to seek protection against local Indian tribes. D. Rallying against war Although Husband was a pacifist, his pacifism did not direct the goals of the Regulators.

Who was the leading advocate of a system of government-funded transportation improvements and protective tariffs following the War of 1812?

*A. Henry Clay Henry Clay of Kentucky was the most prominent advocate of what he called the American System, a program of federally funded transportation improvements and tariffs to protect manufacturing. B. John Ross Ross was a Cherokee leader who fought to preserve Cherokee claims to land in Georgia. C. James Madison Madison was the fourth president of the United States, 1809-1817. D. Thomas Jefferson Jefferson was the third president of the United States, 1801-1809.

Which of the following was a character who appeared in early-nineteenth-century minstrel shows to mock African Americans?

*A. Jim Crow Popularized by Tim Rice, who would darken his face with burnt cork to look black, the character Jim Crow was a caricature of African Americans often found in minstrel show song-and-dance routines. B. Tim Rice Rice was the minstrel show performer who popularized the character Jim Crow. C. Charles Grandison Finney Finney was a preacher popular during the Second Great Awakening. D. John Humphrey Noyes Noyes founded the Oneida utopian community.

Prior to the 1830s, most Irish immigrants were

*A. Presbyterians. Most Irish families that settled in North America prior to the 1830s were Scots-Irish Presbyterians. B. Catholics. Irish Catholics began immigrating to the United States in the 1830s. C. men. The Irish who immigrated to the United States prior to the 1830s arrived largely as families. D. factory workers. The Irish immigrants prior to the 1830s were not primarily factory workers, as the industrial revolution had had little impact on Ireland to that point.

In the French and Indian War, Britain was allied with which other European power?

*A. Prussia Britain formed an alliance with Prussia, the most powerful of the German states, along with Portugal. B. France Britain fought against France in the war. C. Russia Russia fought against Britain in the war. D. Spain Spain fought against Britain in the war.

Who invented the telegraph and was one of the most popular anti-Catholic speakers of the nineteenth century?

*A. Samuel F. B. Morse Morse, the inventor of the telegraph, was also strongly anti-Catholic and one of the most popular anti-Catholic speakers of the nineteenth century, a time when Catholic immigrants were looked upon with suspicion by the native born. B. Brigham Young Young took over leadership of the Mormons after the murder of Joseph Smith. C. John Humphrey Noyes Noyes led the Oneida utopian community. D. David Walker Walker wrote the abolitionist pamphlet Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829).

What was the message of the Separate Baptists in the southern colonies in the mid-1700s?

*A. Spiritual equality Separate Baptists proclaimed a message of total spiritual equality. Poor whites, slaves, and small farmers joined Separate Baptist churches in the various southern colonies. B. Catholic corruption The Separate Baptists did not focus on a message of corruption in the Catholic Church. C. Parliamentary corruption The Separate Baptists did not center on corruption in Parliament. D. The abolition of slavery The Separate Baptists did not focus on a message of abolition, although free blacks, whites, and slaves attended church together.

How did a younger cohort of senators and representatives finally manage to pass the Compromise of 1850?

*A. They voted on it one bill at a time. The younger cohort of senators and representatives steered the Compromise of 1850 through Congress by voting on one bill at a time. This allowed legislators to support only those parts of the compromise they found palatable. B. They eliminated the controversial passages. Congress did not eliminate the controversial passages of the Compromise of 1850. C. They left enforcement to the states. Congress did not pass the buck by requesting the states enforce the Compromise of 1850. D. They appealed to the public to pressure older senators to vote on it. The younger cohort of senators and representatives did not turn to the public in an effort to have them pressure older senators.

In issuing the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, President Lincoln justified the measure as

*A. a military necessity. Lincoln presented the Emancipation Proclamation, not as an act of justice, but as a military measure necessary to end the war by undermining the planters' slave economy. As a result, it was more palatable to Northerners committed to preserving the Union but wary of abolition. B. an act of justice. Although abolitionists saw emancipation as an act of justice, Lincoln did not present the Emancipation Proclamation as such. C. a step toward equality. Abolitionists thought that emancipation was a first step toward equality, but Lincoln did not present the Emancipation Proclamation as about achieving equality. D. a campaign promise fulfilled. Lincoln did not promise to emancipate the slaves in any campaign.

In the 1820s Native Americans voted only

*A. in their own nations. Indian nations were considered sovereign entities, so Indians voted in their own nations, not in U.S. elections. B. in local elections. Indians were not allowed to vote in any U.S. elections. C. in presidential races. Indians were not allowed to vote in any U.S. elections. D. in Senate elections. At the time, U.S. senators were selected by state legislatures and were not up for popular election.

Presidential candidate Andrew Jackson appealed to voters in 1824 because he appeared

*A. outgoing and boisterous. Jackson came across as an outgoing and boisterous man who appealed to small farmers and northern workers who hoped to emulate his success as a self-made man. B. boyish and youthful. A seasoned general and veteran of the War of 1812, Jackson did not appear boyish. C. elegant, if not elitist. Andrew Jackson appealed to small farmers and northern workers for his reputation as a self-made man who came from humble origins, not for his elegance. D. bookish and withdrawn. Jackson drew ordinary voters with his humble origins and appeal to "the common man." He did not come across as bookish or withdrawn.

The Americas were conquered by Spaniards in the sixteenth century principally as a result of

*A. the high death toll among natives from disease. Because Native Americans were not immune to European diseases, millions perished throughout the Americas. In one century, the Inca population went from 9 million to less than half a million largely on account of disease. B. the naiveté of the native populations. While some Native Americans failed to initially understand the motives of the Spanish, naiveté does not adequately explain why Native Americans were conquered. C. Spaniards vastly outnumbered Native Americans. The native populations were numerically superior to the Spaniards who came to the Americas. D. the military alliance between Spain, Portugal, and France. These three nations were not allied but were in competition with one another.

The French established outposts at Biloxi and Mobile in the early eighteenth century to

*A. trade with Choctaw Indians. The outposts along the Gulf coast facilitated trade with local Indians. B. launch invasions against the Spanish in Florida. Although such French outposts helped the French challenge Spain's claims in North America, there were no plans for an invasion. C. bring slaves into the Southeast. Biloxi and Mobile were not founded to facilitate the slave trade. D. put down the Pueblo revolt. The Pueblo revolted against Spanish rule in New Mexico.

Refer to the image Visit of the Ku Klux Klan

A sketch shows a black family rubbing their hands by a fireplace and eating food while members of Ku Klux Klan with white hoods stand at the doorway, pointing their guns at the family. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The engraving of a visit of the Ku Klux Klan suggests that Klan members are *A. dangerous cowards. The image depicts the Klan as a group of dangerous cowards. They wear masks and ambush a peaceful black family. B. heroic patriots. The image does not laud the Klan. C. decent neighbors. By sneaking in the doorway and pointing a rifle at the black family, it is clear that the Klan members are not good neighbors. D. petty criminals. The image seems to be suggesting the Klan members are not simply petty criminals but more of a threat to black families.

How did European slave traders obtain slaves in Africa?

A. African rulers gave slaves to Europeans to maintain alliances. Europeans did not obtain African slaves as gifts. B. Europeans conquered African civilizations to obtain slaves. Europeans did not engage in any conquests in Africa in this period. *C. African merchants sold slaves to Europeans. European slave traders worked closely with African merchants to obtain slaves, who were generally war captives. The Europeans obtained men, women, and children in exchange for guns, metalware, and linen. D. Europeans captured slaves in Africa. European slave traders did not themselves capture men and women to enslave.

What was significant about Washington's campaign in March 1776?

A. American troops secured Canada. American troops never secured Canada. B. American troops defeated an Indian alliance. American troops did not defeat an Indian alliance in 1776. *C. American troops captured Boston. General Washington's troops recaptured Boston in March 1776, forcing the British to evacuate the city. D. American troops captured New York City. American troops did not capture New York City in March 1776.

Which of the following civilizations arose along the Pacific coast of South America in present-day Peru?

A. Aztec The Aztecs arose in the equatorial region in what is now Mexico. B. Mayan The Mayans arose in the equatorial region in what is now Mexico. C. Pueblo The Pueblo lived farther north in present-day Utah and Colorado. *D. Incan The Incan civilization rose to prominence in modern-day Peru.

Which of the following factors contributed to the decline of the Comanche empire in the nineteenth century?

A. Buffalo overpopulation The decline of the buffalo population, from hunting by Indian allies and by Americans, meant that the Comanche trade in buffalo products declined. *B. Environmental damage Several environmental problems combined to damage the Comanche empire's ability to sustain itself. Opening the Santa Fe Trail to trade led to the destruction of vegetation and the pollution of springs, for example. C. The Mexican-American War The Mexican-American War was not a significant factor in the decline of the Comanche empire. D. The introduction of slavery Slavery did not bring down the Comanche empire.

When legalizing slavery, Virginia followed the example of how slavery was practiced in

A. Cuba Virginia did not follow the example of Spanish colony Cuba. *B. Barbados With the rapid growth of sugar production, Barbados expanded its use of slaves. By 1660 Barbados was the first English colony with a black majority population. C. Quebec Virginia did follow the example of the French colony Quebec. D. Massachusetts Although also an English colony, Virginia did not follow the example of Massachusetts.

Almost a century after Columbus landed in San Salvador, what European country held permanent colonies in the Americas?

A. England In 1590, England did not hold any permanent colonies in the Americas despite several efforts. *B. Spain In 1590, only Spain held permanent colonies in the Americas. C. France In 1590, France did not hold any permanent colonies in the Americas despite some efforts. D. Italy Italy made no efforts to plant colonies in the Americas.

Britain's founding of Georgia led to war with which power in the mid-eighteenth century?

A. France Founding Georgia did not lead to war with France. *B. Spain Spain's objection to British expansion toward their territory in Florida was a factor in causing a new war. C. The Cherokee Nation Founding Georgia did not lead to war with the Cherokee Nation. D. The Yamasee Nation Founding Georgia did not lead to war with the Yamasee Nation.

Aided by the increase in glaciers and the corresponding drop in sea levels during the Wisconsin glaciation, the first people who came to the Americas probably crossed a land bridge that stretched between what locations?

A. Greenland and Canada The land bridge did not stretch between Greenland and Canada. *B. Siberia and Alaska The earliest Americans crossed a land bridge called Beringia that surfaced when the sea levels dropped and the Bering Straits receded between Siberia and Alaska. C. Japan and California The land bridge did not stretch between Japan and California. D. Norway and Maine The land bridge did not stretch between Norway and Maine.

What did Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot propose in August 1846 that outraged Southerners?

A. He suggested ending funding for the Mexican-American War. Wilmot did not suggest an end to funding for the war. *B. He proposed that slavery be outlawed in all territories acquired from Mexico. Wilmot proposed a ban on slavery in any territories acquired from Mexico to deprive the South of much of its incentive for the western expansion. C. He demanded that a heavier share of the war cost be borne by Southerners. Wilmot did not make such a demand. D. He suggested an invasion of Cuba and the establishment of a new state there. Southern expansionists desired Cuba, so such a suggestion would not outrage them, but Wilmot did not make this proposal.

What was an effect of the westward migration of Indians following the American Revolution?

A. Indian women gained greater autonomy. Indian women did not gain autonomy as their communities were forced west. *B. Indian women lost authority. As Indian communities moved away from their households and land, Indian women lost political and economic authority rooted in the land and home. C. Indian men gained autonomy. Indian men were autonomous prior to the westward migration. D. Indian men lost authority. Indian men did not lose authority as they moved west.

In its final version, what did the Declaration of Independence have to say about slavery?

A. It explicitly defended the right of planters to own slaves as property for life. The Declaration did not defend the rights of slave owners. B. It hinted that slavery should be abolished slowly over time in the future. The Declaration did not say anything about abolishing slavery. *C. It subtly condemned Lord Dunmore's promise to free slaves who fought for Britain. The Declaration obliquely mentioned Lord Dunmore's proclamation when it charged the king with having "excited domestic insurrections amongst us." Otherwise, the declaration was silent on slavery. D. It strongly condemned the slave trade from Africa to the North American colonies. Jefferson's original draft condemned the slave trade, but the passage was removed during the Congress's editing process. Topic: Choosing Sides books: Recruiting Supporters Choosing Neutrality Committing to Independence

What did the Fifteenth Amendment, passed by Congress in 1869, establish?

A. It guaranteed the right to vote to all men over the age of 21. The Fifteenth Amendment did not guarantee all men the right to vote. *B. It prohibited states from abridging voting rights on the basis of race. The Fifteenth Amendment barred states from using race to disfranchise voters, but states could still block access to the ballot based on any standard they thought proper. C. It guaranteed the right to vote to all U.S. citizens. The Fifteenth Amendment did not guarantee all citizens the right to vote. That would have included women and children. D. It guaranteed the right to vote to all African Americans over 21. The Fifteenth Amendment did not guarantee the right to vote to all African Americans. That would have included women.

Which of the following properly characterizes the task system for southern slaves during the 1820s to 1850s?

A. It simply meant more work. The task system could mean more work than the gang labor system at certain times of the growing cycle, but that was not its chief element. B. It was most common on small plantations. The task system was not dependent on the size of the plantation, although the planter needed enough slaves to make the break-up of labor into tasks sensible. *C. It was typical on rice plantations. Under the task system, typical on rice plantations, slaves could return to their quarters once the day's task was completed, leaving them some time to cultivate their own gardens. D. It distinguished field slaves from house slaves. While the task system was a form of labor organization that predominantly affected slaves in the field, it was not the characteristic that separated field slaves from house slaves.

What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga to the American Revolution?

A. It undercut the resolve of the British army. While some British soldiers were discouraged by the defeat, the resolve of the British army remained strong. B. It brought the Green Mountain Boys to the American cause. The Green Mountain Boys supported the patriots from the beginning of the war. C. It strengthened the resolve of the civilians who supported independence. The victory at Saratoga encouraged civilians, but the strength and encouragement that came from the victory is not the reason that the battle was a turning point in the war. *D. It helped Benjamin Franklin convince the French to support the Americans. The Battle of Saratoga gave Franklin leverage to convince the French that their support would not be spent on a lost cause. Saratoga was a turning point because it helped the French to join the war on behalf of the Americans.

Which of the following statements about the admission of Kansas to the Union is accurate?

A. It was admitted as a slave state in 1861. Kansas was not admitted as a slave state. *B. It was admitted as a free state in 1861. Kansas was admitted as a free state in January 1861 after Buchanan failed to push the proslavery Lecompton Constitution from Kansas through Congress. C. It was admitted only after the Civil War. Kansas was admitted as a state in 1861, before the United States was plunged into civil war. D. It was admitted in 1858 without resolution of the slavery issue. Kansas was admitted later.

What made short-staple cotton from the mainland South more difficult to process until the invention of the cotton gin?

A. It was infested with more insects. Insect infestation did not distinguish southern cotton. *B. It was difficult to separate seeds from the fiber. Soil in most of the South sustained only short-staple cotton, a type for which it was difficult to separate the sticky seeds from the cotton fiber. This additional labor cost made southern short-staple cotton a pricy commodity. C. Cotton fibers were too thick to process easily. The thickness of cotton fibers was not the issue with short-staple cotton. D. The plants did not yield enough cotton fiber. The problem with processing southern cotton was not the lack of fiber per plant.

In addition to its disadvantages in agricultural and manufacturing capacities, what further weakened the Confederacy on the eve of the Civil War?

A. Its white population was not at all motivated to fight the war. Southerners were generally well motivated to fight the North. *B. Its slave population of several million could not be armed for combat. In addition to the fact that the Confederacy had a smaller population base than the North, its slave population of several million could not be armed for combat. C. The South lacked military leadership and expertise. With the secession of the final four states, the South gained many military leaders, including 280 West Point graduates. D. The South was not as prepared for a fight as the North was. Union forces were less prepared for war than the Confederates.

Once in Boston, how did the Puritans establish their own government?

A. John Winthrop, the governor, named men to fill all other posts in the government. Although John Winthrop became the governor, he did not appoint other governmental positions. B. The king of England appointed the leaders of the religious community. England's king did not appoint the colony's leaders at the outset. *C. Adult males elected a governor, a deputy governor, and a legislator. Massachusetts Bay Colony had established a democratic government, although the vote was restricted to men. D. The Massachusetts Bay Company appointed all government officials. The Massachusetts Bay Company did not appoint the leaders of the colony.

Who often led bread riots in eighteenth-century cities?

A. Men Men did not lead bread riots. *B. Women Primarily responsible for preparing family meals, women felt the rise in bread prices acutely; when protests broke out, women often took the lead. C. Children Children did not lead bread riots. D. The elderly The elderly did not lead bread riots.

In which region of North America did self-contained German communities arise in the eighteenth century?

A. New England German communities did not grow in eighteenth-century New England. *B. The Middle Atlantic German communities grew in the Middle Atlantic region, especially in Pennsylvania. They tended to speak German, worship in German churches, read German newspapers, and practice German traditions. C. The South German communities did not grow in the eighteenth-century South. D. The Caribbean German communities did not grow in the eighteenth-century Caribbean.

Which state had the most antislavery groups in 1836?

A. New York New York was not the state with the most antislavery groups in 1836. B. Massachusetts Massachusetts did not have the most antislavery groups in 1836. *C. Ohio The abolitionist movement quickly expanded to the frontier, so by 1836 Ohio claimed more antislavery groups than any other state. D. Maine Maine was not the state with the most antislavery groups in 1836.

Which group founded Pennsylvania?

A. Puritans Puritans did not found Pennsylvania. B. Anglicans Anglicans did not found Pennsylvania. *C. Quakers Officially the Society of Friends, the sect known as the Quakers settled Pennsylvania after William Penn Jr., son of the colony's proprietor, joined the movement. D. Catholics Catholics did not found Pennsylvania.

What was a significant result of the new royal charter granted in 1731 to New York City?

A. The charter transferred possession from the Dutch to the British. New York had passed into British hands several decades earlier. B. Slavery was abolished. Slavery remained legal under the new royal charter of 1731. *C. More men were given the opportunity to vote. When New York City was granted a new royal charter as a "corporation," the franchise was extended to free men who could pay a small fee and to rich men who owned land in the city. D. The city was viewed as an independent colony. New York City was still part of the larger colony of New York.

How did settlers from the United States in Texas adjust to life under Mexican rule in the 1820s?

A. They learned Spanish quickly. The American settlers mostly continued to speak English. *B. They brought in slaves to work their lands. Despite the abolition of slavery in Mexico with its independence from Spain, the American settlers brought slaves into Texas territory. C. They converted to Catholicism. The American settlers generally remained Protestants. D. They traded primarily with Mexico City. The American settlers directed most of the trade toward the United States.

According to a new Spanish policy in 1573, which group was to direct new settlements in the Americas?

A. Women Women were not put in charge of settlements after 1573. *B. Missionaries Following the Council of Trent, Spanish officials emphasized the spiritual aspect of colonization by putting missionaries such as the Franciscans in charge of new settlements, including in areas such as New Mexico. C. Conquistadors Conquistadors—military men—were not put in charge of settlements after 1573. D. Noblemen Nobles were not put in charge of new settlements.

In which state did Republican Reconstruction governments last until 1877?

*A. Florida Florida was one of only three states in which the Republican Reconstruction government lasted until 1877. B. Georgia Georgia's Republican Reconstruction government was replaced by 1871. C. Tennessee Tennessee's Republican Reconstruction government did not last past 1870. D. Virginia Virginia's Republican Reconstruction government did not operate past 1870.

Which slaves were most likely to run away from a plantation in the years before the Civil War?

*A. Single male slaves Single male slaves were the most likely to run away. They planned their escapes to get as far away as possible before their absence was noticed. B. Single female slaves Single female slaves were not the most likely to run away. C. Married female slaves Married female slaves were not the most likely to run away. D. Married male slaves Married male slaves were not the most likely to run away.

During his three voyages, Christopher Columbus encouraged his men to

*A. settle and work the land in the Americas. Columbus wanted his men to settle in the New World and work the land, so he asked them to construct homes, plant crops, and establish forts. B. search for gold and silver. Columbus tried to put in place a system of discipline to discourage looting and any use of force against Native Americans. C. Christianize Native Americans. Columbus did not encourage his fellow men to Christianize the Indians. D. conquer the new land and its people. Columbus did not encourage his men to conquer the new land.

Refer to the image New Orleans, 1841

A painting shows men and women walking down a beach with children. Ships are docked on the shore in the background. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The painting of New Orleans, 1841, shows the city as typical of southern urban centers in that it is *A. an active seaport. Although fewer cities developed in the South as compared to the North, a number of southern seaports, such as New Orleans, Savannah, and Charleston, did become prominent urban centers. New Orleans' location on the Mississippi near the Gulf of Mexico made it an ideal place for trade. B. technologically backward. The picture does not provide evidence that New Orleans was technologically backward. C. dominated by free blacks. Although the image shows people from a variety of social classes, there is no evidence that free blacks dominate. D. small and rural. The picture does not show a small, rural location.

Refer to the image Democratic Flier Opposing Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 1866

A photo shows a flier opposing the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. The flier shows an illustration of an idle black man and white men chopping wood and farming field. The illustration also lists statistics from the Bill. Accompanying text reads, The Freedman's Bureau! An agency to keep the negro in idleness at the expense of the white man. Twice vetoed by the president, and made a law by congress. Support congress and you support the negro. Sustain the president and you protect the white man. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to the flier opposing the Freedmen's Bureau bill, the bureau is a bad idea because it A. favors former Confederates. The flier does not criticize the Bureau for favoring Confederates. B. gives the states too much power. The flier does not mention excessive power for the states. If anything, it implies that the federal government is too strong. C. was not enacted properly. Although the flier mentions that the president vetoed the legislation and it was overridden by Congress, the flier does not charge any impropriety. *D. costs too much to operate. Around the edges of the flier are various figures calculating the cost of the Freedmen's Bureau providing assistance to former slaves. On the bottom, the image concludes that the Bureau will "cost the Tax-payers of the Nation, at least, TWENTY-FIVE MILLIONS OF DOLLARS."

In 1860, the budget of the federal government stood at $63 million. In 1865, it was

A. $43 million. The federal budget expanded rather than shrank. B. $320 million. The federal budget was much more than that. C. $630 million. While this would have been a tenfold increase in the size of the federal budget, its actual expansion was even bigger. *D. $1.3 billion. In 1860, the budget of the federal government stood at $63 million. In 1865, it was $1.3 billion.

The creation and ratification of the U.S. Constitution depended on the ability of the delegates

A. to calculate fair representation. Although congressional representation was an important debate, the creation and ratification of the Constitution did not hinge only on determination of that issue. B. to establish a bicameral congress. Although the establishment of a bicameral congress helped the delegates to come to a consensus regarding representation, the creation and ratification of the Constitution did not depend only on resolving the structure of Congress. C. to strengthen the central government. Although the Constitution did strengthen the central government, the creation and ratification of the document did not depend on the increased power of the proposed government. *D. to compromise with one another. From the compromise between the New Jersey and Virginia plans to the three-fifths compromise to the Bill of Rights, the delegates at the convention and supporters of ratification were able to garner enough support for ratification of the U.S. Constitution through the ability to compromise.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "It rains and snows. We start around the falls this morning with our wagons. We have five miles to go. I carry my babe and lead, or rather carry another, through snow, mud, and water almost to my knees. It is the worst road a team could possibly travel. I went ahead with my children and I was afraid to look behind me for fear of seeing the wagons overturn into the mud and water with everything in them. My children gave out with cold and fatigue and could not travel, and the boys had to unhitch the oxen and bring them and carry the children on to camp. I was so cold and numb that I could not tell by the feeling that I had any feet"

According to the diary of Elizabeth Smith Geer, what was the major obstacle her group of pioneers faced on their journey to the Oregon Territory? A. Hostile Indians Geer does not mention meeting any Indians on her journey. B. Horse thieves Geer does not mention running into horse thieves during her overland trek. *C. Bad weather Geer mentions rain, snow, and muddy conditions that make the travel to the Oregon Territory challenging and make her "so cold and numb that [she] could not tell by the feeling that [she] had any feet. D. Dishonest fellow pioneers Geer does not talk about any traveling companions outside of her family members.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The so much desired general Rochambeau is at length here. His arrival was announced . . . by the firing of cannon. . . . Nothing is heard of but the public joy. He is considered as the guardian, as the saviour of the people. Every proprietor feels himself already in his habitation [plantation] and I have even heard some of them disputing about the quality of the coffee they expect soon to gather. . . .

But the moment of enjoying these pleasures is, I fear, far distant. The negroes have felt during ten years the blessing of liberty, for a blessing it certainly is, however acquired, and then will not easily be deprived of it. They have fought and vanquished French troops, and their strength has increased from a knowledge of the weakness of their opposer, and the climate itself combats for them. . . . Every evening several old Creoles . . . assemble at our house, and talk of their affairs. One of them . . . now lives in a miserable hut. . . . Yet he still hopes for better days, in which hope they all join him." In her letter to Aaron Burr, what is Leonora Sansay's overall attitude toward the future of Haiti? A. Optimistic Sansay is not optimistic about the future of Haiti. B. Frightened Although concerned, Sansay does not appear immediately frightened about the future. *C. Ambivalent Sansay is ambivalent. She would like to see slavery return, but she knows that once people have experienced "the blessings of liberty" they "will not easily be deprived of it." D. Gloomy Although her letter is tinged with foreboding, she is not completely pessimistic about the future for her in Haiti.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Although by the fourteenth and twenty-ninth clauses in an Act of Assembly made in the year 1740 . . . commonly called the Negro Act, now in force, your memorialists are deprived of the rights and privileges of citizens by not having it in their power to give testimony on oath in prosecutions on behalf of the state; from which cause many culprits have escaped the punishment due to their atrocious crimes, nor can they give their testimony in recovering debts due to them, or in establishing agreements made by them within the meaning of the Statutes of Frauds and Perjuries in force in this state except in cases where persons of color are concerned, whereby they are subject to great losses and repeated injuries without any means of redress.

That by the said clauses in the said Act, they are debarred of the rights of free citizens by being subject to a trial without the benefit of a jury and subject to prosecution by testimony of slaves without oath by which they are placed on the same footing." What right does the Petition from Free Blacks of Charleston demand? A. Freedom from taxation The petition does not mention taxes. B. The right to testify in court The petition condemns the practice of exposing free blacks to prosecution using evidence from slaves who were not under oath. However, the petition does not ask the free blacks themselves be afforded the right to testify in court. *C. Trial by jury The petition argues that free blacks are "debarred of the rights of free citizens by being subject to a trial without the benefit of a jury." D. Exemption from military service The petition does not ask for exemption from military service.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The Chairman [Lewis Hayden] announced, as a prominent feature in calling the present meeting—Congress having passed the infamous Fugitive Slave Bill—the adoption of ways and means for the protection of those in Boston liable to be seized by the prowling man-thief. He said that safety was to be obtained only by an united and persevering resistance of this ungodly, anti-republican law. . . .

The following resolutions were submitted, as a platform for vigilant action in the trial hour:-- Resolved, That the Fugitive Slave Bill, recently adopted by the United States Congress, puts in imminent jeopardy the lives and liberties of ourselves and our children; it deprives us of trial by jury, when seized by the infernal slave-catcher, and by high penalties forbids the assistance of those who would otherwise obey their heart-promptings in our behalf; in making it obligatory upon marshals to become bloodhounds in pursuit of human prey; leaving us no alternative . . . but to be prepared in the emergency for self-defense; therefore, assured that God has no attribute which can take sides with oppressors, we have counted the cost, and as we prefer liberty to life, we mutually pledge to defend ourselves and each other in resisting this God-defying and inhuman law, at any and every sacrifice, invoking Heaven's defense of the right." According to William C. Nell, how should citizens of Boston respond to the Fugitive Slave Law (1850)? A. Elect a new congressman Nell does not call for electing a new congressman. That he calls the law recently passed by Congress "infamous" suggests he has little confidence in the institution. *B. Defy the law Nell reports that the meeting called for defiance of the Fugitive Slave Law. "Safety was to be obtained only by an united and persevering resistance to this ungodly and anti-republican law," he reports the meeting's leader as saying. C. Petition the president Nell says nothing about the meeting organizing a petition to the president. D. File a lawsuit. Nell does not mention plans for a lawsuit against the Fugitive Slave Law.

Refer to the image Universalis Cosmographia, 1507

The map shows Africa and Europe in the center. To its west is an elongated and thin continent corresponding to the Americas and to its east is a large continent with missing landforms and an erroneously small Indian Ocean, corresponding to Asia. Text reads, In 1507 German cartographers Waldseemüller and Ringmann produced a map of the to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. In the 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia, cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Mathias Ringmann placed which continent at the center to emphasize its importance? *A. Europe Europe's place at the center of the map reinforces the idea that it was central to the world's affairs. The fact that the map was also intended for a European audience likely also influenced their decision. B. North America The map does not place North America at the center. C. South America The map does not place South America at the center. D. Asia The map does not place Asia at the center.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The Chairman [Lewis Hayden] announced, as a prominent feature in calling the present meeting—Congress having passed the infamous Fugitive Slave Bill—the adoption of ways and means for the protection of those in Boston liable to be seized by the prowling man-thief. He said that safety was to be obtained only by an united and persevering resistance of this ungodly, anti-republican law. . . .

[A]ssured that God has no attribute which can take sides with oppressors, we have counted the cost, and as we prefer liberty to life, we mutually pledge to defend ourselves and each other in resisting this God-defying and inhuman law, at any and every sacrifice, invoking Heaven's defense of the right. Resolved, That . . . eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, and that they who would be free, themselves must strike the first blow." According to William C. Nell, why is defiance of the Fugitive Slave Act (1850) justified? A. Massachusetts had the power to nullify federal laws that the state did not support. Nell does not indicate that nullification of federal laws was discussed at the meeting. B. The Supreme Court was expected to rule the law unconstitutional. Nell does not discuss the Supreme Court or any legal challenge to the law. *C. A law that violated the law of God and the Constitution must not be obeyed. Nell reports that the law was called "ungodly" and "God-defying," that the people at the meeting were confident that their defying the law was supported by "Heaven's defense of the right. D. Congress had not followed the proper procedure when passing the law. Although Nell says that Congress was called "infamous," he does not indicate that a lack of proper procedure was a problem.

Why was there an influx of various European immigrants into the southern British colonies in the 1730s and 1740s?

*A. They sought economic opportunity. Most Swiss, German, Scottish, and Irish immigrated to the southern colonies in search of economic opportunity. B. They were sold to colonists as servants. Although some may have come over as indentured workers, the great majority did not. C. They were fleeing religious persecution. While religious conflicts continued to characterize life in Europe in the eighteenth century, most immigrants in the 1730s and 1740s did not flee their homes because of religious persecution. D. They wanted to defend the English against the Spanish. Immigrants did not come to America to help the British defend their territory, although once arrived, they did fight on behalf of Britain's colonial claims.

Why was northern celebration of Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse (1865) short-lived?

*A. President Lincoln was murdered a few days later. Lincoln was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, five days after Lee's surrender. B. Confederate General Stand Watie continued fighting. Although some Confederate forces remained active, it was clear the war was over. C. Northern anti-emancipation sentiment resurfaced. Northern anti-emancipation sentiment was not a factor in ending celebration of Lee's surrender. D. General Sherman was arrested for burning Columbia, South Carolina. Though resented by Southerners, Sherman's burning of Columbia was in accord with the Union's hard war strategy. Chapter 14: Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1863-1877 Topic: Emancipation books: African Americans Embrace Freedom Reuniting Families Torn Apart by Slavery Freedom to Learn Freedom to Worship and the Leadership Role of Black Churches

What led to heightened tensions in New Mexico between Spanish missionaries, encomenderos, and the Pueblo Indians in the 1670s?

*A. Pueblo Indians returned to traditional religious rituals. A famine caused by extreme drought, attacks by Navajos and Apaches, and an epidemic among the Pueblo prompted many to return to traditional religious practices. This reaction unsettled the Spanish. B. A series of violent storms devastated the Pueblo towns. Storms did not prompt tensions between the Spanish missionaries, encomenderos, and the Pueblo nation. C. Spanish raids on Pueblo towns enraged the Indians. The Spanish occupied the area already and had no reason to raid the Pueblo towns. D. Spaniards began selling Pueblo Indians into slavery. The Spaniards did not sell Pueblo Indians into slavery in the 1670s.

What effect did the Glorious Revolution have on the colonies?

*A. Puritan power in New England was diluted. The 1692 charter for Massachusetts allowed all male property owners to be elected to the assembly. Previously, only Puritans could be elected to the Massachusetts assembly. B. Town meetings were banned. King James II, not William and Mary, banned town meetings in the colonies. C. Religious freedom for all colonists was granted. This was not the case. Religious freedom for all Anglicans was granted. D. African slavery was discouraged. William and Mary did not discourage the importation or utilization of African slave labor.

How did the Council of Trent change Spanish expansion in the sixteenth century?

*A. Spain increasingly emphasized its religious mission in the New World rather than its economic purpose. The Catholic Counter-Reformation embodied in the Council of Trent rededicated the Catholic Church to its essential religious mission. Spain, a Catholic country, was influenced to alter its work in the New World as a result. B. Catholic priests were recalled from the New World as Spain sought to increase its silver mining operations. Spanish Catholic priests, such as the Franciscans, continued to be active in the New World. C. The conversion of natives would no longer be emphasized as the Council called for an end to evangelization. Spanish Catholics in the New World continued to evangelize natives; as many as 20,000 Pueblos converted. D. Spanish officials decided to end their involvement in overseas expansion to concentrate instead on domestic affairs. Spain continued its drive to advance its empire, although with increasing competition from other European states over time.

In the early nineteenth century, how did new ideas of companionate marriage change the way men and women worked?

*A. Spouses worked together more closely. New ideas about companionate marriage, which emphasized affection and mutual obligations between spouses, may have encouraged husbands and wives to work more closely in their domestic enterprises. B. Men were more likely to work outside the home. Companionate marriage ideals did not emphasize men working outside the home. C. Women were more likely to not work and to care for children. Though women had primary responsibility for child care, they continued to work to supplement family income. D. Women did farm labor while men cared for the young children. Companionate marriage ideals did not change the traditional division of labor between the sexes.

Which method of organizing slaves' labor allowed slaves to stop working and return to their quarters once the day's work was completed?

*A. Task system Under the task system, often seen on rice plantations, slaves had to perform certain duties each day. Once completed, they were able to return to their quarters and tend to their own gardens, fish, or mend clothes. B. Gang system Under the gang system, usually employed on cotton plantations, slaves worked in groups under the care of an overseer until sundown. C. Domestic slavery Slaves who worked inside the plantation's main house were known as domestic slaves. D. Yeoman farming Yeoman farmers were whites who owned land but not slaves.

What social reform movement gained the greatest impetus from evangelical revivalism after the late 1820s?

*A. Temperance No movement gained greater impetus from the revivals than temperance, which sought to moderate and then ban the sale and consumption of alcohol. B. Prison reform Prison reform was an issue of concern to evangelicals, but it was dwarfed by another social issue. C. Sunday schools Sunday schools benefited from the revival movement but not nearly as much as another reform cause. D. Women's suffrage Women's right to vote was not a popular social reform issue at the time.

What region became the focus of the new debates over slavery in the late 1840s?

*A. Territories gained from Mexico The most important debates on slavery now centered on western territories gained through victory in the war with Mexico. B. The Louisiana Territory Congress had determined future expansion of slavery in the Louisiana Territory through the Missouri Compromise of 1819. C. Texas Texas was admitted as a slave state and was not the center of new debates over slavery. D. Missouri The future of slavery in Missouri had been settled in the Missouri Compromise of 1819.

Which of the following assessments of the Lincoln-Douglas debates is accurate?

*A. The debates brought Lincoln national attention. The Lincoln-Douglas debates attracted national attention and raised Lincoln's profile. B. The debates caused a crushing defeat for Stephen Douglas. Douglas defeated Lincoln in the race for the seat in the U.S. Senate. C. The debates bolstered Douglas's support for slavery. Douglas won the election, but he was chastened by how far the Democratic Party had tilted toward the South, and he opposed the proslavery Lecompton Constitution from Kansas that Democratic President Buchanan tried to have passed in Congress. D. The debates resolved the conflict over the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Lincoln-Douglas debates did not resolve the conflict over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which remained a divisive issue.

What does the system of redemption indicate about Germany and other European countries in the 1720s?

*A. There was not a high demand for labor. Workers left Germany and other European countries under the redemptive system because of a population explosion in Europe and a concomitant drop in the demand for labor. B. A great European famine took away the livelihoods of many. Europe did not experience a famine in the 1720s. C. Colonial craftsmen were in need of apprentices. In the 1720s a great many free workers were available for apprenticeships. D. Colonial farmers were in need of field hands. Colonial needs were not indicative of the state of Germany or other European countries.

How did the poor whites of the nineteenth-century South make a living?

*A. Day labor and petty crime Many poor whites worked intermittently for more affluent planters. Some poor whites drifted from place to place, working odd jobs while also stealing food from local farmers. B. Working in urban factories Factories were few in the South, where manufacturing was less developed. C. Practicing a profession Poor whites lacked the education for a professional field such as law or medicine. D. Farming their own land Poor whites did not own their land.

In addition to horses and pigs, what did Hernando de Soto and his men leave that had a significant impact on Native Americans in what is now the southeastern United States?

*A. Diseases As de Soto and his men trekked across much of North America, they left behind European germs that would lead to another wide-scale outbreak of diseases to which Native Americans were not immune. B. Weapons De Soto and his men may have lost some weapons in the area, but they did not have a significant impact on Native Americans in the areas they traversed. C. Christianity De Soto and his men did not convert large numbers of people to Christianity. D. Missions De Soto and his men did not establish missions in the areas through which they traveled.

How did Indian tribes typically respond to the influx of pioneers pushing onto their lands in the 1840s and 1850s?

*A. Fighting back In many parts of the West, Indians were as powerful as whites and did not give up their lands to the newcomers without a fight. B. Negotiating peace treaties Indians did not greet the pioneers by offering to negotiate peace treaties. C. Retreating west Indians did not leave their lands when pioneers began pushing into their territories. D. Allying with Mexico Indians did not form alliances with Mexico, which would not have been able to provide much support following Mexico's defeat in the war with the United States.

Why did President Andrew Johnson embark on a tour through the Midwest in the fall of 1866?

*A. He was campaigning for the upcoming congressional elections in favor of candidates who shared his views. In the fall of 1866, Johnson decided to take his case directly to northern voters before the midterm congressional elections. He was campaigning for candidates who shared his views. B. He wanted to inspect the damage the urban riots had caused there in the spring of 1866. There had been no wave of riots in the Midwest in 1866, and Johnson did not tour the region to inspect urban conditions. C. He hoped to meet with his congressional opponents and convince them of his position. Johnson had no interest in trying to convince his opponents and was looking to have them lose power. D. He was trying to win the votes of farmers in the upcoming presidential election. Johnson was not up for election in 1866.

Who led the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs in the early sixteenth century?

*A. Hernán Cortés Cortés led the expedition that conquered the Aztecs in 1521. B. Diego de Velásquez Velásquez was the Spanish governor of Cuba who gave Cortés the right to explore the coast of South America but not to attack anyone. C. Montezuma Montezuma was the leader of the Aztec empire. D. Francisco Pizarro Pizarro led the Spanish conquest of the Incas in 1524.

Which of the following groups established communities in present-day Arizona and New Mexico around 500 C.E.?

*A. Hohokam The Hohokam arose in what is today the southwestern United States, in Arizona and New Mexico. B. Aztec The Aztec were located in present-day Mexico. C. Pueblo The Pueblo were located in present-day Colorado and Utah. D. Mandan The Mandan were located in present-day North and South Dakota.

Where did President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation free slaves?

*A. In areas still in Confederate hands On January 1, 1863, Lincoln signed the final edict, proclaiming that slaves in areas still in rebellion were "forever free" and inviting them to enlist in the Union army. In many ways, the proclamation was a conservative document, applying only to slaves largely beyond the reach of federal power. Its provisions exempted from emancipation the 450,000 slaves in the loyal border states; 275,000 slaves in Union-occupied Tennessee; and tens of thousands more in Louisiana and Virginia. B. In the United States The Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery across the United States. C. In the Union, including the border states Slavery continued to exist in the border states after the Emancipation Proclamation. D. In parts of the South under Union control The Emancipation Proclamation did not free slaves in those parts of Tennessee, Louisiana, or Virginia that were in Union hands.

What does the Iroquois role in the Walking Purchase show about Indian relations in the eighteenth century?

*A. Indian groups were often divided against each other. At first, the Iroquois resisted Pennsylvanian claims to further territory in an effort to assert their dominance over the neighboring Delaware. When the Iroquois agreed to the colonists' terms, the Delaware were forced to give in. B. Indian groups were often united in their opposition to Europeans. The Walking Purchase does not show that Indian groups were unified. C. The Iroquois were more powerful than the British colonists. The Walking Purchase does not show that the Iroquois were more powerful than the British. D. The British would not do business with the Iroquois. The Iroquois were instrumental in negotiations with the British.

How did Congress respond to the rise of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1860s and early 1870s?

*A. It authorized federal protection of elections and conducted an investigation. Congress passed a series of force bills that authorized the federal government to secure elections in the South, and it launched an investigation into Klan terrorism in 1872 that led to the conviction of 300 Klansmen and helped disband many local Klan organizations. B. It passed the Fifteenth Amendment with record speed. Congress had already passed the Fifteenth Amendment by 1870. C. It passed the Military Reconstruction Acts and split the South into five districts. The Military Reconstruction Acts had been passed in 1866. D. It failed to respond to Klan violence. Congress did react to Klan violence.

What was the significance of the 1786 Statute of Religious Freedom?

*A. It began the separation of church and state. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom began the process of untangling the government's role in religion. B. It ended the practice of religious requirements for political office. Most states required that officeholders be Christian before and after the Statute of Religious Freedom. C. It encouraged religious diversity. The Statute of Religious Freedom did not encourage religious diversity, although it did strip the Anglican Church of many of its privileges. D. It required church attendance in Virginia. The Statute of Religious Freedom did not require Virginia's citizens to attend church.

How did the slave trade that began in the sixteenth century impact smaller societies in western Africa?

*A. It destroyed many of them. The slave trade fueled raids, which often decimated smaller, more vulnerable, societies in western Africa. B. It strengthened them politically. The slave trade did not strengthen the political position of these smaller societies but hurt them. C. It did not have an impact. Communities in western Africa, both small and large, felt the impact of the slave trade. D. They gained economically by selling people into slavery. In general, the smaller societies were not the ones who sold people into slavery.

What was the effect of the Edict of Nantes in 1598?

*A. It ended the religious strife between French Catholics and Protestants. With the Edict of Nantes, King Henry IV granted political rights and religious toleration to the Huguenots in France, ending religious fighting that had torn at France for several years. B. Huguenots were allowed to emigrate from France. French cardinal Richelieu urged Catholics to travel to North America, but Huguenots were barred from doing so. C. The French made peace with the Iroquois. Although the French and Iroquois were rivals in North America for most of the seventeenth century, the Edict of Nantes did not center on French and Indian relations. D. A brief peace was enjoyed between the French and English. In 1598 the English and French were not at war.

In addition to opening the port of New Orleans to American goods, what else did the Pinckney Treaty accomplish?

*A. It established a boundary line between the United States and Spanish territory. Under the Pinckney Treaty, the thirty-first parallel became the boundary line between the United States and Spanish territory in the South. B. It increased trade between the United States and the British West Indies. The Pinckney Treaty did not involve the British West Indies. C. It required the United States to pay off debts from the American Revolution. The Pinckney Treaty did not involve debts from the American Revolution. D. It created terms of peace between the U.S. government and Indians along the southern frontier. The treaty did not involve Indians along the southern frontier.

What is the significance of the patriot reactions to Indian and pacifist claims to neutrality during the American Revolution?

*A. It reveals how desperate the patriots were for support. Short of supplies and men, the patriots desperately needed support from the civilian and Indian populations. When this support was refused to them, they moved against their former allies and friends. B. It demonstrates how accepting the patriots were of ideas of neutrality. American soldiers refused to accept a stance of neutrality, killing, imprisoning, and fining many people who claimed neutrality. C. It shows that the Americans believed they could win the war without Indians and pacifists. If patriots believed they were in a position to win the war without these groups, they would not have tried to gain their support. D. It underlines the similarities between Indian and pacifist groups in the eighteenth century. Patriot reactions to these two groups of people did not underline their similarities.

What was the significance of the Dutch trading post on the Hudson River in present-day New York?

*A. It was the first Dutch settlement in America. The 1609 trading post marked the beginning of a Dutch presence in America. B. The Dutch traded in beaver pelts. The French also established relations with local Native Americans to trade beaver pelts, so the Dutch experience was not unique. C. The trading post was relocated five years later. In 1614 the trading post was relocated to Fort Orange in present-day Albany. This relocation, however, did not make the 1609 trading post significant; European settlers frequently relocated trading posts. D. Friendly trade relationships characterized the trading post. Friendly trade relations were prevalent between the Dutch and the Mohawk nations, but peaceful trade partnerships were not unique to the Dutch.

Who led an 1859 attack on a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry in hopes of sparking a slave rebellion?

*A. John Brown Abolitionist John Brown, who previously committed murder during the Bleeding Kansas episode, organized a raid of a federal arsenal in Virginia. He planned to spark a slave rebellion in the South. B. Robert E. Lee The future Civil War general was a colonel present at the attack on Harpers Ferry. C. William Walker Walker led a filibuster expedition to Nicaragua in 1855. D. Preston Brooks Brooks, a southern congressman, caned Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner for delivering a speech on the dangers of the "Slave Power."

What was the political effect of the Union's victory at Atlanta, Georgia, in the fall of 1864?

*A. Lincoln easily won reelection as president. A decisive victory was just what Lincoln needed during the 1864 elections. With the capture of Atlanta, Lincoln could demonstrate that progress was being made and voters should return him to office to finish the war. B. The Republicans decided to seek peace. The Republicans did not move to seek peace with the Confederacy following the victory; they remained dedicated to a total defeat of the Confederacy. C. Georgia renounced its prior secession. Georgia did not renounce secession. D. The Union signed an alliance with Britain. The Union never allied with Britain, although preventing Britain from allying with the Confederacy was an important achievement.

In which of the following ways did Cotton Mather differ from Samuel Sewell?

*A. Mather was willing to accept certain aspects of the growing commercial success in the colonies. Even though Cotton Mather fretted over the spiritual consequences of domestic and international commerce, he did enjoy many of the luxuries of the new markets. B. Mather feared the corruptive influences of the new commercial culture. Both Samuel Sewell and Cotton Mather were uneasy about the spiritual implications of commerce. C. Sewell did not witness declining religiosity within his Boston congregation. Sewell and Mather both witnessed and worried about the declining numbers of devoted worshippers. D. Sewell was interested in the new science of inoculations for smallpox. Mather, not Sewell, was interested in science and inoculations.

On a seventeenth-century farm in North America, who would have worked the fields and tended the livestock?

*A. Men of the family Fathers and sons often worked the fields and looked after the livestock. B. Grandparents Grandparents were not expected to perform these tasks. In some areas, the mortality rate was so high that grandparents were rare. C. Young children Although children may have assisted with these tasks, they were not principally the responsibility of young children. D. Women of the family The women of the family did not typically perform these roles. Tasks such as tending a garden, overseeing the milking, collecting eggs, and washing clothes would have been typical jobs for women to perform.

What caused King Philip's War to end?

*A. Metacom's forces ran out of supplies. The Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Nipmuck Indians were low on guns and gunpowder, making it impossible for them to continue fighting. B. The English took Metacom's wife and son hostage. The English did not force the war's conclusion by taking innocents hostage. They did, however, sell Metacom's wife and son into slavery. C. The English employed guerrilla warfare. Both the English and Metacom's forces used guerrilla tactics throughout the war. D. Metacom surrendered. Metacom did not surrender but was killed in the fighting.

Which group of white Southerners was most likely to have ties to the North in the years before the Civil War?

*A. Middle-class professionals Often educated at northern colleges, middle-class southern professionals such as teachers, doctors, and lawyers maintained ties to the North, for example, by belonging to the same reform societies. B. Planters Planters were not the most likely to have ties to the North. C. Yeomen farmers Yeomen farmers were not the most likely to have ties to the North. D. Poor whites Poor whites were not the most likely to have ties to the North.

How did the growing population of New England affect New England society?

*A. Migration to the frontier increased. With the population outstripping the supply of land in large enough parcels to farm profitably, more and more New Englanders moved west to the frontier in search of new lands. B. Trade declined and more people became self-sufficient. Trade grew. Towns such as Salem and Wilmington become important commercial centers. C. Rural families purchased more luxury items. Few rural families could afford luxury goods. D. Indentured servitude became more widely practiced. Indentured servitude was on the decline in the eighteenth century.

Who of the following people would have believed that although blacks were inferior to whites, former slaves needed the protection of federal troops?

*A. Moderate Republicans Moderate Republicans did not believe that races were equal, and they did not advocate social equality. Nevertheless, they opposed slavery and saw that without protection from the federal government, southern slaves would suffer at the hands of southern whites. B. Radical Republicans Radical Republicans believed in social equality between the races as well as that former slaves needed government protection. C. Northern Copperheads Copperheads were northern Democrats who, during the war, favored making peace with the South without abolition. D. Southern Democrats Southern Democrats did not want any role for the federal government in the south.

What encouraged husbands and wives to work more closely in their domestic enterprises in the early nineteenth century?

*A. New ideas of companionate marriage New ideas about companionate marriage, which emphasized affection and mutual obligations between spouses, may have encouraged husbands and wives to work more closely in these domestic enterprises. B. Increasing wealth in the household In wealthy households, servants and slaves performed a greater share of domestic labor. C. Increasing British imports British imports dropped as a result of the Embargo Act of 1807 in the early nineteenth century. D. The greed for riches Greed was not a decisive motivator for married couples in the early nineteenth century.

In the early republic, education plans usually made the schooling of Native American children the responsibility of

*A. religious missionaries. Although building a program of state-supported education for white children was a topic of intense interest in the early republic, the education of Indians was left in the hands of religious missionaries. Several denominations sent missionaries to groups such as the Seneca and Cherokee. Some of the best students went on to attend American colleges to train for the ministry. B. state governments. Although state governments launched programs to educate white children in the early republic, they did not take responsibility for the education of Indians. C. local governments. Local governments were not responsible for the education of Native American children. D. frontier colleges. Although located near Indian lands, frontier colleges were not responsible for the education of Indian children.

The Sugar Act and the Currency Act resulted in the colonists' paying more money to the British treasury even as

*A. the supply of cheap goods and money in the colonies decreased. With the crackdown on smuggling, colonists paid more for their goods even as the Currency Act prohibited them from printing money. B. French and Caribbean distillers benefited. French and Caribbean distillers did not benefit from the Sugar Act because it reduced the amount of molasses smuggled into the colonies. C. colonists in seaport cities benefited. The vice-admiralty courts and the reduction of colonial currency did not benefit colonists in seaport cities. D. taxes increased on foreign molasses. Under the Sugar Act, taxes were imposed on sugar, coffee, wines, and other luxury items, but the import tax on foreign molasses decreased.

In general, poor women, servants, and slaves who endured sexual or physical abuse in the eighteenth century

*A. would not receive protection from their abusers. The cultural and legal systems in the colonies were not established to protect women. B. were seen in court as equals to those they accused. Men and women were not equal in society or under the law in this period. C. did not seek legal redress. Women sought legal protection by bringing suits and launching formal complaints against abusive men. D. ran away from their abusers. Although many women ran away from their abusers, more women remained with their husbands or owners to take care of their children or for fear of reprisal.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have not sought this conflict; we have sought too long to avoid it. . . . The door of conciliation and compromise is finally closed by our adversaries, and it remains only to us to meet the conflict with the dignity and firmness of men worthy of freedom. . . .

. . . The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more. . . . In 1790 we had less than eight hundred thousand slaves. Under our mild and humane administration of the system they have increased above four millions. The country has expanded to meet this growing want, and Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri have received this increasing tide of African labor; before the end of this century, at precisely the same rate of increase, the Africans among us in a subordinate condition will amount to eleven millions of persons. What shall be done with them? We must expand or perish. . . . The North understand it better—they have told us for twenty years that their object was to pen up slavery within its present limits—surround it with a border of free States, and like the scorpion surrounded with fire, they will make it sting itself to death." According to Robert Toombs, what has brought about secession? *A. Northern states have treated the South unfairly in the debate over slavery in the western territories. Toombs blamed the North for giving the South no choice but to secede. He particularly cited the debate over slavery in the territories. "The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more," he wrote. B. Under northern dominance, slavery has dwindled and is quickly becoming unsustainable. On the contrary, Toombs cited the growth of slavery as a positive for the South. C. The North has enacted unjust laws, which the southern states have the right to nullify. Although northern political supremacy, as seen in the election of Abraham Lincoln, was a concern for secessionists, Toombs did not discuss it. D. Adding several new states has made the South powerful enough that it can be its own country. Toombs points to the admission of several new southern states but does not argue that those states mean the South can be its own country.

Why had the trans-Mississippi West become more crowded over the course of the first four decades of the nineteenth century?

A. A population boom among Native Americans had increased their population. Native tribes across the Mississippi were not so healthy and prosperous that they would experience a population boom. B. A growing number of migrants from Mexico arrived in the Midwest at that time. No substantial number of Mexicans migrated north into the trans-Mississippi West. C. An increasing number of Chinese immigrants from across the Pacific moved into the region. Chinese immigration had not yet become a feature of the American West, and even when it began in the late 1840 and 1850s, it was not the major factor in the population increase in the entire trans-Mississippi West. *D. The U.S. government had forced eastern tribes to move west while settlers entered the region. The West had become more crowded as the U.S. government forced eastern tribes to move west of the Mississippi and more settlers entered the region.

What two phenomena significantly helped Cortés and Pizarro conquer the Aztecs and Incas, respectively?

A. Availability of trained horses and dogs Horses and dogs helped Europeans in battle, but wheat did not play a part in the conquest of the Aztecs or Incas. B. Larger numbers and military strategy The Native Americans had more men than the Spaniards. *C. Internal conflicts among Native Americans and disease In both cases, differences among native peoples enabled Spanish men to conquer civilizations greatly weakened by disease. D. Bad weather and trained llamas The weather and llamas did not impact how Cortés and Pizarro conquered Native American empires.

What was one effect of Parliament's decision to repeal the Stamp Act?

A. Colonists feared they had made an enemy of the British government. Colonists looked forward to working with the British government on amicable terms. They did not fear revenge. B. The power of the written word decreased across the colonies. The protests and repeal demonstrated the growing power of the written word in spreading ideas around the colonies. *C. Colonists believed that the repeal evidenced the limits of parliamentary power. After repeal of the Stamp Act, colonists believed that their appeals and protests illustrated the limits of parliamentary power and they looked forward to moving past the conflict. D. Thoughts of revolution circulated throughout the colonies. The repeal led colonists to believe they could work with the king and Parliament; it did not cause colonists to turn toward revolution.

What resulted from the move in the 1680s to import Africans directly into the Chesapeake region?

A. Conflict arose between slaves and free blacks. The direct importation of slaves from Africa did not produce conflicts between free and enslaved blacks. B. The free black population in the Carolinas grew. With the direct importation of slaves from Africa into the Chesapeake, the free black population dwindled. C. The West Indies suffered economically. West Indian planters took advantage of the increased slave population in the Chesapeake and invested in the area. *D. A skewed sex ratio developed among slaves in that region. More men than women were imported from Africa, skewing the sex ratio in a population that was just beginning to form families and communities.

In addition to King George III's decision in December 1775 to discontinue negotiations with the colonies, what else contributed to the growing public sentiment toward independence in the winter of 1775-1776?

A. Dunmore's Proclamation Lord Dunmore's decision to recruit servants and slaves did not unite colonists in their support of independence. B. The patriots received a promise of French support. French support came later in the war. C. The Continental Congress advised colonies to establish independent governments. The congress's suggestion that each colony set up independent governments did not increase colonial support for independence. *D. Thomas Paine's Common Sense Published in January 1776, Paine's pamphlet sold 120,000 copies in its first three months. Read and discussed throughout the colonies, Common Sense helped turn the tide toward a war for independence.

Why were the Dutch insistent about religious tolerance in New Amsterdam, their settlement on the island of Manhattan?

A. Dutch missionaries there urged tolerance on moral grounds. New Amsterdam, while a haven of trade and commerce, was not a place for mission work. There were few, if any, missionaries in New Amsterdam. B. Dutch traders used the stance to try to appeal to the Lenape people who had sold them the island. The informal policy of religious tolerance was not created to benefit or appease the Lenape. C. Religious tolerance was the official policy of the Dutch East India Company. The Dutch East India Company, although it focused on trade rather than religion, had not established a policy of religious tolerance. *D. The Dutch did not want religious tensions to hamper trade. In the face of considerable religious tension in both Europe and America, the Dutch decided to neutralize the tension by urging toleration. In this way, they hoped to maintain a smooth flow of trade and profits.

What was significant about the overlapping conditions of indentured servants, redemptioners, apprentices, and convicts in British North America?

A. Each of these labor conditions ceased to exist by 1750. All of these forms of labor were still in use by 1750, although indentured servitude was waning. B. These forms of labor kept slavery out of urban areas until 1750. While some urban areas relied more heavily on contract labor, slavery was a part of life in urban America prior to 1750. C. Each form of labor was pioneered by British colonists. In fact, indentured servitude, convict leasing, and the redemption system were all conceived of in England, and the workers were exported to the Americas. *D. Most white workers in British North America worked bound by a labor contract. Because so many men and women exchanged, or were forced to exchange, their freedom for passage to British North America, free white workers were in the minority.

What role did Rose Greenhow play in the Civil War?

A. Nurse Although many women served as nurses during the war, Greenhow was not one of them. B. Soldier Several hundred women disguised themselves as men as fought as soldiers during the war. However, Greenhow did not. C. Activist Some women organized to petition for political change, such as demanding abolition. Greenhow did not. *D. Spy Greenhow was a spy. Both the Union and Confederacy employed women to gather intelligence on enemy operations during the war.

Why did slave owners dominate politics in southern states before the Civil War?

A. Slave owners outnumbered non-slave owners in southern states. Whites who did not own slaves were the vast majority of whites in the South. B. State constitutions in the South required that the governor own slaves. Although governors were usually slave owners, state constitutions did not formally require it. C. Poor whites were not allowed to vote in the state legislature elections in most southern states. As property qualifications for voting were abolished across the country, more poor whites were allowed to vote. *D. Slaves counted toward the population figures used to apportion representation. The same calculation of slaves as three-fifths of a person for apportioning representation in Congress held at the state level, giving areas with high numbers of slaves more representation than other places and ensuring the dominance of planters in state politics.

Which of the following terms refers to the eighteenth-century practice of forcing men to join the Royal Navy?

A. Slavery The practice of forcing men to join the Royal Navy was not called slavery. B. Indentured servitude The practice of forcing men to join the Royal Navy was not called indentured servitude. *C. Impressment To ensure sufficient crews for its vessels, the Royal Navy forced sailors as well as dock workers and men drinking in taverns to join the navy in a practice called impressment. Resentment over pressing men into military service led to anti-impressment riots in eighteenth-century seaports. D. Redemptioning The practice of forcing men to join the Royal Navy was not called redemptioning.

What was the last bastion of Federalist power during the Jefferson administration?

A. The House of Representatives Democratic-Republicans held the majority in Congress. B. The Senate Democratic-Republicans held the majority in Congress. *C. The Supreme Court Thanks to the leadership of Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist appointed by President Adams, the Supreme Court of the United States extended the Federalists' influence into Jefferson's presidency. D. The treasury Jefferson had appointed Albert Gallatin, an attorney for the anti-Federalist whiskey rebels, to head the treasury.

What was one effect of the growing trend of young men and women setting off on their own or in couples for distant towns and cities by the middle of the eighteenth century?

A. The patriarchal family fell apart. The young men reestablished patriarchy with their wives, servants, or slaves. B. Women gained more independence within marriage. Women did not gain more independence within the bonds of marriage when they moved away from their hometowns. C. Couples began to have larger families. An increased birthrate did not correspond to the migration of young men and women away from their hometowns. *D. Women lost their power to redress sexual and physical abuse from men. Outside of her community and her family's reputation, women were left without any kind of safeguard against the abuse of lovers, boyfriends, and husbands.

Under the Constitution, who determines eligibility to vote?

A. The president The president does not decide eligibility to vote. *B. The states The Constitution provides for the individual states to determine qualifications for voting. As a result, rules have varied considerably by state. For example, New Jersey allowed women to vote in certain circumstances when other states did not. C. The House of Representatives The House of Representatives does not decide eligibility to vote. D. The Senate The Senate does not decide eligibility to vote.

What led moderate Republicans to support the Radical Republicans in 1867?

A. The success of the Democrats in the 1866 election Republicans won big in 1866, receiving a two-thirds majority in Congress. *B. The way President Johnson antagonized Congress Moderate Republicans objected to Johnson's rhetoric and policy goals for Reconstruction. His effort to abolish the Freedmen's Bureau, for example, alienated moderates and sent them to align with the Radicals. C. The desire to provide funds for the Freedmen's Bureau Johnson wanted to remove funding for the Bureau. D. The threat to Republican lawmakers posed by the Ku Klux Klan Republican lawmakers in Washington were not intimidated by the Klan.

How did canals out of the Allegheny Mountains fuel industrial development in the early nineteenth century?

A. They allowed immigrants to travel to industrial cities in the interior. The canals were not significant for transporting passengers, and industry tended to rise along the coast. *B. The canals allowed vast quantities of coal to be transported out of the mountains. Canals also allowed vast quantities of coal to be transported out of the Allegheny Mountains, fueling industrial development throughout the Northeast. C. The canals connected western grain farmers to New York City. The canals out of the Allegheny Mountains did not connect farmers with New York City. D. The canals brought slaves and planters into the area for cotton production. The Allegheny Mountains did not become a center of cotton production.

How did inventors and mechanics try to overcome the problems of sending goods upriver in the early nineteenth century?

A. They built canals. Americans of the early nineteenth century built canals on even terrain where there were no rivers. *B. They built steam-powered boats. Inventors and mechanics focused on building boats powered by steam to overcome the problems of sending loads upriver. C. They developed better masts and sails. Inventors and mechanics worked on energy sources other than wind. D. They widened riverbeds to slow the stream. Mechanics and inventors did not change the rivers themselves.

How did delegates to the Constitutional Convention from Georgia and South Carolina affect the Constitution?

A. They insisted on protection of slavery. Delegates from South Carolina and Georgia did not move to protect the institution of slavery. *B. They insisted on protection of the slave trade. In the wake of the prohibition of slavery in the Northwest Territory, delegates from South Carolina and Georgia moved at the Constitutional Convention to protect the slave trade. C. They insisted on a fugitive slave law. Delegates from South Carolina and Georgia did not move to include a fugitive slave law in the Constitution. D. They insisted on slavery in the Northwest Territory. Delegates from South Carolina and Georgia did not insist on slavery in the Northwest Territory.

Who ultimately forced the private adventurer and filibuster organizer William Walker out of Nicaragua in 1857?

A. U.S. Marines Marines were not sent to Nicaragua to oust Walker from power. B. Nicaraguans Nicaraguans wanted Walker out of power, but they were aided significantly by another nation. *C. Hondurans The neighboring Hondurans forced Walker from power in 1857 and executed him by firing squad three years later. D. Great Britain Great Britain did not oust Walker from power in Nicaragua.

Why did boycotts in the 1760s depend on the support of women?

A. Women worked as clerks in stores. Women did not constitute a significant part of the retail workforce. B. Women owned most retail shops. For the most part, men ran stores in the eighteenth century, although some women were shopkeepers. C. Women were morally opposed to boycotts. Most women did not have moral objections to boycotting British-made goods. *D. Women were often in charge of purchasing goods. On a day-to-day basis, a woman was often in charge of purchases for herself, her husband, and her family. Since women controlled these purchase decisions, to be successful the boycott depended on female support.

Although William Pitt had saved Great Britain from defeat during the Seven Years' War, King George III dismissed him because

A. other countries were ready to negotiate peace. George's decision was the result of his own desire to negotiate peace. *B. Pitt's strategy was too costly. King George no longer desired a grand and expensive war campaign. C. Pitt opposed the king's plan to gain Florida. Although Florida was part of the peace negotiations, Pitt's dismissal was not on account of Florida. D. the king had no interest in obtaining Canada. British victories in Canada did not result in Pitt's dismissal.

Women who became pregnant while migrating to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s and 1850s

A. were required to return home to deliver their babies. Pregnant women did not return home. *B. faced even greater hardship but persevered in their journey. Comprising some 20 percent of women heading to Oregon, pregnant women persevered on their journey, with the normal hardships of overland travel compounded by their condition and the lack of medical care available. C. were left behind with their husbands to fend for themselves. Pregnant women were not left behind with their husbands. D. forced their fellow pioneers to stop until their babies were born. The other pioneers did not stop to wait for a pregnant woman to deliver her baby.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question:

"But the prime cause and the real objects of this war are not distinctly understood by a large portion of the honest, disinterested, and well-meaning citizens of the United States. . . . [M]any of them have been deceived and misled by the misrepresentations of those concerned in it, and especially by hireling writers for the newspaper press. They have been induced to believe that the inhabitants of Texas were engaged in a legitimate contest for the maintenance of the sacred principles of Liberty, and the natural, inalienable Rights of Man: whereas . . . . the immediate cause and the leading object of this contest originated in a settled design, among the slaveholders of this country (with land speculators and slave-traders), to wrest the large and valuable territory of Texas from the Mexican Republic, in order to re-establish the SYSTEM OF SLAVERY; to open a vast and profitable SLAVE-MARKET therein; and, ultimately, to annex it to the United States. . . . The Slaveholding Interest is now paramount in the Executive branch of our national government; and its influence operates, indirectly, yet powerfully, through that medium, in favor of this Grand Scheme of Oppression and Tyrannical Usurpation." Writing in 1836, journalist Benjamin Lundy argued that the war in Texas was caused by A. the need to defend Texan liberty. Lundy mentioned that others have said the war is about defending Texas liberty, but he didn't believe it. B. Mexican aggression. Lundy did not blame Mexico's stance toward Texas for the outbreak of war. C. abolitionist agitation. Lundy sympathized with the abolitionist position and did not blame them for war in Texas. *D. a desire to expand slavery. Commenting that arguments to the contrary are mistaken, Lundy argued that the war in Texas was really about slavery. It was a war, he wrote, "to wrest the large and valuable territory of Texas from the Mexican Republic, in order to re-establish the SYSTEM OF SLAVERY; to open a vast and profitable SLAVE-MARKET therein; and, ultimately, to annex it to the United States."

When states wrote new constitutions because of the revolution, why did so few abolish slavery?

*A. Abolishing slavery was not a priority for most lawmakers when they formed new governments. Vermont alone outlawed slavery in its state constitution in 1777. Although Pennsylvania allowed gradual emancipation and Massachusetts courts emancipated slaves, for most lawmakers emancipation was simply not important enough to address. B. The Declaration of Independence had already outlawed slavery throughout the nation. The Declaration did not outlaw slavery; it attempted to avoid the issue. C. To keep slavery in its Caribbean colonies, France insisted American leaders ignore slavery. Although slavery was practiced in France's Caribbean colonies, it did not make preserving slavery a condition of alliance. D. Southern state militias hoped to encourage slaves to serve by promising emancipation. Southern states did not encourage military service by promising emancipation, although some British leaders, such as Lord Dunmore, did promise freedom for military service.

What did Republican Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania demand the federal government provide freedpeople after the Civil War?

*A. A homestead of 40 acres of land Stevens called on the federal government to provide freedpeople "a homestead of 40 acres of land." B. Free access to higher education Stevens did not demand that the federal government provide African Americans with free access to higher education. C. Free health care Stevens did not expect the federal government to provide African Americans with free healthcare. D. A guaranteed job Stevens did not call on the federal government to provide African Americans with a guaranteed job.

How did the federal government's role in the Union economy change during the Civil War?

*A. A national currency was issued for the first time. To fund the enormous cost of the war, the federal government issued the nation's first national currency to replace the banknotes previously circulated. B. The government left war supply in the hands of private firms. Although the government relied on private firms to produce goods needed for the war, the government purchased goods and coordinated logistics. C. State-run banks enjoyed preeminence over federal banks. The role of federally chartered banks increased during the war. D. Tariffs on foreign manufactured goods were eliminated. With southern opposition eliminated, the Republican dominated Congress passed new tariffs to protect northern industries.

What percentage of the popular vote did Abraham Lincoln receive in the election of 1860?

*A. Less than 40 percent Lincoln received barely 40 percent of the popular vote. B. About 48 percent Lincoln received significantly less than 48 percent. C. More than 52 percent Lincoln did not win a majority of the popular vote in the election of 1860. D. Almost 60 percent Lincoln was not nearly that popular in the election of 1860.

Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson viewed Reconstruction as a process of

*A. reconciliation. Both presidents viewed Reconstruction as a process of reconciliation. B. reckoning. Neither president saw Reconstruction as a time to settle political scores. C. revolution. Neither president was eager to dramatically transform society during Reconstruction. D. rehabilitation. Neither president considered it his responsibility to reform and rehabilitate white Southerners.

Refer to the image Colonel Guy Johnson and Karonghyontye (Captain David Hill), 1776

A painting shows Karonghyontye standing next to Colonel Guy Johnson. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. In the painting of Colonel Guy Johnson and Karonghyontye, the Mohawk Indian figure is depicted as a(n) A. American soldier. The Mohawk Indian is not an American soldier. *B. British ally. The Mohawk Indian is Chief Karonghyontye, an ally of the British. The Mohawks and British fought together against the Americans. C. slave. The Mohawk Indian is not a slave. D. servant. The Mohawk Indian is not shown as a servant.

What type of literature did southern states ban in the 1830s and 1840s?

A. Literature that celebrated violence Violence was not banned in the slaveholding South. B. Literature that criticized government The criticism of government was not banned in the slaveholding South. C. Literature that glorified slavery The glorification of slavery in the South was commonplace and hardly viewed as objectionable. *D. Literature that argued against slavery Southern legislatures banned antislavery literature.

Why did many free blacks settle in Nova Scotia after the American Revolution?

A. They were welcome there. While they were welcome in Nova Scotia, it was not the only destination available to them. B. Slavery was never practiced there. There was no slavery in other parts of the British Empire as well. C. They were sent there. Free blacks were not forced to move to Nova Scotia. *D. They were promised land there. The British government promised free blacks who fought for the British forces plots of land in Nova Scotia.

Generally, Antifederalists could be characterized as

A. city dwellers and merchants. Both of these groups were more likely to be Federalists. B. landholding elites. Federalists tended to be from the upper echelons of society. *C. frontiersmen and farmers. Poorer citizens who lived on the geographic and economic margins were more likely to distrust federalism and the central government's increased power. D. middle classes. Generally, Antifederalists did not emerge from the middle classes of America.

In the nineteenth century, the South's economy was generally based on

A. finance. The South's economy was not based on finance. B. transportation. The South's economy was not based on transportation. C. manufacturing. The South's economy was not based on manufacturing. *D. agriculture. Although some southern cities such as Charleston, Savannah, and New Orleans thrived in the nineteenth century, the economy was still overwhelmingly agricultural.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The so much desired general Rochambeau is at length here. His arrival was announced . . . by the firing of cannon. . . . Nothing is heard of but the public joy. He is considered as the guardian, as the saviour of the people. Every proprietor feels himself already in his habitation [plantation] and I have even heard some of them disputing about the quality of the coffee they expect soon to gather. . . ."

According to Leonora Sansay's letter to Aaron Burr, she greeted the French troops who arrived on Haiti as *A. saviors of the people. Sansay writes approvingly of the arrival of French troops under General Rochambeau: "Nothing is heard of but public joy. He is considered as the guardian, as the saviour of the people." B. invaders of her island. Sansay does not say she believes the French troops are invaders. C. British allies. Sansay does not look upon the French troops as allies of the British. D. friends of the slaves. Sansay does not see the French troops as friends of the slaves. In fact, she approves of the fact that "the arrival of General Rochambeau seems to have spread terror among the negroes."

Refer to the image Industrious Americans in Boston, 1770

An engraving shows men farming, cutting wood, hammering leather, and engaged in other laborious activities by a shore in Boston. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. What message did the creator of the 1770 engraving Industrious Americans in Boston hope to convey to British policymakers? A. For colonists, farming was the most prestigious occupation. Although colonists certainly revered farming, the engraving does not intend to emphasize that message. *B. Colonists were successful without interference from Britain. The anonymous artist who created the engraving called it "political lightning" and apparently intended it as a warning that the colonists did not need or desire British involvement to thrive. C. A declaration of independence from Britain was imminent. Though praising the colonists' industry, the engraving does not endorse independence. In 1770, independence was still not considered desirable. D. Colonists relied on slaves and indentured servants to farm their plantations. The engraving does not show any slaves or indentured servants.

"The fire raged fearfully all night, but on Saturday perfect quiet reigned. The vile Yankees took from us clothing, food, jewels, all our cows, horses, carriages, etc., and left us in a deplorable condition after stealing from us. Sherman, with great generosity, presented the citizens with 500 cattle, so poor they could hardly stand up. No words of mine can give any idea of the brutality of the ruffians. They swore, they cussed, plundered, and committed every excess. No age or sex was safe from them. Sometimes, after saving some valueless token, it was ruthlessly snatched from our hands by some of their horde. Our noble women were insulted by words, and some, I have heard of, in deeds, but none came under my knowledge, for I myself, God be praised, I received no rude word from any of them. I did not speak . . . to them at all. The fire burned eighty-four squares, and nothing can tell the quantity of plunder they carried off as on Monday they left us, and though we feared starvation, yet we were glad to be rid of them."

In addition to stealing, what other crime does Eleanor Cohen Seixas accuse the Union troops of committing? A. Treason Seixas does not mention treason. Northerners accused secessionist Confederates of committing treason. B. Insubordination Seixas does not say the soldiers were insubordinate. On the contrary, she believes the soldiers were behaving as General Sherman intended. *C. Sexual assault Although she does no say so directly, Seixas alludes to soldiers committing "every excess" and that "[n]o age or sex was safe from them." She also says that "[o]ur noble women were insulted by words, and some, I have heard of, in deedsâ¦." D. Liberating slaves Seixas does not mention slaves in her diary.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "In this wretched hovel, all colors, except white—the only guilty one—both sexes, and all ages, are confined, exposed indiscriminately to all the contamination which may be expected in such society and under such seclusion. The inmates of the gaol, of this class I mean, are even worse treated; some of them, if my informants are to be believed, having been actually frozen to death, during the inclement winters which often prevail in the country. While I was in the city, Robey had got possession of a woman, whose term of slavery was limited to six years. It was expected that she would be sold before the expiration of that period, and sent away to a distance, where the assertion of her claim would subject her to ill-usage. Cases of this kind are very common."

In his description of the slave pen in Washington, Edward Strutt Abdy's tone can be described as A. quiet resignation. Abdy is not resigned to accepting slavery as practiced in Washington, and publishing his observations shows he did not want to be quiet about it. B. mild disapproval. Abdy expresses more than mild disapproval of the existence of a slave pen in the nation's capital. *C. righteous indignation. Abdy is angry—an anger he clearly feels is justified by the inhumanity of the slave pen, a place of degradation located, as he says, "'right against'" the seat of the nation's legislature. D. violent condemnation. Although Abdy is upset about what he sees, he does not show a taste for violence in his opposition.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: ". . . by an act passed in the fifth year of his present Majesty, for granting and applying certain stamp duties, and other duties, in the British colonies and plantations in America, with several regulations and restraints, which, if founded in acts of parliament for defined purposes, are represented to have been extended in such a manner as to disturb legal commerce and harass the fair trader, have so far interrupted the usual and former most fruitful branches of their commerce, restrained the sale of their produce, thrown the state of the several provinces into confusion, and brought on so great a number of actual bankruptcies, that the former opportunities and means of remittances and payments are utterly lost and taken from them; and that the petitioners are, by these unhappy events, reduced to the necessity of applying to the House, in order to secure themselves and their families from impending ruin; to prevent a multitude of manufacturers from becoming a burthen to the community, or else seeking their bread in other countries, to the irretrievable loss of this kingdom; and to preserve the strength of this nation entire."

In their petition to repeal the Stamp Act, why were London's merchants opposed to the policy? *A. It harmed trade. The merchants are most concerned about the economic effects of the Stamp Act. They protest that the measure has harmed their trade. The act had, they say, "interrupted the usual and former most fruitful branches of their commerce." B. It violated the constitution. The merchants are not opposed for constitutional reasons. C. It encouraged violence. The merchants do not discuss any violent opposition. D. It invited colonial independence. The merchants are not concerned about the colonies seeking independence.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Whereas information has been received that sundry lawless persons, principally persons of color, combined and confederated together for the purpose of opposing by force the execution of the laws of the United States, did, at Boston, in Massachusetts, on the 15th of this month, make a violent assault on the marshal or deputy marshals of the United States for the district of Massachusetts, in the court-house, and did overcome the said officers, and did by force rescue from their custody a person arrested as a fugitive slave, and then and there a prisoner lawfully holden by the said marshal or deputy marshals of the United States, and other scandalous outrages did commit in violation of law:

Now, therefore, to the end that the authority of the laws may be maintained and those concerned in violating them brought to immediate and condign punishment, I have issued this my proclamation, calling on all well-disposed citizens to rally to the support of the laws of their country." According to President Millard Fillmore, people should condemn the rescue of a fugitive slave because *A. it is against the law. Fillmore condemns the rescue of a fugitive slave in danger of being sent south because it violates the Fugitive Slave Act. He is issuing the proclamation, he says, "to the end that the authority of the laws may be maintained and those concerned in violating them brought to immediate and condign punishment." B. slavery is right and just. Fillmore does not discuss the morality of slavery one way or the other. C. the slave was a murderer. The slave was a fugitive and was not accused of a crime other than running away. D. it inflamed Southerners. Although the rescue of a fugitive slave would have angered Southerners, Fillmore does not discuss that aspect of the issue.

Refer to the image Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792

The painting shows Liberty, depicted as a woman, sitting in a room and giving books to black people bowing and kneeling in front of her. More black people are outside the room, observing the scene. A broken chain, a globe, a painting palette, and a harp are at her feet. Text reads, Samuel Jennings was born in Philadelphia and attended the College of Philadelphia before the Revolution. He taught drawing and painted portraits before moving to London to study with Benjamin West in 1787. There his allegorical paintings were exhibited at the Royal Academy. Jennings painted this image for the newly established Library Company of Philadelphia, many of whose directors were Quakers who opposed slavery. The directors requested that he include Lady Liberty with her cap on the end of a pole.<br><br>The questions are as follows, Which arts and sciences are displayed in this painting? What does the broken chain at the feet of Lady Liberty indicate? What distinguishes the black people inside and outside the building? Put It in Context, What does this painting suggest about how Jennings and the Library Company directors envisioned American identities in the early republic? to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to Samuel Jennings's painting of Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, what is the relationship between the arts and sciences and slavery? *A. Learning the arts and sciences can provide liberation from the bondage of slavery. Commissioned by the Quaker-influenced Library Company of Philadelphia, the image presents an argument against slavery. The figure of Lady Liberty is shown with a broken chain at her feet, a message that learning can liberate the enslaved. B. The arts and sciences are crucial to preserving the legality of slavery from attacks by abolitionists. The painting does not advocate the preservation of slavery. C. By instructing slaves in the arts and sciences, they will become more productive plantation workers. The painting does not promote the arts and sciences as a way of obtaining a more productive slave workforce. D. The arts and sciences should focus on practical training rather than moral questions about slavery. The moral question of slavery is at the heart of the painting's message.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "One day I went to see the 'slaves' pen'—a wretched hovel, 'right against' the Capitol, from which it is distant about half a mile, with no house intervening. The outside alone is accessible to the eye of a visitor; what passes within being reserved for the exclusive observation of its owner (a man of the name of Robey) and his unfortunate victims. It is surrounded by a wooden paling fourteen or fifteen feet in height, with the posts outside to prevent escape, and separated from the building by a space too narrow to admit of a free circulation of air."

Why does Edward Strutt Abdy note that no buildings stand between the Capitol and the slave pen? A. To indicate that Washington is poorly designed Abdy does not comment on the design of Washington as a city. *B. To show that congressmen must know the pen exists Abdy aims to show that the pen operates in plain sight, and anyone who cared to investigate could easily see what he saw: "a wretched hovel," and site of awful human suffering. C. To suggest how few people actually live in Washington Abdy is not concerned with the size of Washington's population as a whole. D. To emphasize how often slaves are assigned to work at the Capitol Although proximity might make it possible for slaves to work at the Capitol, the people kept in the pen were awaiting sale and were not currently working in the city.

How were the militias in Lexington and Concord alerted to movement of British soldiers in April 1775?

*A. A network of riders Prior to the British march on Lexington and Concord, colonists in Massachusetts established a network of riders to disseminate news of danger quickly, and they were active the night of the march. B. The soldiers themselves The militias in Lexington and Concord knew about the British troops before their arrival. C. Paul Revere Paul Revere alerted the citizens of Lexington but was intercepted on his way to Concord. D. The sound of gunfire The militias in Lexington and Concord were alerted to the British presence prior to the firefights.

In general, what type of person was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England in the seventeenth century?

*A. A person who did not adhere to the cultural values of the larger society Women and men who challenged cultural norms often threatened society's political, spiritual, or gender order. Women who were poor, quarrelsome, or poised to inherit property often found themselves accused of witchcraft. B. An individual who chose to move from a town or village center to a more rural area Although many Puritans feared that physical exclusion would make one more susceptible to the lure of the devil, there is no evidence to suggest that Puritans who moved were more likely to be accused of witchcraft. C. Younger men and women Age was not a determinative factor in witchcraft accusations. Children and adults were both accused. D. Someone who accused another man or woman of witchcraft Interestingly, this was not the case. Those who accused others of witchcraft were not implicated.

What did the Compromise of 1850 offer to slave owners to gain their support for the law?

*A. A strong new fugitive slave law that required Northerners to catch runaway slaves Although the compromise promised to admit California to the union as a free state, the bargain promised slaveholders a new, more stringent fugitive slave law to be enforced by the federal government. B. Allowing Congress to settle the status of slavery in the lands won from Mexico Although the compromise aimed to employ popular sovereignty in the territories, proslavery senators such as John C. Calhoun still objected. C. Admitting California to the union with popular sovereignty to settle the status of slavery California was admitted as a free state, a development proslavery forces did not like. D. Annexing the state of Texas with its public debts to be paid for by the federal government Texas had already been annexed in 1845, although the compromise did provide for the federal government to assume its debts from before annexation.

Why was the power of British authority weakened within the colonies?

*A. A strong tradition of local governance Town meetings and representative legislative bodies like the Virginia House of Burgesses established a tradition of local governance in the colonies, carrying out everyday decisions in local and colonial matters. B. The king's heavy-handed control of local matters For the most part, the British crown and Parliament remained aloof regarding local matters within the colonies in the seventeenth and much of the eighteenth centuries. C. Bacon's Rebellion and the Stono rebellion These rebellions did not weaken British authority. Rather, they are evidence that British authority was not absolute. D. The buying or bribing of local elections The fact that wealthier candidates in local elections often bought votes had no real impact on the authority of the British government in the colonies.

Who supported an approach to Reconstruction that emphasized "malice toward none" and "charity for all"?

*A. Abraham Lincoln Lincoln spoke these words in 1865. They embodied his belief that Reconstruction should be a process of reconciliation between North and South. B. Edwin Stanton Stanton was Lincoln and Johnson's Secretary of War; an ally of the Radical Republicans, he favored a tough approach to the Confederacy. C. Thaddeus Stevens A Radical Republican congressman from Pennsylvania, Stevens did not believe in a forgiving approach to Reconstruction. D. Charles Sumner A Radical Republican senator from Massachusetts, Sumner believed the Confederacy did not deserve a mild response from the Union.

Why were Andrew Jackson's claims that John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay had hatched a "corrupt bargain" to deny him the presidency in 1824 misguided?

*A. Adams's and Clay's policy views overlapped significantly. Jackson charged that Adams had named Clay secretary of state in exchange for Clay ensuring his election as president when the election was settled in the House of Representatives. Clay, however, was an experienced politician and qualified for the office, and he and Adams shared many policy views. B. Adams and Clay hated each other so much they never spoke. Although rivals for the presidency, Adams and Clay were still on speaking terms. C. William Crawford's support actually ensured Adams's victory. Support from Crawford was not decisive in Adams's election. D. Since both men were Federalists, their cooperation was expected. Neither Adams nor Clay was a Federalist, though John Quincy Adams's father, John Adams, was a Federalist. By 1824 the Federalist Party was defunct.

Which federal official urged Congress to fund internal improvements during Jefferson's administration?

*A. Albert Gallatin Jefferson's secretary of the treasury, Gallatin urged Congress to fund internal improvements such as roads and canals for transportation across regions. B. Oliver Evans Evans was a Philadelphia machinist who invented a steam engine that dredged the city's harbor. C. John Marshall Marshall was the chief justice of the Supreme Court in the early nineteenth century. D. Timothy Dwight Dwight was the president of Yale College in the early republic.

What did the Sugar Act, Currency Act, and Quartering Act all have in common?

*A. All three represented attempts by the British government to exert more direct control over the colonies The reforms introduced by the Grenville administration—such as the Sugar, Currency, and Quartering Acts—aimed to govern the colonies more closely than had been the practice previously. The British government hoped that more direct involvement would raise increased revenue. B. All three raised taxes on goods imported into the North American colonies from British colonies in the Caribbean These measures did not increase taxes. Even the Sugar Act, which reformed the duties on sugar imports, lowered the tax assessed. C. All three were officially enacted by colonial legislatures after they had been approved by Parliament The colonial legislatures were not involved in the process of creating legislation for the colonies, which was one of the points of controversy over the laws. D. All three prohibited smuggling and stationed soldiers in colonial seaports in order to enforce the law The Sugar Act aimed to root out smuggling and the Quartering Act stationed soldiers in the colonies, but the Currency Act prohibited colonies from issuing paper currency.

In general, what enabled societies across the Americas to develop into settled and more complex civilizations?

*A. An agricultural revolution As societies adopted methods to farm land and grow enough food to feed the population, Native Americans were able to settle down and build communities and, eventually, cities and empires with complex religious and political systems. B. Development of better weapons The development of weapons may have helped Native Americans gather more food and defeat enemies more easily, but it was not pivotal to the process of settlement. C. Rise of monotheistic religions The most advanced civilizations in the Americas prior to European contact were polytheistic. D. Use of mathematics and astronomy While the use of mathematics and astronomy characterized advanced civilizations, they were not crucial to the development of more settled and complex societies. Topic: Europe Expands Its Reach books: The Mediterranean World Portugal Pursues Long-Distance Trade European Encounters with West Africa

Which of the following people was an especially effective advocate against slavery because of having grown up in a slave-owning family in the South?

*A. Angelina Grimké Along with her sister Sarah, Angelina Grimké grew up on a South Carolina plantation. Her denunciation of slavery carried more weight because of her life story. B. Frederick Douglass Douglass was an escaped slave, whose autobiography was effective because it described slavery from the slave's perspective. C. William Lloyd Garrison Garrison did not grow up in a slave-owning family. D. Charles G. Finney Finney was a Second Great Awakening preacher; he was born in New York.

Which southern state reestablished its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan" between 1863 and 1865?

*A. Arkansas Arkansas—along with Louisiana and Tennessee—reestablished its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan" during that time. B. Virginia Virginia did not reestablish its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan." C. Alabama Alabama did not reestablish its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan." D. Florida Florida did not reestablish its government under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan."

Why were "Redeemer" Democrats able to win the 1875 election in Mississippi?

*A. Armed white supremacists killed hundreds of Republicans. Armed terrorists killed hundreds of Republicans in Mississippi in 1875, launching a reign of terror that helped the Democrats topple the Republican government there. B. Democrats promised power-sharing with the freedmen. Democrats made no such promises. C. Ku Klux Klan candidates won almost every office. The Klan was not a political party that ran candidates for office. D. Thousands of former Confederates regained voting rights prior to the election. The 1875 election in Mississippi did not turn on an influx of voters who had been Confederates.

Why did a third of southern Whigs vote for Democrat Franklin Pierce in 1852?

*A. As Southerners, they supported the Democrats' proslavery policies. Franklin Pierce's eventual victory left the Whigs and the Free-Soilers in disarray. A third of southern Whigs threw their support to the Democrats, seeking a truly proslavery party. Many Democrats who had supported Free-Soilers in 1848, like Martin Van Buren, were driven to vote for Pierce by their enthusiasm over the admission of California as a free state. B. They hoped to gain jobs in the new Pierce administration. Large numbers of Whig voters would not realistically have expected federal jobs. C. They could not abide their own party's antislavery candidate. Whig nominee Winfield Scott, a Southerner, was not clearly antislavery. D. They were outraged by Whig Millard Fillmore's enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act. Southerners tended to support, rather than decry, Fillmore's support of the Fugitive Slave Act.

Why was Maryland founded?

*A. As a safe haven for persecuted Catholics King Charles I granted most of the territory north of the Chesapeake Bay to Cecilius Calvert. Calvert was a Catholic and wanted the new colony to be a refuge for other English Catholics. B. To be a model of religious tolerance Although Maryland adopted a policy of religious tolerance after Catholics and Protestants settled in the colony, it was not founded for that purpose. C. As a home for displaced Indians With the influx of more English into Maryland, a greater number of Native Americans were displaced. The English did not make decisions to benefit Indians over colonists. D. As a refuge for Calvinists Maryland was not founded to be a refuge for Calvinists.

How did the abolition of the international slave trade to the United States in 1808 affect slavery as practiced in the South?

*A. Because owners could not easily replace their slaves, conditions were somewhat improved. With the legal trade in slaves from abroad curtailed after 1808, slave owners looked to natural reproduction to maintain their labor force, which required better living conditions for slaves. B. Owners beat their slaves more often to obtain maximum effort from their dwindling workforce. The end of the international slave trade in 1808 did not provide owners an incentive to beat their slaves more frequently. C. Planters were more likely to invest in machines to replace their slave laborers. Planters were not more likely to substitute machines for human labor, and they continued to rely mostly on slaves to get work done. D. Planters resigned themselves to eventual abolition of slavery itself and began paying wages. Planters did not see slavery itself as doomed.

Which general offered military protection to fugitive slaves by claiming them as property forfeited by their owners' acts of rebellion?

*A. Benjamin Butler As slaves fled plantations, Union leaders needed to decide how to treat them. Butler decided to claim the slaves as contraband; that is, property forfeit by rebellious owners. The Union thus attacked slavery without stoking fears of a general emancipation. B. William T. Sherman Sherman led the March to the Sea through Georgia and South Carolina in 1864 and 1865. C. George McClellan The early commander of Union forces, McClellan lost his command after several defeats. He later opposed Lincoln for the presidency in 1864. D. Robert E. Lee Lee was a Confederate general.

Which of the following people rose from humble origins to achieve gentleman status in the eighteenth-century colonies?

*A. Benjamin Franklin Starting out as an apprentice printer, Franklin worked his way up to own the Pennsylvania Gazette and to be Pennsylvania's official printer. He went on to become one of the colony's leading citizens. B. Eliza Lucas Born a member of the planter class, Lucas ran her father's estate in South Carolina and married into the elite Pinckney family. C. William Morley Jr. An indentured servant in New Jersey, Morley struggled to find success in the eighteenth-century colonies. D. Jean-Baptiste Colbert Colbert was finance minister to King Louis XIV. Topic: Labor in North America books: Finding Work in the Colonies Coping with Economic Distress Rural Americans Face Changing Conditions Slavery Takes Hold in the South Africans Resist Their Enslavement

Which Indian chief led Sauk and Fox people to violently resist Indian Removal in 1832 in the Wisconsin Territory?

*A. Black Hawk Chief Black Hawk led 1,000 warriors from the Sauk and Fox tribes against the U.S. army but was defeated at Bad Axe. In this devastating defeat for the Natives, many died, with the rest forced to move west. B. John Ross A leader of the Cherokee, Ross did not lead a violent resistance. C. Tecumseh Tecumseh died during the War of 1812, long before the Indian Removal policies of the 1820s and 1830s. D. Tenskwatawa Tenskwatawa, Tecumseh's half-brother, led Indian resistance to U.S. movement westward in the 1810s. Defeated in 1811 by General William Henry Harrison, he fled to Canada. Chapter 10: Social and Cultural Ferment in the North, 1820-1850 Topic: The Market Revolution books: The Lure of Urban Life The Roots of Urban Disorder The New Middle Class

Why were Bostonians frustrated with the 1,700 British troops stationed in Boston in the period leading up to the Boston Massacre?

*A. Bostonians viewed them as economic competitors. Many British soldiers found part-time jobs in their off-hours, causing tensions with colonists, since the poor economy did not provide enough jobs for the colonists. B. The soldiers frequently engaged in violent behavior. The British soldiers in Boston were not violent prior to the Boston Massacre. C. The colonists were tired of being taxed. Bostonians were aggravated with the British taxes, but this was not why they were frustrated with the presence of British soldiers in their city. D. Sam Adams circulated negative propaganda about the troops. Sam Adams did not create propaganda about the soldiers prior to the Boston Massacre.

What did the events underlying the panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise have in common?

*A. Both involved the extension of cotton farming into new lands. The desire to expand cotton production lay behind both events. The panic of 1819 was brought about in part by the overextension of credit to cotton planters seeking to cultivate new lands, while the Missouri crisis was triggered by the desire of the potential state's residents to use slaves to plant cotton. B. Both were driven by the threat posed by Indians on western lands. The threat posed by Indians was not a significant factor in either event. C. Both revolved around issues of state representation in the Senate. The Missouri crisis turned on a desire to preserve parity in the Senate between states that allowed slavery and those that forbid it. D. Both resulted from disagreements about the federal government's role in transportation. The federal government's role in transportation, although a hot issue in the early nineteenth century more generally, was not at play in either event.

What did the Townshend Act (1767) have in common with the Sugar Act (1764)?

*A. Both laws placed duties on goods imported to the colonies. Like the Sugar Act, the Townshend Act taxed a variety of imports such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. B. Both laws required colonies to quarter troops during peacetime. Neither the Townshend Act nor the Sugar Act required colonies to quarter troops. C. Both laws were widely accepted in the southern colonies. Opposition to both acts could be found throughout the colonies: in New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South. D. Both laws were enacted with the consent of the colonial legislatures. Neither act was approved with the consent of colonists. The lack of consent was one of the major criticisms of the laws.

What did Meriwether Lewis and Zebulon Pike have in common?

*A. Both led expeditions to explore the Louisiana Territory Both Lewis and Pike led expeditions to explore the lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase. Lewis's group followed the Missouri River west, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and eventually reached the Pacific. Pike moved from St. Louis to the Rocky Mountains before entering Mexican territory in the Southwest. B. Both were "midnight judges" appointed by President Adams Neither Lewis nor Pike was a judge. C. Both helped design buildings in the new capital of Washington City Neither Lewis nor Pike designed buildings. D. Both created new technologies that transformed manufacturing Neither Lewis nor Pike invented transformational technologies.

In response to the 1807 Embargo Act, what did urban workers and sailors have in common?

*A. Both suffered from the decline in trade. With the early republic's cities operating as seaports, Jefferson's embargo stifled trade and threw urban workers and sailors out of work. B. Both migrated to the West to find work. Urban workers and sailors did not migrate to the West because of the embargo. C. Both lauded Jefferson as strong on foreign policy. Urban workers and sailors did not cheer Jefferson's foreign policy approach as a result of the embargo. D. Both saw a boom in demand for their work. Urban workers and sailors did not enjoy an increased demand for their labor following the embargo.

What did the XYZ affair and the activities of Citizen Edmond Genêt have in common?

*A. Both threatened to involve the United States in conflict with France. The XYZ affair plunged the United States into an undeclared naval war with France, while Genêt toured the United States whipping up support for France in its war against Britain. Both promised to embroil the United States in France's problems. B. Both represented challenges to the taxing power of the United States. Neither involved taxes. C. Both were put down when President Washington ordered the army into action. President Washington did not order a military response. He was not even president during the XYZ affair. D. Both forced Native Americans to cede more land to the United States. Neither involved Native Americans.

Who was rewarded the proprietary colonies of East and West Jersey?

*A. British investors British investors received East and West Jersey. These colonies were consolidated into New Jersey in 1702. B. William Penn King Charles II did not award East and West Jersey to William Penn; Penn received Pennsylvania. C. Oliver Cromwell Cromwell was already dead when East and West Jersey were formed. D. West Indian planters West Indian planters received land in southern Carolina.

How did Great Britain continue to threaten the sovereignty of the United States after the American Revolution?

*A. British troops remained along the western frontier of the United States. British troops refused to abandon their forts at the conclusion of the war. Furthermore, they encouraged Indians to harass Americans on the frontier. B. British soldiers remained in Canada. Any British presence in Canada did not impede the sovereignty of the young nation. C. Great Britain blocked American access to the port of New Orleans. Spain, not Britain, blocked American access to New Orleans. D. Great Britain blocked American trade with the British West Indies. Great Britain did block American access to the West Indies, but that action did not threaten American sovereignty.

What characterized the proprietary colonies that stretched from Carolina to New York during the reign of Charles II?

*A. Broad authority for the governing aristocrats Under Charles II, proprietary colonies lacked royal oversight. The aristocrats in charge could largely govern as they saw fit. B. Reasonably priced land for settlers Although this did characterize the northern region of Carolina, fair prices for settlers did not characterize all proprietary colonies. C. Large plantations with African labor Although plantations and slavery characterized the southern colonies, they were not found in all proprietary colonies. D. Landed male suffrage Although property-owning men could vote and hold office in Pennsylvania, this was not a characteristic of all proprietary colonies.

How did reformers first attempt to eradicate prostitution in the 1830s and 1840s?

*A. By praying in front of a brothel Reformers used a variety of tactics to support a cause, and in the case of moral reform began by praying in front of urban brothels and attempting to rescue women they considered to be fallen. B. By storming brothels and intimidating customers Social activists did not undertake such radical measures that could have ended up in violence. C. By raising money for women's shelters Social reformers began their moral reform with a less practical tactic, though some did adopt this method later. D. By demanding harsher punishments for prostitutes Social reformers did not begin their moral reform campaign with demands for tougher laws, and when they did, they demanded harsher punishments for the men who visited brothels rather than for female prostitutes.

How did slaves try to sustain their African heritage on southern plantations from the 1820s to the 1850s?

*A. By using African names for themselves Slaves created social bonds and a rich culture of their own in which they employed African names generations after their first enslavement. B. By speaking their original African languages Some slaves retained elements of West African languages, but slaves could not maintain their native languages over time, and most spoke English. C. By educating their children in African traditions Slave parents needed to teach their children what they had to learn to survive slavery, and the reliance on African tradition would not have served that purpose well. D. By farming in the African tradition Slaves' lives were dominated by plantation work for the master, which was nothing like the way they worked the land in Africa.

How did John Calvin's version of Protestantism differ from Martin Luther's?

*A. Calvin believed that human actions did not impact one's chances of salvation; Luther believed they did. Calvin and his followers believed in predestination, the idea that God predetermined who was saved and who was damned before the world began. Luther believed that faith was the path to salvation. B. Unlike Luther, Calvin believed in a fallible God. Calvin and his followers believed in the infallibility and omnipotence of God. C. Calvin disagreed with Luther's advocacy of church control over civil society. Calvin established a church hierarchy in which civil magistrates and reformed ministers ruled over a Christian society; Luther was content to allow princes to rule. D. Calvin believed in the innate goodness of humankind; Luther did not. Calvin and his followers held that humans are weak and prone to sin.

Why did slaves in the Carolinas enjoy greater autonomy than slaves in Virginia?

*A. Carolina planters needed slaves' assistance to protect the colonies against attacks by the Spanish. Given their proximity to Spanish Florida, the Carolinas were in greater danger of foreign invasion, making slaves valuable to the colonies' defense. B. As Royal colonies, the Carolinas had protections for slaves written into their charters. Colonial charters did not protect slaves. C. Carolina planters had family connections to Barbados, where slavery was illegal. Although Carolina planters were linked to Barbados, slavery was widely practiced there. D. Rice was grown in the Carolinas, which required less slave labor to produce. Rice was grown in the Carolinas, but it depended on slaves for cultivation.

Why did Samuel de Champlain provide military aid to the Huron?

*A. Champlain aimed to enlist the Huron as allies and trading partners. By helping the Huron defeat their enemy, the Iroquois, Champlain cemented the French relationship with the Huron, securing access to furs. B. It was French policy to provide military aid to all Indian groups. The French did not form alliances with every Indian group in New France. C. Champlain needed the assistance of Indians to fight against French Catholics in Quebec. Champlain established Quebec as a trade outpost; he did not fight against the colonists residing there. D. The Iroquois had turned out to be bitter enemies, leading the French to seek new partners. It was the French assistance provided to the Huron that angered the Iroquois.

Under feme covert, adopted in the British colonies in the late seventeenth century, the status of wives was likened to the status of what group?

*A. Children The status of wives under feme covert was similar to the status of children in that the legal status of both groups was hidden behind the legal status of the husband or father. He possessed rights to her property, her wages, and her children; she was under his authority. B. Slaves Although under feme covert women lacked autonomy in marriage, their status was not likened to the status of slaves. C. Servants Although under feme covert women lacked autonomy in marriage, their status was not likened to the status of servants. D. Indians Although under feme covert women lacked autonomy in marriage, their status was superior to that of Indians.

What was the core of Martin Luther's message for his fellow Protestants?

*A. Christians, through faith, possessed a direct line to God and salvation. Luther believed that faith led to salvation, which eliminated the need for salvation to be managed by the Catholic hierarchy. B. Christians, to fully understand scripture, needed to become literate. Luther encouraged believers to read the Bible, but literacy was not at the very core of his message. C. Christians should renounce all forms of Church leadership and should practice their faith in solitude. Although Luther encouraged a more personal relationship between individuals and God, he did not advocate a wholesale abandonment of church leadership or church community. D. Christians should remain vigilant over church leadership in order to prevent corruption. Though objections to corruption among church leaders caused the Protestant Reformation, Luther's message centered on the relationship between God and the faithful.

What was one important effect of the expansion of commerce and urbanization in the eighteenth century?

*A. Cities and towns put systems in place to take care of victims of the market economy. Because of the volatility of the market economy and the perpetual preference of many employers for bound laborers, British colonists were forced to devise means to deal with unemployed or underemployed laborers. B. The number of indentured servants in port cities increased. Indentured servitude decreased in the eighteenth century. C. Slavery disappeared from urban areas like Philadelphia and New York. Urban slavery was common in cities in the eighteenth century. D. New England towns opened up their coffers to assist the wandering poor. Rather than supporting the wandering poor, many New England towns attempted to banish those who might become a financial burden on the town's finances.

In the early republic, why were schools for black children most likely to be found in cities?

*A. Cities were more likely to have a large free black population. Cities with large populations of free blacks were most likely to form schools for black children. In Philadelphia, for example, Reverend Richard Allen opened a Sunday school for children at his African Methodist Episcopal church. B. City education laws usually required separate facilities for black children. City laws did not mandate the construction of schools for black children. C. Slavery did not exist in cities in the early republic. Although generally agricultural, slavery did exist in cities located in states that permitted slavery. D. The majority of the population was located in cities. Although the urban population was growing in the early republic, the majority of the population still lived in rural areas.

How did financial success and new patterns of consumption change European traditions in the colonies?

*A. Class became more fluid. Ascending through the ranks became possible in America. Men born of humble origins could become members of the gentry by achieving financial success and by adopting a certain pattern of consumption. America was becoming a meritocracy relative to European nations. B. A caste system took root. Although slavery created an underclass out of men and women of African descent, financial success and emerging patterns of consumption did not create a caste system in America. C. Religious tensions emerged. Financial success and new patterns of consumption did not inform religious tensions in the colonies. D. Sexism surfaced in urban areas. Financial success and new patterns of consumption did little to change sexism in the eighteenth century.

What caused the infamous Salem Witch Trials in 1692?

*A. Class conflict, political tensions, fear of Indian raids, and a local debate about church leadership By 1692, conflicts between farmers and merchants, political uncertainty, the threat of Native American violence, and a disagreement about the selection of a new minister created an atmosphere of anxiety in Salem, Massachusetts. This tense environment led to over one hundred accusations of witchcraft, twenty-seven trials, and twenty executions. B. A series of violent storms, an epidemic, and a growing tension between science and religion in Massachusetts Although weather and disease were often interpreted as signs from Satan, there is no evidence that violent storms or an epidemic plagued Salem in the 1690s. C. Land conflicts, a decline in marriage rates, and a debate concerning a peace treaty with the local Indians While land conflicts characterized Puritan New England, marriage rates were not declining and there was no pending peace treaty with Indians. D. An economic depression, a debate over slavery, and rising tensions concerning the role of the church in colonial administration While there were economic uncertainties in New England, neither slavery nor the fusion of church and state in Puritan New England was a source of conflict in Salem in the 1690s.

What was the central question confronted by the Second Continental Congress when it began meeting in May 1775?

*A. Colonial independence Delegates debated the reasons and methods for becoming a sovereign nation. B. A military draft Conscription was not debated initially at the Second Continental Congress. C. Colonial surrender Surrender was not at issue; all of the delegates were outraged that British troops had fired on colonists. D. A new national government The congress did not debate the creation of a new national government when it first began meeting.

What was an important effect of the Great Awakening in the British colonies?

*A. Colonists became less deferential toward authority. The popular appeal and message of spiritual equality empowered colonists to challenge traditional authority. B. King George III appointed an Anglican bishop to the colonies. King George III threatened to appoint an Anglican bishop, but the colonists resisted the appointment. C. Wealth was believed to be a sin. Wealth did not come to be viewed as a sin, but it was no longer seen as a sign of God's favor. D. Slave and Indian revolts increased. The Great Awakening promoted ideas of spiritual equality among all men and women, but it was not the cause of increased slave or Indian revolts in the colonies.

What was an effect of the Enlightenment in the colonies?

*A. Colonists became more accepting of religious diversity. As Europeans from newer denominations moved to the colonies and Enlightenment ideas spread, colonists grew more accepting of religious diversity. B. Different religious groups vied for followers. Although an increasing number of religious sects vied for followers, the effort to compete for followers was not an effect of the Enlightenment. C. Birthrates rose higher because people had more confidence in the future. The Enlightenment did not impact the birthrates in the colonies. D. More women and children arrived in the colonies. Although more women and children arrived in the early eighteenth century, this was not an effect of the Enlightenment.

Why did questions of representation become the basis for colonial protest in the 1760s?

*A. Colonists did not have a voice in the policies that affected them. The policies of Prime Minister Grenville prompted the colonists to petition Parliament for representation in Parliament, the lawmaking body that governed their lives. B. Colonists did not believe Grenville's program to be just. Many colonists did not believe Grenville's policies were just, but this belief was not the reason that the protests turned on questions of representation. C. Colonists disagreed with the purpose of the Stamp Act. Issues of the purpose of the Stamp Act were not the reason that the protests turned on questions of representation. D. Colonists wanted to break from Parliament and govern themselves. Colonists did not want to separate from the British government in the 1760s.

How did the colonists react to British plans to appoint an Anglican bishop for North America in 1750?

*A. Colonists from many different denominations opposed the plan. Colonists generally rejected the plan to appoint a bishop for the colonies. Used to diversity and toleration for Protestants, they did not want to see more layers of hierarchy introduced to give power to one denomination. B. While the Old Lights supported the plan, the New Lights opposed it. The Old Lights did not support the plan for a bishop. C. The Catholic majority of the colonies was against a Protestant bishop. The majority of the colonial population was Protestant; Catholics were a small minority. D. Old Lights argued for a Puritan bishop instead of an Anglican one. Old Lights did not argue for a Puritan bishop. Puritans did not believe in a hierarchy of church officials such as bishops. Topic: Political Awakenings books: Changing Political Relations Dissent and Protest Transforming Urban Politics

Which of the following assessments of changes in the nation's banking system during the Civil War is accurate?

*A. Congress gave the federal government the power to take on national debt. Congress did authorize the federal government to take on national debt. B. Congress began to call back millions in greenbacks for lack of reserves. Congress issued the greenback currency during the Civil War. C. Congress transferred the power to create currency to the Second Bank of the United States. Congress assumed the power to issue currency, but the Second Bank of the United States had been out of business for almost 30 years. D. Congress banned all state banks and issued federal charters instead. Congress did not ban state banks at the time, even as it expanded the number of federally chartered banks.

In the Dred Scott case, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that

*A. Congress lacked the authority to exclude slavery from any territory. The Supreme Court ruled not only that Dred Scott had no right to sue for his freedom and therefore had to remain a slave but also that Congress had no constitutional authority to exclude slavery from any territory, which nullified the Missouri Compromise. B. slaves could sue only in state court. The court ruled that a slave could not sue in any court, since he was not a citizen. C. black men had no rights that carried across state or territorial boundaries. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Roger Taney, claimed that black men had no rights that white men were bound to respect, which goes much further than saying that the rights of African Americans did not carry across state or territorial borders. D. Dred Scott had earned his freedom, but his wife was still a slave. The Supreme Court of the United States denied Dred Scott's suit for his freedom and declared both him and his wife to be slaves.

Who supported hard-currency laws that were passed by some states in the 1780s?

*A. Creditors With inflation rampant, creditors favored laws that required debts to be repaid in hard currency, which held its value better than paper money. Debtors—including farmers and many veterans—liked to repay loans in paper currency because doing so allowed them to pay back their debts with money that was worth less than when they had borrowed it. B. Debtors Debtors did not support hard-currency laws. C. Veterans Veterans did not support hard-currency laws. D. Farmers Farmers did not support hard-currency laws. Topic: On the Political Margins books: Separating Church and State African Americans Struggle for Rights Women Seek Wider Roles Indebted Farmers Fuel Political Crises

In addition to mocking self-important capitalists, what was a standard feature of the popular minstrel shows of the 1820s?

*A. Crude caricatures of African Americans In minstrel shows, white men like Thomas Rice blacked their face with burnt cork and offered crude African American caricatures in song-and-dance routines. B. Irish immigrants In the 1820s, the large wave of Irish immigrants had not yet arrived in the United States, so minstrel shows were unlikely to caricature them. C. Native Americans Native Americans were not prominently caricatured in minstrel shows of the 1820s. D. British aristocrats British aristocrats were often the targets of nationalistic dramas popular in theaters of the period, but they were not prominent figures in minstrel shows of the time.

What characterized the so-called middle ground found in the Great Lakes region in the first half of the seventeenth century?

*A. Cultural exchange and mutual adaptation The middle ground describes a place in which French traders, Jesuits, and Native Americans encountered one another on a level of parity characterized by intermarriage, successful commerce, and cultural acceptance and exchange. B. Competition between the Ojibwe and Dakota tribes The Ojibwe and Dakota tribes traded peacefully and prosperously with the French. C. Widespread adoption of European religion and gender norms While many Jesuit missionaries worked to spread Catholicism in the region, French men did not force European gender norms on the local tribes. D. Jesuit-Indian marriages and Iroquois raids Jesuits did not take part in intercultural marriages. Although French and Iroquois relations were hostile, the middle ground was not characterized by raids.

What policy did President Washington adopt in response to the French Revolution?

*A. Declaring neutrality The excesses of the French Revolution, including the execution of King Louis XVI and the condemnation of Christianity, convinced Washington that the United States should stay neutral in the war between France and its enemies Britain, Austria, and Prussia. B. Forming an alliance with France Although the United States had an alliance with France dating from the American Revolution, Washington allowed the agreement to lapse with the execution of King Louis XVI. C. Forming an alliance with Britain Washington did not seek an alliance with Britain. D. Declaring an embargo on West Indian trade Although Washington attempted to restrict trade to Continental Europe, trade continued with the West Indies.

Why, in the 1660s, had colonists in the Chesapeake Bay region begun to turn to slave labor?

*A. Economic conditions in England had improved, dampening willingness to settle in America. Improved economic conditions in England meant that fewer men and women signed up to be indentured servants to work on the tobacco fields in Virginia and Maryland. As fewer English workers arrived, the colonists turned to other labor sources, primarily African laborers. B. The slave trade had matured into its final form by this time. Although the slave trade was underway by the 1660s, this is not what prompted the English to turn to African slavery, although it did make it possible. C. Existing indentured servants were ending their contracts and getting land of their own. Although some indentured servants were completing their contracts, very few were able to successfully move onto their own land. In addition, there was not an abnormally large number of servants in the colonies who were moving out of the labor force in the 1660s. D. Colonists adopted the practice as an experiment on behalf of white settlers in Barbados. Slavery in Barbados preceded slavery in Virginia and Maryland, and colonists in the Chesapeake drew on the experiences in Barbados as a model.

Why did Andrew Johnson see no reason to punish the southern planter aristocracy after the Civil War?

*A. Emancipation was sufficient punishment for them. Johnson thought little of southern blacks as well as the elite and was convinced that the emancipation of slaves was punishment enough for southern aristocrats. B. He thought they had suffered enough during the war. Johnson did not necessarily think that the southern planter aristocracy had suffered during the war. C. They were people of his own kind that he did not want to hurt. Johnson resented the planter aristocracy, and even though he owned slaves himself once, he did not consider himself a part of that elite group. D. He promised to bring about reconstruction "with malice toward none, with charity for all." Lincoln had made this promise in his second inaugural address, but that was not Johnson's sentiment.

In seventeenth-century North America, a proprietary colony was one in which

*A. English gentlemen ruled in hopes of building a manor system that produced goods for export. English gentlemen such as James, the Duke of York, and William Penn Jr. founded colonies in hope of building great estates to produce goods for export. B. Indians who had converted to Christianity moved to live in the company of other Christian Indians. "Praying towns" were places that welcomed Christian Indians. C. the king of England ruled directly without the interference of local officials or colonial legislatures. Although granted land by the king, proprietors such as William Penn Jr. were in charge of their colonies. D. local farmers had no control over their work and little ability to make laws for themselves. Although in theory the proprietor's rule was supreme, local conditions often dictated greater flexibility to meet farmers' demands for fair prices and self-government.

What was one effect of the decimation of the Native American population as a result of the Columbian exchange?

*A. Europeans turned to Africa for laborers. Because the Native American population was severely decreased by disease, Europeans turned to African laborers to cultivate the land because Africans were largely immune to yellow fever and malaria. B. Europeans became convinced that they should leave the Americas. The death of the native population did not make Europeans hesitant to remain in the Americas. C. Europeans tried to protect explorers from disease before they left Europe. The diseases that killed Native Americans did not affect Europeans in the same dramatic way, and Europeans had no real notion of disease-prevention anyway. D. Europeans felt that God had cursed their missions into the Americas. The decimation of the native population did not deter Europeans from furthering their occupation of the Americas.

What were the key features of Henry Clay's American System, which he developed in the 1810s?

*A. Federal funding for transportation to help farmers and high tariffs to help manufacturers In the 1810s, for example, Democratic-Republican representative Henry Clay of Kentucky sketched out a plan called the American System, which combined federally funded internal improvements to aid farmers with federal tariffs to protect U.S. manufacturing. B. Building a large navy and a stronger presence in world affairs Clay's American System focused primarily on a domestic agenda. C. Seizure of western lands from Native Americans and expansion into Canada While Clay was an expansionist and favored both seizure of western lands and American expansion into Canada, those were not the hallmarks of his American System. D. Focus on an agricultural economy and support for strong state rather than federal government While Clay hoped to see farmers thrive, his American System included support for manufacturing, and it implicitly favored a strong national rather than state government.

Why were cotton plantations in the South relatively small before 1830?

*A. Fertile land was scarce and markets were volatile. The volatile cotton market and a scarcity of fertile land kept most plantations relatively small before 1830. But from the early 1840s on, territorial expansion and profits from cotton, as well as from rice and sugar, fueled a period of expansion. B. Southern planters had not yet learned how to grow cotton effectively in the Old South. Lack of expertise in cotton growing was not the reason for smaller plantations. C. Planters lacked the slaves to do the work before that time. Southern planters had had slaves since the seventeenth century. D. Large cotton planters tended to shift operations to the West Indies. Large American cotton growers did not leave the United States for the West Indies.

What characterizes the utopian vision of Robert Dale Owen, a reformer of the early nineteenth century who founded New Harmony, Indiana, with his father?

*A. Fostering communal work and gender equality New Harmony was established on the basis of these principles. B. Rejecting European workers' movements Owen was a Welsh labor radical who was unlikely to reject European workers' movements. C. Embracing Jacksonian democracy Owen became a Jacksonian Democrat, although those ideas were not necessarily the foundation of New Harmony. D. Advocating polygamy Robert Dale Owen was no advocate of polygamy but of birth control, the abolition of slavery, and workers' rights.

Who became the main target of the New City draft riots of July 1863?

*A. Free blacks in the city Rioters in New York targeted the free black community, whom they blamed for the war and the draft. B. Government employees Although draft officials were sometimes harassed, government employees were not the primary target of the New York City draft riots. C. Irish immigrants Irish immigrants were more likely to be participants in the riot than victims. D. German immigrants German immigrants were more likely to be participants in the riot than victims.

Why did John Frémont and Kit Carson destroy a Klamath Indian village in 1846?

*A. Frémont and Carson acted in revenge for an attack by Modoc Indians. John Frémont and Kit Carson had been attacked by a group of Modoc Indians in Oregon, but they took their revenge by destroying a Klamath Indian village and killing men, women, and children there—just one example of how attacks by one Indian tribe were used to justify assaults on any Indian people. B. The village had been in an alliance with an enemy group of Indians. The Klamath Indians had no alliance with any enemies of Frémont and Carson. C. The Klamath Indians had attacked Frémont and Carson first. The Klamath Indians had done nothing to Frémont and Carson. D. Frémont and Carson wanted to secure the area for gold miners. In 1846, there was not yet a gold rush into California.

What was General John Burgoyne's strategy for the British army in 1777?

*A. Gain control over New York State with support from General Barry St. Leger and General William Howe Burgoyne planned to subdue New York State with a three-pronged attack. He would lead a force south from Canada, while St. Leger would take another force from Canada through central New York and Howe led an army north from New York City. B. Capture Philadelphia with help from Pennsylvania and New Jersey loyalists and Hessians sent from Germany Although a priority of Howe, capturing Philadelphia was not part of Burgoyne's plan. C. Build a fort at Yorktown until General Henry Clinton could send troops from New York City to rescue him In 1781, General Clinton ordered General Charles Cornwallis to fortify Yorktown; Cornwallis expected Howe to reinforce him. D. Evacuate Philadelphia to instead concentrate on defending New York and expanding the war in the South Lord North called for an evacuation of Philadelphia to concentrate on New York and the South.

How did the ideas of French socialist Charles Fourier influence American utopian societies in the 1840s?

*A. George Ripley organized the transcendentalist community Brook Farm according to Fourier's concept of "phalanxes." At Brook Farm, Ripley put into practice Fourier's belief that work should be organized into "phalanxes" in which residents were assigned jobs based on individual interest and were paid according to their contribution to the community. B. John Humphrey Noyes implemented Fourier's belief in "complex marriage" in which all men and women should be able to have sexual intercourse with each other. Fourier did not advocate "complex marriage"; the idea belonged to Noyes. C. Frances Wright adopted Fourier's writings advocating traditional gender roles to encourage women to accept the superiority of their husbands. Both Fourier and Wright believed in equality between the sexes. D. Robert Dale Owen dedicated his community to the private ownership of property and individual labor. Owen's community practiced communal labor.

Who supported the plan of financial and economic development advocated by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton?

*A. George Washington Hamilton served as Washington's treasury secretary, and although Washington's secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, disagreed, Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton. B. Patrick Henry Henry said Hamilton's policy would be "fatal to the existence of American liberty." C. Thomas Jefferson Jefferson denounced the central bank portion of Hamilton's plan as unconstitutional. D. James Madison Madison denounced the central bank portion of Hamilton's plan as unconstitutional. Topic: Years of Crisis, 1792-1796 books: Foreign Trade and Foreign Wars The Whiskey Rebellion Further Conflicts on the Frontier

Why was female gossip a tool used against some men in British North America?

*A. Gossip could hurt a man's public reputation. In an economic system based on the honor and reputation of trading or business partners, gossip could hurt a man's social and economic standing. B. The legal system was biased against women. Whereas men enjoyed legal rights and recognition not enjoyed by women, this bias did not cause female gossip to be an effective tool against men. C. Gossip was as powerful as legal sanctions. Gossip was not as powerful as legal sanctions, although it did have a negative impact on those about whom it was uttered. D. Gossip informed judicial decisions. Gossip did not inform legal decisions.

What challenge did the United States face in the aftermath of its surprising victory in the American Revolution?

*A. Governing people distrustful of government One major challenge in the aftermath of the American Revolution was the deep distrust of government held by a nation of people who just fought for their liberty. B. Lingering French presence The French did not pose a challenge in the aftermath of the war. C. A growing abolitionist movement There was not a large abolitionist campaign in the aftermath of the American Revolution. D. Settlement of war debt to the British Americans were no longer in debt to the British, although they owed the French a great deal of money. Chapter 7: Forging a New Nation, 1783â1800 Topic: Financial Frontier, and Foreign Problems books: Continental Officers Threaten Confederation Indians, Land, and the Northwest Ordinance Depression and Debt

How did General Ulysses S. Grant defeat General Robert E. Lee late in the Civil War despite taking heavier losses on his way toward Richmond?

*A. Grant had the larger army and could endure heavier losses. Grant had a much larger army that could endure much larger losses. So, with each little victory, Lee lost more precious men, while Grant's could call on reserves. B. Lee's army lost its morale and the will to fight. The men under the leadership of Robert E Lee maintained their will to fight despite the bitter outlook by the summer of 1864. C. The immorality of the slaughter of Union men began to bother Lee. Lee did not feel moral qualms about the war as a result of high Union casualties. D. Grant won the support of the civilian population in the vicinity. Grant did not try to win over the civilian population in the South, and they resented his willingness to cause civilian casualties.

Which nation was a leading force in the movement to abolish slavery?

*A. Great Britain While Britain was not the first nation to end slavery, it was the first to move decisively against the institution. In 1807, the British Parliament forbade the sale of slaves within its empire and in 1834 emancipated all those who remained enslaved. B. Cuba Slavery remained legal in Cuba, a Spanish colony, until late in the nineteenth century. C. France France abolished slavery in 1848. D. Brazil Slavery remained legal in Brazil, a Spanish colony, until late in the nineteenth century.

What was an effect of the French alliance with the patriots during the American Revolution?

*A. Great Britain had to defend outposts around the world. When France joined the patriots, Great Britain declared war on France and was forced to defend its outposts in Gibraltar, the Bay of Bengal, Senegal, and Grenada. B. Great Britain launched an invasion of France. British forces did not march into France during the war. C. Spain sided with Great Britain. After the French threw their support behind America, Spain did as well, hoping to protect its territory in North America. D. France captured British forts in West Florida. Spain captured British forts in West Florida.

What was Benjamin Franklin's significance during the American Revolution?

*A. He became the American-French liaison. Franklin became the unofficial liaison between France and America, successfully convincing the French to become America's first foreign ally. B. He smuggled financial and military support from France to America. France smuggled financial and military support to America prior to Ben Franklin's involvement. C. He was enormously popular among the French people. Franklin was well liked by the French, but his popularity among the people is not what made his role significant. D. He convinced General Burgoyne to switch his allegiance. General Burgoyne remained on the British side throughout the war.

What drove Nat Turner to organize a slave revolt in rural Virginia in 1831?

*A. He believed that God had given him this mission. Nat Turner was a self-styled preacher and religious visionary who organized a revolt in rural Virginia because he believed that God had given him a mission to do so. B. He had been challenging his master's authority for years. Nat Turner had a reputation for obedience. C. He was paid and supported by northern abolitionists. Nat Turner had no connection with northern abolitionists. D. He believed that a nationwide slave revolution was possible. Nat Turner was driven by religious zeal, not by political considerations of a nationwide revolution.

Why did local authorities arrest Joseph Smith in the city of Nauvoo, Illinois, in the mid-1830s?

*A. He claimed to have received revelations that sanctioned polygamy. After Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, claimed to have received revelations that sanctioned polygamy, local authorities arrested him and his brother, and a mob lynched them. B. He had failed to pay local taxes. Tax fraud was not the reason for the arrest of Mormon Prophet Joseph Smith. C. He had broken the local temperance laws. Alcohol consumption was not the reason for the arrest of Mormon Prophet Joseph Smith. D. He had offended the local Presbyterian establishment. Smith was not arrested for having offended the local Presbyterian establishment.

What did northern Democrats campaign for in the presidential election of 1864?

*A. Readmission of Confederate states with slavery intact Northern Democrats campaigned on a promise to end the war and to readmit Confederate states with slavery intact. B. Extension of the draft to include the wealthy Northern Democrats did not campaign for a draft that would include the wealthy. C. A ban on immigration Northern Democrats did not campaign for a ban on immigration, as immigrants were a primary constituency of theirs. D. Voting rights for African Americans Northern Democrats did not campaign to give voting rights to African Americans.

Why did Abraham Lincoln ask for only 75,000 volunteers for three months at the beginning of the Civil War?

*A. He did not want to unnerve Northerners with a larger army. Lincoln feared that he would unnerve Northerners if he followed the advice of General Winfield Scott to muster 300,000 men for two to three years, and instead asked for only 75,000 volunteers for three months. B. He did not think that a military confrontation would actually occur. After the attack on Fort Sumter, Lincoln had every reason to expect some form of military confrontation. C. He did not think it likely that states could muster even that number of volunteers. Lincoln did not decide on such a low number because he doubted the states' ability to muster the troops. D. General Winfield Scott had made that recommendation to him. General Winfield Scott, general in chief of the U.S. army, had told Lincoln that he would need at least 300,000 men for two to three years.

How did Lord Dunmore force patriot leaders to reevaluate the consequences of rebellion early in the American Revolution?

*A. He promised freedom for servants and slaves who fought with the British. Dunmore's Proclamation, which promised freedom for servants and slaves who fought for the crown, forced patriot leaders to consider the unintended consequences of a war for independence. B. He brought the war into Virginia by seizing patriot leaders' estates. Lord Dunmore did not seize patriot leaders' estates. C. He declared Virginia a sovereign nation. Dunmore maintained allegiance of Virginia to the British crown. D. He promised major reforms if patriots stopped fighting. Dunmore did not promise any major reforms to entice the colonists to stop fighting.

What role did General Washington play in the officers' protest at Newburgh, New York, in 1783?

*A. He put down their incipient rebellion. Washington addressed the officers and convinced them to continue respecting civilian authority over the military. Congress promised full pay for five years but ended up giving the officers only certificates for future payment, not cash. B. He led the protest for better pay and benefits. Washington did not lead the protest. C. He represented the officers in Congress. Washington did not represent the officers in Congress. D. He paid the officers from his own pocket. Washington did not pay the officers from his own resources.

Why was Prince Henry of Portugal significant?

*A. He spurred European exploration. He launched the mission to find India by way of the Atlantic Ocean, leading to European voyages of discovery. B. He was a leading intellectual figure of the Renaissance. Henry was more important politically and socially than intellectually. C. He commanded the first European voyage to reach India by sea. Vasco de Gama had this accomplishment. D. He launched the First Crusade. The First Crusade took place more than two hundred years before Henry the Navigator lived.

What benefit did General Robert E. Lee have in mind when he invaded the North in the summer of 1863?

*A. He wanted a decisive victory that would win European recognition for the South. When Lincoln appointed George A. Meade as the new Union commander, the general immediately faced a major engagement at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. If Confederates won a victory there, European countries might finally recognize the southern nation and force the North to accept peace. B. He wanted to capture the Union capital of Washington, D.C. Lee did not entertain any serious hopes of capturing Washington. C. He hoped to destroy Union manufacturing in Ohio. The North's manufacturing capacity was far-flung and not concentrated in any one area, and Lee invaded Pennsylvania, not Ohio. D. He hoped to win a major victory to advance his chances of becoming Confederate president. Lee did not have personal political ambitions of this sort.

Who lived in a cabin by Walden Pond in 1845 as a transcendentalist experiment in simple living?

*A. Henry David Thoreau Inspired by Emerson's essay "Nature," Thoreau set out to live in the woods near Walden Pond to experience the simple life in the woods. B. Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson founded the transcendentalist movement and his essay "Nature" was popular within the movement. But he did not live in a cabin as an experiment in the simple life. C. Joseph Smith Smith founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, also known as the Mormons. D. Margaret Fuller Fuller was a devotee of transcendentalism and a friend of Emerson. However, she did not undertake a rural experiment in simple living.

Which position secured the popularity of Andrew Jackson in the 1828 election among his western constituency?

*A. His reputation as an Indian fighter His reputation as an Indian fighter ensured his popularity not only among western voters but also in the South. B. His opposition to internal improvements While Westerners were suspicious of other elements of the American System, they generally saw their own benefit in an expanded national infrastructure. C. His wealthy background Jackson was of modest background, but he rose to great wealth. D. His academic credentials Jackson did not have many academic credentials of which to boast.

Why did the Whigs choose not to renominate Millard Fillmore for president in the 1852 election?

*A. His support for the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 angered northern Whigs. Ascending to the presidency after the death of Zachary Taylor, Fillmore, of New York, supported popular sovereignty and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Northern Whigs sought a different candidate for 1852. B. He had already served two terms, which was then the informal term limit. Fillmore became president on the death of Zachary Taylor; he had served less than one term. C. The Whigs wanted a strong antislavery leader as their candidate. In 1852, the Whigs hoped to finesse the slavery issue by running a candidate with ambiguous views on slavery. D. After running the New Yorker Fillmore in 1846, the Whigs wanted a western candidate. Fillmore's regional origin was not the issue that prevented his nomination in 1852.

Among the Aztecs, what did the priests demand in exchange for promising to bring fertility to the people and the land?

*A. Human sacrifice Thousands of men and women from captured tribes were sacrificed by priests to secure fertility for the land and its people. B. Slaves The Aztecs traded slaves with outsiders but not in exchange for the priests promising fertility. C. Weapons The Aztecs traded to obtain materials such as obsidian to use as weapons. D. Vast estates The nobles owned vast estates on which they employed both serfs and slaves.

What precedent did President George Washington establish at the beginning of his presidency?

*A. The cabinet Washington established four departments in the executive branch, each with a secretary who served as his adviser and, together, became his cabinet. B. The Supreme Court The Constitution called for the Supreme Court. C. The position of vice president The Constitution called for the position of vice president. D. The electoral college The Constitution called for formation of the electoral college.

Why did President Lincoln order the garrison at Fort Sumter to be resupplied in April 1861 when he knew South Carolina might resist such a move?

*A. If South Carolina chose to stop the resupply, it would be responsible for beginning hostilities. Lincoln pledged to use force to resupply the fort only if South Carolina moved to block resupply. By doing so, Lincoln forced South Carolina to make a choice: allow the fort to be resupplied or follow through on its belief that the Union was a "foreign power." B. The fort was crucial to maintaining the security of the United States against foreign invasion. Fort Sumter itself was not especially important strategically for the nation's defense; it defended Charleston. C. Without the fort running at full strength, the Union would not be able to invade South Carolina. Lincoln had no plans to invade South Carolina. D. The fort provided sanctuary and medical care for slaves escaping from South Carolina plantations. Slaves were not escaping to Fort Sumter.

What eighteenth-century practice targeted sailors for forced service in the Royal Navy?

*A. Impressment Chronically short of manpower, the Royal Navy forced sailors and dockworkers to join its ranks. The service featured low wages, bad food, harsh discipline, rampant disease, and high mortality. Press gangs were often protested in colonial seaports. B. Militia duty Militia duty did not involve service in the Royal Navy. C. Salutary neglect Salutary neglect was the name given the practice of allowing colonists some local control over governance. D. Smuggling Although sailors often participated in smuggling, importing untaxed or illegal goods, it did not involve service in the navy.

Why were women exposed to more health risks on the overland trail in the 1840s and 1850s?

*A. In addition to being exposed to disease, women became pregnant on the trail. About 20 percent of women on the overland trail became pregnant, which posed even greater dangers than at home, given the rough conditions and lack of medical care available. B. Men proved mostly resilient to disease like influenza or measles. Men and women were equally susceptible to disease, and influenza, cholera, measles, mumps, and scarlet fever were all deadly in the early nineteenth century. C. Given the unfamiliar setting for housework, women were more susceptible to injury. Possibilities for injury abounded both for men and for women in roughly equal terms. D. Women were more likely to be killed by Indian attackers. Indian attacks on settlers moving westward were very rare and not a common cause of death for either men or women.

How were the Tuscarora and Yamasee Wars similar?

*A. In both wars, British colonists depended on the assistance of Indians for victory. The British colonists depended on alliances with Indians to win victory over their adversaries, whether European or native. In the Tuscarora War, South Carolina colonists allied with Yamasee, Catawba, and Cherokee; in the Yamas, the South Carolinians gained a decisive advantage when the Cherokee joined their side. B. The treaties that ended each war ensured that a decade of peace followed. Neither war produced a lasting peace. C. In each war, the French were the main antagonist fighting against native groups. Both wars pit natives against British colonists. D. Negotiations that ended each war resulted in no major transfer of land. As a result of the Tuscarora War, the Tuscaroras lost their land and migrated north; the Yamasee War ended with the British retaining their lands.

What did the protests against the Stamp Act reveal about middle- and working-class colonists?

*A. Increased autonomy The actions of the poor and middle-class colonists revealed the growing independence of lower classes of men and women from the wealthy and powerful. B. Increased wealth The protests did not reveal increased wealth on the part of the middle and lower classes of men. C. Deference toward the wealthy The protests of the lower and middle classes of men and women revealed willingness to oppose the wealthy rather than deference toward them. D. Deference toward British authority The protests of the lower and middle classes of men and women revealed willingness to defy British authority rather than deference toward it.

Between the spring of 1775 and the spring of 1776, what had changed in the way Patriot leaders thought about their relationship with Britain?

*A. Independence became desirable as time went on. Although the Continental Congress still sought reconciliation with Britain in the spring of 1775—even after Lexington and Concord—its thinking had changed a year later when independence became seen as desirable. Thomas Paine's Common Sense played a critical role in changing opinion toward independence. B. Monarchy became more popular in the southern colonies. Monarchy did not become more popular anywhere in the colonies, especially following Thomas Paine's January 1776 pamphlet Common Sense attacking the king. C. The slave trade with Britain became less acceptable. Although Thomas Jefferson would attempt to condemn the slave trade in a draft of the Declaration of Independence, the clause was deleted because of the continuing demand for slaves in southern colonies. D. States became more cautious about national independence. The states were pushing congress to embrace independence in 1776.

What argument did Henry David Thoreau put forward in his essay Civil Disobedience of 1846?

*A. Individuals of conscience had the right to resist immoral governments. Thoreau argued that individuals of conscience had the right to resist government policies they believed to be immoral. B. People had the right to throw off their oppressors and form a republican form of government. This argument had been made decades earlier in the Declaration of Independence. C. The Second Coming of Jesus Christ was imminent. Civil Disobedience was not a religious tract; the prediction of the Second Coming of Jesus Christ came from the Millerites. D. He believed that Americans needed to return to a more respectful and courteous form of political campaigning. While Jacksonian Democrats and Whigs had certainly created a new popular political style with less decorum and courtesy, this was not the chief concern for Thoreau.

What economic condition occurred in both the North and the South during the Civil War?

*A. Inflation Both sections suffered from inflation during the war. A rise in food prices was especially painful for civilians in both the North and the South. B. Depression The northern economy boomed during the war. C. Rapid growth The southern economy suffered during the war. D. Deflation Neither side experienced a general decline in prices during the war.

What was the significance of July 4, 1776?

*A. The Declaration of Independence was published and circulated. Independence was publicly proclaimed on July 4, 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was published and circulated throughout the colonies. B. Delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies signed the Declaration of Independence. The delegates approved the declaration on July 2, 1776, but did not sign it that day. C. The American Revolution began that day. The American Revolution had begun the year before in Lexington, Massachusetts. D. Great Britain surrendered its power over the colonies. Great Britain did not surrender in 1776.

How did the influx of immigrants change the cultural landscape of the Middle Atlantic region in the first half of the eighteenth century?

*A. Insular ethnic communities took shape. Self-contained German communities and Scots-Irish communities dotted the Middle Atlantic region, replete with German newspapers and German or Scots-Irish churches. B. Rural communities became more important. While the Middle Atlantic region had some major cities, it, like the rest of British North America, was predominantly rural both before and after the influx of immigrants. C. Religious wars broke out between Catholics and Protestants. While religious tensions did not disappear in the colonies, religious wars between Catholics and Protestants did not take place. D. Ethnic traditions were replaced by multiculturalism. The German, Scots-Irish, and Anglo-American colonists did not readily relinquish their native traditions in the eighteenth century.

What was the significance of the militia act Congress passed in 1862?

*A. It allowed African Americans to serve in the military. The militia act passed by Congress in 1862 allowed "persons of African descent" to be employed in "any military or naval service for which they may be found competent." B. It turned state-organized regiments into national units. Regiments remained organized by states throughout the Civil War; the militia act of 1862 did not change that. C. It extended the first tour for volunteers from three to twelve months. The militia act did not extend the tour of duty for initial volunteers. D. It freed the slaves of Confederate supporters. The second Confiscation Act passed by Congress in 1862 took this action.

Why was Hamilton's plan to repay securities issued during the war so controversial?

*A. It benefited speculators. Although veterans, merchants, farmers, and shop owners had been paid in these securities during the war, most had sold them for a fraction of their value to speculators. When it came time to pay them back, speculators made an enormous profit on the backs of those who had worked for the war cause. B. It benefited farmers. For the most part, Hamilton's plan did not benefit farmers. C. It benefited veterans. For the most part, Hamilton's plan did not benefit veterans. D. It benefited foreign nations. While Hamilton's plan did benefit foreign investors who purchased securities during the war, this aspect of the plan was not as controversial.

What was one important effect of the expansion of international commerce that played out in the colonies?

*A. It created deep divisions between the rich and the poor in America. The late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries witnessed the concentration of wealth in a few hands. B. It contributed to steady employment and wages across the eighteenth century. Employment and wages did not hold steady across the eighteenth century. C. It led to a period of peace around the turn of the eighteenth century. Frequent wars, not prolonged peace, characterized the turn of the eighteenth century. D. It spread wealth evenly from the bottom sector of colonial society to the upper ranks. The expansion of international commerce did not distribute wealth across colonial society, although it did open up certain pockets of opportunity.

How did the French Revolution affect Americans?

*A. It encouraged classist critiques of Federalist policies. The revolutionaries in France often came from the laboring classes. The French critiques of money and power encouraged similar critiques in America regarding the "monied power" within the Federalist Party. B. The Sons of Liberty were reestablished. The Sons of Liberty were not reestablished in the United States during the French Revolution. C. Alexander Hamilton's adherents gathered to support the revolution. Supporters of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, not those of Hamilton, supported the French Revolution. D. Republican societies grew fearful of class tensions. Wealthy Federalists, not Republican associations, grew fearful of class tensions as the revolutionaries in France exacted revenge against the royal family.

Why was passage by Congress of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865 so important?

*A. It ended slavery everywhere in the United States. Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution on January 31, 1865, prohibiting slavery and involuntary servitude anywhere in the United States. Although the amendment still required approval by three-quarters of the states, wartime experiences had made ratification likely. B. It accepted the southern states back into the Union. Acceptance of the southern states back into the Union was a long process that did not involve a constitutional amendment. C. It made all African Americans citizens of the United States. Another amendment to the Constitution gave citizenship to all African Americans. D. It formally ended the Civil War. The Civil War was not ended by constitutional amendment.

How did the Virginia Plan set the tone for debate at the Constitutional Convention?

*A. It established that forming a completely new government was the goal. Although controversial and hotly debated, the Virginia Plan pointed the delegates toward forming a completely new government rather than revising the Articles of Confederation. B. It moved the discussion away from representation to the issue of taxes. Representation was a key part of the Virginia Plan. C. It gained consensus that the new government needed to become more powerful. The power of the new government was a central issue of debate throughout the convention. D. It took slavery off the table for discussion with the three-fifths compromise. The Virginia Plan did not propose the three-fifths compromise on slavery.

What was the significance of the Northwest Ordinance?

*A. It established the process whereby a territory became a state. The Northwest Ordinance set up the standards a territory had to meet to become a state and the process for gaining statehood. B. It granted residents of territories the right to establish an assembly. The right to establish an assembly was a part of the Northwest Ordinance, but it was not what made the ordinance significant. C. It resolved all Indian land claims in the area. The Northwest Ordinance failed to resolve Indian land claims. D. It preserved slavery in the territories. The Northwest Ordinance abolished slavery in the territories, although it honored the return of any fugitive slaves who made it to the territories.

Why was Ferdinand Magellan's voyage significant?

*A. It increased Spanish wealth and European knowledge. Magellan's lone ship was loaded with valuable spices, his venture allowed Spain to claim the Philippine Islands, and his journals provided cartographers with vast amounts of knowledge about the world's oceans and landmasses. B. He revealed the existence of the Pacific Ocean. Vasco de Balboa had already discovered the Pacific Ocean. C. His voyage resulted in the pope dividing new lands between Spain and Portugal. Columbus's voyages had had this result. D. His discoveries led to Spanish claims in the Americas. Columbus's voyages had led to Spanish claims in the Americas.

Why did so many ministers originally support the Great Awakening?

*A. It invigorated religious fervor across the colonies. The Great Awakening increased religious zeal and church attendance throughout the colonies. B. It brought poor white men, women, free blacks, and slaves into a religious movement. The democratic nature of the Great Awakening did not prompt the support of more traditional Protestant ministers. C. It criticized the educated clergy. The New Light ministers' criticisms of the traditional clergy did not garner support from older ministers and colonial leaders. D. It brought blacks and whites together. The biracial character of the followers of the Great Awakening did not win the movement large-scale ministerial support.

Why did the northern majority in the House of Representatives reject Missouri's admission as a state in 1819?

*A. It opposed the legality of slavery in the Missouri Territory. New York Congressman James Talmadge had proposed that the Missouri Territory be admitted as a state only if it banned further importation of slaves and passed a gradual emancipation law. When southern congressmen and whites in the territory defeated the proposal, the northern majority in the House of Representatives rejected Missouri's admission. B. It argued that in the midst of a financial panic the nation could not afford such an expansion. The financial panic of 1819 was not a factor in the decision to reject Missouri's admission as a state. C. Missouri had tried to tax the Bank of the United States in violation of the Constitution. Since Missouri was not yet a state, it did not have the power to levy taxes. D. It feared agricultural competition in the West. Western farmers were accepted as the primary source of food for the nation.

Why was the government's reaction to the Whiskey Rebellion of the early 1790s significant?

*A. It proved that the federal government could suppress internal conflicts. In contrast to Shays's Rebellion during the confederation era, George Washington's response to the Whiskey Rebellion proved that the new government possessed the authority to quash internal conflicts. B. It ignited a strong debate over the fairness of federal taxes. The Whiskey Rebellion provoked the debate, not George Washington's response to that rebellion. C. It led to new Indian policies on the southern and western frontiers. George Washington's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion did not result in new Indian policies. D. It demonstrated Washington's willingness to listen to frontier farmers. George Washington's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion did not demonstrate his willingness to listen to frontier farmers.

Why did many Americans criticize the 1809 Non-Intercourse Act?

*A. It still imposed government restrictions on trade rights. Although less restrictive than the Embargo Act, many Americans resented the federal government's continued interference in their trade via the Non-Intercourse Act. B. It favored France at the expense of Britain. The Non-Intercourse did not favor France at the expense of Britain, and it was not criticized on those grounds. C. It favored Britain at the expense of France. The Non-Intercourse did not favor Britain at the expense of France, and it was not criticized on those grounds. D. It reopened the Atlantic slave trade. The Non-Intercourse Act did not address the Atlantic slave trade, which was outlawed in 1808.

What was the significance of the Stamp Act in the colonies?

*A. It unleashed concerns about colonists' lack of representation in Parliament. The Stamp Act and the direct nature of this tax caused great concern about the condition of the colonists, who were forced to obey the laws and pay the seemingly oppressive taxes of the British government but did not have any representation in that government. B. It was announced a year before it was enacted. Prime Minister George Grenville did announce the act a year before its imposition, but this is not why the act was significant. C. It was enacted in a depressed economy. The Stamp Act was imposed upon an already struggling economy, but this fact alone did not make it significant. D. It was the first indirect tax imposed on the colonies. In contrast to the Sugar Act, the Stamp Act was a direct tax.

What was significant about the election of 1800?

*A. It was America's first peaceful transition of power. The election of 1800 was the first transfer of power from one party to another, and it happened peacefully. B. John Adams lost the election because he had violated the Bill of Rights. The Federalist Congress, not Adams, violated the Bill of Rights with the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. C. The Democratic-Republicans came into power. Although Jefferson and his party came to power in 1800, the significance of the election goes beyond the identity of the victor. D. Most Americans voted. Most Americans did not have access to the franchise in 1800.

Why was the Boston Tea Party more radical than earlier petitions and circulars?

*A. It was a direct challenge to British authority. Unlike the circulars and boycotts, the participants in the Boston Tea Party directly challenged British authority and destroyed British property. B. It alerted the king to colonial resistance. King George III had been made well aware of colonial resistance to Parliament's policies of taxation from earlier protests. C. It included women as well as men. Only men took part in the Boston Tea Party, and women had participated in earlier protests. D. It involved all social classes. Many of the earlier protests had involved all social classes.

What was the significance of General Charles Cornwallis's victory in Charleston in 1780?

*A. It was the largest surrender of Continental soldiers during the war. Five thousand patriots surrendered to Cornwallis in May 1780, the largest surrender of Continental soldiers during the war. B. It was the beginning of the British capture of the entire South. The British did not gain control of the entire South during the war. C. It was the last victory of the war for the British. Britain continued to win battles after Cornwallis's victory in Charleston. D. He evicted patriots from the city and forced the remaining civilians to take loyalty oaths. Cornwallis did purge the city and state government of patriots and forced all others to take a loyalty oath, but this was not what made his victory significant.

Which of the following is true of the National Trades Union formed in 1834?

*A. Its delegates represented more than twenty-five thousand workers across the North. The National Trades Union was established in 1834, with delegates representing more than twenty-five thousand workers across the North. These organizations aided skilled workers but refused admission to women and unskilled men. B. It actively recruited the women who worked in Lowell's textile factories. The National Trades Union excluded women. C. It focused on unskilled men in the textile mills of the Northeast. The National Trades Union was not interested in organizing unskilled workers. D. It focused in particular on workers in rural factory towns. The National Trades Union did not place a particular emphasis on factory towns but sought the membership of skilled workers.

Why did the American Woman Suffrage Association support ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment when the National Woman Suffrage Association opposed it?

*A. Its members believed that black male suffrage would one day lead to women's voting rights. Debate surrounding ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment divided the women's suffrage movement. The American Woman Suffrage Association, whose members included both men and women, supported ratification, even though women's voting rights were not protected. The National Woman Suffrage Association, which allowed only women members, disagreed. B. The organization was dedicated to social equality between the sexes, not political equalities. Social equality between men and women did not divide the two organizations. C. The group wanted to avoid the controversy over women's rights that roiled the abolition movement. The group's support for the Fifteenth Amendment was not calculated to prevent disagreement similar to the challenges faced by the abolition movement. D. The association's supporters did not believe married women needed the right the vote. The association advocated for all women to be allowed to vote. Topic: Remaking the South books: Whites Reconstruct the South Black Political Participation and Economic Opportunities White Resistance to Congressional Reconstruction

At the Second Continental Congress in 1775, who argued that the congress should move cautiously in the wake of the Battle of Lexington and Concord?

*A. John Dickinson Author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767-1768), which had criticized British tax policy, Dickinson urged the congress to move slowly in response to Lexington and Concord. Armed conflict should not necessarily imply revolution, he argued. B. Patrick Henry Henry urged the congress to embrace independence in response to Lexington and Concord. C. Ethan Allen Allen led the Green Mountain Boys' attack on Fort Ticonderoga in 1775; he was not at the Continental Congress. D. Francis Marion Marion, the so-called Swamp Fox, led the Patriots' irregular warfare in the South Carolina backcountry.

What did the end of the war bring to southern African Americans?

*A. Joy and liberation Southern blacks felt a sense of joy over their liberation from slavery. B. Fear and uncertainty African Americans did not feel fear or uncertainty at the end of the Civil War. They had felt that way before, during slavery. C. Anxiety over the future While the future was uncertain, it looked much brighter than it had before the Civil War. D. A sense of defeat If anything, freed slaves felt victorious.

What caused most of the conflicts between Europeans and Indians as well as conflicts between different groups of white settlers in the first half of the eighteenth century?

*A. Land By and large, conflicts among settlers and between settlers and Indians revolved around land. As the colonial population increased, so too did conflicts over land rights. B. Cultural differences While cultural differences among settlers and between settlers and Indians contributed to many conflicts, they were not the central cause of these conflicts. C. Access to water Access to water was not the source of most of the conflicts in the first half of the eighteenth century. D. Political alliances Political alliances were not the source of most of the conflicts in the first half of the eighteenth century.

Which 1848 presidential candidate argued that the status of slavery in new territories should be settled by having residents of the territories decide whether to be free or slave?

*A. Lewis Cass Cass proposed that the question of whether a new territory would be free or slave should be left to the white settlers of the territory. B. Zachary Taylor A Louisiana slave owner, Taylor was the Whig's candidate in 1848. C. Martin Van Buren The former Democrat president ran as the Free-Soil Party candidate in 1848. D. Henry Clay Clay did not run for president in 1848.

During the 1872 presidential election, which group supported ending Reconstruction because of its perceived corruption and expansion of government power?

*A. Liberal Republicans Emerging in the 1872 presidential election, the liberal Republicans thought the time had come to end Reconstruction, which they associated with corruption and expansion of government power. They nominated Horace Greeley for president; he was also endorsed by the Democrats. B. Moderate Republicans Moderate Republicans remained committed to Reconstruction. C. Carpetbaggers Northerners who came south to pursue business opportunities following the war were called carpetbaggers. D. Redeemers Redeemers were southern politicians who aimed to remove Republican governments from power and return the South to Democratic control.

In 1821 which future president led New York to repeal property requirements for white men to be eligible to vote?

*A. Martin Van Buren A rising star in Democratic-Republican circles, Van Buren pushed for the elimination of property requirements for voting at New York's 1821 constitutional convention. He would later catch Andrew Jackson's eye, serve as his vice president, and become Jackson's successor. B. Andrew Jackson From Tennessee, Jackson did not lead a reform movement in New York. C. John Quincy Adams From Massachusetts and serving as secretary of state at the time, Adams was not involved in making changes to New York's voting laws. D. William Henry Harrison An Ohio politician in 1821, Harrison was not involved in reforming New York voting laws.

Why did the Radical Republicans set the agenda for Reconstruction in 1867?

*A. Moderate Republicans united with the Radicals. Alienated by President Johnson's rhetoric and policies, the moderate Republicans made common cause with the Radicals, giving them the upper hand vis-Ã -vis the president. B. President Johnson was impeached by Congress. Johnson was not impeached until 1868. C. The army asked to carry out Military Reconstruction. Military Reconstruction was an outcome of the Radicals' ability to set the agenda after 1867. D. More African Americans began voting in the South. Although more African Americans were able to vote, that was not the cause of the Radicals' new momentum.

What was one effect of the boycotts staged in response to the Townshend Act in the 1760s?

*A. More women became involved in the resistance to British taxes. With the spinning of homespun cloth and the act of signing onto the boycott, women became more involved in the resistance movement. B. The British government punished those who supported the boycotts. The British government did not punish the men and women involved with the boycotts. C. Class differences arose as wealthy families refused to participate. Many wealthy families participated in the boycotts. D. The colonial economy strengthened with the rise of colonial industry. The economy did not grow stronger because of the boycotts. Merchants throughout the colonies suffered as a result.

Early Spanish efforts to head north into North America provide evidence that

*A. Native Americans in North America fought foreign intrusions. Spanish parties led by Ãlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Hernando de Soto confronted hostile Native Americans as they moved into Florida and the Southeast. B. Native Americans in North America were not susceptible to European germs. Native Americans north of Mexico were just as devastated by European diseases as those living in Central and South America had been. C. Native Americans in North America welcomed trade relations with Europeans. Trade relations were not established in the early efforts to explore Florida and other lands north of Mexico. D. Native Americans in North America were willing to ally themselves with the Spanish. Much of the contact between the two peoples was marked by conflict.

Why did the image of Africa change in the European imagination over the course of the sixteenth century?

*A. Negative images of captured African slaves circulated around Europe. As European traders returned to Europe with stories of naked and terrified Africans in captivity as well as the slaves themselves, Europeans began to think differently about Africans. Woodcut images and prints of Africans who looked more like apes than humans buttressed the emerging negative stereotyping of Africans. B. Trade between Europe and the Islamic regimes in North Africa decreased. The trade between northern Africa and Europe did not decrease in the sixteenth century. C. More Europeans traveled to Africa and learned more about its people. Only a relatively small number of Europeans traveled to Africa; most Europeans were influenced by other kinds of information than first-hand experience. D. African Muslims migrated to Europe in large numbers. There is no evidence to suggest that there was a large influx of African Muslims in the sixteenth century.

Where did German and Scots-Irish immigrants often settle?

*A. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware German and Scots-Irish immigrants to colonial North America tended to settle in the backcountry areas of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. B. Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston German and Scots-Irish immigrants to colonial North America did not tend to settle in urban areas such as Boston, Philadelphia, or Charleston. C. Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire German and Scots-Irish immigrants to colonial North America did not tend to settle in New England colonies such as Connecticut, Massachusetts, or New Hampshire. D. Jamaica, Barbados, and Bermuda German and Scots-Irish immigrants to colonial North America did not tend to settle in West Indian colonies such as Jamaica, Barbados, or Bermuda.

Why was Mexico's hold on New Mexico still weak by the mid-1840s?

*A. New Mexicans flouted Mexican authority to trade with Indians. New Mexico flaunted trade regulations from Mexico City by trading with the Comanche in order to maintain peaceful relations with them. B. U.S. settlers had come to control the region via the Santa Fe Trail. U.S. settlers did not control New Mexico in the mid-1840s. C. Texan settlers had expanded into New Mexico to absorb the territory. Texas settlers did not even move far enough into Texas territory to satisfy the Mexican government. D. American agents sent to the province were undermining Mexican authority. The U.S. government sent no agents to New Mexico in the hope of weakening Mexico's hold on the region.

Where did the Cherokee find allies in their fight against removal from Georgia?

*A. Northern Christians In the North, members of Protestant churches protested Indian Removal. They launched a petition campaign in 1830 seeking to convince the government to allow the Cherokee to stay on their lands. B. Southern slaves Southern slaves did not protest Indian Removal, nor could they have been effective advocates. C. Southern yeomen farmers Southern farmers supported Indian Removal, as it opened up more land for them to settle. D. Irish immigrants Irish immigrants did not oppose Indian Removal.

Why did the colonists object to Parliament's rescue of the East India Company in 1773?

*A. Parliament gave the Company a monopoly on the tea trade to the North American colonies. Parliament, whose ranks included investors in the East India Company, voted to give the Company a monopoly on the tea trade to the colonies. It looked as if Parliament was giving special favors to some merchants at the expense of others, who would not be able to buy and sell tea if they were not affiliated with the Company. B. Parliament increased the tax on tea, sugar, and paper goods to offset the cost of the rescue. The tax on tea was not increased. C. Parliament allowed colonists in India to vote on the measure, something denied American colonists. Though Britain maintained colonies in India, like colonists in North America they were not represented in Parliament. D. Parliament called for troops to accompany the tea to America in order to prevent smuggling. Troops did not accompany the tea to America, although thwarting smuggling was a British goal.

In addition to coffeehouses, what was another common source of news for American colonists in the eighteenth century?

*A. Periodicals American and British newspapers kept interested colonists apprised of social and economic affairs around the globe. B. Preachers While preachers may have discussed current events in church, colonists engaged in the global market turned elsewhere for their news source. C. Stock reports Trade in stocks was not reported in the eighteenth century as it is today. D. Commodity statements Colonists did not use commodity statements as a common source of news in the eighteenth century.

Which American city counted more than 100,000 residents by 1810?

*A. Philadelphia Along with New York City, Philadelphia had more than 100,000 residents by 1810. B. Boston Boston did not have more than 100,000 residents in 1810. C. Charleston Charleston did not have more than 100,000 residents in 1810. D. Baltimore Baltimore did not have more than 100,000 residents in 1810.

What belief did Alexander Hamilton and George Washington share about the state of the new nation in the 1780s?

*A. Poor backcountry farmers were dangerous to the confederation government. Both men were frightened by the implications of Shays's Rebellion in the Massachusetts backcountry. With the Articles of Confederation government powerless to intervene, both men thought the government was humiliated. B. Slaves should be emancipated before a slave rebellion could take place. Neither man was concerned about a slave rebellion necessitating emancipation. C. The Anglican Church should remain the established church in Virginia. Preserving the established status of the Anglican Church was not a priority for Hamilton or Washington. D. The states should always be more powerful than the central government. Both men believed that the central government needed to be more powerful. Topic: Reframing the American Government books: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 Americans Battle over Ratification Organizing the Federal Government Hamilton Forges an Economic Agenda

What caused the failure of John Brown's raid on the arsenal at Harpers Ferry in 1859?

*A. Poor planning and overwhelming force The rebels had failed to consider how they would alert slaves to the arsenal's capture so that slaves could gain access to the town and the weapons. With state and federal troops flooding into Harpers Ferry, Brown and his men were soon under siege, trapped in the arsenal. Fourteen rebels were killed, including two of Brown's sons. On October 18, Brown and three others were captured. B. The failure of slaves to join the revolt It is unlikely that a sufficient number of slaves could have appeared at Harpers Ferry soon enough to be able to resist the government forces sent to seize the rebels. C. The defection of Brown's sons Two of Brown's sons were killed in the fighting; none of his children abandoned his cause. D. Lack of weapons In seizing an arsenal, Brown ensured that he would have enough weapons. He lacked fighters, among other problems.

What characterized the riots over bread, market, and land-leasing policies along the Hudson River?

*A. Poorer men and women challenged the power of the wealthy and empowered. Class divisions characterized the opposing sides of the riots in the 1730s and 1740s. B. African Americans and servants challenged the power of the wealthy. While many African Americans and servants were among the rioters who protested impressments in Boston, they did not take part in the other riots. C. The power of the royal governor was at stake. Although the governor's house in Boston was in danger in the riots over impressments, the power of the governor was not at stake in any of the riots in the 1730s and 1740s. D. Colonial officials sought compromise prior to the riots. Rather than seeking compromise prior to any of the riots, colonial officials turned a deaf ear to those who sought redress.

In the early sixteenth century, what was the relationship between Portuguese traders and Arab merchants in the Indian Ocean?

*A. Portuguese traders supplanted Arab merchants. By the early sixteenth century, Portuguese traders wrested control of the India trade from Arab fleets. B. The Portuguese traded peacefully with the Arab merchants. The Portuguese used force to gain a dominant position in the Indian Ocean. C. The Portuguese and the Arabs ignored each other. The two sides did not ignore each other. D. Portuguese traders formed an alliance with the Arabs against the Spanish. The two sides were not allies.

What two cultural characteristics did the Aztecs and Inca share?

*A. Practicing human sacrifices for religious rituals and drawing on accomplishments of earlier civilizations The Aztecs and Inca sacrificed human life to prevent defeat in combat and natural disasters, and both cultures adopted and utilized the achievements of cultures that preceded them. B. Creating and maintaining elaborate irrigation systems and using a small number of laborers to construct public buildings While both cultures constructed irrigation systems, both cultures also depended on employing large numbers of workers to construct buildings. C. Cultivating the dense forests where they lived and practicing monotheism Neither culture practiced monotheism or cultivated dense forests. D. They both resisted any form of slavery within their empires and employed hieroglyphic writing. Aztecs practiced slavery, and the Inca had no system of writing.

In the eighteenth century, why were fertility rates much lower among slave women than among white women?

*A. Pregnant slaves still had to perform manual labor. Slave women who were pregnant received only minimal relief from the hard manual labor they were normally expected to perform. Without proper prenatal care, unborn babies were less likely to survive to full term. B. Planters discouraged slave women from having children. Although at first slave owners did not emphasize reproduction among their slaves, by 1740 slave owners saw that it made more sense to gain more slaves by natural increase than by importation. C. The law forbade slaves from having more than two children. No law limited the number of children a woman—free or slave—could have. D. Men and women were frequently separated on plantations. Although men and women may have performed different tasks, they were not separated from one another during nonworking hours.

At the outset, what did men who invested in and traveled on behalf of the Virginia Stock Company seek?

*A. Profits from the discovery and successful mining of gold and silver Using Spain's success as a model, London merchants and adventurers hoped to find great wealth through the discovery of precious metals in Virginia. B. The conversion of Indians to Protestantism Although the proprietors of the Virginia Stock Company claimed that they would "propagate the Christian religion," the investors and adventurers had a different reason to cast their lot with the stock company. C. To break the back of the Spanish hold on North America By the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Spanish did not have a hold over North America. The Spanish, French, and Dutch were all trying to carve out and maintain profits in North America. D. Trading partnerships with amicable Indians Although the Virginia Stock Company hoped to find friendly Native Americans wherever their settlers landed, trade was not of primary importance.

How did shared religious beliefs help structure the Puritan community?

*A. Puritans felt a strong sense of unity. Because of their common religious affiliation, Puritans generally felt a strong sense of community and common purpose. B. Elected officials were usually ministers. Ministers were discouraged from holding political office. C. Disagreement among Puritans was rare. Although most Puritans agreed on basic principles, disagreement arose over matters such as who should get the most fertile land. Also, figures such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams challenged Puritan beliefs. D. The conversion of others was not a priority. The Puritans devoted great energy to converting Indians to Christianity.

What led Americans to see themselves as especially inventive and enterprising in the early republic?

*A. Rapid introduction of new technology The flurry of new or refined technologies developed by Americans in the early republic led Americans to see themselves as an especially talented and dynamic people. B. Pro-business decisions of the Marshall Court Although the Supreme Court's decisions helped promote commerce in the long run, they were not responsible for defining the national character for early republic Americans. C. Refusal to trade during the Napoleonic Wars Measures such as Jefferson's 1807 Embargo Act were a source of anger rather than pride for most Americans. D. Development of novel colonization schemes Although embraced widely as a solution to the nation's racial problems, colonization schemes that aimed to transport free blacks to Africa did not lead Americans to embrace a self-definition of invention and enterprise.

Under the Virginia Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention, how was representation in Congress to be determined?

*A. Representation would be based on population. Under the Virginia Plan, a bicameral congress would comprise representatives based on state population in both houses. B. Each state would have equal representation. The Virginia Plan did not call for each state to have equal representation. C. Representation would be based on the number of enfranchised citizens. The Virginia Plan did not call for representation to be based on the number of voters in each state. D. Each region would have equal representation. The Virginia Plan did not call for each region to have equal representation in a bicameral congress.

Why were Civil War battles far deadlier than they had been in the past?

*A. Rifles were far deadlier over long distances. The new rifles could kill a person over a quarter-mile distance, making offenses far deadlier than they had been in the past. B. Round lead bullets caused more traumatic injuries than traditional Minié balls. Bullets during the Civil War had conic shapes, making them faster and more precise. Minié balls were new types of bullets that exploded on impact, causing great damage. C. Medical assistance was rarely available to the wounded. Medical assistance was very limited during the Civil War, especially in the Confederacy. But that was not the reason for the higher fatality rate on the battlefield, since medical care had been just as poor in the past. D. Generals adopted new tactics that emphasized maneuver. Generals did try to maneuver into advantageous positions, but those tactics had been employed in the past as well.

Why did the European colonists in North America find themselves at war so often in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries?

*A. Rivalries between powerful states in Europe spilled over to involve their colonies overseas. The wars fought in colonial North America were directly tied to the competition for power among European rivals in Europe. Colonists and their Indian allies were drawn into the fighting as a result. B. Indians formed confederations to unify in the opposition to further European encroachment on their lands. Although some native groups attempted to band together in resistance, the source of most wars in the period did not lie with natives' relations with colonists. C. The English Civil War encouraged conflict between English colonists in New England and colonists in Virginia. Although the English Civil War had important effects on the colonies, it occurred in the mid-seventeenth century and did not cause the later wars. D. Spain's unprecedented wealth won by conquering the Aztecs inspired other European countries to launch their own wars of conquest. In the fifteenth century, Spain's rivals envied the wealth they had accumulated in the Americas. By the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth century, however, Spain's empire was in decline.

Which of the following hastened the movement of people and transportation of goods in the first few decades of the nineteenth century?

*A. Roads and turnpikes The development of roads and turnpikes helped frontier farmers get their produce to eastern markets more quickly and cheaply, making life in the western frontier lands easier. B. Trading posts Trading posts where Indians and white settlers exchanged goods were an important institution on the frontier, but they did not hasten the movement of larger populations westward. C. Trains Trains became an important form of transportation later in the nineteenth century. D. Lower tariffs A lower import duty on imported goods did not affect the westward migration of American settlers or their shipment of goods to market.

In the case of the market protest and the Hudson land-leasing protest, what action immediately preceded the protests?

*A. Sending a petition to colonial officials In both cases, a petition from the injured parties was sent to colonial officials and ignored. The petitions demonstrate the colonists' belief that officials administered in good faith. B. Staging a series of riots Riots did not immediately precede these two protests. C. Similar protests in Europe Europe had also seen bread riots, but there was no European precedent for the market and land-leasing protests. D. Formation of popular militia companies. Popular militia companies did not form immediately prior to these two protests.

What characteristics describe Mayan, rather than Aztec or Inca, civilization?

*A. Settlement in the rain forest, occupation of multiple large cities, abandonment of cities The Mayans lived in the rain forests of the Yucatán peninsula and Guatemala; they built several large cities, and they declined as a result of an economic crisis. B. A strict social hierarchy, extensive trade networks, and the practice of human sacrifices Mayans did not practice human sacrifice, though the Aztecs and Incas did. C. Location in South America, development of pottery, and productive agriculture All three groups had pottery and productive agriculture, but the Inca, not the Maya, lived in South America. D. Mineral wealth, urban centers, and a complex political system All three civilizations had these characteristics.

Why did laws that were passed after Nat Turner's Rebellion to tighten control over the lives of slaves end up harming the South economically?

*A. Signaling that slaves were dangerous discouraged outside investment. Although intended to crack down on the possibility of slave rebellion, the laws suggested the rebellion was a real threat, which discouraged investors from risking their money in southern business ventures. B. Slaves became more likely to run away to escape harsh treatment. Slaves were not more likely to run away. C. Planters were required to employ one white for every three blacks to prevent rebellion. The laws prohibited any assembly of more than three blacks without a white person present. D. So many slaves were executed for crimes that planters lost most of their labor force. Although Nat Turner's Rebellion led to the death of some 200 slaves, the slave population numbered in the millions.

What commodity became precious among southern Indian tribes following the large-scale acquisition of guns in the beginning of the eighteenth century?

*A. Slaves The most precious commodity for trade became Indian captives who were sold as slaves. B. Deer As the deer population dwindled in the South at the beginning of the eighteenth century, deer decreased in importance to commerce. C. Adopted tribesmen Traditionally, captives of war would become adopted tribesmen but, with the perpetual warfare, prisoners of war were less likely to become adopted tribesmen. D. Rice Rice, while important to the Carolina economy, was not a precious or lucrative commodity to southern tribes.

Why did the Tredegar Iron Works of Richmond not promote further industrialization in the South?

*A. Southern elites preferred investing in slaves and land. The richest men in the South invested in slaves, land, and household goods, with little left to develop industry, technology, or urban institutions. Neither Tredegar nor a scattering of textile mills fundamentally reshaped the region's economy. B. There was little need for iron in the South. While the lack of industrialization in the South limited demand for iron, it was needed for such purposes as building railroads. C. The small-scale factory was a poor model of industrialization. Tredegar had several hundred workers. D. The poor quality of the product depressed the demand for more. The Tredegar Iron Works did not have a reputation for poor quality.

How did southern slavery change from the 1820s to the 1840s?

*A. Southern states passed more stringent slave codes. From the 1820s to the 1840s, most southern legislatures passed laws that prohibited owners from manumitting their slaves, made it illegal for whites to teach slaves to read or write, placed new restrictions on independent black churches, abolished slaves' access to courts, outlawed slave marriage, banned antislavery literature, defined rape as a crime only against white women, and outlawed assemblies of more than three blacks without a white person present. B. Southern states urged planters to manumit their slaves. Most southern legislatures prohibited owners from manumitting their slaves. C. Southern states funded educational programs for slaves. Most southern legislatures made it illegal for whites to teach slaves to read and write. D. Southern states encouraged slaves to marry and form families. Most southern states outlawed slave marriages.

What caused the eruption of violence in Kansas in 1855?

*A. Southern supporters of slavery invaded Lawrence and killed one resident. Violence erupted when proslavery settlers invaded Lawrence, killing one resident, demolishing newspaper offices, and plundering shops and homes. B. Northern abolitionists started to flood into Lawrence, Kansas. The city of Lawrence in Kansas was dominated by abolitionists from the beginning. C. Northern abolitionists contested the voting results on the state constitution. The new settlers in the Kansas Territory had not yet voted on a state constitution when the violence erupted. D. Southern supporters of slavery contested the voting results on the state constitution. The new settlers in the Kansas Territory had not yet voted on the state constitution.

Which of the following accurately assesses the political relationship between southern yeomen and slaveholding planters from the 1830s to the 1850s?

*A. Southern yeomen supported the planter elite but also had their grievances. Yeomen were often related to planters and frequently depended on them to ship their crops to market, but they did have some grievances with the planter elite and recognized that their economic interests often diverged from those of planters. B. Southern yeomen detested slavery and those who perpetuated it. Yeomen generally supported the institution of slavery and hardly detested the planter elite. C. Planter politicians saw little relevance in their yeomen constituency. Planters recognized the importance of the yeoman constituency for their own power. D. Slaveholders desperately pandered to the interests of southern yeomen. Planters courted the yeomen's vote and loyalty, but they also ruled over them as patriarchs.

Which of the following was an outcome of de Soto's expedition into North America in the early sixteenth century?

*A. Spain claimed vast new territories in North America while local natives were devastated by diseases. Although de Soto died during the expedition, he asserted Spain's control over new lands while also spreading diseases to local natives, who had no immunity to European illnesses. B. Spain drove the French out of North America and formed new alliances with local natives. France did not have extensive land claims in the southern part of North America where Spanish explorers traveled. C. The native population surged as a result of new medical technologies introduced by the Spanish from the leading medical schools of Europe. The native population fell in the wake of de Soto's exploration which spread diseases. D. The Spanish discovered horses in North America and brought them back to Europe for the first time. Horses had long been present in Europe; actually, the Spanish introduced them to the Americas.

Why did Preston Brooks assault Republican Senator Charles Sumner in 1856?

*A. Sumner insulted Brooks's uncle, a South Carolina senator. Republican Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts had launched scathing verbal attacks on planter-politician Andrew Butler from South Carolina. The Democratic member of the House of Representatives Preston Brooks felt compelled to redress his family's honor and beat the Republican Senator senseless with a cane. B. Sumner had an affair with Brooks's wife. Brooks's violent assault did not come in response to an affair between Senator Sumner and his wife. C. Brooks was furious over Sumner's support for the Lecompton Constitution. The Republican Sumner did not support the proslavery Lecompton Constitution. D. Sumner had previously beaten Brooks's uncle, a South Carolina senator. Sumner severely criticized the South Carolina senator but had not physically assaulted him.

What was an effect of General Howe's decision to take Philadelphia in 1777?

*A. The Continental Army defeated General Burgoyne in the Battle of Saratoga. Held up and undersupplied because General Howe moved to take Philadelphia, General Burgoyne lacked reinforcements when patriot militiamen attacked British forces at Freeman's Farm near Saratoga. B. Joseph and Molly Brant, Mohawk leaders, joined forces with the British. The Mohawks would have supported the British without Howe's movement on Philadelphia. C. German Americans defeated Great Britain's Indian allies at Oriskany, New York. Although German American farmers held Indians at Oriskany until General Benedict Arnold arrived with reinforcements, this British defeat in New York was not due to Howe's decision to take Philadelphia. D. The Oneida Indians joined forces with the Continental Army. This alliance preceded Howe's movement on Philadelphia.

Why was the 1831 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in the case of Cherokee Nation v. Georgia a defeat for the Cherokee?

*A. The Court had declared them a "domestic dependent nation." Chief Justice John Marshall declared all Indians in the United States "domestic dependent nations" rather than fully sovereign governments. This denied a central part of the Cherokees' claim. B. The Court charged them with violation of the U.S. Constitution. The Court did not rule that the Cherokees had violated the U.S. Constitution. C. The Court decided that the Cherokee Nation lacked territorial boundaries. The Court ruled on the Cherokee Nation's boundaries the following year. D. The Court ruled that the Cherokee Nation had to leave Georgia for Indian Territory. The Court did not rule that the Cherokee Nation had to leave Georgia for Indian Territory.

What was the name of Christopher Columbus's plan to find a new route to eastern trade by sailing west across the Atlantic?

*A. The Enterprise of the Indies The Indies was the term for the area that included present-day South Asia and Southeast Asia and surrounding islands. Columbus proposed to find a new route to it. B. The encomienda system The encomienda system gave Spaniards rights to Indian labor. C. The Columbian exchange The term Columbian exchange refers to the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas following the voyages of Columbus. D. The Renaissance The Renaissance was a rebirth of culture beginning in fifteenth-century Italy.

What was the outcome of General Edward Braddock's advance on Fort Duquesne?

*A. The French and Indians badly defeated Braddock's force. French and Indian forces ambushed and bludgeoned Braddock's forces. Braddock was killed in the battle. B. Braddock's success led to his becoming commander of the British troops in Virginia. Braddock was killed during the battle, and George Washington became commander of the British troops in Virginia. C. British forces captured Fort Duquesne and expelled the French. Braddock and his men were unable to capture the fort. D. George Washington became Braddock's aide-de-camp. Washington's position as aide-de-camp was secured prior to the advance on Fort Duquesne and was not a result of that advance.

Why were French relations with Native Americans better than those of the Spanish with Native Americans?

*A. The French emphasized trade, which relied on good relations. The French were less exploitative because their goal was trade, not land nor gold. Trade depends on good relations with your trading partners. B. Catholic missionaries accompanied French traders. Spanish missionaries accompanied Spanish settlers and even led Spanish settlement in North America. That did not result in good relations with Native Americans. C. King Henry IV urged diplomacy over exploitation. The reason that French relations with Native Americans were smoother than Spanish relations had to do with King Henry's focus on the economic benefits of involvement in North America. D. More French women accompanied trade missions. It was rare for French women to venture to North America.

How was Anthony Burns's former owner able to secure Burns's return to the South?

*A. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 allowed slave owners to use the courts to recover their slaves. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 opened the legal system, including law enforcement and the courts, to slave owners who sought the return of runaways. B. He hired a bounty hunter to kidnap Burns and transport him south back into slavery. He did not hire a bounty hunter. C. Arrested for murder, Burns was transported south as punishment for his crime. Burns was not arrested for any crime other than escaping slavery. D. The Massachusetts militia arrested Burns at the owner's request and arranged transportation south. The militia was called out to control the crowds—numbering in the tens of thousands—who protested Burns being sent south into slavery.

The abolitionist newspaper first published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston in 1831 was called

*A. The Liberator. The abolitionist newspaper first published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston in 1831 was called The Liberator. B. Freedom's Journal. Freedom's Journal was the nation's first newspaper by African Americans, but not the paper founded by William Lloyd Garrison. C. The North Star. The North Star was the publication of Frederick Douglass out of Rochester, New York. D. The Advocate. That was not the name of Garrison's newspaper.

What overland transportation route connected the United States with today's American Southwest in the early nineteenth century?

*A. The Santa Fe Trail The Santa Fe Trail was a critical route for commerce between the United States and Mexico, linking Missouri to Santa Fe in today's American Southwest. B. The Mississippi River The Mississippi River connected states and territories near the Great Lakes to New Orleans and the South, but not to what is now the Southwest. C. The Colorado River The Colorado River did not serve as a transportation route from the United States into today's American Southwest. D. The Cumberland Road The Cumberland Road linked Maryland with Ohio.

What was the result of Indians' support for the Union during the Civil War?

*A. The U.S. government encouraged more white migration west. Although receiving support from Native Americans, the federal government nevertheless refused to support Native goals such as limiting western settlement. On the contrary, laws such as the Homestead Act (1864) encouraged greater migration. B. Republicans pushed for a moratorium on settling the West. Republicans did not agree to halt western settlement. C. Indians regained southern lands they had previously lost. Indians did not regain lands in the South. D. The army put Indians in charge of defending their reservations. Indians were not given responsibility for defending their reservations.

Why was it so easy for southeastern planters to expand the amount of land under cultivation following the War of 1812?

*A. The U.S. government had added vast tracts of land to the country. Indian land cessions and the acquisition of Florida from Spain meant that more land was available for southern planters to farm. B. The Treaty of Ghent eliminated British tariffs on cotton imported from the United States. The treaty that ended the War of 1812 did not address tariffs. C. The United States government provided subsidies for cotton farming. The government did not stimulate cotton growing with subsidies. D. Former tobacco-growing regions were turned over to cotton farming. Although tobacco regions, such as Virginia, declined from soil depletion in the early nineteenth century, that did not lead to an increase in the total amount of land farmed. Topic: Economic and Political Crises books: Economic and Political Crises The Panic of 1819 Slavery in Missouri

Why were the Virginia indentured servants who became free in the 1660s and 1670s disgruntled?

*A. The Virginia government ignored their poverty and the threat of Native American attacks. As the population of former indentured servants moved into freedom, they found themselves struggling economically and, for many, abandoned on the frontier amid hostile Susquehannock Indians. Governor William Berkeley ignored their struggles and taxed them to support the trade of the wealthy. B. Slave labor had diminished their place in the labor force. While slave labor eventually replaced indentured servitude, slave labor was not what prompted the frustration of former servants in Virginia. C. The Virginia government instituted new laws that diminished the place and power of landless laborers. From the outset, the colony of Virginia did not grant much power to landless men and women. This was not new in the 1660s and 1670s. D. Virginia militiamen attacked a Susquehannock village and murdered five chiefs, leaving those living on the frontier vulnerable. Although the raid on the Susquehannock village may have brought the former servants living on the frontier into a more acutely dangerous position, it was not the reason for their frustration.

How did the English Civil War affect the North American colonies in the mid-seventeenth century?

*A. The colonies were left to develop on their own with little oversight from England. Embroiled in civil war, officials in England paid little attention to events in North America. B. Distracted by civil war, the English could not stop the Dutch from taking New York. After the restoration of the monarchy in England, in 1664 the English took New Amsterdam from the Dutch and called it New York. C. The colonies experienced slow growth and little expansion during the war. The colonies continued to grow during the mid-seventeenth century despite the war in England. D. The days of English dominance in North America came to an end. By 1674, the English were the dominant power in North America—in population, trade, and politics.

What prevented American representatives in Paris from signing a separate peace treaty with the British to end the American Revolution?

*A. The contributions of the French during the war American representatives could not cut France out of the peace treaty because of the enormous French contribution to the American victory. B. The deep respect the French foreign minister showed for American representatives The Comte de Vergennes was dismissive rather than respectful toward Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. C. Spanish insistence on a treaty with all four nations Although the Spanish helped the American war effort, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay deferred to the French rather than the Spanish in the peace negotiations. Spain signed a separate treaty with Great Britain. D. Great Britain's refusal to work out a two-party treaty Great Britain did not insist on a multinational peace treaty.

Which of the following properly assesses the significance of the debate over statehood for Missouri and Maine in 1819?

*A. The debate made clear how quickly a disagreement over slavery could escalate. Although the Missouri Compromise ended the crisis for the moment, it made clear how quickly a disagreement over slavery could escalate into clashes that threatened the survival of the nation. B. The debate resulted in the predominance of slave states. Since it was designed to maintain the status quo between northern free states and southern slave states in the Senate, the Missouri Compromise, which settled the debate, cannot be characterized as a triumph for slave states. C. The debate, and the resultant Missouri Compromise, was the dying breath of slavery. Since the Missouri Compromise secured slavery south of the thirty-sixth parallel, this cannot be characterized as the dying breath of the institution of slavery. D. The debate proved that slavery could be contained in a free nation. The Northwest Ordinance, which banned slavery from the Northwest Territories, had already established that slavery could be contained.

What led to the dramatic population growth among the Mississippian groups in the sixth century?

*A. The development of corn as a staple crop The development and adoption of corn as a staple crop enabled the population to expand. As a result, increasingly complex political and religious systems emerged along the Mississippi. B. Adoption of bows and arrows to hunt smaller game The use of bows and arrows did not lead to a population increase among the Mississippians. C. Establishment of warrior class to defend their settlements Even though an increase in the population led to class systems within the Mississippians, a warrior class was not a causal factor in an increased population. D. Creation of lines and hooks for fishing The creation and use of lines and hooks for fishing was not a causal factor in an increased population along the Mississippi in the sixth century.

Why did nineteenth-century slaves embrace evangelical Protestant denominations such as the Baptists and the Methodists?

*A. The emotional style of evangelical worship was similar to the worship style found in Africa. Evangelical Christianity, like African religious traditions, emphasized emotion in worship, a similarity that some slaves found appealing. B. The evangelical denominations preached against slavery and in favor of emancipation. The evangelical denominations did not preach against slavery. C. Baptists and Methodists allowed black preachers to speak at their worship services. Slaves might listen to a white evangelical minister preach in the morning and then gather on their own at night to hear a fellow slave preach in a similar style, though with different content. D. Muslim slaves were encouraged to follow their beliefs in evangelical churches. Evangelical leaders did not encourage Muslim slaves to continue practicing their beliefs, although many did anyway.

Why did Lincoln dispatch ships to Fort Sumter in South Carolina's Charleston harbor in April 1861?

*A. The garrison was running out of food and medicine. The small garrison was running low on food and medicine, prompting Lincoln to dispatch ships to the fort with a promise to use force only if the Confederates blocked his peaceful effort to send supplies. B. He wanted to avenge the Confederates' attack on the Union's garrison. The Confederacy had not yet attacked Fort Sumter. C. He wanted to evacuate federal troops from Charleston. President Lincoln did not have the intention to evacuate troops from the garrison at Charleston. D. He was hoping that the Confederacy would surrender at the sight of Union troops. While a Confederate surrender at the sight of Union ships would have been fortunate, President Lincoln did not expect this.

Why might a Hudson valley tenant farmer have become a loyalist?

*A. The landowners were Patriots. Longstanding tensions between property owners and their tenants simmered over during the Revolution. Tenants used the Patriot sentiment of their landowners as a reason to defy their rule. B. The British army occupied the Hudson valley. Although the British strategy often called for control over the Hudson valley, they were never able to achieve it. C. Most New Yorkers were loyalists. Most New Yorkers were not loyalists; as elsewhere, the population reflected a mix of opinions. D. Britain promised land to supporters. Britain did not promise land to tenants who supported them.

Why did the Ostend Manifesto outrage so many Northerners in 1854?

*A. The manifesto called for the forceful capture of Cuba. The U.S. ambassadors to Great Britain, France, and Spain had met with Franklin Pierce's secretary of state in Ostend, Belgium, and issued a memo to the president that stated the United States ought to take Cuba by force if it could not obtain it any other way. This manifesto was leaked to the press, prompting outrage among Northerners. B. In the document, Southerners had betrayed national secrets to the Belgium. The Ostend Manifesto did not betray national secrets to Belgium. C. The document revealed that southern cotton growers were considering placing a cotton embargo on the North. The manifesto did not involve an embargo on southern cotton. D. The manifesto first revealed southern interest in secession from the Union. Secession had been discussed in the South since the nullification crisis of the Jackson administration. The Ostend Manifesto did not further that cause.

Which of the following accurately describes the "spoils system" common in politics in the 1870s?

*A. The party in power rewarded loyal supporters with political appointments. The spoils system in politics enabled the party in power to reward its loyal supporters with political appointments. B. The victorious party in a war would control affairs in peace. The spoils system did not refer to this notion. C. Government employees were chosen on the basis of merit. Appointing government employees on the basis of merit is called the merit system. D. Private corporations gained political favors by handing officials lavish gifts. The practice of granting political favors in return for lavish gifts is called corruption.

What did Catholic leaders believe would be critical to Spanish success in the Americas?

*A. The religious conversion of Native Americans In order to permanently settle in the Americas, Catholic leaders felt that the religious conversion of the native population was pivotal to Spanish settlement. To this end, clergy began to join the adventurers across the Atlantic. B. The education of Native Americans In general, education was not a priority in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. C. The establishment of diplomatic ties with Native Americans Catholic leaders were not focused on improved diplomatic relations. D. The abolition of slavery in the Americas Catholic leaders did not advocate the abolition of slavery in the Americas.

Why did southern whites fear the outbreak of the Haitian Revolution in 1791?

*A. The revolution was a slave rebellion, which slave owners feared would inspire their bondsmen to revolt. The Haitian Revolution began as a rebellion of slaves against white French authorities and ended up making Haiti the first independent black-led nation in the Americas. Slave owners feared that if such a rebellion could happen in Haiti it could happen to them as well. B. Haiti was the primary market for southern products such sugar, and planters stood to lose a fortune if the French were no longer in power. Haiti was not a destination for southern sugar; on the contrary, Haiti produced more sugar than anywhere else in the Americas. C. The South's geographic proximity to Haiti meant that the fighting could spill over to their states in the future. Southern slave owners did not fear that the fighting in Haiti would threaten their lands in the United States. D. Most U.S. slaves had come from Haiti, and the revolution threatened to disrupt the slave trade from the island. Haiti was not the main source for American slaves, although a number of Frenchmen fled Haiti for the United States during the revolution and brought slaves with them.

What was elemental to the theology espoused by Jonathan Edwards, Gilbert Tennent, and Theodorus Frelinghuysen?

*A. The sinfulness of man The corruption of man was at the heart of the theology of Edwards, Tennent, and Frelinghuysen. Only when men and women recognized their sinful nature, according to these preachers, would they be able to enjoy a spiritual rebirth. B. The purity of man A belief in the purity of man was not elemental to the theology of Edwards, Tennent, and Frelinghuysen. C. Universal grace Although everyone could be saved, not everyone would be saved. According to Edwards, Tennent, and Frelinghuysen, grace had to be earned; it was not given to everyone. D. The importance of the Bible An emphasis on the importance of the Bible was not elemental to the theology of Edwards, Tennent, and Frelinghuysen.

In the woodcut of Nat Turner's Rebellion, who is the viewer meant to sympathize with?

*A. The white victims of the revolt The rebellion resulted in the deaths of 57 white men, women, and children, a fact that the image emphasizes to inspire sympathy for the dead whites and anger toward the rebelling slaves. B. The rebelling slaves The image is not designed to inspire sympathy for the rebelling slaves. C. The enslaved women and children The women and children shown are whites, most likely the family of slave owners. D. The soldiers sent to arrest the rebels The soldiers are shown riding to the rescue; they are not objects of sympathy.

Why were far more voters actively engaged in popular politics at the state and local levels rather than nationally prior to the 1820s?

*A. There was little serious political opposition at the national level. Between 1788 and 1820, the U.S. presidency had been dominated either by Virginia elites or Democratic-Republicans. As a result, few people bothered to vote in presidential elections. B. Far more people were allowed to vote locally and nationally. Although the right to vote was restricted to property-owning men in virtually all states prior to 1820, this was not a reason for lack of enthusiasm for national politics and the poor turnout for presidential elections. C. Prior to the 1820s, Americans were not allowed to vote for president. Americans had the right to vote for the president—within the limited voting rights at the time—since the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. D. National elections were too difficult logistically prior to 1820. While the logistics of the national election were certainly a challenge in the early republic, this was not the reason for the lack of enthusiasm for national politics and for the low turnout for presidential elections.

Why were American political leaders more interested in the education of American Indians than of African Americans during the early republic?

*A. They assumed Native Americans to be uncivilized but not innately inferior. American political leaders, like most white Americans, did not consider Native Americans innately inferior, even though they considered them untamed and uncivilized. In contrast, they deemed African Americans innately inferior and unable to achieve intellectual or moral equality with any amount of education. B. They hoped that by educating Native Americans they could show the superiority of American culture to that of Europe. American political leaders did not show any real interest in the education of American Indians, although religious groups did. C. They hoped that the education of American Indians could prevent further conflict. American political leaders did not consider education of American Indians a peacemaking tool along the frontier. D. They hoped that Indians would reciprocate for receiving an education by giving up land. While American political leaders were more interested in the education of American Indians than of African Americans, they never mounted any concerted effort to put that interest into action, so there was no benefit that American Indians had to reciprocate for.

Why did towns in New England "warn out" transient workers?

*A. They did not want to be responsible for their care. New England towns "warned out" transient workers because they did not want to take care of them. B. They wanted to encourage the flow of labor. While this may have been an effect of New England towns pushing workers along, it was not the cause of the towns' actions. C. They did not want non-Puritans living among them. While this may have been true for some towns, not all towns in New England were dominated by Puritans in the first half of the eighteenth century. D. They wanted to keep track of laborers. This was not the reason towns in New England "warned out" transient workers.

Why did nineteenth-century southern planters focus on expanding the amount of land under cultivation?

*A. They believed it was the best strategy to increase the yields of their crops. Planters limited their investment in new technologies, such as iron plows or seed drill, that would have increased agricultural productivity both because of a lack of capital and a reluctance to place expensive technology in the hands of slaves who they feared would damage it. Instead, planters concentrated on acquiring more land. B. Southern banks charged so little interest it was easy to borrow money to buy land. Finding enough investment capital was a problem for planters. C. Their early adoption of metal plows made it possible to cultivate more land. Southern planters were late and reluctant adopters of new plow technology. D. As their slave population grew, they needed to find more work for slaves to do. The process worked in reverse: acquiring more land meant also acquiring more slaves.

How did Democratic-Republicans interpret the Alien Act passed during the presidency of John Adams?

*A. They believed that Federalists wanted to limit Democratic-Republican votes. Democratic-Republicans believed that the Federalist-led Congress attacked immigrants in an attempt to silence them politically because they composed the core of Democratic-Republican voters. B. They agreed with the act and voted in favor of it. Democratic-Republicans did not agree with the Alien Act. C. They thought the Alien Act would provoke war with France. Democratic-Republicans did not believe that the act would provoke war; America was already engaged in an undeclared war with France. D. They suspected Congress of withholding information about the impact of the act. Democratic-Republicans did not believe that Federalists in Congress were withholding information about the act.

How did Puritans interpret the smallpox epidemic that killed thousands of Native Americans in 1633 and 1634?

*A. They believed that God's favor toward the Puritans was evident. As thousands of Native Americans perished around them, the Puritans believed that God was showing his favor by opening the land of the Massachusetts people to the Puritans. B. They feared that it was a warning sign from the heavens. The Puritans did not believe that the epidemic was a warning sign. C. They knew that it was the weakened immune systems of the Indians that killed so many. Seventeenth-century Puritans had no understanding of immune systems or scientific explanations for disease. D. They took it as a sign from God to halt their expansion into native territory. On the contrary, the Puritans interpreted the deaths as an opportunity for them to settle on the land.

Why did many of George Washington's troops leave his army on the march from Boston to New York City in 1776?

*A. They believed that the New York militia should take care of New York. Allegiance to one's colony or state often superseded loyalty to the fledgling America. Many men who fought in their own local militias hesitated to risk their lives on behalf of other colonies. B. They did not believe that a victory was possible in New York. Deserters did not leave on account of the supposed outcome. C. They wanted to return to their farms to harvest crops. The movement came in summer, before the year's harvest. D. Most were landless laborers who needed to check on their wives and children. Actually, many of the soldiers who remained with Washington were landless laborers whose wives traveled alongside the troops.

Why did Pueblo people assent to the will of the encomenderos when the Spanish returned to New Mexico in 1610?

*A. They believed that the Spanish system would protect them. Pueblo people accepted the encomienda system in hopes the Spanish could offer them protection from further Apache and Navajo raids as well as from starvation and disease. B. The Spanish promised to pay the Pueblo people for their labor. Just compensation was never promised to the Pueblo Indians, who were forced to work the land claimed by encomenderos. C. The people were offered positions of power if they agreed to do so. Interestingly, the Pueblo people in New Mexico were not granted any power within the Spanish hierarchy in return for land or allegiance. D. The Spanish defeated the Navajos and Apaches, removing those threats to the Pueblo people. Although the Pueblo people were in conflict with Navajo and Apache Indians, the Spanish did not attack these tribes to ingratiate themselves with the Pueblo people.

What was the background of the slaves who were taken to European forts along the African coast to be traded in the mid-sixteenth century?

*A. They came from communities that had been raided or conquered by more powerful groups. The men and women shipped from these forts to the Americas generally came from communities that had been raided or conquered by more powerful groups. B. They were treated well by the Africans who transported them to the coast for sale. The Africans usually arrived at the coast exhausted, hungry, dirty, and with few clothes. C. They were Christians, whose religious practices were like those of Europeans. The Africans worshipped gods unfamiliar to Europeans. D. They displayed social and cultural practices that looked familiar to Europeans. To Europeans, the Africans' cultural customs and social practices seemed strange and primitive.

Why did New England farm girls of the early nineteenth century consider work in factory towns like Lowell an adventure?

*A. They could acquire a wider view of the world. New England farm girls viewed work in the factories as an adventure despite the constant regulations and supervision, since it gave them the opportunity to meet new people, attend lectures and concerts, and acquire a wider view of the world. B. They enjoyed life without supervision. Life in the factory towns meant constant supervision and regulation. C. They could spend their wages freely on local amusements. Factory girls could set aside a bit of their wages for themselves, but they sent much of their earnings home. D. Factory girls learned a series of rare skills on machines. Textile factory machines required little skill for their operation.

In addition to laws that limited women's economic and political rights, how else were women marginalized in the early republic?

*A. They could not be lawyers or judges or serve on juries. The legal system excluded women in the late eighteenth century. B. They were restricted from filing for divorce or owning land. Women of wealthier classes could get divorces and own land. C. They were not allowed to run businesses. It was rare, but some women owned and ran businesses. D. They could not attend school. Although education was far more difficult for women to attain than men, women did attend school.

How did frontier colleges built in the early republic affect Native Americans?

*A. They encouraged conflict over land by pulling whites into interior regions. Built in rural areas to ensure students could study without distraction, the frontier colleges increased the white population of interior regions, leading to more tensions with Native Americans over landownership. B. They allowed many Native American youths to attend college. The frontier colleges did not enroll Native Americans. C. They promoted peaceful trade alliances between Natives and whites. Although frontier colleges increased economic activity among neighboring whites, they did not increase trade alliances with Native Americans. D. They stimulated demand for grammar schools to be built for Indian children. Frontier colleges did not lead to the construction of grammar schools for Indian children.

Why were Native Americans susceptible to germs carried by Europeans?

*A. They had been largely cut off from the rest of the world for thousands of years. Because the Native Americans had been isolated from the rest of the world for millennia, their bodies had not developed any immunities to European or African diseases. B. They were unfamiliar with treatments and cures for common illnesses. Lack of familiarity with medicinal cures was not the reason so many Native Americans perished. C. For the most part, they did not believe in medicine. Native Americans believed in and used medicinal treatments. D. They did not practice the same level of hygiene as the people in Europe and Africa. Hygiene among Native Americans does not explain why they were susceptible to the germs carried by Europeans.

Why was there an exodus of a few thousand free blacks from North America at the close of the American Revolution?

*A. They had fought with the British. In keeping with Lord Dunmore's promise, almost 3,000 slaves were granted manumission after the war's end. Because of their loyalty to the British, most left and settled elsewhere, many in Nova Scotia. B. They opposed slavery. Many free blacks opposed slavery, but they did not need to wait for the end of the war to leave. C. They were runaways. The confusion of war allowed many slaves to run away from their owners, but the runaways did not constitute the majority of the emigrants after the war. D. They disagreed with the conditions of peace. Free blacks did not emigrate on account of the conditions of the 1783 Treaty of Paris.

In the early republic, what did northeastern farmers who faced the prospect of dwindling harvests due to the exhaustion of farm lands do to make a living?

*A. They migrated west to start over on unfarmed lands. As the population grew and farm lands were exhausted, many eastern farmers moved west to seek new opportunities. B. They left the country to try their luck in the Caribbean. Farmers did not leave the United States to try farming in the Caribbean. C. They went to seaports and became sailors for the China trade. Although farmers did move to cities in search of work, they usually worked in factories rather than as sailors. D. They bought slaves to increase their farms productivity. Northeastern farmers did not turn to slavery to solve the problem of soil exhaustion.

How did Patrick Henry and the Virginia House of Burgesses contribute to the growing rancor of the colonists in the wake of passage of the Stamp Act?

*A. They passed the Virginia Resolves, which denounced taxation without representation. Patrick Henry and the House of Burgesses passed five resolutions that denounced taxation without representation. The Virginia Resolves were sent to the king, reprinted in colonial newspapers, and read aloud to gathered colonists. B. They called for a congress of all colonies to meet in New York City. The Massachusetts House called for a congress of colonies to meet in New York City. C. They adopted a circular letter to send to the other colonies. The Massachusetts House adopted a circular letter, a written protest circulated to other colonial assemblies. D. They tarred and feathered stamp distributors. Patrick Henry and his fellow members of the House of Burgesses did not tar and feather stamp distributors, though many protesters of the Stamp Act did so.

What characterized the role that African American slaves played in the construction of the new capital, Washington City?

*A. They provided both manual and skilled labor. Most enslaved men cleared land, built roads, and constructed the White House and the Capitol. Some performed skilled labor as carpenters and sawyers (who cut trees and lumber) or as assistants to stonemasons and surveyors. B. Participation was limited to construction work. While African Americans did take part in construction work, they performed other tasks as well. C. They cooked and fed construction workers. While some African American women worked as cooks, men and women performed several roles. D. They were barred from the project. African American slaves played a significant part in building the new capital of Washington City.

How are the American Revolution stories of Nancy Hart Morgan and Deborah Sampson instructive?

*A. They reveal the commitment of women to the revolutionary cause. Morgan and Sampson are instructive because they were part of a larger phenomenon; thousands of women committed themselves to the revolutionary cause. B. They demonstrate the paths open to women. Morgan and Sampson were not illustrative of the many paths open to women; Sampson had to conceal her female identity. C. They show how gender equality was observed during wartime. Morgan and Sampson were not illustrative of gender equality; Sampson had to conceal her female identity. D. They illustrate the rare contributions of women during the war. Female contributions to the American war effort were far from rare.

How did many Northerners respond to the secession of southern states in 1861?

*A. They supported their right to leave the union. Many Northerners did not believe that southern states had to be part of the Union and were willing to let them leave and fail on their own. B. They felt regret over the election of Abraham Lincoln. Supporters of Lincoln were unlikely to regret their decision as a result of southern secession. C. They began to doubt their own antislavery resolve. Those opposed to slavery were not likely to change their position as a result of secession. D. They did not take the creation of the Confederate States of America seriously. The secession movement seemed limited and unlikely to succeed, but they did think that southern states were serious with their announcement.

With the emergence of the American System in the 1810s, northern merchants became more deeply engaged in the southern

*A. cotton trade. Northern merchants purchased cotton in the South to deliver it to textile factory owners in New England, who then sold growing amounts of yarn, thread, and cloth back to the South. B. textile industries. There were no textile industries in the South at the time. C. clothing manufacturing. There was no clothing manufacturing taking place in the South. D. slave trade. Northern merchants did not become engaged in the southern slave trade.

Why did local Native American rulers align themselves with Hernán Cortés and his men against the Aztecs?

*A. They wanted to avenge the brutality of the Aztec regime. Native American societies that had suffered under the Aztec regime were willing to aid Cortés in his conquest of the Aztecs. B. They wanted to share in the wealth of the conquered regime. Native Indian communities did not align themselves with Cortés because of any promise of riches. C. They wanted to travel to Europe to establish trading posts. There is no evidence to suggest that these leaders were interested in establishing trading posts in Europe. D. They wanted to sabotage the Europeans in their conquest. They hoped to see the Europeans succeed in overthrowing the Aztecs.

Why did investors set their sights on the West Indies in the seventeenth century?

*A. They wanted to diversify their exports by using land there. Even though tobacco remained profitable, investors looked toward the West Indies for other lucrative exports. The West Indies seemed like a logical avenue because the English, French, and Dutch already held settlements on several West Indian islands. B. They planned to develop more permanent settlements in the West Indies. The English planned to establish more permanent colonies in the West Indies, but these plans were not the reason investors began to turn toward the islands of the West Indies. Rather, it was an effect. C. Profits from tobacco were waning sharply, requiring a new crop to replace it. Tobacco remained profitable throughout the seventeenth century. D. Indian hostilities in North America persuaded investors to look elsewhere. Although Indian hostilities were pervasive in the seventeenth century, tensions with Native Americans did not cause investors to turn their attention toward investment in the West Indies.

How did the Pilgrims recover from their first debilitating winter?

*A. They were aided by the local Indians. Like so many European groups who came before them, the Pilgrims survived their first months in the New World with the aid of local Indians. In the Pilgrims' case, Massasoit and his people supplied them with seeds, fishing gear, and other goods that allowed them to take advantage of the short growing season and the abundant fish and wildlife in the region. B. Reinforcements arrived in the spring. New settlers did arrive in the summer of 1621, but it was not the rush of fresh colonists that helped the Pilgrims recover from the harsh winter of 1620. C. They received a charter that granted self-government. In 1622, the Pilgrims received a charter that gave them the right to Plymouth Plantation and an amount of self-government. The charter, however, did not aid in the recovery from the difficult winter of 1620. D. They murdered the chief of the Massachusetts tribe. In 1623, Captain Miles Standish killed the chief of the Massachusetts tribe and his brother, which strengthened the Pilgrims' recovery from the difficult winter of 1620.

What enabled the British to take on a central role in the Atlantic slave trade in the early eighteenth century?

*A. They were granted the right to sell slaves to the Spanish colonies. As the role of the Dutch in international commerce waned, the British stepped into their place and gained the right to sell human cargo to Spanish colonies. This market, along with the slave markets in British North America, allowed the British to take on a central role in the slave trade. B. They began obtaining slaves in East Africa. While an East African slave trade existed, it was not part of the Atlantic slave trade. C. They defeated the Dutch in present-day Manhattan. The Dutch surrendered New Amsterdam in the seventeenth century, decades before the British became the dominant player in the slave trade. D. They took over the slave trade in the Congo-Angola region. The Congo-Angola region became part of the slave trade after the British became the dominant players in that trade.

Why did life become more difficult for southern slaves during the American Revolution?

*A. They were guarded closely. Because of the British policy to free slaves who fought for them, Southerners closely monitored slaves during the war. B. They were often relocated. Slaves were not relocated during the war. C. Families were broken apart. The war did not increase the incidence of families being broken apart. D. They had little food. Although the amount of food may have decreased for everyone during the war, slaves rarely ate well in times of peace.

What was the attitude of freedpeople toward education after the end of the Civil War?

*A. They were very interested in gaining an education. Learning was one of the ways in which southern blacks proclaimed their freedom, and the desire to learn was practically universal. B. They were suspicious of educated people. Rather than regarding educated people with suspicion, freedpeople viewed education as desirable. C. They considered it a frivolous luxury that would not help them work. While freedpeople did not necessarily think education would benefit them in working, they did not view it as a frivolous luxury. D. They saw it as an unattainable goal. To most freedpeople after the Civil War, education was, for the first time in their lives, a real possibility.

What was the ratio of deaths from disease to death from battle among soldiers who fought in the Civil War?

*A. Three deaths by disease for every one from battle For every soldier who died as a result of battle, three died of disease. Measles, dysentery, typhoid, and malaria killed thousands who drank contaminated water, ate tainted food, and were exposed to the elements. B. Ten deaths by disease for every one from battle The ratio was not as skewed as ten to one. C. Five deaths from battle for every one from disease Disease was more deadly than battle. D. About equal One cause of death outnumbered the other.

Why did colonists in Barbados and Jamaica establish seasoning camps?

*A. To acculturate slaves to their new surroundings Seasoning camps were created to get African slaves accustomed to their new environment and their new condition of subservience. Many slaves were given new names and began to learn the language of their new home. B. To inspect and brand slaves Health inspections and branding were not the purpose of the seasoning camps. C. To separate sick slaves from healthy slaves At every point in the journey from freedom to American slavery, sick captives were separated from healthy captives. D. To separate slaves based on their place of origin Men and women from the same communities were often separated to reduce the possibility of rebellion, but this was not the purpose of the seasoning camps.

A New England farm girl seeking adventure away from home in the early nineteenth century might sign up to

*A. work in a Lowell mill. Although the mill owners rarely left their female employees alone, many rural women viewed factory work as an adventure. They saved some money for themselves, attended lectures and concerts, met new people, and experienced more of the world than they could on their farms at home. B. sail on a whaling ship. Women were not encouraged to sail on whaling voyages. C. join the army. Women did not serve in the army in this period. D. attend college. Rural women were not encouraged to attend college.

Why did abolitionists ship rifles to Kansas in 1856?

*A. To arm their supporters against the proslavery faction in the state In the episode known as Bleeding Kansas, pro- and antislavery forces squared off in Kansas, each hoping to ensure their side determined the future status of slavery in the territory. Fearing that their antislavery allies were outgunned, abolitionists raised money to ship rifles west. B. To start a slave rebellion that would spread to the South Igniting a slave rebellion was not the abolitionists' goal in shipping arms to Kansas. C. To help free blacks participate in buffalo hunting after escaping slavery The abolitionists' plans had nothing to do with buffalo hunting. D. To protect the state from invasion in the early days of the Civil War The Civil War began in 1861.

Why did the Continental Congress meet in 1774 in Philadelphia?

*A. To coordinate resistance to Britain The Continental Congress met not to discuss independence or military opposition to Britain but to respond to Britain's actions with a unified voice. By doing so, they moved the center of opposition from Boston and the individual colonies to a body that claimed to speak for the colonies as a whole. B. To declare independence from Britain The Continental Congress did not discuss independence in 1774. C. To declare war against Britain The Continental Congress did not gather to declare war. D. To denounce resistance to Britain The Continental Congress did not denounce resistance to Britain.

Why were slaves on rice-growing plantations in the Carolinas originally allowed to carry weapons?

*A. To counter the threat posed by Spaniards and Indians Because violence loomed in the Carolinas, some slave owners allowed their slaves to carry weapons. B. To shoot slaves who attempted to run away Slaves were not armed to counter slave resistance. C. To defend themselves against slave raids Slave raids were uncommon in the South. Slaves were not given guns to defend themselves from being captured. D. To hunt local game Slave owners did not allow slaves to carry guns in order to hunt.

What important power remained at the state level after the writing of the U.S. Constitution?

*A. To determine who could vote The Constitution reserved for the states the power to determine who could vote. B. To regulate interstate commerce Under the Constitution, the federal government regulated interstate commerce. C. To make treaties with Indians Under the Constitution, the federal government possessed the authority to make treaties with Indian nations as well as foreign countries. D. To establish rules for immigration Under the Constitution, the federal government established laws governing immigration and naturalization.

What was the purpose of The Federalist Papers?

*A. To encourage ratification of the Constitution Written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist Papers articulated the principles of the Federalists and tried to demonstrate that liberty would be safeguarded under a federal system. B. To set the agenda for the new government Although The Federalist Papers were not written to set the agenda for the new government, the editorials did have a profound influence in shaping the government in the wake of the ratification process. C. To encourage a lively debate between the Federalists and Antifederalists The eighty-five editorials were not written to encourage a lively debate between the two factions. D. To insist upon a bill of rights The Federalist Papers did not implore the passage or inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution.

Why did Albert Gallatin urge Congress to fund internal improvements during Jefferson's administration?

*A. To enhance the nation's economic development Albert Gallatin urged Congress to fund internal improvements such as roads and canals for transportation across regions. For this reason, he advocated the National Road, which ran from western Maryland through southwestern Pennsylvania into Virginia. B. To facilitate military movements across the country Easing the mobilization of troops across the country was not a concern for Albert Gallatin. C. To prevent private businesses from controlling public transport Gallatin was not motivated by a suspicion of or hostility toward private business. D. To help states build local and regional roads and canals State legislatures often funded transportation projects in their own states. Gallatin focused on interregional transportation routes, such as the National Road.

Why did Alexander Hamilton propose a 5 percent duty on imported goods as the American Revolution wound down?

*A. To expand the power of the confederation congress Hamilton wanted to enhance the power of the congress by giving it an independent source of revenue, which he intended to use to pay debts, thus keeping the trust of the officers and wealthy Americans who had contributed to the war. B. To help state governments pay their soldiers The duty was to go to the national congress rather than the state governments. C. To help western settlers fight off hostile Indians Although frontier hostilities persisted, Hamilton did not address the turbulence on the frontier with his proposal. D. To discourage purchase of imported goods Hamilton did not want to discourage imports but, rather, to gain revenues from them.

What was the strategic goal of General William Howe's invasion of New York City?

*A. To gain control of the Hudson valley In addition to gaining control over a vital seaport, Howe planned to push up the Hudson River to cut New York and New England off from the other colonies. Once divided, he reasoned, the colonies would be easier to conquer. B. To capture the Continental Congress The Continental Congress met in Philadelphia, not New York. C. To protect loyalists in New York Although New York loyalists welcomed Howe's arrival, that was not his larger strategic goal. D. To secure a site for Indian trade Howe did not aim to open a site to trade with Indians.

Why did Prime Minister George Grenville move to tighten political and economic control over the colonies in the 1760s?

*A. To improve economic conditions in Britain Following the Seven Years' War, Britain was in an economic depression, with tax protests and unemployed soldiers. Grenville believed that the colonists should play a role in solving this problem, since the British empire had helped them during the war. B. To make a point to the colonies about British sovereignty Grenville did not attempt to exert political and economic control simply to make a point about British sovereignty. C. To punish the colonists Grenville did not try to exert control over the colonies to punish them. D. To redirect resources to other British colonies Grenville did not attempt to exert economic and political control over the colonies to redirect resources to Great Britain's other colonies.

Why did Parliament prohibit manufacturing in the colonies in the eighteenth century?

*A. To keep the colonies dependent on England for finished goods The English government wanted to maintain the mercantile system wherein colonists produced raw material at low prices and the imperial country made finished products that were sold to the colonists and others at higher prices. B. To eliminate the need to invest in manufacturing ventures there Parliament did not prohibit manufacturing in the colonies on account of concern over the cost of investing. C. To keep England's monopoly on the supply of raw materials The English government wanted the colonies to supply raw materials to England. D. To block colonists from purchasing raw materials from the West Indies The English government did not want the colonists to purchase goods from the West Indies, but this is not why Parliament prohibited manufacturing in the colonies.

Why did George Rogers Clark move his men into the Ohio River Valley during the American Revolution?

*A. To strengthen the Spanish and French forces beleaguered by Indian attacks Clark and his men marched to the Ohio River Valley to reinforce the French and Spanish in their battles with British-allied Indians. B. To move supplies down the Mississippi River to help the Spanish in Louisiana Clark did not move to the Ohio River Valley to float supplies downriver. C. To establish a line of settlement along the western frontier Although Clark was a surveyor, he did not march his men to the Ohio River Valley to mark a boundary line. D. To wipe out Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Cayuga villages General John Sullivan moved his men to New York to attack the Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Cayuga tribes in 1779.

Why did the English feel pressured to plant colonies in North America in the 1500s?

*A. To support the land claims they had made earlier English interest in North America was ignited by Spanish and French challenges to claims Cabot had made along the North Atlantic coast in the 1490s. To secure these rights, the English needed to colonize the disputed lands. B. Because of the discovery of gold in North America There were no discoveries of gold in North America at this time. C. To counter the Dutch efforts to settle there The Dutch had not yet mounted an effort to make settlements in North America. D. To prevent the Spanish from moving north of Mexico The Spanish already had explored north of Mexico and planted the colony of St. Augustine.

What saved Jamestown in 1612?

*A. Tobacco In his experiments with Orinoco tobacco, John Rolfe found that the much-sought-after crop grew very well in Virginia. Between 1615 and 1629, tobacco exports increased from 2,000 pounds to 1.5 million pounds. B. A fertile spring Although good weather contributed to the recovery of the colony, it is not what saved Jamestown. C. Indian tribute Although the English attacked local Indians to intimidate them, tribute from Native Americans did not begin until 1646. D. Sugar cane Although sugar cane eventually became a lucrative crop for England, the plant did not save Jamestown in 1612.

How did the wealthy southern planter aristocracy ensure the productivity of its labor force?

*A. Using harsh methods of discipline The wealthy southern planter aristocracy ensured the productivity of its labor force by maintaining harsh methods of discipline. Masters whipped slaves for a variety of offenses, from not picking enough cotton to breaking tools or running away. B. Rewarding workers who showed initiative While planters could at times reward their slaves for hard work, this was not the typical way in which they maintained productivity. C. Making technological improvements to the plantation Since planters relied on a system of forced labor, they had little interest in labor-saving technologies. D. Educating their labor force to enhance their skills Southern planters had little interest in educating their slaves. In fact, after the 1830s, most southern states severely punished those who tried to teach slaves how to read and write.

Late-seventeenth-century Puritan minister Samuel Sewell would have opposed which of the following activities?

*A. Wearing wigs Sewell condemned powdered wigs, worn to cover one's God-given hair, as a needless luxury and a sign of the declining morals of his time. B. Wearing simple black clothes Sewell praised a simple personal style and spoke against the fashion of wearing scarlet and gold jackets C. Praying before meals Sewell would not have opposed praying. D. Keeping a diary Sewell himself kept an extensive diary, in which he often condemned the behavior of others.

Why was Ohio home to so many antislavery groups in the 1830s?

*A. Western states such as Ohio were home to intense debate over the future of slavery. With the status of slavery in the west an open question, Ohio alone featured more antislavery groups than any other state. B. Slavery was still legal in Ohio in the 1830s. Slavery was not legal in Ohio in the 1830s. C. Migrants from Kentucky wanted to bring slaves to the state. Kentuckians bringing slaves to Ohio was not an issue in the 1830s. D. The Liberator and The North Star were published in Ohio. William Lloyd Garrison published the Liberator in Massachusetts; Frederick Douglass published The North Star in New York.

Who brought the greatest number of African Americans into Texas, Missouri, and Kansas in the 1840s and 1850s?

*A. White planters White planters brought the greatest numbers of African Americans into Texas, Missouri, and Kansas, pushing the frontier of slavery westward. B. The U.S. army African Americans were not allowed to serve in the U.S. army in the 1840s and 1850s. C. Railroads Railroads were not the main cause for the move of African Americans into Texas, Missouri, and Kansas. D. The cattle industry The cattle industry was not yet significantly large in this period.

Why was punishment so swift and brutal in cases of slave resistance or even suspected resistance?

*A. Whites were terrified of rebellion. Whites made an effort to make brutal punishments public to scare other slaves into submission and discourage any form of rebellion. B. There was no court to try slaves. A court was not necessary for punishment, although courts could be used to assign guilt to suspected slaves. C. Slavery had collapsed in the northern colonies for failure to do so. Slavery in the northern colonies had not collapsed, although it was not as extensive as in the southern colonies. D. Whites were simply following British law. Slaveholders of the southern colonies developed these responses to reflect their own desires and interests.

Why did Britain's victory in the French and Indian War result in more frequent conflicts with Native Americans?

*A. With France out of the way, colonists poured into western lands where they collided with Indians. The British victory brought vast tracts of new lands into British possession, leading British colonists to seek new opportunities to the West. As the colonists moved, however, they encroached on Indian lands, producing more conflict with Natives. B. Britain declared war on Indians to punish them for supporting France in the recent war. Britain did not declare war on Indians. Britain had enjoyed the support of some Native groups during the war. C. Britain imposed new taxes on Indians following the war, which Natives resisted. Britain did not impose taxes on Indians following the war. D. Britain declared the Indians would have to give up their lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Britain did not require Indians to give up their lands. In fact, the Proclamation of 1763 attempted to reserve lands west of the Appalachian Mountains for Indians.

Why might the children of freed slaves find themselves in a vulnerable position following the Civil War?

*A. Without a legal marriage for their parents, custody issues might arise if their parents separated. Without the legal protections of marriage, children could find themselves at the mercy of courts if their parents separated. In general, courts awarded fathers custody on the assumption that a man would be able to better provide for the children's material needs. B. Slaves were emancipated gradually, with enslaved children not freed until they turned eighteen. Emancipation was not gradual. C. With no schooling available, children were likely to end up impoverished and working like slaves. Although resources were stretched thin, the Freedmen's Bureau and charitable organizations such as churches established schools for the children of former slaves throughout the South. D. Masters automatically received custody of any children they had fathered with enslaved women. Masters did not automatically receive custody.

Why did the concept of marriage as partnership apply to so many families in the late seventeenth century?

*A. Wives and husbands shared labor. In communities across the colonies, wives and husbands shared labor and the responsibilities of supporting the family. These shared responsibilities were the basis for the concept of marriage as a partnership. B. Wives and husbands shared wealth. While wives and husbands both devoted their earnings to the household, husbands controlled family wealth. C. Wives and husbands shared religious faith. While married couples were expected to share and nurture religion in their lives and their children's lives, religion was not the conceptual basis for marriage as partnership. D. Wives and husbands shared property rights. Husbands held the rights to property, sometimes even after death.

What made the formation of the first political workingmen's party in Philadelphia a sensible move for workers in 1827?

*A. Workingmen gained the right to vote at that time. The expansion of voting rights in the 1820s made it reasonable for workers and artisans to join the nation's first workingmen's political party in Philadelphia in 1827. B. Female factory workers in Massachusetts eagerly joined the new party. Women did not have the right to vote at the time and would have had little incentive to join a workingmen's party. C. The surge in immigration provided a new constituency. Immigrants were not immediately able to vote, and the real surge in immigration took place after the party's founding. D. The demise of the Federalists removed the primary competition for workers' votes. Federalists were not the party that tried to court working men.

Why did unifying all southern whites around a shared sense of racial identity become more important for slave owners in the years before the Civil War?

*A. Worldwide, opinion was turning against slavery. Outside the United States many countries were abolishing slavery. For example, Britain forbade slavery in its colonies in 1834, France in 1848. B. Free blacks were growing more numerous. The small size of the free black population was not the reason for the increased emphasis of slave owners on a shared racial identity. C. Slaves were becoming the majority in most states. Slaves were the majority in only South Carolina and Mississippi. D. After the war with Mexico, the Spanish-speaking population increased. The size of the Spanish-speaking population was not a factor in the increased attention slave owners paid to a unified sense of racial identity. Topic: Democrats Face Political and Economic Crises books: Democrats Face Political and Economic Crises The Battle for Texas Indians Resist Removal Van Buren and the Panic of 1837 The Whigs Win the White House

When the Dutch governor of New Amsterdam demanded tribute from the Algonquians in 1639, what was the result?

*A. Years of warfare as the Dutch attempted to eliminate Algonquian opposition to their presence in North America. Dutch governor William Kieft demanded an annual tribute in wampum or grain, touching off two decades of warfare that ended in the defeat of the Algonquians. B. The Algonquians rebelled and forced the Dutch to abandon New Amsterdam to the English, who renamed it New York. The Algonquians did not force the Dutch to leave New Amsterdam. C. The Algonquians forged an alliance with the French to protect them from the Dutch. The Algonquians did not form an alliance with the French. D. The Dutch stopped trading furs with the Mohawk and dealt exclusively with the Algonquians. The Dutch continued to trade furs with the Mohawk.

According to the seventeenth-century Puritans, the "City on a Hill" would serve as

*A. a model that would inspire reform in England. Although the Puritans who migrated to New England hoped to escape the corruption of the old country, they believed that England could still be redeemed. They aimed for their new community to show how. B. a military defense against attack by Indians. The "City on a Hill" was not a military installation. C. a marketplace to trade furs with the French. The "City on a Hill" was not a commercial center. D. a place to promote the cultivation of tobacco. The "City on a Hill" was about promoting tobacco cultivation.

Powhatan supported the first English colonists who arrived in Virginia in the early seventeenth century because he

*A. aimed to trade with the English. Powhatan assisted the English in hopes that they would provide him with English cloth, iron, hatchets, and guns. B. hoped to convince the English not to conquer his confederacy. The Powhatan Confederacy was more powerful than the small number of Englishmen who first arrived in Virginia. C. planned to marry his daughter Pocahontas to an Englishman. Although Pocahontas did marry the Englishman John Rolfe in 1614, that was not the reason he first assisted the English colonists. D. wanted their assistance in building a fort at Jamestown. The English constructed a fort at Jamestown, which only worried the Indians about their long-term intentions.

In early nineteenth-century New England, the expansion of cotton mills affected local farmers by

*A. creating new opportunities for farmwomen to make money weaving yarn into cloth. Cotton mills that spun cotton fiber into yarn increased the demand for women who could spin yarn into cloth. Such opportunities provided steady work and extra income for farm families in New England. B. putting local farmers out of business as machines could perform their jobs more efficiently. Farmers were not put out of work because of new machines. C. causing a boom in cotton production on New England farms to supply the mills. The cotton processed by the mills came from the South, not New England, which was not suited for cotton farming. D. leading weavers to leave their farms to seek work in the new firearms industry. Weavers did not give up their jobs to seek work in firearms factories.

After January 1, 1863, a slave living in a place controlled by the Confederate army was

*A. deemed free forever. Issued January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in areas controlled by the Confederacy. Slaves in Union territories were unaffected, since Lincoln pitched the proclamation as a war measure needed to defeat the Confederacy. B. still considered a slave. Such persons were not considered slaves. C. eligible for emancipation. Such persons were considered merely eligible for emancipation. D. seized as contraband. Such persons were seized as contraband. Topic: War Transforms the North and the South books: War Transforms the North and the South Life and Death on the Battlefield The Northern Economy Expands Urbanization and Industrialization in the South Women Aid the War Effort Dissent and Protest in the Midst of War

German Pietists challenged Enlightenment thinking in the eighteenth century by

*A. encouraging people to follow their heart in spiritual matters rather than their intellects. Pietism was primarily a religion of the heart, as people were encouraged to follow their emotions in the spiritual lives. Pietism thus rejected Enlightenment thinking. B. rejecting emotional experiences in worship in favor of a more intellectual approach. Pietism did not reject emotional experiences in worship. C. teaching that although God existed, he did not become involved in everyday life. Pietism did not teach that God was indifferent to everyday life. D. defending the role of established churches in guiding colonial religious development. Pietism did not defend the establishment of churches.

George Whitefield's style of preaching was

*A. entertaining. In front of thousands, Whitefield danced, shouted, raged, and stamped his feet. Whitefield and his followers departed from the staid and reserved style of Protestant preachers with emotional, lively preaching. B. reserved. Whitefield's style of preaching could not be described as reserved. C. loving. Although much of Whitefield's sermons centered on God's grace, most of his message was not about God's love but his anger and the corrupt nature of man. D. snobbish. Unlike many urban Protestant preachers, Whitefield catered his sermons to the masses rather than the learned upper echelons of society.

To sustain and expand the system of slavery from the 1830s to the 1850s, southern planters depended on

*A. federal power. To sustain and expand the system of slavery from the 1830s to the 1850s, southern planters depended on federal power, largely through the favorable policies against Indians and for Texas advanced by Democratic presidents. B. local authorities. Local offices were typically in the hands of southern planters, and they could not help the expansion of slavery. C. foreign markets. Foreign cotton markets were important for the institution of slavery, but that alone could not expand slavery. D. small businesses. Small businesses were not crucial for the expansion of slavery.

King Charles II enhanced his power over the colonies by

*A. giving land and commercial rights to loyal supporters. Charles II rewarded supporters for their loyalty by granting them lands and commercial rights in the colonies. Such personal awards were easier to revoke than royal charters, if the recipient proved less than loyal in the future. B. taking land away from the Penn family to punish Sir William Penn's opposition. The king repaid a debt to Penn by granting him the lands that became Pennsylvania. C. putting his brother James in charge of Connecticut and Rhode Island. James, the Duke of York, was not put in charge of Connecticut and Rhode Island. He was given control over the area once known as New Netherland but soon to be called New York. D. abolishing the age-old Councils for Trade and Plantations. The Councils for Trade and Plantations were newly formed; Charles appointed supporters to the key posts.

In the 1820s the state of Georgia rejected Cherokee claims to sovereignty by arguing that the Cherokee were

*A. guests of the state of Georgia. The legislature rejected Cherokee claims to sovereignty, arguing that native lands enjoyed no special status and were subject to Georgia law, including laws that required their removal. B. foreign enemies. The state did not call the Cherokee foreign enemies. C. full American citizens. The state did not argue that Cherokee were full American citizens. D. already protected by the U.S. Constitution. The state did not say the Cherokee were already protected by the Constitution.

Between 500 and 1500 C.E., increasingly complex societies emerged in the equatorial region of the Americas on account of

*A. highly developed systems of agriculture. Highly developed systems of agriculture allowed societies to settle, develop, and grow more politically and culturally complex. B. an increase in cultural diversity. Cultural diversity was not a causal factor for complex societies between 500 and 1500 C.E. C. the richness of forest game. Game was part of the diet even of settled societies between 500 and 1500 C.E. but was not the factor that contributed to their complexity. D. specialized architectural methods. Specialized architecture is an effect, not a cause, of the development of complex societies.

Along the plains that stretched from present-day Colorado to Canada, Native American societies developed centuries ago by focusing on

*A. hunting bison. Hunting societies along the plains between present-day Colorado and Canada followed herds of bison. B. herding cattle. Cattle were not present in the Americas until the coming of Europeans. C. hunting deer. Native Americans in other parts of North America hunted deer, but those of the plains had a different subsistence strategy. D. farming. The peoples of the plains were primarily hunter-gatherers who did not rely on agriculture.

Northern manufacturers dealt with the labor shortage during the Civil War primarily by

*A. mechanizing more tasks. Northern manufacturers addressed the labor shortage during the Civil War mainly by mechanizing more tasks. Mechanization advanced quickly in clothing and shoe industries, for instance, allowing more jobs to be filled by unskilled or semiskilled workers. B. recruiting workers from Canada. Northern manufacturers did not depend on immigrants from Canada. C. hiring fugitive slaves. Fugitive slaves were not the primary new labor force for northern manufacturers. D. taking in deserters. Northern manufacturers did not primarily rely on deserters in the wartime labor shortage.

The economic theory favored by seventeenth-century kings such as Louis XIV was called

*A. mercantilism. European kings such as Louis XIV believed that mercantilism, based on maintaining a favorable balance of trade, was the key to a strong economy. B. capitalism. The rationale behind the system known as capitalism was developed in a later period. C. socialism. The rationale behind the system known as socialism was developed in a later period. D. indentured servitude. Indentured servitude was a system of labor in which a person agreed to labor for a set number of years in exchange for passage to North America.

Compared to people living in Britain in the 1760s, people living in the North American colonies were taxed

*A. much less. At the time the Stamp Act was enacted in 1764, North American colonists were taxed far less than their fellow subjects in Britain. Colonists paid about 1 shilling versus about 26 shillings for Britons. B. about the same. Colonists and people living in Britain did not pay the same amount in taxes. C. slightly more. Colonists did not pay a little more in taxes than people living in Britain. D. a lot more. Colonists did not pay a lot more in taxes than people living in Britain.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Lucy Stone founded the Women's National Loyal League in order to

*A. petition for full emancipation. The women's suffrage and abolition movements overlapped considerably, and Stanton, Anthony, and Stone formed a new organization to demand that the Union bring about full emancipation for slaves. B. demand women serve in combat. Stanton, Anthony, and Stone did not advocate women serving in combat. C. coordinate nursing care for soldiers. Although many women did serve as nurses during the war, Stanton, Anthony, and Stone did not address the need for medical care with their organization. D. call for women's suffrage. Although Stanton, Anthony, and Stone advocated for women's suffrage, that was not the purpose of the Women's National Loyal League.

The efforts of moral reformers against prostitution in the 1840s included

*A. petitions for harsh punishments of men. Reformers recognized that the customers of brothels as well as prostitutes needed to fear the law. B. harsher punishments for women than for the men. Reformers had a different legal remedy in mind. C. legalization of prostitution and the protection of prostitutes. Reformers were committed to abolishing prostitution, not trying to improve the living and working conditions for prostitutes. D. daily medical assistance to prostitutes. Reformers did not want to make prostitution more viable by offering prostitutes assistance.

Between the 1820s and 1850s, a woman who managed the household of a southern plantation was known as a

*A. plantation mistress. The wife of the slave-owning master of the plantation was known as the plantation mistress. She was expected to manage her own family and the domestic slaves as well as oversee the feeding, clothing, and medical care of the entire labor force. Plantation mistresses also organized social events, hosted relatives and friends, and sometimes directed the plantation in their husbands' absence. B. yeoman farmer. A yeoman farmer was a white man who owned land but not slaves. The wives of yeomen farmers also performed manual labor. C. Tejano. Tejanos were American-born residents of Mexican Texas. D. Whig. The Whigs were a political party that developed in opposition to Andrew Jackson.

The Maya created a system of glyphs in order to

*A. record histories of important events. Glyphs—images that represented prefixes, suffixes, numbers, people, or words—were carved into large, flat stones to record important events. B. improve their printing technology. The Maya did not have a system of printing. C. publicize the world maps that they created. Maya maps tended to focus on specific locations. D. prevent trade with other peoples who lived nearby. The Maya carried on extensive trade with their neighbors.

In the U.S. Supreme Court case of United States v. Cruikshank (1876), the court ruled that

*A. the Fourteenth Amendment did not protect citizens against private groups. In this case, the Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment protected individuals against the actions of state governments only, not private businesses or individuals. This severely restricted the ability of the Constitution to protect the rights of African Americans. B. the Fourteenth Amendment was unconstitutional. Since the Fourteenth Amendment was already embedded in the Constitution, the Supreme Court did not have the power to declare it in violation of the Constitution. C. the Fourteenth Amendment applied only to businesses, not to individuals. The Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to the actions of businesses. D. the Civil Rights Act for full and equal treatment in public accommodations was unconstitutional. The case of Cruikshank (1876) restricted the application of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court declared the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional seven years later.

In addition to establishing families and communities following the American Revolution, free blacks in the North

*A. tried to free enslaved relatives. Free blacks in the North worked tirelessly to free their enslaved relatives who remained in the South or labored in the North. B. initiated a suffrage movement. Many free blacks banded together to effect change in their communities, but no large movement for black suffrage took place. C. began a large abolitionist movement. Many free blacks banded together to effect change in their communities, but no wide-scale abolitionist movement occurred in the late eighteenth century. D. fought to serve as state representatives. Many free blacks banded together to effect change in their communities, but no large movement was afoot to get blacks in political positions.

In the fall of 1855, conflicts erupted in the southern and central plains between

*A. white settlers and Indians. In the fall of 1855, conflicts between white settlers and Indians erupted across the southern and central plains. B. Nebraskans and Kansans. No conflict occurred between Nebraska and Kansas at that time, or later. C. Democrats and Whigs. The conflict was a contest for power in the region, but not between political parties. D. Cheyenne and Pawnee Indians. The conflict did not pit Cheyenne against Pawnee Indians.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, members of a new literary group known as the Hartford Wits

*A. wrote satires about Shays's Rebellion. Members of the Hartford Wits, expressing predominantly Federalist views, published paeans to democracy in addition to satires about Shays's Rebellion. B. were mostly graduates of Harvard College. Most members of the Hartford Wits were graduates of Yale. C. mocked the concept of democracy. Members of the Hartford Wits expressed distinctly American perspectives, which included the celebration of democracy. D. shied away from political subjects. Members of the Hartford Wits explicitly engaged with issues of politics in America, such as the virtues of democracy and the proper role of the central government in a republican nation.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The stern, steady march of events has brought us in conflict with our non-slaveholding confederates upon the fundamental principles of our compact of Union. We have not sought this conflict; we have sought too long to avoid it. . . . The door of conciliation and compromise is finally closed by our adversaries.

. . . The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more. . . . In 1790 we had less than eight hundred thousand slaves. Under our mild and humane administration of the system they have increased above four millions. The country has expanded to meet this growing want, and Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri have received this increasing tide of African labor; before the end of this century, at precisely the same rate of increase, the Africans among us in a subordinate condition will amount to eleven millions of persons. What shall be done with them? We must expand or perish." What emotion did Robert Toombs appeal to in making his argument in favor of secession? A. Vengeance Toombs did not call for vengeance. B. Pride Toombs did not appeal to the reader's pride. *C. Pity Toombs invited the reader to feel sorry for the South—sorry that the North had oppressed them, sorry that their slave population had grown so large there is no place for them to live, sorry that they were, according to Toombs, forced to secede. D. Anger Toombs did not appear particularly angry, nor did he invite an angry response.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[A] complete remedy for the evil is . . . impracticable. I venture, to suggest a few palliatives.

1 Public opinion, a powerful instrument, ought to be brought to bear on the subject. All honourable members of society, male and female, ought to unite in denouncing those who 'grind the faces of the poor'. . . . 2 Let the employments of females be multiplied as much as possible. . . . especially in shop-keeping in retail stores. . . . 4 Let the Provident Societies, intended to furnish employment for women in winter, be munificently supported; and let those Societies give fair and liberal wages. . . . 6 Let schools be opened for instructing poor women in cooking. Good cooks are always scarce. . . . 8 Ladies who can afford it, ought to give out their sewing and washing, and pay fair prices. . . . 9 In the towns in the interior of the state, and in those in western states, there is generally a want of females as domestics, seamstresses, etc. . . . [the rich should] provide for sending some of the superabundant poor females of our cities to those places." According to Mathew Carey, which of the following actions should be taken to help poor women? A. Poor women should stay home with their children. Carey's comments assume that poor women should be working rather than staying home. He writes: "Let the employments of females be multiplied as much as possible." *B. More women should learn a skill to find better work. According to Carey, one improvement to the lives of poor women would come from learning a skill. "Let schools be opened for instructing poor women in cooking," he writes. "Good cooks are always scarce." C. The government should provide child care for single mothers. Carey does not recommend government action in general, nor does he discuss child care for single mothers in particular. D. Rich men should be encouraged to marry poor women. Carey says nothing about rich men marrying poor single women, although he does encourage wealthy women to hire poor women to do their laundry.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[A] complete remedy for the evil is . . . impracticable. I venture, to suggest a few palliatives.

1 Public opinion, a powerful instrument, ought to be brought to bear on the subject. All honourable members of society, male and female, ought to unite in denouncing those who 'grind the faces of the poor'. . . . 2 Let the employments of females be multiplied as much as possible. . . . especially in shop-keeping in retail stores. . . . 4 Let the Provident Societies, intended to furnish employment for women in winter, be munificently supported; and let those Societies give fair and liberal wages. . . . 6 Let schools be opened for instructing poor women in cooking. Good cooks are always scarce. . . . 8 Ladies who can afford it, ought to give out their sewing and washing, and pay fair prices. . . . 9 In the towns in the interior of the state, and in those in western states, there is generally a want of females as domestics, seamstresses, etc. . . . [the rich should] provide for sending some of the superabundant poor females of our cities to those places." According to Mathew Carey, which of the following factors is responsible for the plight of poor women? A. Alcoholism and drug addiction Carey does not blame alcoholism or drug addiction for women's poverty. B. Being abandoned by their husbands Carey does not discuss the problem of being abandoned by husbands as a source of female poverty. *C. The low pay offered by employers Carey condemns employers who do not pay good wages. "All honourable members of society, male and female," he writes, "ought to unite in denouncing those who 'grind the faces of the poor.'" D. Having children before marriage Carey does not discuss having children before marriage as a source of hardship for women.

Refer to the image Daniel Shays

A cartoon shows Daniel Shays and Jacob Shattuck in elaborate uniforms holding swords. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. In the sketch of Daniel Shays and Jacob Shattuck, why are the two men shown wearing uniforms and carrying swords? A. To recognize their service in the Continental Army The picture does not recognize the military service of Shays or Shattuck. B. To threaten their opponents into submissions The picture was not intended as a threat to opponents. C. To depict them as they usually dressed Neither man wore a uniform or carried a sword. *D. To mock their pretensions to leadership With the picture appearing in a pro-Constitution almanac, the men were presented in uniforms with swords to ridicule the backcountry farmers Shays and Shattuck as rubes pretending to be sophisticated leaders.

Refer to the image The Edenton Proclamation, 1774

A cartoon shows women signing a document, pouring tea into trash, flirting with men, and leaving their child unattended while a dog licks its ears. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The image of a Society of Patriotic Women at Edenton, North Carolina, depicts the women who protested British policy by refusing to drink tea as A. sincere patriots resisting tyranny. The title "Patriotic Women" is not meant as a compliment. *B. truly interested in socializing, not politics. The cartoon aims to ridicule the women of Edenton. A woman in the center flirts with a man. In the background, another man puts his arm around a woman. Under the table, a child spills a tray and no one notices because they are too busy talking. C. good subjects, loyal to king and Parliament. The women are not depicted as good subjects. D. firebrands demanding immediate independence. There is no indication that the women have independence on their minds, according to the cartoon.

Refer to the image Isaac Royall and His Family, 1741

A painting shows Isaac Royall and his family dressed in rich clothing, accompanied by text. Text reads, Elite Women's Lives in the North American Colonies. By the 1740s, elite women were viewed as paragons of piety and domesticity. Yet many contributed wealth and management skills to family enterprises. The painting by Robert Feke (Source 4.2) portrays Isaac Royall of Medford, Massachusetts, with his wife, Elizabeth, and his daughter, sister, and sister-in-law. Isaac's estate was built on his deceased father's trade in rum, sugar, and slaves from Antigua. Elizabeth cared for the family and its staff, including several slaves. In Source 4.3, twenty-year-old Eliza Lucas, born on Antigua, describes her typical routine. Although young and single, she managed her father's South Carolina plantations, adding substantially to the family's wealth. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. In the portrait of Isaac Royall and His Family (1741), the way the father is depicted standing above his wife, children, and sister-in-law emphasizes which family ideal? A. Egalitarian family The painting does not depict an egalitarian family ideal. B. Nuclear family The painting does not depict a nuclear family ideal. *C. Patriarchal family A common ideal in the eighteenth century, the patriarchal family was one in which fathers held absolute authority over wives, children, and servants. Although challenged, it was seen as a source of stability in a rapidly changing culture. D. Blended family The painting does not depict a blended family ideal.

Refer to the image Isaac Royall and His Family, 1741

A painting shows Isaac Royall and his family dressed in rich clothing, accompanied by text. Text reads, Elite Women's Lives in the North American Colonies. By the 1740s, elite women were viewed as paragons of piety and domesticity. Yet many contributed wealth and management skills to family enterprises. The painting by Robert Feke (Source 4.2) portrays Isaac Royall of Medford, Massachusetts, with his wife, Elizabeth, and his daughter, sister, and sister-in-law. Isaac's estate was built on his deceased father's trade in rum, sugar, and slaves from Antigua. Elizabeth cared for the family and its staff, including several slaves. In Source 4.3, twenty-year-old Eliza Lucas, born on Antigua, describes her typical routine. Although young and single, she managed her father's South Carolina plantations, adding substantially to the family's wealth. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The way that the family of Isaac Royall appears in the portrait he commissioned suggests that the family was *A. elite. Since portraits were expensive, they would require substantial means to have painted. Moreover, the clothes the family wears and the furnishings of the setting depicted also suggest wealth. B. middle class. The clothes and setting depicted in the painting do not suggest that the family was middle class. C. working class. The clothes and setting depicted in the painting do not suggest that the family was working class. D. poor. The clothes and setting depicted in the painting do not suggest that the family was poor.

Refer to the image The Marquis de La Fayette with an Aide-de-Camp

A painting shows Marquis de Lafayette pointing his finger to the ground. His horse and Black aide-de-camp are beside Lafayette. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. In the painting of the Marquis de Lafayette, the African American man in the scene is depicted as a(n) *A. Continental Army soldier. The African American man shown with Lafayette, a Continental Army officer, is his aide-de-camp, an officer's assistant. B. British Army soldier. The African American man in the picture is not a British Army soldier. C. American slave. The African American man in the picture is not an American slave. D. loyalist farmer. The African American man in the picture is not a loyalist farmer.

Refer to the image Union Soldiers in Camp, c. 1863

A photo shows Union soldiers posing for a photo outside a log cabin. They raise their hats and arms in the air. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. For civilians at home, the photograph of Union Soldiers in Camp suggests that a soldier's life was A. a grand adventure. Although some soldiers appear to be having a good time, others look bored and weary. B. worse than imagined. Although rough, the soldiers' living conditions likely matched the farms that most Americans lived on at the time. C. a living hell. Several soldiers appear to be enjoying themselves. *D. relatively pleasant. All things considered, the scene appears pleasant. Some soldiers look bored and tired of camp life, but in general they look well fed and healthy.

Refer to the image Election Day in Philadelphia, 1815

A painting shows a crowd of men, women, and children gathered in a street outside a building. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. John Lewis Krimmel's painting of Election Day in Philadelphia in 1815 suggests that voting in the early republic had changed by A. restricting participation to elites. Although some people, by their dress, appear to enjoy elite status, nothing indicates they are the only ones to vote. *B. including a variety of social classes. The painting depicts people from a wide variety of social backgrounds turning out to mark election day. In the early republic property qualifications for voting were removed, allowing most white men to be able to vote. C. allowing women to vote. Although women are present in the picture, it is not suggested that they are voting. D. becoming plagued by partisan violence. Although the street is certainly crowded, it does not appear violent.

Refer to the image Auction in Chatham Street, New York, 1820

A painting shows a man standing on a table in a street and auctioning of miscellaneous items to a group of people gathered around him. A woman tugs on his tail coat. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. E. Didier's 1843 painting of an 1820 auction in Chatham Street, New York, depicts the suffering brought by *A. economic panic. The painting is depicting the consequences of the panic of 1819, when widespread unemployment devastated New York. The painting was created during the next period of economic hard times, in the 1840s. B. slavery. The painting does not show a slave auction or give any other sign of being concerned with slavery. C. natural disaster. The painting contains nothing to suggest that a natural disaster had harmed New York. D. British invasion. There is no evidence of a British invasion in the image.

Refer to the image Slaves Destroy Statue of King George III in New York City, July 1776

A painting shows slaves pulling down the statue of King George the third, while other people look on. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. In the engraving of the statue of King George being destroyed, who is pulling down the statue? A. Sons of Liberty The men destroying the statue are not Sons of Liberty. B. Sailors Sailors are not shown pulling down the statue, although sailors often protested against the British practice of impressment. C. The Continental Congress The Continental Congress is not depicted in the engraving; it met in Philadelphia, and the image shows a scene in New York. *D. Slaves The engraving presents an arresting image of slaves pulling down a symbol of British tyranny while white colonists, no doubt anxious to defend their liberties, look on.

Refer to the image Democratic Flier Opposing Freedmen's Bureau Bill, 1866

A photo shows a flier opposing the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. The flier shows an illustration of an idle black man and white men chopping wood and farming field. The illustration also lists statistics from the Bill. Accompanying text reads, The Freedman's Bureau! An agency to keep the negro in idleness at the expense of the white man. Twice vetoed by the president, and made a law by congress. Support congress and you support the negro. Sustain the president and you protect the white man. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to the flier opposing the Freedmen's Bureau bill, the bureau should not be continued because it *A. harms poor white farmers. The flier condemns the Bureau for harming whites. It says the Freedmen's Bureau is "AN AGENCY TO KEEP THE NEGRO IN IDLENESS AT THE EXPENSE OF THE WHITE MAN." B. encourages white vagrancy. The flier says nothing about vagrancy, except by implying that freedmen do not want to work. C. rewards southern secession. The flier does not charge that the Bureau rewards secessionists. D. needs more funds to work. Although the flier condemns the cost of the Bureau, it appears to say the Bureau will not work at any cost.

Refer to the image Sale of Slaves in Charleston, South Carolina

A photo shows a flyer featuring an advertisement for salve auction. Text reads, To be sold on board the ship Bance Island, on Tuesday the sixth of May next at Ashley Ferry, a choice cargo of about 250 fine healthy negroes just arrived from the Windward and Rice coast. The utmost care has already been taken, and shall be continued, to keep them free from the least danger of being infected with the small pox, no boat having been on board, and all other communication with people from Charlestown prevented. Austin, Laurens, and Appleby. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. What does the fact that newspapers contained advertisements such as the image of "Sale of Slaves in Charleston, South Carolina" show about colonial America? A. That slaves were more likely to be sick than white workers Although the advertisement mentions the health of the slaves, it does not imply that slaves were more likely to be ill than white workers. *B. That slavery was accepted as normal Advertisements for slave sales were a regular part of colonial newspapers and a part of life that people at the time thought unremarkable. It was accepted as a normal part of their lives. C. That slavery was attacked as immoral The image does not attack slavery as immoral. D. That slaves were replacing indentured servants Although slavery was expanding as indentured servitude declined, the advertisement does not speak to how the two were related.

Refer to the image Battlefield Dead at Antietam, 1862

A photo shows bodies of dead soldiers strewn in a battlefield next to a gun cart. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. How does the photographer who took the photograph of the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam (1862) lead the viewer to feel horrified by the reality of war? *A. The bodies lie in an indiscriminate mass, looking abandoned. The men appear to have died a horrible death. They are left in the open and no one's face is distinctly visible. B. The soldiers are shown to have died unarmed, trying to surrender. Although no arms are visible, nothing suggests they were trying to surrender when they died. C. The house in the background calls to mind the soldiers' lost homes. Calling to mind the soldiers' homes does not appear to be the purpose of the house in the background. D. The wagon implies that the soldiers could have been farmers. Implying the soldiers could have been farmers does not appear to be the purpose of including the wagon in the photograph.

Refer to the image The Repeal, 1766

A photo shows intricately molded wooden banisters for stairs. Detailed paintings hang on the walls depicting different scenes. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to the cartoon called "The Repeal," why was the Stamp Act wrong? *A. It harmed trade. The cartoon presents an economic argument against the Stamp Act by placing the funeral on the docks, the site of shipping, and by labeling a warehouse as "Goods NOW Shipped for America." B. It violated the constitution. The cartoon does not cite constitutional reasons for opposing the Stamp Act. C. It encouraged violence. The cartoon does not discuss any violent opposition. D. It invited colonial independence. The cartoon does not imply anything about colonies seeking independence.

Refer to the image Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary

A portrait of Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The painting of Mrs. Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary shows that Puritans typically migrated to New England as *A. families. Puritans typically migrated as families, and those who were single soon formed families of their own. The family structure promoted rapid population growth and community stability over time. B. women. Although Puritan women migrated, a roughly equal number of men also crossed the Atlantic to settle in New England. C. single mothers. Puritan migrants were not typically single mothers. D. children. Children migrated to New England but with their parents.

Refer to the image Engraving of Pocahontas, 1616

A sketched portrait of Pocahontas wearing a hat, a dress, and a high lace collar. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The engraving of Pocahontas in English-style aristocratic clothes was likely intended to achieve which purpose? A. Humiliate Pocahontas by making her wear unfamiliar fashions The depiction is not intended to humiliate Pocahontas. B. Hide the fact that Pocahontas had been born a Native American in Virginia There is no mistaking Pocahontas's native heritage in the engraving. The words around the side mention "Powhatan," her father, and her birth name, "Matoaka." C. Warn the French against attempting to trade with England's Indian allies Although the English enjoyed an alliance with Pocahontas's father, Powhatan, the engraving does not appear to address that issue. *D. Promote settlement in Virginia by showing Indians as friendly to English ways Pocahontas married an Englishman, John Rolfe, traveled to England, and took the name Rebecca. The image was produced by the Virginia Company, as if to suggest that since Indians were open to English ways, settlement in Virginia was safe.

What did Southerners call Northerners who came to the South for political or economic reasons or to help the freedpeople adjust to their new lives?

A. "Contrabands" "Contrabands" were slaves that ran to Union army camps during the Civil War. B. "Scalawags" "Scalawags" was an insult southern whites hurled at those southern whites who participated in Reconstruction governments. C. "Scoundrels" Southerners considered these Northerners to be scoundrels, but they had a specific term for them. *D. "Carpetbaggers" Northerners had many reasons for coming to the South. Some had served in the Union army during the war, liked what they saw of the region, and decided to settle there. Others came to help provide education and assist the freedpeople adjust to a new way of life. Still others were fortune seekers and adventurers who saw in the South an opportunity to get rich building railroads, establishing factories, and selling consumer goods. Whatever the reason, Southerners called these Northerners "carpetbaggers."

In the election of 1828, incumbent John Quincy Adams followed the traditional approach of

A. "running" for office. "Running" for office was a term that Democratic challenger Andrew Jackson and his supporters used. *B. "standing" for office. Adams told his supporters, "If my country wants my services, she must ask for them." This reflected the attitude of an older political class that "stood" for office. C. "claiming" his office. "Claiming" office was not a term politicians used then or use now. D. "opting" for office. "Opting" for office was not a term politicians used then or use now.

What proportion of African Americans were literate by 1880?

A. 10 percent The proportion of African Americans who could read by 1880 was higher than that. *B. 25 percent About a quarter of African Americans were literate by 1880. Despite the enthusiasm of freedpeople and the efforts of the federal government and private agencies, schooling remained severely limited throughout the South due to the shortage of teachers and funding. C. 50 percent The literacy rate among African Americans in the South in 1880 was significantly lower. D. 75 percent The literacy rate among African Americans in the South in 1880 was significantly lower.

How many southern whites had to pledge an oath of allegiance under Lincoln's plan to have their state readmitted to the Union after the Civil War?

A. 2 percent More whites than that pledged an oath of allegiance to the Union. *B. 10 percent Only 10 percent of southern whites had to pledge an oath of allegiance under Lincoln's plan to have their state readmitted to the Union. C. 20 percent Fewer southern whites than this had to pledge their loyalty to the Union. D. 50 percent Far fewer southern whites than this had to pledge their loyalty to the Union.

What percentage of individuals accused of witchcraft in Salem were women?

A. 20 percent More than 20 percent of the accused were women. B. 40 percent More than 40 percent of the accused were women. C. 60 percent More than 60 percent of the accused were women. *D. 80 percent Four out of every five individuals accused of witchcraft in Salem were women. This was consistent with the larger pattern in New England, where about 78 percent of those accused between 1620 and 1725 were female.

What percentage of women in the British colonies married at the beginning of the eighteenth century?

A. 30 percent In the early eighteenth century, more than 30 percent of women married. B. 50 percent In the early eighteenth century, more than 50 percent of women married. C. 70 percent In the early eighteenth century, more than 70 percent of women married. *D. 90 percent Nine out of every ten women in the British colonies married in the early eighteenth century.

In the early nineteenth century, how much higher was the mortality rate for slave infants than that for white children?

A. 30 percent higher The death rate was significantly higher for slave children. B. 60 percent higher The death rate was higher than that still. *C. More than 100 percent higher The mortality rate for slave infants was double that of white children. D. More than 200 percent higher The death rate for slave children was lower than that. Slave-owning planters had an interest in their slaves' natural reproduction.

How many Americans moved into the area from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean in the 1840s and 1850s?

A. 50,000 The number of Americans who had crossed the Mississippi to settle in the West was significantly larger than that. B. 150,000 The number of Americans who had crossed the Mississippi to settle in the West was much larger. *C. 350,000 By 1867, 350,000 Americans had made the journey, claimed land from the Mississippi to the Pacific, and transformed the United States from an upstart nation to an expanding empire. D. 900,000 The number of Americans who had crossed the Mississippi to settle in the West was significantly smaller than that.

What caused the Pequot War in New England in the 1630s?

A. A Pequot desire to defend their land While the Pequot people undoubtedly wanted to defend their land, they did not begin the war. B. The death of two Englishmen Although the English used two deaths as a pretext for the war, this was not its cause. C. Trickery by the Narragansett people Although the Narragansett benefited from the defeat of the Pequots, they did not trick the English into war. *D. Puritan fear of a pan-Indian alliance The Pequots had been allies of the English for several years. Yet some Puritans feared that the Pequots, who opposed the colonists' continued expansion, "would cause all the Indians in the country to join to root out all the English."

What was the Glorious Revolution?

A. A bloody revolution in England that deposed King James II The Glorious Revolution was not a bloody revolution. B. A war between Catholics and Protestants in England The Glorious Revolution was not a war between Catholics and Protestants. C. A coup in which James II was beheaded During the Glorious Revolution, King James was not beheaded. *D. A bloodless revolution that deposed King James II After taking a heavy hand in both domestic and colonial affairs, King James was deposed in a bloodless coup and replaced by his Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange.

What prompted the famine of 1845 and 1846 in Ireland?

A. A collapse of the international potato market Rural Irish families grew potatoes for their own consumption; the famine was not the result of a collapse in the international market for potatoes. *B. A disease that destroyed the potatoes on which the population depended A blight destroyed much of the potato crop on which many rural Irish families depended for survival. C. Inability to pay high prices for American corn Irish farmers did not depend on American corn to survive. D. A severe drought that destroyed wheat crops The Irish did not depend on wheat to survive.

During Reconstruction, why did Congress decide to turn the provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Fourteenth Amendment?

A. A constitutional amendment was the only way to overcome the opposition of Democrats. Democrats in the 1866 Congress weren't strong enough to block the Civil Rights Act. If they had been, they would have certainly been strong enough to block passage of a constitutional amendment. B. Johnson's persistent vetoes made a constitutional amendment necessary. Republicans in Congress were able to override the president's veto and pass the Civil Rights Act a second time. *C. Given their struggle with the president, Republicans did not think they could rely on laws alone. Reflecting on its confrontational dealings with the president, Congress wanted to ensure more permanent protection for African Americans than simple legislation could provide. D. A ruling by the Supreme Court against the Civil Rights Act made this step necessary. The Supreme Court had not ruled on the Civil Rights Act, although the Fourteenth Amendment was necessary to establish that African Americans were citizens.

Although divorce was rare in the colonies in the first half of the eighteenth century, what kind of person was most likely to be granted one?

A. A female victim of domestic abuse Charges or evidence of domestic abuse did not grant women the right to divorce their husbands. B. A wife with an infertile husband Charges or evidence of infertility did not grant women the right to divorce their husbands. C. A poorer man with a promiscuous wife While promiscuity was not tolerated, it was not grounds for divorce in all cases. *D. A wealthy husband with a barren wife Because divorce was often granted only by a colonial assembly, those who obtained divorces were almost always wealthy and powerful. In addition, infertility was grounds for divorce in the eighteenth century.

In 1800, who led a rebellion against authorities in Richmond, Virginia, that was inspired by the Haitian Revolution?

A. A free black clockmaker named Benjamin Banneker Banneker did not lead a rebellion; he published almanacs. *B. A slave blacksmith named Gabriel The so-called Gabriel's Rebellion, named for the enslaved blacksmith who was supposedly its ringleader, broke out in Richmond in 1800. It failed when informers told authorities what was planned. C. A schoolteacher named Noah Webster Webster did not lead a rebellion; he attempted to reform American education. D. A Virginia explored named Meriwether Lewis Lewis did not lead a rebellion; he led an expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory.

What prompted slave owners in the South in the early nineteenth century to provide slaves sturdier housing, better clothing, and increased food allotments?

A. A growing humanist sensibility Political or philosophical convictions did not prompt slave owners to improve the lot of slaves. *B. An interest in slaves' procreation The end of the international slave trade in 1808 helped blacks, since planters had to depend on natural reproduction to increase their labor supply. To ensure that slaves lived longer and healthier lives, planters were forced to provide sturdier housing, better clothing, and food allotments. C. Government regulations Federal and state governments did not protect the rights of slaves in any significant way. D. Demands by slaves Planters were unlikely to give in to the demands of slaves.

Which of the following was an obstacle that African Americans faced in their efforts to reunite after slavery?

A. A lack of interest in reunion Even after many years of separation, African Americans persisted in efforts to reunite with their loved ones. *B. Incomplete records on plantations and government offices Incomplete records on plantations and government offices could slow down the reunion or make it impossible. C. Lack of help in their searches African Americans sought and sometimes received help in their quests from government officials, ministers, and other freedpeople. D. Union army policy that they could not leave their area The Union army did not force freedpeople to stay in the area where they had been freed.

At the beginning of the Civil War, which of the following advantages did the Confederacy enjoy?

A. A large slave population that could be armed Confederate leaders did not consider arming slaves until late in the war when the cause was nearly lost. B. The majority of the nation's shipyards Most of the nation's shipyards were in the more maritime-oriented northern seaports. *C. A realization that a long war was likely Confederate leaders foresaw a long war more readily than did their Union counterparts. The Confederacy recruited some 100,000 troops for one-year terms of service compared to the Union's 75,000 men asked to serve for only three months. D. The nation's industrial center of Richmond Although Richmond was home to an iron industry, the North had many more industrial centers than the South.

What was a French advantage during the opening battles of the French and Indian War?

A. A larger population in North America There were more British, not French, colonists in North America. *B. Extensive trade networks Widespread trade networks allowed French forces to sustain a long war with the support of their Indian allies. C. Italian conscripts Irish, not Italian, conscripts aided the French. D. Portuguese and Prussian allies The Portuguese and Prussians eventually sided with the British, not the French.

What western border did the government of Mexico envision for the new Republic of Texas in the 1840s?

A. A line that follows today's border between Arizona and New Mexico This was not a border that the Mexican government would have supported. B. The Rio Grande River Texans and the United States wanted the Rio Grande to be the Texas border, but Mexico was opposed to this. C. The Pacific coast The extension of Texas to the Pacific would have robbed Mexico of much of its territory. *D. The Nueces River Mexico insisted on the Nueces River as the Texas western border, while Americans claimed all land to the Rio Grande.

In the spring of 1861, what advantage did southern whites see for themselves in the coming battles with northern troops?

A. Better weaponry The North outstripped the South in weaponry. B. A better railroad network The North had a far more elaborate railroad network than the South. *C. Fighting on home territory Southerners knew they were likely to be fighting mainly on home territory, where they had expert knowledge of the terrain. D. Greater agricultural output Despite the southern dependency on cotton, the North had a larger agricultural output.

What was an effect of the political unification of Spain under Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand?

A. A monopoly of the routes to the Mediterranean Sea and improved political ties with North Africa Spain did not have a monopoly over the routes to the Mediterranean Sea, although Ferdinand and Isabella were very interested in international trade. B. A cultural renaissance that encouraged religious tolerance and literacy Although the Renaissance did encourage literacy in Spain and elsewhere, the Spanish monarchs did not promote religious tolerance. *C. The promotion of Catholicism and persecution of nonbelievers Isabella and Ferdinand used Catholicism to unify the nation. The Spanish monarchs expelled Muslims and Jews and led an inquisition into suspected heretics in the name of Spanish solidarity. D. The establishment of the democracy and the beginning of an antislavery campaign Isabella and Ferdinand did not rule democratically, nor did they initiate an antislavery campaign.

What characterized Washington City throughout the early decades of the nineteenth century?

A. A more liberal political spirit than found in the rest of the country Washington City had a mix of political views, as befitting a nation with varied political perspectives. B. Poor infrastructure and a lack of monuments Washington City acquired broad boulevards decorated with beautiful monuments. *C. Wide disparities of wealth, status, and power Washington was characterized by wide disparities in wealth, status, and power, which became even more visible with the presence of slaves working throughout the Executive Mansion. D. Declining political significance in the nation The significance of the federal government expanded in the early nineteenth century, rather than declined.

What was one effect of the fighting in New England that the English called King Philip's War?

A. A pan-Indian movement emerged from the strengthened position of Native Americans. Metacom and his fellow Indians lost the war, and the back of a pan-Indian alliance was broken. B. Metacom took control of outlying settlements, forcing many English to return to England. Although Metacom's men attacked various settlements, they did not force the English to flee North America. *C. A quarter of the Indian population in New England had died. Because Indians fought on both sides of the war and because noncombatants as well as fighters died, their losses were catastrophic. As many as 4,500 men, women, and children perished during King Philip's War. D. Local Native American groups refused to ally themselves with the English after the war. Many Native American groups worked with the British during and after the war.

What did the Genoese navigator, Christopher Columbus, propose to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in 1492?

A. A plan to sail west to discover new lands Columbus's plan was not to discover new lands. B. A plan to sail around the Horn of Africa to the Indies Columbus's plan was not to sail around the Horn of Africa, a route controlled by Portugal. *C. A plan to sail west to present-day Japan and China Columbus planned to sail west to present-day Japan and China. He referred to it as an Enterprise of the Indies. D. A plan to sail south to South America Columbus did not know about South America in 1492 when he proposed his plan to the Spanish monarchs.

At the beginning of the Civil War, which of the following advantages did the Union enjoy?

A. A skilled and experienced officer corps Many of the nation's best officers sided with the Confederacy during the war. B. Commitment to fighting a long war Union officials believed the war would be won quickly, and the initial round of volunteers were enlisted for only three months. C. Large numbers of free black soldiers Although the North's sizable free black population wanted to serve, Union leaders chose not to allow their enlistment early in the war. *D. More ships available for blockade duty The nation's maritime center was located in the North. As a result, the Union was able to launch far more ships for duty, including blockading the South and preventing foreign trade. Topic: Military Conflict and Political Strife, 1861-1862 books: Military Conflict and Political Strife, 1861-1862 The Wartime Roles of African Americans and Indians Union Politicians Consider Emancipation

What did sharecropping represent for many African Americans in the Reconstruction South?

A. A status similar to wage labor in the North Sharecroppers were exploited more fully than northern wage earners. *B. A state of virtual slavery As sharecroppers found themselves caught up in a perpetual cycle of indebtedness, their obligations to their landlord increasingly resembled the conditions of slavery. C. An opportunity for learning farming techniques from mentors White southern landowners never acted as mentors for sharecroppers, and southern blacks had plenty of experience farming. D. A stepping stone to success. Only a fraction of African American sharecroppers rose from tenancy to success.

What did northern Republicans receive in the compromise that resolved the 1876 presidential election?

A. A transcontinental railroad Democrats received the promise of a transcontinental to run through the South as part of the compromise. *B. Rutherford B. Hayes as president With the winner of the 1876 election in dispute as inauguration day approached in 1877, a behind-the-scenes compromise between Republicans, centered in the North, and Democrats, centered in the South, saw the Republican Hayes elected president. C. Union troops recalled home Democrats received the promise of removing Union troops from the South as part of the compromise. D. The Fourteenth Amendment ratified The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in 1868.

Which of the following urban structures were visible indicators of the growing diversity of the American population in the 1840s and 1850s?

A. A variety of Protestant churches Churches of various Protestant denominations were nothing new in the United States and existed well before the 1840s and 1850s. B. Factories American factories employed diverse immigrants from Europe, but they had existed before their arrival. *C. Synagogues Synagogues, but convents as well, were visible indicators of the growing diversity of American cities. D. Taverns Taverns had existed in American towns and cities well before the immigration waves of the 1840s and 1850s.

Why did Congress pass the Alien Act, the Naturalization Act, and the Sedition Act during the presidency of John Adams?

A. Adams wanted to limit immigration. Although Adams feared the political impact of some immigrant groups, these acts did not center on immigration. *B. Adams feared internal and external dissent. John Adams feared dissent and implored Congress to quash political opposition. C. Congress wanted to undercut Adams. During Adams's presidency, Congress had a Federalist majority that supported him. D. Congress wanted to stop immigration. Congress did not design these acts to stop immigration.

What was an effect on the situation in the Americas of the English and Dutch defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588?

A. A weakened Spain joined with Catholic France to secure dominance in the Americas. Although Spain and France remained solidly Catholic after the Protestant Reformation swept through Europe, their shared faith did not translate into political alliances in the Americas. B. Queen Elizabeth I encouraged French settlement in North America. Queen Elizabeth I did not align England with France or encourage French settlement in the New World. C. Spanish soldiers attacked Dutch and English settlers in North America. Spanish settlers did not exact revenge for the defeat of the Spanish Armada in North America, as there were very few Dutch or English settlers there at the time. *D. Spain lost its dominance of trade and settlement in North America. With the defeat of the Spanish Armada, English, Dutch, and French exploration and settlement in North America was made possible.

In addition to a powerful navy and a better-trained army, what other advantage did General Howe possess in the 1776 battle for New York City?

A. A working knowledge of the city Many of Washington's men were also familiar with the city. *B. Thousands of mercenaries Some 8,000 Hessians, German soldiers paid to fight, reinforced the British military in New York. C. Runaway slaves Runaway slaves did not take part in the battle for New York in 1776. D. Reinforcements in Connecticut General Howe did not benefit from any men stationed in Connecticut in the battle for New York in 1776.

Which of the following were instrumental in calling the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention that met to advocate for women's rights?

A. Abby Kelley and Frances Wright Kelley was active in demanding a public role for women in the abolition movement; Wright was a labor radical involved in founding utopian communities in the United States. B. Margaret Fuller and Emily G. Kempshall Fuller was the first editor of The Dial, a transcendentalist publication; Kempshall was a leader of the Rochester Female Charitable Society. *C. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton A group of women, including Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, met in July 1848 to organize the first convention focused explicitly on women's rights. D. Sarah and Angelina Grimké The daughters of a South Carolina slave owner, Sarah and Angelina Grimké were prominent abolitionists and were involved in the women's rights movement, but they did not organize the convention.

What approximate share of migrants to the West died on the journey from the 1830s to the 1850s?

A. About 1 in 100 The chance of death on the overland trail was much higher than that. B. About 1 in 50 The chance of death on the overland trail was higher than that. *C. About 1 of every 10 or 15 migrants Overall, about 1 in 10 to 15 migrants died on the westward journey, leaving some 65,000 graves along the trails west. D. About 1 of every 5 travelers The chance of death on the overland trail was lower than that. However, some 20 percent of women lost either children or spouses on the trip west.

In 1860, what percentage of American exports were cotton exports?

A. About 15 percent The share of cotton in American exports was much higher. B. Approximately 33 percent The share of cotton in American exports was higher. C. About 50 percent This would have been a considerable proportion of cotton in American exports. And yet, cotton was an even larger share of American exports. *D. Almost 66 percent Almost two thirds of American exports was cotton.

In the 1864 presidential election, a Northerner who believed that the Union should end the war without abolishing slavery would have voted for which candidate?

A. Abraham Lincoln Lincoln remained dedicated to winning the war and abolishing slavery. B. Jefferson Davis Davis was the Confederate president. C. Ulysses S. Grant A future president, Grant was a general during the Civil War. *D. George McClellan A former Union general, McClellan ran against Lincoln on a peace platform. He argued that the war should be ended, even if it meant leaving slavery in place in some parts of a reunified nation.

Whom did the Free-Soil Party nominate as its presidential candidate in 1848?

A. Abraham Lincoln The Free-Soil Party did not nominate Lincoln, then an Illinois congressman. B. Zachary Taylor Taylor was the candidate of the Whig Party and winner of the 1848 presidential election. *C. Martin Van Buren The Free-Soil Party, which focused less on the moral wrongs of slavery than on the benefits of keeping western territories free for northern whites, nominated the former Democrat Van Buren in 1848. D. Frederick Douglass Douglass had joined the Liberty Party, but he was not the nominee of the Free-Soil Party.

The views of abolitionist leader John Brown were most similar to those of

A. Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was not a radical abolitionist like John Brown. *B. David Walker. David Walker had claimed in 1829 that slaves would eventually rise up and claim their freedom by force of arms, a view that John Brown shared. C. Stephen Douglas. Stephen Douglas was no abolitionist. D. Robert E. Lee. Robert E. Lee was a supporter of slavery, not an abolitionist.

What was the immediate colonial response to the Townshend Act?

A. Acceptance Colonists did not accept the new taxes but protested them vigorously. B. Violence Colonists did not react violently to the new taxes. *C. Boycotts Colonists responded to the new taxes by boycotting the taxed items as well as all imported items from Great Britain. D. Revolution While the Townshend Act was one more step on the road that eventually led to the American Revolution, revolt was not the immediate result.

What was the consensus at the Continental Congress in 1774?

A. Acquiescence to the crown The delegates at the First Continental Congress did not agree to acquiesce. B. Need for a petition to Parliament The consensus at the First Continental Congress did not involve a petition to Parliament. *C. Continued resistance From the radical to the moderate delegates, all agreed to continue resistance against unjust British policies. D. Disbandment of militias The delegates at the First Continental Congress did not agree to discharge their respective local militias.

What was the impact of the XYZ affair during John Adams's presidency?

A. Adams lost support as a result of his handling of it. Adams gained support with his handling of the XYZ affair. B. Thomas Jefferson gained political support. Thomas Jefferson did not gain political support on account of the XYZ affair. C. Congress rescinded an embargo placed on trade with France. Congress put an embargo act into place in 1798 as a result of the XYZ affair. *D. The United States fought an undeclared war with France. The XYZ affair prompted Congress to establish an embargo against France, build up a navy to defend the American coastline, and permit privateering against French ships. Between 1798 and 1800, the United States fought an undeclared war against France.

In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, which continent directed global commerce by its demand for goods?

A. Africa While Africa supplied gold, ivory, and human beings to global trade networks, Africa did not direct global commerce at the turn of the eighteenth century. *B. Europe Europe, more than any other continent, directed global commerce. European tastes dictated what was made or grown in much of the rest of the world. C. Asia While Asia supplied tea, silks, and porcelain to global trade networks, Asia did not direct global commerce at the turn of the eighteenth century. D. North America While North America supplied crops such as tobacco and indigo as well as fish and lumber to the global trade network, North America did not direct global commerce at the turn of the eighteenth century.

What was true of the status of slaves in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as African slavery took root?

A. Africa was the dominant source of slaves. In sixteenth-century Europe, slaves of African descent were not the only people who worked and lived as slaves. *B. Slavery was not passed from one generation to another. In sixteenth-century Europe, slavery was not an inherited status. Children born to slaves were not slaves. C. Slaves held that status for 15-year terms. In sixteenth-century Europe, slavery was not established to have a term limit. D. Slaves worked primarily in the home. Slaves worked in many different settings, including sugar plantations in the Mediterranean region.

Who benefited the most from the new democratic movement of the 1820s?

A. African Americans During the 1820s, African Americans lost political and civil rights in most northern and western states. B. Women While some white women gained greater access to political activities as a result of the expanded voting rights of fathers and husbands, they did not achieve independent political rights. *C. White men The political movement for the expansion of voting rights in the United States brought more diverse groups of men into the electorate, but this advanced the interest only of white men. D. Indians Indians fared poorly under the new political regime of the 1820s.

Why did almost all representations of American Indians and African Americans of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries come from whites?

A. African Americans and Indians had little interest in arts and literature. Educated African Americans like the Reverend Richard Allen of Philadelphia made it clear that blacks hardly lacked interest in arts and literature. B. African Americans and Indians saw no reason to state their own perspectives. African Americans and American Indians shared their own perspectives within their communities. *C. Black and Indian authors usually wrote for audiences within their own groups. Black authors such as the Reverend Richard Allen of Philadelphia or the Reverend Thomas Paul of Boston usually wrote for other blacks. Similarly, American Indian authors worked mainly within their own nations. D. Blacks and Indians were too preoccupied with work to find time for art or literature. While the lives of African Americans and American Indians involved plenty of hard work, this did not cause them to disregard the arts and literature.

In addition to gold and silver, what valuable resources did Europeans bring back from the New World in the sixteenth century?

A. African laborers Europeans brought African laborers from Africa, not the Americas. B. Lemons and oranges Lemons and oranges were introduced to the Americas from Europe. C. Cattle, pigs, and horses Cattle, pigs, and horses were resources introduced to the Americas from Europe. *D. Maize and potatoes Maize and potatoes came back from the Americas to the New World. These nutrient-rich foods helped increase the population of Europe. Topic: Europeans Make Claims to North America books: Spaniards Conquer Indian Empires Spanish Adventurers Head North Europeans Compete in North America Spain Seeks Dominion in Europe and the Americas

How did some Europeans' belief that Africans were the "sons of Ham," as described in the Bible, affect attitudes toward the western African slave trade in the sixteenth century?

A. African men were not subjected to slavery, although women were. Europeans traded in both men and women. B. Since Europe was largely secular in the sixteenth century, biblical stories had little impact. Europe was not largely secular, and Christianity had enormous influence in the sixteenth century. *C. The slave trade became more acceptable because it seemed to be sanctioned by the Bible. In the Bible, Ham had sinned against his father, Noah, who then cursed Ham's son to a life of slavery. European Christians considered Africans the "sons of Ham," infidels rightly assigned by God to a life of bondage. D. Christians became emboldened to condemn slavery as contrary to God's will. The belief that Africans were the "sons of Ham" encouraged acceptance of slavery.

In the late-seventeenth-century Southeast, Indians derived the most value from selling which of the following to Europeans?

A. African slaves The traffic in African slaves was not the greatest source of value to Indians. B. Guns Indians often sought to buy guns from Europeans, not to sell them. *C. Indian slaves As natives demanded more guns in the midst of the constant wars of the period, they found that Europeans were keen to trade for Indian slaves captured in battle. D. Gold Indians did not derive the most value from selling gold.

What sector of the economy became the object of public resentment during the panic of 1819?

A. Agriculture Most Americans continued to work in agriculture in the early nineteenth century, including during the panic of 1819. B. Manufacturing Although manufacturing was a small sector of the economy overall and its interests were sometimes opposed by southern planters, it was not a special object of scorn because of the panic of 1819. *C. Banking Banks—especially the Second Bank of the United States—were blamed for the panic and reviled as never before. Some states defied federal law to place special taxes on the Second Bank of the United States to punish the bank for what they saw as its role in causing the panic. D. Transportation The transportation sector of the economy was not singled out by the public because of the panic of 1819.

What radical idea did the Confederate government consider late in the Civil War in the hope of surviving?

A. Allying with Mexico The Confederacy did not consider an alliance with Mexico. *B. Allowing slaves to fight As defeat loomed, even Confederate leaders began to talk of emancipating the slaves. The Confederate House passed such a law in early 1865, but the Senate defeated it. It was too late to make any difference. C. Rejoining the Union The Confederate government remained determined to fight for survival until the very end of the war. D. Invading the North from Canada Late in the war, the Confederate government did not have the resources to invade the North again, and it had no hope of securing the needed permission from Great Britain for such an action.

In addition to the growth of coastal cities, where did boomtowns emerge in the early to mid-nineteenth century?

A. Along state borders State borders were not a defining geographic characteristic of boomtowns in that time period. B. In the Appalachian foothills There were some growing towns in the foothills, but that was not the defining geographic characteristic of the majority of boomtowns in that time period. *C. Along inland waterways Seaports like New York and Philadelphia gained the greatest population in the early to mid-nineteenth century. But boomtowns also emerged along inland waterways. Rochester, New York, first settled in 1812, was flooded by goods and people once the Erie Canal was completed in 1825. D. On the frontier Populations did grow along the frontier, but boomtowns tended to emerge at focal points of the market economy, not the outskirts.

Why did American farm incomes plummet by roughly one-third in the late 1810s?

A. American farmers had harvested a bumper crop of cotton. Although an oversupply of farm goods as a result of a record harvest can cause a drop in prices, this was not the reason for plummeting farm incomes in the United States in the late 1810s. B. American farmers lacked credit with local banks. Lack of credit was not the reason for dropping farm income in the late 1810s. *C. The demand for American food dropped sharply in Europe. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, agricultural production there surged, causing a drop in demand for American food exports. D. The panic of 1819 had triggered a drop in food prices. Although the panic of 1819 did push prices further down, the plummeting farm incomes of the late 1810s preceded that financial panic.

Which of the following elements from their history and culture provided Americans with a sense of a distinct national identity during the early republic?

A. Ancestry With the exception of African slaves, Americans of the early republic had descended from a variety of European immigrants. A shared ancestry was precisely what Americans could not draw on for a national identity. *B. Education For many Americans, education offered a means of ensuring a distinctive national identity. Public schools could train American children in republican values, while the wealthiest among them could attend private academies and colleges. C. Slavery Since the American Revolution, northern and southern states had split on the issue of slavery, making this an unlikely source of a shared national identity. D. Washington City The nation's new capital was not a particular source of national pride for Americans of the early republic.

Who advocated a system of government-sponsored transportation improvements and brokered the Missouri Compromise?

A. Andrew Jackson A general during the War of 1812 and a future president (1829-1837), Andrew Jackson did not broker the Missouri Compromise. B. John Quincy Adams Secretary of state under James Monroe and a future president (1825-1829), Adams supported transportation improvements but did not broker the Missouri Compromise. *C. Henry Clay Clay, a congressman from Kentucky, advocated a program of transportation improvements, backed by the federal government, known as the American System. He also helped negotiate the compromise that admitted Missouri and Maine to statehood. D. James Tallmadge Jr. Tallmadge was the New York congressman who attempted to prevent Missouri from becoming a state unless it outlawed slavery.

Who was the actual author of The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which was published anonymously in 1828?

A. Andrew Jackson Jackson did not write The South Carolina Exposition and Protest. B. Henry Clay Clay did not write The South Carolina Exposition and Protest. *C. John C. Calhoun Calhoun, Andrew Jackson's vice president, wrote The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, in which he voiced his opposition to the tariff of 1828 and made the argument that states had the ultimate power to determine the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress. D. Daniel Webster Webster did not write The South Carolina Exposition and Protest.

In the election of 1824, John Quincy Adams won the presidency when he received the support of which rival for the office?

A. Andrew Jackson Jackson received the most votes—both popular and in the electoral college—but failed to receive a majority of electoral votes. He was Adams's chief rival for the presidency when the election was settled by the House of Representatives. B. William Crawford The treasury secretary and also a candidate for president in 1824, Crawford did not swing the election in Adams's favor. C. John C. Calhoun The secretary of war, Calhoun was not one of the final candidates for president. He later became Adams's vice president. *D. Henry Clay When the 1824 election ended without a candidate receiving a majority of votes in the electoral college, Clay asked his supporters to back Adams when the election was decided by the House of Representatives. Adams later appointed Clay secretary of state, a move that led Jackson to charge a "corrupt bargain" had cheated him of the presidency.

What distinguished the inauguration of 1828 from those that had preceded it?

A. Andrew Jackson was exceptionally boisterous and cheerful. Jackson's wife Rachel had died less than three months earlier, leaving her husband devastated. As a result, he dressed in a plain black suit, walked alone to the capital, and delivered a somber and brief inaugural address. B. The inauguration ceremony was attended only by invited guests. During the 1828 inauguration, wealthy planters jammed shoulder to shoulder with frontier farmers and working men and women. *C. The inauguration attracted an exceptionally large and noisy crowd. The size and enthusiasm of the crowds of the 1828 inauguration shattered the traditional decorum of the ceremony. D. A terrible blizzard marred the high spirits of the occasion. Andrew Jackson's first inauguration was not marked by severe snow.

Why was the Wade-Davis Bill never enacted into law?

A. Andrew Johnson refused to sign the legislation as too lenient. The bill was not presented to Johnson. B. The Senate overwhelmingly rejected the bill as too expensive. The Senate approved the Wade-Davis Bill. C. Lincoln was murdered before he could sign the bill into law. Lincoln was not assassinated before he could make a decision on the bill. *D. Lincoln vetoed the legislation and Congress could not override it. Lincoln vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill, believing that it was too demanding on the South. Congress did not have the votes to override.

What characterized colonists' approaches to Indians' religions and cultural practices in the middle of the eighteenth century in Pennsylvania?

A. Attempted conversion Europeans did not attempt to convert local Indians in the 1740s and 1750s. *B. Tolerance Religion did not become a sharp impediment to economic cooperation in Pennsylvania in the 1740s and 1750s. In fact, German Moravians participated in some Indian rituals. C. Violence Europeans did not inflict violence on Indians because of their religious or cultural practices. D. Isolationism Europeans did not seek to remain isolated from Indians because of their religious and cultural practices.

What important problem plagued Great Britain in the immediate aftermath of the Seven Years' War?

A. Animosity from the colonists Immediately following the war, the bond between British colonists and the mother country was strengthened. B. Discord among colonists of diverse backgrounds Dutch, German, Irish, and Scottish settlers celebrated alongside their British counterparts in the colonies. C. Continued fighting in Europe With the end of the war, fighting abated in Europe, although skirmishes between colonists and Indians continued in the colonies. *D. Large debt as a result of the cost of the war During the war, Great Britain's national debt more than doubled, and the cost of administering the colonies increased fivefold. After the Peace of Paris, Great Britain was forced to contemplate new ways to pay off war debts and maintain its global empire.

Why did the casualty numbers continue to rise even with the construction of elaborate trenches after 1863?

A. Artillery fire could hit inside the trenches precisely. The artillery of the Civil War was not extremely precise. B. Trenches made soldiers easy targets for attacking infantry. Trench warfare favored the defense, not the offense. *C. Trenches were breeding grounds for disease. Trenches were breeding grounds for disease, making living conditions miserable and death probable. D. Many soldiers died during the construction of these trenches. While some soldiers may have died in the construction of trenches, that was not the reason they were deadly.

What was an important consequence of the wealth derived from tobacco in the early eighteenth-century south?

A. Artisans moved away from the region. Southern wealth did not drive artisans out of the South, although artisans increasingly depended on wealthy planters for their livelihoods. *B. More whites owned their land. The prosperity in the region helped many small farmers to purchase their land. In 1750, two-thirds of white families farmed their own land in Virginia, and a higher percentage of white families owned their land in the Carolinas. C. The free black population grew. There was not a rise in the population of free blacks in the South in the early eighteenth century. D. The number of tenant farmers decreased. In the early eighteenth century, tenancy increased.

Why did the Pilgrims settle in Massachusetts rather than near Jamestown?

A. As Separatists, they wanted to be as far as possible from the Jamestown settlement. The Mayflower Compact did represent the Plymouth settlers' adoption of self-government but did not establish a legislature per se. *B. Their ship was blown off course, but they decided to settle where they had landed. Battered by storms, the ship veered off course, landing at Cape Cod in present-day Massachusetts in early December. With winter closing in, the exhausted passengers decided to disembark. C. They had heard that the Massachusetts area had milder weather than around Jamestown. Massachusetts has a harsher climate than Virginia, with a shorter growing season. D. They had information that the Native Americans there were friendlier. The Pilgrims had no such information.

Why was Georgia founded?

A. As a destination for criminals Georgia was not founded to house criminals, although many debtors from England journeyed to Georgia to begin anew. B. As a home for Britain's social reformers James Oglethorpe and other British reformers hoped to use Georgia to assist impoverished Britons, but the colony was not established for social reformers. *C. As a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas In 1732, Georgia was established by Parliament to serve as a buffer between the English in the Carolinas and the Spanish in Florida. D. To provoke the Spanish in Florida Although Georgia was not founded with the purpose of provoking the Spanish, it did do so.

Why was Pennsylvania founded?

A. As a model of religious tolerance Although religious tolerance was practiced in Pennsylvania, this was not the reason William Penn founded Pennsylvania. B. To establish a manorial system William Penn did not found Pennsylvania to create a manorial system, although this model worked in the southern part of Carolina. C. As a democratic model Although men who owned property could vote and hold office in Pennsylvania, William Penn did not found Pennsylvania to be a model of democracy. *D. As a religious safe-haven Pennsylvania was established as a religious refuge for Quakers, a radical Protestant sect.

How did changing marriage patterns influence accusations of witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England?

A. As more Puritan women married Indians, Puritans feared that native practices they associated with the devil would become more popular as well. Although anxieties about Indians played a role in the witch trials, marriage to Indians was not the problem. B. As the number of men outstripped the number of women in New England communities, men unable to find a wife blamed witches for their failure. The sexes were roughly balanced in New England, and marriage was almost universal. C. With more land available for farming in New England, men refused to marry, leading women to fear the influence of witches. Over time as the population increased, farms were divided into parcels too small to farm effectively. As a result, New England men searched for new lands in the West. *D. With fewer men available as potential mates, young women began to resent older women, whom they accused of witchcraft. With more men leaving to seek new land in the West, young women were left with fewer prospects for a good match. However, instead of blaming men, the young women banded together to condemn older women, even those from respectable backgrounds.

Why did desertions increase for the Union army as the Civil War went on?

A. As more blacks enlisted, whites left to return home. Although more blacks enlisted, they were not meant to fight so that whites could go home. B. Soldiers came to sympathize with Confederate ideas. If anything, Union soldiers became more hostile to Confederate ideas. *C. Men came to understand, firsthand, the reality of war. Soldiers unaware of the hardships of war were shocked when they experienced battle. Some deserted rather than persist in service. D. After the defeat at Gettysburg, the war looked hopeless. The Union won the Battle of Gettysburg.

What aspect of the authority of the Spanish monarchs is exemplified by Hernán Cortés's expedition against the Aztecs?

A. Authoritative leadership Cortés acted on his own desires, not the orders of the Spanish monarchs or even of Diego de Velásquez, whom they had appointed. B. Domination by Catholic Church policy Cortés's expedition against the Aztecs was an attempted conquest that was not tailored to Catholic Church policy. C. Encouragement of initiative While conquistadors were able to act with initiative, that was not really through encouragement by the monarchs. *D. Inability to control individuals' actions Although rulers in Spain supposedly set the agenda for American ventures, it was difficult to control the campaigns of their emissaries at such a distance.

Massive earthworks in the shapes of animals were a cultural hallmark of what Native American people?

A. Aztecs The Aztecs did not create massive earthworks in the shapes of creatures. Their cultural hallmarks were a written language, human sacrifice, and the grand city of Tenochtitlán. B. Pueblos The Pueblo people did not create massive earthworks in the shapes of creatures. Their cultural hallmarks were the adobe and masonry homes that they built into cliffs. C. Chumash The Chumash Indians, who lived along the Pacific coast, did not create massive earthworks. *D. Mississippians The Mississippians constructed massive earthworks in the shapes of serpents, birds, and other creatures.

What economic system began to develop across Europe in the fifteenth century as a result of an expanded population, increased trade, and emerging urban centers?

A. Barter Barter systems existed prior to the fifteenth century. B. Socialism Socialism developed later, after Europe industrialized. *C. Capitalism A form of capitalism, rooted in market exchange, private ownership, the accumulation of capital, and reinvestment, developed in Europe in the fifteenth century. Slavery became a part of this new economy. D. Feudalism Feudalism predated the fifteenth century and receded as larger kingdoms formed and a new economic system took hold.

Why did Massasoit, like so many Indian chiefs before him, assist European settlers?

A. Because disease had ravaged his people, he welcomed any hope for a cure. Even as Native Americans and Europeans established the link between the influx of Europeans and the spread of disease in the Americas, Indians did not look to the Europeans for a cure. *B. He believed that a military alliance with Europeans would benefit him. Like many Indian chiefs before him, Massasoit hoped to gain ascendancy over neighboring tribes by allying himself with Europeans and their superior firepower. C. He wanted to establish a lucrative fur trade with the English. Massasoit did not plan to establish a fur trading partnership with the English. D. He planned to trick the English out of their guns and supplies. Generally, the Indians that Europeans encountered did not attempt to trick Europeans out of their guns, supplies, or food.

According to Benjamin Rush, why should young women be educated?

A. Because he saw women as inherently equal to men intellectually Rush did not base his argument on the natural equality between the sexes. *B. So that women could raise their sons to be good citizens in the new nation According to the thinking common in the new nation, women had a crucial role to play in shaping the political character of their sons and husbands. As a result, they needed to be educated in literature, music, composition, geography, history, and bookkeeping. C. Because with women allowed to vote, they would need to be well informed Only a tiny minority of women in New Jersey were allowed to vote in certain circumstances; otherwise, women did not vote. D. So that women could become doctors, lawyers, and business owners The goal of educating women was not for them to pursue careers.

Why did Spanish authorities decide to put missionaries in charge of new settlements in the Americas in 1573?

A. Because of the atrocities committed by Spanish soldiers Although Spanish violence may have been a contributing factor, authorities had other reasons to place missionaries at the lead of Spanish settlements attempts in the Americas. *B. In response to the Catholic Counter-Reformation During the Catholic Counter-Reformation, Spain moved to emphasize its religious mission in North America. This included putting missionary work at the forefront of settlement. C. Due to the Franciscans' desire to bring their missionary work to North America Although Franciscans eagerly traveled to North America and successfully converted many Native Americans, their desire to perform mission work was not the reason that Spanish authorities put them in the lead in 1573. D. As a result of Juan de Oñate's massacre of the Pueblo people Oñate's massacre of Pueblo men, women, and children did not take place until 1598, twenty-five years after the decision to put missionaries in charge of settlement.

Why did many states demand more public schools for children following the Revolution?

A. Because the Constitution required public education in each state The Constitution does not address education. B. To continue the British education system implemented in the colonies Early nineteenth-century educators did not seek to continue the British model of education. C. Because more skilled workers were needed as farming declined Although industrial production was growing in the early nineteenth century, the nation remained overwhelmingly agricultural, and education was not geared to producing a skilled labor force. *D. To inculcate an American culture to children growing up in a new country Education advocates such as Noah Webster called for more schools to educate American children in a distinctly American culture.

Why did the westward expansion of cotton production shatter black families between the 1820s and 1840s?

A. Because western plantations were smaller, slaves could not form families. Plantations tended to get bigger as they moved west. *B. Westward expansion extended the slave trade within the South. The sale of family members to new plantations farther west broke black families apart. C. A harsher climate in the West made cotton growing more work. Cotton cultivation farther west was not necessarily harder. Changing conditions for cultivation did not affect black families in significant ways. D. Planters farther west had less demand for a black labor force. Cotton planters anywhere in the South relied on slave labor, and the large plantations created in the West had particularly high labor demands.

In addition to the plentiful supply of labor, what other challenge did unemployed and underemployed free whites face?

A. Being sent to prison Men and women were not sent to prison for being unemployed in British North America. *B. Land shortages A shortage of land threatened both new immigrants and old families. Along their western border, colonies were running out of land, which forced many to leave their homesteads to join the throngs of men and women in search of employment. C. Being banished to Indian Territory Unemployed and underemployed workers were not banished to Indian Territory because of their employment status. D. Deportation Men and women were not deported because of their employment status.

The fifteenth-century campaign launched by Ferdinand and Isabella to expel Jews and Muslims from Spain is known as the

A. Black Death. The Black Death was the name of the plague that afflicted Europe beginning in the fourteenth century. *B. reconquest. Although driving Jews and Muslims out of Spain had long been a goal of the rulers of Spain's various, fragmented kingdoms, it was only when Ferdinand and Isabella united their kingdoms through marriage that they had sufficient power to expel Jews and Muslims from Spain. C. Encomienda system. The encomienda system was a labor system implemented by Spain in the Americas. D. Crusades. The Crusades were a series of religious campaigns launched by European kings to capture Jerusalem and other sites associated with the life of Jesus.

What was an important outcome of the conflict between the Iroquois and the Delaware Indians in Pennsylvania in the 1720s and 1730s?

A. Bloody warfare Warfare did not erupt between the Iroquois and Delaware Indians in the 1720s and 1730s. *B. The Walking Purchase Colonial authorities used the conflict between the two native groups to leverage one against the other in order to have both agree to the Walking Purchase, a questionable treaty that gave much of the Pennsylvania frontier to the English. C. Tension between Germans and Scots-Irish Tensions existed between the various immigrant groups in Pennsylvania, but they were not a result of the conflicts between the Iroquois Confederacy and the Delaware Indians. D. Torched farms and lawsuits Burned barns and lawsuits over land were both results of tensions between settler groups, not conflicts between the Iroquois Confederacy and the Delaware Indians.

In eighteenth-century cities, what did sailors and dockworkers have in common with shipowners and merchants?

A. Both supported Indians who aimed to restrain colonists' movement west. Sailors, dockworkers, shipowners, and merchants did not support Indians against colonists hoping to move west. *B. Both supported protests against impressments by the Royal Navy. Even though they came from different classes, both sailors and dockworkers and shipowners and merchants had a common interest in opposing impressments, which disrupted trade and took men away from their ships to serve in the Royal Navy. C. Both supported colonial officials' attempts to enforce British law. Sailors, dockworkers, shipowners, and merchants did not support colonial officials attempting to enforce British laws. D. Both supported the privileges of Hudson valley property owners. Sailors, dockworkers, shipowners, and merchants did not support Hudson valley proprietors.

What did Christopher Columbus's encomienda system have in common with the slave trade in western Africa?

A. Both systems focused on the desirability of controlling productive land. The slave system focused on labor supply, which was also important to the encomienda system. *B. Europeans exploited the labor of other people with no regard for their rights. Spaniards who received encomiendas had control of land and the labor of all Indians residing on it, just as those who bought slaves had complete control of their lives. C. Both systems were created to increase the power of the monarchs. Owners of encomiendas and slaves hoped to profit for themselves. D. Both systems aimed to help Christianize the subject peoples. Both systems were economic and social rather than religious in motivation.

What did northern immigrants and poor southern whites have in common during the Civil War?

A. Both volunteered in record numbers. Although many men from both groups served, it was not always as volunteers. Many were drafted against their will. *B. Both resented the leadership of elites. Northern immigrants resented the ability of elites to buy their way out of service and protested in actions such as the New York draft riots of 1863. Southern whites similarly resented the leadership of planters who could also hire substitutes or find themselves exempted from military service if they owned more than twenty slaves. C. Both refused to serve in the military. Men from both groups served in their respective armies. D. Both voted for Copperhead candidates in 1864. The Copperheads were northern Democrats; Southerners could not have voted for them. Topic: The Tide of War Turns, 1863-1865 books: Key Victories for the Union African Americans Contribute to Victory The Final Battles of a Hard War The War Comes to an End

What did Robert Fulton and Eli Whitney have in common?

A. Both were "midnight judges" appointed by President Adams. Neither man was a judge. B. Both explored the Louisiana Territory for President Jefferson. Neither man was an explorer. *C. Both created new technology that transformed the economy. Both Fulton and Whitney developed important new technologies that transformed the American economy. Fulton launched the first successful steamboat in 1807, while Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1791 and a musket with interchangeable parts in 1798. D. Both advocated for the abolition of the international slave trade. Neither man was significant for opposing the slave trade.

What did the panic of 1819 and the crisis touched off by Missouri's bid for statehood have in common?

A. Both were ended by the federal government's actions. Although a congressional compromise resolved the tensions underlying Missouri's admission to the union, the federal government did not resolve the panic of 1819. B. Both discredited the lending policies of large banks. Although the panic of 1819 brought widespread condemnation of the lending practices of banks, the Missouri crisis did not involve banking. C. Both were triggered by the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Although the panic of 1819 was triggered, in part, by adjustments to peace following the Napoleonic Wars, the wars' end had nothing to do with the Missouri crisis. *D. Both revealed the extent of regional economic differences. In both cases the distinctiveness of regional economies was revealed. The panic of 1819 brought a crashing end to the cotton boom in areas such as Alabama while northern manufacturers also suffered, and the solutions demanded by one region—such as tariffs sought by Northerners—conflicted with the preferences of Southerners. In Missouri, the desire of the territory's residents to use slave labor conflicted with a northern economy based on free farm and factory labor.

What did southern Democrats call former Confederates who agreed with Republicans that the South needed to change following the Civil War?

A. Carpetbaggers Northerners who came south to pursue business opportunities following the war were called carpetbaggers. *B. Scalawags Southern politicians who agreed with Republicans that the South needed to change were denounced by other Southerners as "scalawags," a term of abuse meaning "scoundrels." C. Freedmen Freedmen were former slaves emancipated by the Civil War. D. Redeemers Redeemers were southern politicians who aimed to remove Republican governments from power and return the South to Democratic control.

What did the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) and the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814) have in common?

A. Both were humiliating defeats for the United States that invited talk of secession at the Hartford Convention. The Battle of Fallen Timbers occurred long before the War of 1812 and the Hartford Convention, held in 1814. *B. Both were U.S. victories that paved the way for the acquisition of new lands for Americans to settle. Led by General Anthony Wayne and General Andrew Jackson, respectively, the battles were American victories that paved the way for greater land acquisitions for Americans moving westward. For example, following the defeat at Horseshoe Bend, the Creeks lost two-thirds of their land. C. Both were Indian victories that delayed Americans' movement westward onto their lands. Indians were not victorious on either occasion. D. Both were significant victories for Andrew Jackson that propelled him to national political prominence. Although Jackson led the American army at Horseshoe Bend during the War of 1812, he was not present at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Twenty-seven years old in 1794, Jackson would have made an unlikely commander.

What did Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams have in common?

A. Both were lauded for the leadership of Massachusetts Bay colony. Neither Hutchinson nor Williams was praised for leading the Massachusetts Bay colony. *B. Both challenged Puritan leaders' authority. Contravening Puritan orthodoxy, Hutchinson argued that God spoke through her rather than exclusively through properly appointed male ministers. Williams preached that not all Puritan leaders were Saints. C. Both renounced Christianity. Both Hutchinson and Williams saw themselves as Christians throughout their lives. D. Both founded new colonies. Although Williams founded Rhode Island, he was joined there by Hutchinson, who did not establish a colony.

What did wealthy women in the North and South have in common in the early nineteenth century?

A. Both were unlikely to marry or have children before they turned thirty. Affluent women did not delay marriage and family in either region. *B. Both expanded their role managing servants or slaves in their homes. More and more affluent women—both in the North and South—took on the role of household manager, overseeing the servants and slaves rather than engaging in household production themselves. C. Both reduced their work running their homes to do community service. Affluent women did not reduce their work at home to engage in community service. D. Both took on work outside the home, leaving servants to care for the home. The home continued to be the primary site of women's work, including for affluent women.

Who founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, also known as the Mormons, in the early nineteenth century?

A. Brigham Young Young took up leadership when the Mormons's founder was murdered in Illinois. Young led the Mormons to settle in Utah. B. Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson was a transcendentalist writer and lecturer. *C. Joseph Smith Smith began to receive visions at age fifteen and was directed to dig up gold plates with instructions for redeeming the Lost Tribes of Israel. The Book of Mormon (1830) was based on these inscriptions and served with the Bible as the group's scripture. D. William Miller Miller predicted the Second Coming of Jesus Christ would occur in 1843.

Why did the British make it illegal for engineers to emigrate in the late eighteenth century?

A. Britain suffered from a lack of engineers at the time. Britain had a good supply of engineers. B. Britain wanted to catch up with the United States in industrial development. Industrial development was further advanced in Great Britain than in the United States. C. Britain needed engineers for the wool industry. British manufacturers employed engineers to build machines for spinning mills that processed raw cotton, not wool. *D. They wanted to maintain a monopoly on industrial technology. The British made it illegal for engineers to emigrate because they were eager to maintain their monopoly on industrial technology, in particular in the cotton industry.

By the late 1820s, New England manufacturers and merchants began shipping their wares via clipper ships to

A. Britain. New England manufacturers were not yet shipping their goods to Britain, which had a thriving manufacturing industry of its own. B. the Philippines. The Philippines was not one of the new regions that New England manufacturers were shipping to. C. Russia. Russia was not one of the new regions that New England manufacturers were shipping to. *D. California. New England manufacturers and merchants had begun shipping their wares via clipper ships to the Mexican territory of Alta California, whose residents eagerly purchased U.S.-made shoes, cloth, and tools.

Why did King George III prohibit any trade or negotiations with the colonies in December 1775?

A. British merchants demanded reimbursement for property destroyed in the Tea Party. Although the Coercive Acts had closed the port of Boston to trade until the destroyed tea was paid for, that was not the issue in December 1775. B. The Continental Congress had prohibited trade or negotiations with Britain. Congress did not prohibit trade or negotiations with Britain in 1775. C. Parliament had asked for a declaration of war against the colonies. Parliament did not ask the king for a declaration of war. *D. He thought the colonies were in rebellion and refused to compromise. The king believed the colonies were in rebellion; he decided to take a hard line in response, refusing to trade or negotiate.

How did the British government react to the meeting of colonial leaders at the 1754 Albany Congress?

A. British officials encouraged the meeting as a way to reduce their burden in administering the colonies from Britain. British officials did not encourage the meeting and did not seek to reduce their administrative burden at that time. *B. British officials worried that greater cooperation among colonies would undermine royal authority in the colonies. The colonies were traditionally divided, with closer connections to Britain than to each other. The prospect of cooperation among colonies made authorities anxious that connections among colonies would reduce their dependence on Britain. C. British officials balked at the proposal to form an alliance with the Iroquois Indians, whom the British did not deal with previously. The British had long formed alliances with Indians, including the Iroquois. D. British officials ignored the development as unimportant to their larger plans for the empire as a whole. Although governing the empire as a whole was often challenging, British officials did not ignore the Albany Congress.

Why was John Peter Zenger imprisoned?

A. Corruption Zenger was not imprisoned for corruption. B. Blasphemy Zenger was not imprisoned for blasphemy. *C. Libel Zenger went to jail for libel in 1734. At the time, libel was considered to be any published material that undermined the authority of the government regardless of its accuracy. D. Treason Zenger was not imprisoned for treason. He was not trying to overthrow the government.

Why did North Carolina Governor William Tryon send the militia to the frontier of the colony in 1771?

A. British officials had directed him to use force to collect sugar duties. The governor did not act at the behest of British officials seeking to collect duties on sugar. B. People in the western part of the colony requested protection from Indians. Although conflict with Indians was a concern of people in western North Carolina, the governor did not send the militia to protect them. C. British Loyalists were harassing colonists sympathetic to independence. The governor sent out the militia before independence had been declared and even before independence was seriously considered. *D. He feared the Regulator movement was in open rebellion against his rule. Tensions between the governor and the Regulators had been growing since 1768, when the governor built a lavish new mansion with public money. Denouncing the decision as clear corruption, the Regulators refused to pay taxes, took over courthouses, and harassed officials.

Which nineteenth-century utopian community was known for its practice of "complex marriage" as well as divorce and remarriage?

A. Brook Farm Founded by George Ripley, Brook Farm attempted to practice transcendentalist beliefs. *B. The Oneidas Established by John Humphrey Noyes, the Oneida community practiced "complex marriage" (the belief that people were free to have sexual relations with any consenting adult) and allowed divorce and remarriage. The community's practices were controversial. C. The Unitarians Unitarians rejected the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and opposed the emotional fervor of evangelical revivals in the Second Great Awakening. D. The Hudson River School The Hudson River School was an artistic movement that painted nature scenes along transcendentalist principles. Topic: Abolitionism Expands and Divides books: The Beginnings of the Antislavery Movement Abolition Gains Ground and Enemies Abolitionism and Women's Rights The Rise of Antislavery Parties

In the late 1850s, why did Democrat leaders Stephen Douglas and James Buchanan have a falling out that endangered the party?

A. Buchanan supported the Republican Lincoln in the 1858 Illinois senate election. Buchanan did not fall out over the 1858 Illinois senate election. *B. Douglas defied Buchanan to help admit Kansas to the country as a free state. Although Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska act that made it possible to extend slavery into the territories, he became convinced that the Democratic Party had gone too far in accommodating the interests of Southerners and so he opposed Buchanan's attempt to admit Kansas as a slave state. C. Douglas endorsed Republican John C. Frémont for president in the 1856 election. The men's rift did not have to do with the 1856 election. D. Buchanan argued that slavery should be newly expanded into the state of Illinois. Buchanan did not argue that slavery should be introduced into Illinois.

According to historians, what led the Pueblo people to disperse into smaller groups around 1300?

A. Burdensome taxation Burdensome taxation did not lead to the dispersal of the Pueblo people into smaller groups. *B. Drought A drought around 1300 is the most likely cause for the dispersal of the Pueblo people into smaller groups. C. Invasion from the south Enemy invasions did not lead the Pueblos to move into smaller groups after 1300. D. Civil war The Pueblo people were not afflicted by civil war.

Despite a relative lack of presence in North America, how did the French retain a measure of power on the continent?

A. By King Louis XIV's power in Europe Although Louis XIV was a dominant figure in European politics, his influence did not ensure French power in America. *B. Through an extensive trade network As there were few French settlers, even in French Louisiana, French power was maintained through an extensive trade network with many different Native American nations. C. By brutal attacks on Indians that spread fear The French were not known for brutality. Because trade was integral to their presence in America, the French carefully maintained good relations with their Indian allies. D. Through Catholic missionary work While French missionaries did contribute to the overall success of French settlement, they did not create and maintain French power in North America.

How did southern planters try to increase the productivity of their plantations in the 1840s and 1850s?

A. By changing the crop Planters were deeply invested in cotton and unlikely to switch to another crop. B. By paying slaves small wages Planters were unwilling to increase labor productivity with meaningful incentives such as wages. *C. By using fertilizer Planters used fertilizers and practiced crop rotation to increase their yield per acre. D. By employing machines Next to land, planters invested most heavily in slaves. Investing in labor-saving technologies would have made those slaves less useful, so it was not in planters' interest.

How did the Lowell textile factory owners worsen working conditions of their female employees in the 1830s?

A. By cutting their hours Factory employees ended up working longer hours, rather than fewer. B. By replacing them with new machines The factory workers were still necessary; automation within the factories did not take major leaps in the 1830s. C. By overseeing them in their boardinghouses Strict oversight of the young female employees in the boardinghouses was a feature of the Lowell model from the beginning. *D. By speeding up the machines Factory owners in the 1830s began to cut wages, make workers work longer hours, and speed up the machines so that they would produce more cloth in a shorter time.

What was the significance of Spain's conquest of the Incas in the early sixteenth century?

A. By defeating the Incas, the Spanish forced the Incas' ally, the English, to abandon South America. England was not an ally of the Incas and did not have a presence in South America in the early sixteenth century. B. The leader of the conquest, Hernán Cortés, gained great glory that inspired other Spaniards to explore the Americas. Francisco Pizarro led the conquest of the Incas; Cortés conquered the Aztecs. *C. Spain gained control of a vaster territory rich in silver. The area conquered by the Spanish included PotosÃ, home to an enormously lucrative silver mine. D. With the Incas subdued, Spain could turn its attention to conquering the Aztecs. The conquest of the Aztecs came first, in 1521, and was followed by the conquest of the Incas in 1524.

What was the biggest challenge for plantation mistresses in the South in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A. Cooking for their own family and the slaves Plantation mistresses tended to have slaves that cooked for them. B. Taking care of all the children on the plantation Many plantation mistresses had house slaves to take care of children. But even if they had to take of the children themselves, this was not the biggest challenge in their lives. C. Maintaining an attractive yard around the house Plantation mistresses had slaves to work the garden. *D. Ignoring their husbands' sexual relations with slaves Most wives of plantation owners were forced to ignore the sexual relations that husbands initiated with female slaves.

How did England secure a monopoly over almost all of colonial commerce in the seventeenth century?

A. By discouraging manufacturing in the colonies In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Parliament moved to quash manufacturing endeavors in the colonies, but this effort did not lead to a monopoly over commerce in the colonies. B. By helping subsidize the South's development of indigo The English Parliament did help subsidize indigo in the South, but this act did not secure any sort of monopoly over colonial commerce. C. By taxing "enumerated articles" England's designation of certain goods from the colonies, which would take a more circuitous route to the marketplace, did not ensure a monopoly over colonial commerce. *D. By restricting trade to English vessels By forcing merchants to conduct trade only on English vessels, Parliament ensured that commerce would take place on English terms and succeeded in monopolizing colonial commerce.

How did Republicans hope to gain more nationwide prominence in the elections of 1860?

A. By focusing more strongly on the slavery issue Republicans were hoping to expand their appeal beyond the slavery issue. B. By including nativist positions in their platform Republicans did not embrace the positions of the American Party. *C. By distancing themselves from radical abolitionists Republicans distanced themselves from the more radical wing of the abolitionist movement, hoping to gain more followers for their other causes, namely, economic development. D. By advocating further western expansion The United States had gained control of all territories between the Mississippi and the Pacific coast and struggled with the organization of those territories. Further expansion would have meant going overseas, which the Republicans did not want to do.

How did most patriot women show their support for war during the American Revolution?

A. By moving along the battlefronts with their husbands Most women who supported the war for independence remained at home, although some followed their men to war and helped out at battlefront camps. B. By spying on occupying British forces Most women who supported the war for independence did not serve as spies, nor did most live in towns and cities occupied by British forces. *C. By sending money and supplies to soldiers Most women aided the war effort by gathering money and supplies to send to the men serving in patriot armies. D. By gathering arms and ammunition and patrolling local communities Men too old or too young to join the war helped the war effort by gathering munitions for the soldiers and protecting their communities, which were largely made up of the very young, the very old, and women.

How did James Monroe hope to resolve Indian problems on the frontier during his presidency?

A. By offering western tribes a preferential tariff rate Trade with the Indians in the West did not involve tariffs. B. By offering the return of territory gained in the War of 1812 The United States had not officially gained any territory from Indian tribes in the War of 1812 and never considered giving land back to them. C. By helping Indians emigrate to Canada Monroe did not offer Indians assistance in emigrating to Canada. *D. By sending John Quincy Adams to Great Britain Monroe hoped to use improved relations with Great Britain to resolve Indian problems on the frontier. Believing that hostile Indians would "lose their terror" once the British no longer encouraged them, he sent Adams to London to negotiate a peaceful coexistence in the West.

What mistake did John Quincy Adams make in opting to "stand" for election in 1828 rather than "run" for election?

A. By remaining silent, Adams campaign was unable to answer charges made by Jackson's campaign. Adams's campaign answered the Jackson campaign attacks aggressively, for example, by condemning Rachel Jackson's character. B. The strategy allowed Jackson to win votes from traditional Adams supporters such as small-scale farmers. Small-scale farmers were strong supporters of Jackson from the start and unlikely for Adams's to carry. C. Adams's stance left him unable to raise enough money from elite merchants to stage effective campaign events. A shortage of campaign funds was not a significant issue for Adams. *D. The old ideal of campaigning no longer worked when few restrictions on white male suffrage remained. In a world where elites voted more often than men without property, Adams's restrained campaign style made sense. But with property restrictions on voting mostly eliminated, candidates needed to appeal directly to common voters, and Adams's approach did not work. Topic: Jacksonian Politics in Action books: A Democratic Spirit? Confrontations over Tariffs and the Bank Contesting Indian Removal

How did field slaves on southern plantations during the 1820s to 1850s most commonly voice their frustrations?

A. By running away Some slaves did run away, but this was a dangerous and dramatic expression of despair that was not as common as other forms of protest. *B. Through song Songs provided both a rhythm for work and the chance for slaves to communicate their frustrations or their hopes in a routine and daily fashion. C. By going on strike Slaves would have faced very serious punishment for a collective labor action such as a strike. D. By committing arson Slaves did commit arson in retaliation against planters, but this was not very common.

What improved the chances of passing a compromise over California's admission in the fall of 1850?

A. California offered that it could be both slave and free. Californians had not made such a suggestion. B. John C. Calhoun ascended to Speaker of the House. Calhoun died over the course of the summer, removing a major source of opposition to the compromise. C. Daniel Webster died during the months of debate. Daniel Webster, an elder statesman in the Senate, ascended to the position of secretary of state under new President Millard Fillmore. *D. Whig President Taylor died unexpectedly. President Taylor died unexpectedly in July 1850, changing the political landscape for a new group of younger senators and representatives in Washington, D.C., who were willing to compromise.

What was the result of the 1807 Embargo Act advocated by President Jefferson?

A. Canada became the United States' number one trade partner. Although some Americans smuggled through Canada, it did not become the nation's number one trade partner. *B. The United States' trade was devastated across the country. With foreign trade cut off, the nation's economy was devastated, with Americans across classes hit hard. C. Britain made restitution for American ships it had seized. Although the Embargo Act was designed to protest British maritime policy, including the seizure of American ships trading with France, Britain did not make restitution because of the embargo. D. France agreed to remove its restrictions on American trade. Although the restrictions were designed to protest French restrictions on American trade, it did not succeed in changing French policy. Topic: Remaking America's Economic Character books: U.S. Population Grows and Migrates Technology Reshapes Agriculture and Industry Transforming Domestic Production Technology, Cotton, and Slaves

Why did a black clergyman in Florida say that in 1871 the state's panhandle region was "where Satan has his seat"?

A. Carpetbaggers had overrun his town. The clergyman was not concerned about carpetbaggers, the derogatory name for Northerners who moved south following the war. B. Poverty was pervasive and hunger common. Although poverty was a problem in the rural South, the clergymen did not denounce it as demonic. *C. The Ku Klux Klan was active there. The Klan killed some 150 African Americans in Florida's panhandle county of Jackson in 1871. Churches were often targeted. D. The Union army ran the government. Although Military Reconstruction put the former Confederate states under the administration of the Union government, a black clergyman would have approved, since the army provided protection from violent whites. Topic: The Unravelingof Reconstruction books: The Republican Retreat Congressional and Judicial Retreat The Presidential Compromise of 1876

Which of the following people supported the Lecompton Constitution that would have made Kansas a slave state when it entered the union?

A. Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks Sumner, a Republican senator from Massachusetts, condemned slavery and the influence of the "Slave Power" in places such as Kansas. Because of his comments, he was beaten by Preston Brooks. B. John Brown and Frederick Douglass Both men were abolitionists. *C. Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan Both Presidents Pierce and Buchanan supported admitting Kansas as a slave state under the terms of the Lecompton Constitution drafted by proslavery forces in Kansas following John Brown's Pottawatomie Massacre. Congress, however, resisted, and Kansas became a free state in 1861. D. John C. Frémont and Abraham Lincoln Neither of these Republican candidates for president in 1856 and 1860, respectively, favored the extension of slavery into the territories.

In the 1830s and 1840s the United States was involved in a guerrilla war against which Florida Indian tribe?

A. Cherokee Located primarily in Georgia, the Cherokee did not fight against removal in Florida. B. Comanche Located primarily in the plains, the Comanche did not fight against removal in Florida. *C. Seminole The U.S. army fought an ongoing war against the Seminoles in Florida throughout the 1830s and ending in 1842, when army officials used a false promise of truce to trick Seminole leader Osceola into giving himself up. D. Seneca Located primarily in New York, the Seneca did not fight against removal in Florida.

Which western city grew rapidly with American westward expansion in the first quarter of the nineteenth century?

A. Chicago Chicago did not grow into a significant city during that time period. B. Milwaukee Milwaukee did not grow into a significant city in that time period. C. Omaha Omaha in Nebraska was still far to the west of any American settlements in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. *D. New Orleans With the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and the expansion of trade along the Mississippi River, New Orleans grew rapidly.

Why did local Indians finally surrender power to the English crown in 1646?

A. Chief Powhatan had passed away. Powhatan had passed away years before. His brother, Chief Opechancanough, had led the fight against the English since the early 1620s but was finally captured and killed. B. They wanted to reestablish a trade partnership. The local Indians did not surrender to the English in order to establish an economic relationship. *C. The colonial population had grown too large. Once the English population grew too big to eliminate, Native Americans were faced with perpetual warfare or submission. With the capture and murder of Chief Opechancanough, they submitted and thus were forced to pay tribute on lands that had been theirs for generations. D. They wanted to focus on attacking the Iroquois Confederacy. The Indians along the Chesapeake did not abandon their fight with the British on account of tensions with other Native American groups. The Iroquois Confederacy did not inhabit the Chesapeake Bay area but lived around present-day New York.

What nation had begun discussing establishment of trade with the United States in 1846?

A. China U.S. trade with China had begun way before 1846, though it had declined by the 1840s. *B. Japan The United States began negotiations with Japan in 1846, and these came to fruition in 1854 with a formal treaty that allowed for mutual trade between the two nations. C. Mexico New England merchants had been buying fine leather from Mexican-owned California since the 1820s. D. Cuba Cuba was not a new trading partner for the United States in 1846, nor was it an independent nation at the time.

How did slave laws passed in Virginia in the 1660s come to define slavery as an institution?

A. Christians could not be enslaved. The law held that converting to Christianity did not change a slave's status. B. Slavery could not be inherited. The law defined slavery as a status that passed from mother to child. C. Masters were to treat slaves with respect. The law permitted masters to kill slaves who resisted their authority. *D. Slavery was defined as racial. The laws defined slavery as a distinct status based on racial identity, something that applied to Africans only.

What caused German theologian Martin Luther to challenge the Catholic Church?

A. Church involvement in state affairs Although many Catholics were critical of papal involvement with political matters, Luther did not attack the Church on those grounds. B. The popularity of public criticism against clerical corruption Luther raised his objections on theological grounds rather than in response to popular criticism of the church. C. His desire to break away from the Catholic Church Luther's intention was not to break away from the Catholic Church but to reform it; he did not willingly leave the Church. *D. The sale of indulgences Luther challenged the Church's claim that one could pay church officials to remit punishment for sins. He fundamentally disagreed with the underlying logic of indulgences.

In the early eighteenth century, how did urban churches come to reflect the larger class divisions in society?

A. Clergymen linked salvation to the size of church donations. Clergymen in British North America favored wealthy parishioners in some ways, but they did not link an individual's likelihood of being saved to the size of his or her donations to the church. B. Wealthy parishioners started their own churches. Wealthy whites did not found churches in the early eighteenth century that would cater to society's upper echelons. *C. Upper-class church members purchased front-row seats in church. Many urban churches allowed wealthier members to purchase good seats in church, relegating poorer church members to the back or the balcony. The physical manifestation of class and the dry, learned sermons of Protestant churches alienated poorer members of urban society. D. Clergymen spent more time with affluent church members. Ministers went where they were called, whether it be into the homes of society's leaders or into the rooming houses of the urban poor.

What was one effect of the Navigation Act and other parliamentary measures enacted in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to control commerce in and out of the British colonies?

A. Colonial commerce collapsed under the rules. Colonial commerce continued to grow. B. New York became the leading trading port. New York was only one of several important ports. *C. Customs officials were positioned in colonies. In order to ensure that the various acts of Parliament were upheld in the colonies, England sent customs officials to the colonies to oversee trade. These officials would become a source of agitation for many colonists over the coming century. D. France lifted all barriers of trade between France and New France. The various parliamentary measures put into place to control colonial commerce in the British colonies did not lead France to change its trade policies.

How did the rule of William and Mary change the status of religious freedom in the colonies?

A. Colonies such as Massachusetts extended religious freedom to native beliefs. Although Massachusetts recognized greater religious freedom for Christians other than Puritans, natives did not win greater respect for their religious beliefs. B. Proprietors were empowered to choose the official religion practiced in their colony. William and Mary's reign did not empower proprietors to choose their colony's religion. *C. Although Anglicans were granted greater freedom, Catholics saw their freedom diminished. Members of the Church of England won greater recognition in Massachusetts and Maryland, Catholics saw their status in Maryland diminished as the Church of England replaced the Catholic Church as the colony's established church. D. Religious freedom was rejected as William and Mary sought to tighten Britain's grip on its colonies. Although William and Mary sought a tighter relationship with colonial elites, they did not reject religious freedom.

What was an effect of Great Britain's pattern of benign neglect in colonial governance before the French and Indian War?

A. Colonists were afraid to express their will to the British government. Colonists repeatedly petitioned the British government whenever they felt wronged by the king or Parliament. B. British involvement in the colonies waned in the 1760s and 1770s. Great Britain's involvement increased with the French and Indian War and its aftermath. C. Britain reacted against the policy by raising taxes on the colonies. The British government did raise taxes in the colonies after the French and Indian War, but not as a reaction against the policy of benign neglect. *D. Colonists believed themselves to be more independent than they were. Because little British interference occurred in the daily affairs of most colonists, they did not see themselves as fully the subjects of the British government.

What policy did William Lloyd Garrison urge white antislavery activists to embrace in the 1830s?

A. Colonization Garrison did not advocate shipping freed slaves to Africa in a colonization scheme, a cause that was popular in the 1810s. B. Violent antislavery Garrison did not embrace the possibility of violence to end slavery, as some other writers, such as David Walker, did. C. Working with political parties Garrison rejected working with antislavery parties such as the Liberty Party because it acknowledged the legitimacy of a political process that protected slavery. *D. Immediate emancipation Through his writings in the Liberator newspaper, Garrison urged white antislavery activists to embrace immediate emancipation for slaves, although he rejected the calls for violent opposition to slavery discussed by antislavery writers such as David Walker.

What legislation required the president to secure the Senate's approval before dismissing cabinet secretaries?

A. Command of the Army Act The Command of the Army Act required the president to issue orders to field commanders through the General of the Army in Washington, D.C. The measure ensured that the president did not water down enforcement of laws passed by Congress when issuing orders to the army. B. Military Reconstructions Acts The Military Reconstruction Acts divided the former Confederacy into five military districts, governed by a Union army general, and mandated protection for freedmen's voting rights. *C. Tenure of Office Act The Tenure of Office Act was designed to protect cabinet members sympathetic to the Radical Republicans. It held that the president could not dismiss a cabinet secretary without the approval of the Senate. D. Force Acts The Force Acts were designed to thwart the growing power of the Ku Klux Klan.

What was the source of most of the Africans who were sold to Europeans along the western coast of Africa beginning in the sixteenth century?

A. Communities around Timbuktu and Egypt Most Africans sold into slavery did not come from North Africa. B. Kingdoms from central and southern Africa Most slaves taken in western Africa had been captured in that region. C. Communities under Islamic rule Most Africans under Islamic rule lived in North Africa and were relatively protected from the slave trade. *D. People conquered by other groups Because the slave trade was lucrative, it fueled raiding parties that would seek out men, women, and children to sell into the slave market. Entire communities were conquered and then sold into slavery.

What characterized Indian-American relations along the frontier during the American Revolution?

A. Complete peace Indian-American relations could not be described as peaceful during the American Revolution. B. Relative peace Indian-American relations could not be described as peaceful during the American Revolution. C. Tension but little violence Indian-American relations could not be characterized as nonviolent during the American Revolution. *D. Military and civilian conflicts Indians and the British allies fought bitterly against the army, local militias, and civilians during the American Revolution.

What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam Creek in September 1862?

A. Confederate troops pushed Union forces all the way to the District of Columbia. Confederate troops did not push Union forces back in the Battle of Antietam. B. Black soldiers fought on the side of the Union for the first time in the war. Black soldiers fought alongside white soldiers in Missouri the following month. C. Union forces delivered a crushing defeat to the Confederacy, allowing them to advance into the South. While Lincoln declared Antietam a major victory for the Union, the Union army did not follow the battle by advancing deep into the South. *D. Abraham Lincoln used it as the occasion to announce the emancipation policy. Because Robert E. Lee and his Confederate army were forced to retreat after the battle, Lincoln claimed Antietam as a great victory. Five days later, the president announced his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

How did the Protestant Reformation accelerate the decline of Spain's dominance in the New World?

A. Conflict between Catholics and Spanish Protestants, known as Huguenots, weakened Spain internally and made Spanish colonies vulnerable to attack. The Huguenots were French and posed an internal challenge to French Catholic supremacy. B. Pueblo Indians who had been converted to Catholicism embraced Protestantism following an attack on their villages. Although they may not have fully embraced Catholicism, Pueblo Indians did not turn to Protestantism. C. When French King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes, Spain became the only Catholic country with colonies in the New World. Although the Edict of Nantes (1598) granted political rights and limited toleration to French Protestants, France remained a majority Catholic country. *D. Protestant nations such as England and the Netherlands forged closer ties to challenge Catholic Spain's dominance in the Americas. English Queen Elizabeth I sought closer political and economic ties with the Netherlands so that their combined force could better oppose Catholic Spain.

What was significant about the fact that some British colonists questioned their Parliament's intentions and that there were non-British citizens patrolling the borders of the British colonies?

A. Conflict was imminent between the British colonists and the non-British settlers. British settlers recruited many immigrants to the southern colonies. Conflict was not imminent. *B. Allegiance to the crown was not absolute in the British colonies. With non-English colonists in the colonies and an emerging disjuncture between Parliament's goals and the goals of the colonists, loyalty to Parliament and the crown was not certain in the colonies. C. Florida would be overtaken by the British. The questioning of colonists and an influx of immigrants to the southern colonies did not signify any future intentions with Spanish Florida. D. Trade with Florida was likely to increase in importance. The questioning of colonists and an influx of immigrants to the southern colonies did not signify any future trade relationship between Spanish Florida and English Georgia.

What was an important consequence of Indian participation in European conflicts in North America in the eighteenth century?

A. Conflicts between Indian nations decreased. Conflicts between European powers often exacerbated or created conflicts between Indian nations. B. Women became increasingly powerful in Native American societies. Although many men were leaving their villages to go into battle, female authority did not increase as a result of Indian participation in European conflicts. C. Pan-Indian alliances could not form. Although rare, pan-Indian alliances did occur during and after the eighteenth century. *D. Young men became increasingly powerful in Native American societies. As war and European expansion placed enormous pressures on Native Americans, young men's power and authority increased at the expense of the traditional authority of older women in certain societies.

Which of the following describes the May 1836 congressional vote on the Treaty of New Echota, which was signed by unauthorized Cherokee representatives?

A. Congress approved the treaty by an overwhelming majority. Congress was deeply divided over how to respond to this treaty. B. The House of Representatives approved the treaty, but the Senate delayed voting for two years. Congress delayed the removal of the Cherokee, but not the vote on the treaty. C. Congress voted to override Andrew Jackson's veto of the treaty. Jackson, a strong advocate of Indian Removal, would not have vetoed the ratified treaty had he been president in 1836, which he was not. *D. Congress approved the treaty by a single vote. In May 1836, Congress approved the treaty by a single vote and set the date for final removal two years later.

What was a consequence of Americans' continued settlement into the Ohio River valley in the 1780s?

A. Congress sent troops to help the settlers. Congress did not send soldiers to the Ohio River valley to defend the Americans who chose to settle beyond state boundaries. B. George Washington appealed to the settlers to return to their home states. Washington did not appeal to the frontier settlers to move back east. C. The Iroquois nation ratified a treaty ceding land to Americans. The Iroquois did not ratify a treaty ceding land, although U.S. commissioners claimed otherwise. *D. Indian leaders launched pan-Indian alliances to resist further encroachment of settlers. Native American leaders realized that they had to band together with other tribes if they wanted to successfully challenge American settlements in their region.

According to historians, why did the Mayan civilization decline around 800 C.E.?

A. Conquest There is not any evidence to support the conclusion that the Mayan civilization declined on account of conquest. *B. Drought Historians believe that drought caused the decline of the Mayan civilization. C. Peasant revolts There is not any evidence to support the conclusion that the Mayan civilization declined on account of peasant revolts, although there is evidence that heavy taxation exacerbated the decline of the Mayas. D. Smallpox epidemics Smallpox did not infect the native population of the Americas until European explorers traveled to the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

In the seventeenth century, some English men and women were transported to Virginia as

A. Conquistadors. Conquistadors were Spanish warriors who conquered native groups such as the Aztecs. B. Puritan ministers. The Puritans settled in New England, not Virginia. C. slaves. The English transported to Virginia were not slaves. *D. indentured servants. People who agreed to become indentured servants could not afford passage to Virginia and so agreed to labor in exchange for transportation. They also received land at the end of the contract.

What does the fact that many of the men the Virginia Company recruited to sail to North America in the early seventeenth century were gentlemen and skilled artisans show about the Company's original goals?

A. Converting Indians to Christianity was vital. The Virginia Company did not focus on spreading Christianity. B. Attacking the Spanish was the primary goal. Although the English did experience conflict with the Spanish, attacking the Spanish was not the Virginia Company's primary goal. C. Forming alliances with Indians would ensure their survival. Although the English depended on the Powhatan Confederacy for its survival, they did not sail to North America to form alliances. *D. Getting rich quickly was most important. Some of the men that the Virginia Company recruited as colonists were gentlemen who hoped to get rich through the discovery of precious metals. Even more skilled artisans and laborers were recruited to launch the settlement, though many of them also hoped to become wealthy.

Why did President James Monroe have concerns about the nation's southern boundary in the late 1810s?

A. Creek Indians were challenging the United States on the southern Mississippi. The Creek Indians had been defeated by a U.S.-Cherokee alliance in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend during the War of 1812. B. Cherokee Indians had established an autonomous nation in Georgia. Monroe was not worried about the Cherokee. C. He felt that direct conflict with Spain was necessary and unavoidable. President Monroe wanted to avoid direct conflict with Spanish forces because he feared a full-fledged war. *D. He worried about land claims by the Florida Seminole Indians. Monroe sought to stop Seminole Indians in western Florida and Alabama from claiming lands ceded to the United States by the defeated Creeks.

What triggered the creation of a pan-Indian alliance in the Ohio River valley in the 1790s?

A. Creek and Choctaw Indians wanted to protect their hunting grounds. The pan-Indian alliance in the Ohio River valley had nothing to do with Creek and Choctaw claims on hunting grounds. B. Shawnee tribes were hoping to negotiate better trading terms with white settlers. Shawnee tribes were not interested in new trading terms with white settlers. In fact, in the 1790s more and more Shawnee Indians were rejecting all contacts with white settlers. C. Seminole Indians were hoping to be accepted as a new state in the nation. Seminole Indians occupied land in Florida and Alabama, not the Ohio River valley. *D. The Indians' defeat in the Battle of Fallen Timbers inspired their resistance. In 1794 General Anthony Wayne had defeated a multitribe coalition under the leadership of Shawnees at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. This victory inspired formation of a pan-Indian alliance under the leadership of Shawnee Prophet Tenskwatawa and his half-brother Tecumseh.

What problem in eighteenth-century North American cities were almshouses designed to address?

A. Crime Almshouses were not designed to address crime. B. Gambling Almshouses were not designed to address gambling. C. Sabbath-breaking Almshouses were not designed to address Sabbath-breaking. *D. Poverty By 1750 every seaport had created an almshouse to provide support for the indigent unable to support themselves. However, almshouses had limited resources on which to draw and could not fully meet the demand for assistance.

Through the Peace of Paris (1763) Britain gained territory in which of the following places?

A. Cuba Although Britain had captured Cuba during the war, Spain regained the colony in the peace settlement. B. The Philippines Although Britain had captured the Philippines during the war, Spain regained the colony in the peace settlement. *C. Florida In exchange for giving up control of Cuba, Britain gained Florida. D. Louisiana In exchange for becoming an ally of France, Spain gained Louisiana and all the French lands west of the Mississippi River.

Which of the following economic systems characterized farming communities in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries?

A. Currency-based capitalism These farming communities were not based on currency-based capitalism. B. Credit-based capitalism These farming communities were not based on credit-based capitalism, although lines of credit were used. *C. Systems of exchange of goods and services These farming communities were based on systems of exchange through bartered goods and services. Healthy local economies were often a community effort. D. Systems of exchange of credit and currency These farming communities were not based on exchange of credit and currency.

In addition to ongoing struggles with Indians, the continued efforts of Britain and Spain to exert control in the new nation, and attacks on private property by squatters, what other conflict confronted American leaders in the late eighteenth century?

A. Deep conflicts between the North and South over slavery Conflicts had not erupted between northern and southern states over slavery. *B. Violent resentments between rich and poor Farmers and debtors pushed for reforms, but state governments consistently backed the wealthy over those less well off. C. A growing women's suffrage movement No powerful female suffrage movement existed at the close of the eighteenth century. D. Bloody conflicts over claims to Florida The Spanish owned Florida at the close of the eighteenth century; Americans did not fight for it.

Why did the Crittenden Compromise fail in Congress in 1861?

A. Democrats opposed the extension of the Missouri Compromise all the way to California. Democrats were very much in support of the extension of the Missouri Compromise to California. *B. Republicans opposed the extension of the Missouri Compromise all the way to California. The Crittenden Compromise failed when Republicans voiced their unanimous opposition to the extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the California border. C. Republicans opposed a constitutional amendment that protected slavery where it already existed. Republicans approved a constitutional amendment that would have protected slavery in the states where it already existed. D. Democrats opposed a constitutional amendment that banned slavery from all territories. The Crittenden Compromise did not include such a proposal.

If the British had won the American Revolution, what was the most likely consequence for those who actively supported the war for independence?

A. Deportation Deportation was not a likely consequence for treachery. B. Fines Fines were not a likely consequence for treachery. C. Torture Torture was not a likely punishment for treachery. *D. Death Traitors were most often put to death. The specter of this outcome prompted many to throw all of their efforts behind winning the war.

Why were the Federalists in disarray moving into the election of 1800?

A. Disagreements about the Sedition Act The Federalist Party was not in disarray because of disagreements over the Sedition Act. B. Disagreements about the selection for vice president The Federalist Party was not in disarray because of disagreements over the vice presidential nominee, Charles Pinckney. *C. Disagreements about the conclusion of the war The Federalist Party was deeply divided over Adams's decision to seek a peaceful settlement with France. Many Federalists believed that America should continue warfare until an absolute victory could be achieved. D. Disagreements about taxes The Federalist Party was not in disarray because of disagreements over taxes.

By 1779 what problem plagued the Continental Army?

A. Discord between patriot and French soldiers Conflict between American and French soldiers was not a persistent problem. B. Camp wives The camp followers did not plague the army. In most cases, the women who moved with the army helped the troops. *C. Low enlistment numbers When Americans heard that France was sending troops, fewer men volunteered for service. Those who were drafted often sent unfit substitutes. D. Low morale With the French-American alliance, morale lifted.

What was the major source of conflict between colonists and Indians in New England in the seventeenth century?

A. Disease While disease may have had the most devastating impact on the native population, it was not the major source of conflict in the seventeenth century. B. Religion Even as Europeans attempted to convert Native Americans, religion was the major source of conflict in the seventeenth century. C. Guns While guns became an invaluable tool for both settlers and Native Americans in the seventeenth century, guns were not a major source of conflict. *D. Land Land was the major source of conflict between the settlers and Indians in the seventeenth century. Europeans moved onto and expanded into Indian lands with very little regard for native land claims. Chapter 3: Colonial America amid Global Change, 1680-1754 Topic: Europeans Expand Their Claims books: English Colonies Grow and Multiply The Pueblo Revolt and Spain's Fragile Empire France Seeks Lands and Control

What step did George Grenville take to try to save money in British colonial administration in the 1760s?

A. End the costly importation of slaves The slave trade was not a drain on the British treasury. *B. Require colonists to quarter British troops in their homes The decision to place the financial responsibility for quartering British troops on the colonies was meant to save the British government money. C. Reduce the number of customs officials The British government did not reduce the number of customs officials in the 1760s. D. Recall all British troops from the colonies to Britain The British government brought some troops back but did not recall all of them.

What was the purpose of the Force Bill of 1833?

A. Enforcement of the tariff of 1828 in the North Northerners favored the tariff; as a result, there was no need to force them to obey it. B. A cut in military spending The Force Bill of 1833 did not cut military spending. *C. The authorization of military force against South Carolina The Force Bill gave Andrew Jackson the power to use the military to enforce national laws in South Carolina. D. Enforcing Jackson's veto of the Second Bank of the United States The Force Bill did not have to do with the controversy over the Second Bank of the United States.

Which nation sought to expand into North America primarily for economic motives and had little interest in spreading Christianity?

A. England Although the settlers of Virginia were motivated by financial gain, the Puritans of New England aspired to spread a religious message. B. Spain Although the Spanish reaped riches from the gold and silver mines of the Americas, conversion of Indians was also an important goal of missionaries such as the Franciscans. C. France Although the fur trade was important to the French, priests and nuns also migrated to North America in hopes of spreading Christianity to natives. *D. The Netherlands The Dutch were primarily traders and sought wealth in North America rather than the conversion of Indians.

Prior to April 1775, how did colonists prepare for the prospect of war?

A. Enslaving African Americans who belonged to loyalists The colonists did not prepare for war by seizing the slaves of loyalists. B. Calling the Second Continental Congress to plan the war The Second Continental Congress was called as the First Continental Congress ended its session in the fall of 1774; it was not convened, however, to plan a war but rather to continue discussing how to resist British policy. *C. Gathering weapons and training the local militia Between the fall of 1774 and the spring of 1775, the Sons of Liberty and other patriot groups gathered weapons and organized and trained militia. Female patriots also manufactured bandages and bullets. D. Building and equipping vessels to create a naval force Shipbuilding was enormously expensive and was not undertaken as a means to prepare for the possibility of war.

Why did the Mississippian culture decline several hundred years ago?

A. Environmental changes Droughts hurt the Mayans and Pueblo peoples but not the Mississippians. B. Widespread disease Diseases introduced by Europeans were a cause of declining Native American populations in later centuries but not for the decline of Mississippian power. C. Political weakness Mississippian rulers proved too weak to maintain their control over numerous scattered towns. *D. Collapse of trade networks Trade networks remained intact in the eastern part of North America.

During the Second Great Awakening, workingmen and -women were mostly drawn to the preaching of which Christian denomination?

A. Episcopalian Workingmen and -women were not especially drawn to the preaching found in Episcopalian churches. *B. Baptist Evangelical denominations such as the Baptists, along with the Methodists, tended to appeal to workingmen and -women, more so than other denominations. C. Congregationalist Workingmen and -women were not especially drawn to the preaching found in Congregationalist churches. D. Presbyterian Workingmen and -women were not especially drawn to the preaching found in Presbyterian churches.

Laboring men and women in 1830s and 1840s America were mostly drawn to the revivals of the

A. Episcopalians. Workingmen and -women would have felt out of place with this denomination, which attracted wealthier Protestants from the Middle Atlantic and New England regions. *B. Baptists. Laboring men and women were mostly drawn to the ministries of Baptists and Methodists. C. Presbyterians. Presbyterians catered to a more affluent constituency than the working class. D. Congregationalists. Congregationalists appealed most to middle-class and wealthy Americans, not the laboring class.

What drove immigration to the United States from Germany and Scandinavia in the 1840s and 1850s?

A. Escape from radical revolutionary governments in Europe Political motivations for Scandinavian and German immigrants had to do with failed revolutions, not successful ones. *B. Repressive landlords Economic exploitation and lack of economic opportunities due to oppressive landlords drove many Scandinavians and Germans to leave for the United States. C. Floods Scandinavian and German immigrants had suffered more from droughts than floods. D. Religious persecution Religious persecution was not a predominant motivation for Scandinavian and German immigrants in this particular time period.

How did the Liberty Party, founded in 1840, change antebellum politics?

A. Especially popular in the South, the party increased the power of poor whites in national elections. The Liberty Party was not popular in the South. B. The party's success in electing Henry Clay president in 1844 made it a strong third-party alternative to the Whigs and Democrats. Clay did not win the 1844 election. *C. Both Whigs and Democrats found it increasingly difficult to ignore slavery in deference to their parties' southern wings. While both parties would have liked to ignore the slavery issue to preserve unity among their diverse members, the Liberty Party brought the issue to public prominence. D. The party showed that moral suasion was a successful strategy for changing opinion about slavery. The Liberty Party was dedicated to enacting new laws rather than relying on persuasion.

What was one effect of the Crusades of the eleventh and twelfth centuries?

A. Establishment of permanent Christian settlements in the East Despite their dreams to reclaim Jerusalem and other sites associated with Jesus, the Crusaders largely failed to set up permanent Christian settlements in the East. B. Strengthening of ties between Christian and Jewish communities in Europe The Crusades led to greater conflict between the Catholic and Jewish communities in Europe. *C. Enhancement of the wealth and commercial role of Italian merchants While the goal to reclaim Jerusalem and other sites associated with Jesus was not realized, the Crusades did benefit Italian merchants who used the Crusades to establish trading routes to the East and outfitted those who took part in the Crusades. D. Dissolution of the Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church did not dissolve following the Crusades.

Why is it reasonable to say that Europeans benefited most from the Columbian exchange?

A. Europeans controlled the trade that constituted this exchange. The Columbian exchange was not the result of trade. *B. They gained nutritious crops and wealth and did not suffer as much as other groups. The Columbian exchange resulted in the arrival in Europe of nutritious crops like corn and potatoes and of large amounts of gold and silver. Meanwhile, Europeans did not suffer the precipitous population losses of Native Americans or the difficulties of slavery imposed on African Americans. C. They gained technological advantages through contact with Native American civilizations. Europeans gained from contact with Native Americans, but those were not primarily technological gains. D. Through the Columbian exchange, they gained access to Asian goods they desired. The Columbian exchange did not give Europeans access to desirable Asian goods.

Why did many Northerners believe in 1850 that America's international reputation was suffering?

A. Europeans had criticized the nation's war against Mexico as a form of imperialism. European nations maintained imperialist outlooks themselves and would not have criticized the United States for the acquisition of territory from Mexico on those grounds. B. Much of the world frowned on the treatment of the Chinese in California. Except for the Chinese, the rest of the world was not too concerned about the treatment of the Chinese in California. C. The raucous and lawless conditions in California were embarrassing. While conditions in gold rush California lacked the law and order that was common in the rest of the nation, this was not a source of international embarrassment. *D. They saw the slave trade in the District of Columbia as a horrid spectacle. Northerners were horrified by the spectacle of slavery and slave trading in the nation's capital, which, they said, damaged America's international reputation.

What conclusion can be drawn from the experience of the Pueblo, Tuscarora, and Yamasee Indians in the late 1600s and early 1700s?

A. Europeans were militarily superior to Indians in the beginning of the eighteenth century. In the battles between Europeans and Indians, the Europeans were not militarily superior. In fact, the Europeans had to rely on alliances with other Indians to avoid defeat. B. Indians would convert to Christianity over time. Although some Indians converted, most did not. The Pueblo, Tuscarora, and Yamasee Indians do not illustrate eventual conversion among Indians. C. Native Americans surrendered their land willingly. The Pueblo, Tuscarora, and Yamasee Indians do not provide evidence that Indians surrendered their lands willingly. *D. Native Americans fiercely resisted European dominance in the beginning of the eighteenth century. The Pueblo, Tuscarora, and Yamasee Indians fought against European encroachment.

Why did one-third of Whigs desert their party to vote for Democrat Franklin Pierce in the 1852 presidential election?

A. Expansionist Whigs supported the "Young America" movement to acquire land in Canada. The "Young America" movement was part of the Democratic Party that emphasized expansion into Latin America. *B. Proslavery Whigs wanted to vote for a candidate who was firmly in favor of protecting slavery. The Whigs had both pro- and antislavery wings, and in 1852 proslavery southern Whigs put voting for a candidate who shared their views over party loyalty. C. Antislavery Whigs approved of Pierce's embrace of the Free-Soil Party's platform. Antislavery Whigs did not desert their party in the election. D. Western Whigs were angered when their candidate, Winfield Scott, opposed statehood for California. Western Whigs were not disloyal to their party.

Why did Union leaders reject calls to enlist African Americans early in the Civil War?

A. Expecting a long war, they wanted some men held in reserve for the future. Union leaders initially anticipated a short war. B. The free black population of the North was too small to make a difference. Numbering some 225,000, the free black population of the North was sizable. C. In his 1860 presidential campaign, Abraham Lincoln promised not to enlist blacks. Lincoln had not made such a promise; he was elected before hostilities began. *D. It was feared that whites would not enlist if they had to serve with black soldiers. Knowing they would need to recruit large numbers of whites, Union leaders did not want to alienate any men who would balk at having to serve with black soldiers.

What was an important consequence of the popular portrayal of female servants and slaves as immoral in the eighteenth century?

A. Families increased their demand for male servants and slaves. The popular portrayal of female slaves and servants did not impact who was hired for household or field labor in the eighteenth century. *B. Local officials showed a lack of sympathy in cases of sexual abuse. Because of the popular portrayal of female slaves and servants as immoral or lusty, public officials were less likely to extend them sympathy in cases involving sexual abuse. C. The incidence of female slaves running away decreased. The popular portrayal of female slaves and servants as immoral or lusty did not deter many from fleeing abuse. D. Female servants and slaves sought wealthy owners. Female servants or slaves had no choice about who purchased their labor.

In the early eighteenth century, what characterized the child-rearing years for most mothers in rural areas?

A. Farm labor with the help of wet nurses and nannies Most women could not afford the expense of wet nurses and nannies. *B. Farm labor and housekeeping tasks alongside child rearing Most women who lived within farming communities worked through most of their pregnancy and all of their child-rearing years. C. One year of rest for each child before resuming full-time labor Most families could not survive financially without the labor of the female head of household for a year every time she gave birth. D. Farm labor with help from the father in child rearing For most families who lived in both urban and rural areas, the rearing of young children and girls was the domain of the mother.

Which group of Americans led resistance to Indian Removal in the 1820s?

A. Federalists The Federalist Party was defunct by the 1820s. B. Democrats Led by Andrew Jackson, the Democrats were enthusiastic about removing Indians from southern lands. *C. Protestant missionaries Convinced that they could "civilize" and "Americanize" natives, Protestant missionaries objected to plans for Indian Removal. D. Small-scale farmers Small-scale farmers were eager for the government to open new lands, taken from Indians, which they would settle and bring under cultivation.

In the debate over ratification of the Constitution, which two sides emerged?

A. Federalists and Republicans The Federalists and Republicans were not the two opposing sides that emerged over constitutional ratification. *B. Federalists and Antifederalists The Federalists defended the Constitution, while the Antifederalists feared the power granted to the central government by the Constitution. C. Republicans and Whigs The Republicans and Whigs were not the two opposing sides that emerged over constitutional ratification. D. Whigs and Antifederalists The Whigs and Antifederalists were not the two opposing sides that emerged over constitutional ratification.

Who did black authors such as Richard Allen and Thomas Pond usually publish their work for?

A. Female audiences Allen and Pond did not write for female audiences. B. Foreign audiences Allen and Pond did not write for foreign audiences. *C. Black audiences Allen and Pond usually wrote publicly for other blacks, although they may have corresponded privately with whites sympathetic to their message. Black authors did not have a crossover appeal to white audiences at the time. D. Indian audiences Allen and Pond did not write for Indian audiences.

Why did the plans of the American Colonization Society in the early nineteenth century ultimately prove impractical?

A. Few slave owners were willing to pay for the transportation to Africa. The American Colonization Society had not expected slave owners to pay for the transportation to Africa. B. Freed slaves preferred work in more enlightened communities in the northern states. The appeal of northern communities to freed slaves was not the reason for the failure of the American Colonization Society. *C. Few slave owners were willing to emancipate their workforce. As cotton production expanded from the 1790s on, few slave owners were willing to emancipate enslaved workers. D. The number of African Americans ready to move to Africa was too large. The project of the American Colonization Society suffered from a lack of free blacks willing to move, rather than an excess.

What was one disadvantage the British had in the American Revolution?

A. Fewer soldiers The British had more soldiers than the Americans. *B. Unreliable allies While Americans were allied with the French and Spanish, Great Britain's allies were not as dedicated to the British cause. C. Less money The British had far more money than the Americans. D. An unreliable navy The British navy was an enormous advantage for the British, especially early in the war.

Why did peace negotiations to settle the American Revolution take nearly two years following the British surrender at Yorktown?

A. Fighting continued in the states. Fighting continued in the states, but this was a result of an unsettled peace rather than the cause of it. B. France refused to come to the table. France was willing to negotiate; the peace talks took place in Paris. *C. There were a great many issues to settle. French, British, Spanish, and American representatives had a host of issues before them in the wake of the American Revolution; they sought to settle each one. D. British forces refused to leave. British forces remained in the states, but their presence was an effect, not the cause, of prolonged peace negotiations.

What does the map of the French and Indian War, 1754-1763, show about the scope of the conflict?

A. Fighting was confined to North America. The map shows that fighting broke out beyond North America. B. Fighting was confined to Europe. The map shows that the fighting broke out beyond Europe. C. Fighting stretched across the Atlantic Ocean. The map shows that the fighting was more extensive than in the Atlantic. *D. Fighting stretched across the globe. As the map shows, the French and Indian War was a global conflict. Although the heaviest fighting occurred in Europe, where the bulk of the combatants resided, battles were also fought in the European colonies, in North America as well as in India. Chapter 6: The American Revolution, 1775-1783 Topic: The Question of Independence books: Armed Conflict Erupts Building a Continental Army Reasons for Caution and for Action Declaring Independence

Which of the following was a primary concern for African American soldiers as they moved deeper into the South in 1863 and 1864?

A. Finding their old masters and taking revenge Getting revenge on past masters was not the primary motivation for African American soldiers. B. Finding their families and having them join the troops Many African American soldiers were looking to reunite families torn apart by slavery and war. But as long as they were serving in the Union army, they had to fulfill their duty. *C. Liberating slaves wherever they encountered them One of the African American soldiers' primary concerns as the Union armies moved deeper into the South was to liberate slaves they encountered. D. Not getting noticed by angry whites who might lynch them Armed with rifles and part of the Union army, African American soldiers were no longer afraid of angry southern whites.

What was an effect of the Albany Congress of 1754?

A. Formation of a strong military alliance between the British and the Iroquois The British and Iroquois did not strengthen their alliance. *B. Forging of new connections between leaders from different colonies A small group of leaders from various colonies created new bonds at the Albany Congress. C. Refusal of the Iroquois to join the Plan of Union The Iroquois were excluded from negotiations regarding Benjamin Franklin's Plan of Union. D. Creation of a council of colonial representatives No such council was established at the Albany Congress.

Which group of whites occupied the majority of elective offices in the South during the first years of congressional Reconstruction?

A. Former Democrats Former Democrats were more likely to stay in the Democratic Party and oppose the changes caused by Reconstruction. B. Confederate officials Confederate officials were banned from elective office during congressional Reconstruction. *C. People opposed to secession Not all southern whites opposed Reconstruction and joined with Republicans to institute reforms. They tended to have belonged to the Whig Party and opposed secession before the war or to have been small-scale farmers who detested rich planters. D. Former abolitionist activists Few whites in the South had been activists for abolition prior to the Civil War.

The belief that upholding respect for the authority of public officials was more important than fighting corruption meant that the truth was not a defense against which eighteenth-century crime?

A. Fornication Charges of fornication did not turn on the respect due to public officials. B. Murder Charges of murder did not turn on the respect due to public officials. C. Impressment Impressment—or forcing men to join the navy—was not illegal and was common in the eighteenth century. *D. Libel According to the common law of England, truth was not a defense against charges of libel. Exposing the corruption of public officials, as Peter Zenger did, was seen as a challenge to authority. Chapter 5: War and Empire, 1754-1774 Topic: Imperial Conflicts and Indian Wars, 1754-1763 books: The Opening Battles A Shift to Global War The Costs of Victory Battles and Boundaries on the Frontier Conflicts over Land and Labor Escalate

In 1758, Britain won a significant victory that opened an invasion route into Canada at which location?

A. Fort Pitt Located near modern Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Fort Pitt, the former Fort Duquesne, was the site of a British victory, but it did not open a route to Canada. B. Fort Ticonderoga Located near Albany, New York, Fort Ticonderoga was the site of a British victory, but it did not open a route to Canada. C. Lake Champlain Although straddling the border between New York and Canada, British victories along the lake did not open an invasion route into Canada. *D. Louisburg When the British recaptured Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, they pried open France's defenses of Canada and its key cities that lay along the St. Lawrence River.

Which side gained the most from Queen Anne's War?

A. France France lost land to England as a result of the war. B. Indians Thousands of Indians lost their lives in the War of Spanish Succession because different nations allied themselves with opposing sides of the war. *C. England France surrendered Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay Territory to England, while Spain granted England control of St. Kitts in the West Indies, Gibraltar, and Minorca, as well as the right to sell African slaves in its American colonies. D. Spain Spain made no gains in the war and was forced to give some islands in the West Indies to England.

Why did Spanish and Portuguese leaders seek out oceanic routes for trade with the East in the fifteenth century?

A. France blocked the overland routes. They did not control overland routes, but neither did France. *B. Italy controlled most of the important trade routes. The Italian city-states controlled most of the important trade routes to the East, forcing Spain and Portugal to seek alternatives. C. They were following Scandinavian advances. Although Scandinavians had sailed into the Atlantic centuries before, their expeditions did not propel the Portuguese and Spanish to seek oceanic routes to the East. D. Chinese traders had arrived on the shores of Portugal by boat. In the fifteenth century, Chinese traders did sail from China to Europe to trade.

Which of the following was an outcome of King William's War (1689-1697)?

A. France gained significant territory, and England lost most of its land in North America. Neither side in the war gained significant territory. B. The English population surged once Indians were driven west from lands colonists desired. English colonists, especially those who fought in the war, suffered poor health from wounds, smallpox, and poor rations. C. Conflict between Indian groups ceased after England and France negotiated a peace treaty. Conflict between Indians continued, even after the European powers had declared the war's end. *D. Iroquois leaders declared themselves neutral in future European conflicts. With their fur trade devastated and the Iroquois Confederation divided, the Iroquois pledged to stay out of future European wars.

Which of the following people opposed the Fifteenth Amendment because it did not provide for women's suffrage?

A. Frances Ellen Watkins Watkins believed that black men urgently needed the vote to protect their new freedom in the hostile South and that women's suffrage was more likely once black men were allowed to vote. B. Abby Kelley Kelley believed that black men urgently needed the vote to protect their new freedom in the hostile South and that women's suffrage was more likely once black men were allowed to vote. C. Frederick Douglass Douglass believed that black men urgently needed the vote to protect their new freedom in the hostile South and that women's suffrage was more likely once black men were allowed to vote. *D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton The women's suffrage movement divided over the Fifteenth Amendment, with some longtime advocates of women's rights, such as Stanton, opposing the Amendment because it enfranchised black men only.

What convinced France's King Louis XVI to agree to an alliance with America during the American Revolution?

A. Franklin's skillful diplomacy King Louis XVI did not agree to an alliance with America on account of Franklin's diplomacy, although Franklin helped. B. The French defeat in the French and Indian War The French defeat is not what finally compelled King Louis XVI to join with the Americans. C. The patriots' pledge to honor French territorial rights in North America By siding with America, the French relinquished their territorial rights in America. *D. The American victory at Saratoga The defeat of the British at Saratoga compelled King Louis XVI to officially enter an alliance with the patriots because their prospects no longer looked hopeless.

What was the status of the first Africans to reach Virginia in 1619?

A. Free The twenty Africans who arrived in colonial Virginia aboard a Dutch ship were not free. B. Slave The twenty Africans who arrived in colonial Virginia aboard a Dutch ship were not enslaved. *C. Servants Like their Irish and English counterparts, the twenty Africans who arrived in colonial Virginia aboard a Dutch ship were indentured servants. D. Runaways The twenty Africans who arrived in colonial Virginia aboard a Dutch ship were not runaways.

Which group was especially likely to participate in the New York City draft riots during the Civil War?

A. Free blacks Free blacks were often the targets of violence during the riots. *B. Irish immigrants Irish immigrants were prominent among the rioters. Unable to buy replacements—while also threatened by the competition of soon-to-be emancipated slaves—they resented conscription. C. The native born The native born were not especially likely to participate in the riots. D. Rural farmers Rural farmers would not have been present in the city in large numbers.

Which of the following accurately described Abraham Lincoln's attitude toward free blacks?

A. Free blacks should be socially equal to whites. Lincoln did not believe in social equality. B. Free blacks should vote in national elections. Lincoln did not believe in voting rights for blacks. C. Free blacks should run for public office. Lincoln did not believe blacks should serve in elected office. *D. Free blacks should work as they saw fit. Lincoln supported economic opportunities for free blacks, even as he did not accept that blacks should enjoy full political and social equality with whites. Topic: From Sectional Crisis to Southern Secession books: John Brown's Raid The Election of 1860 The Lower South Secedes

What characteristic made Mississippi, and not Georgia, North Carolina, or Virginia, the state that sent two African Americans to the U.S. Senate during congressional Reconstruction?

A. Freedmen in Mississippi had more education. Freedpeople of Mississippi were not particularly better educated than those in the other states. B. Freedmen controlled the state legislature in Mississippi. While it is the case that senators were elected by state legislators, freedmen controlled the state legislature in South Carolina rather than Mississippi. C. Freedmen in Mississippi had more political experience. No freedmen anywhere in the South had political experience, as slaves had been excluded from voting, let alone holding office. *D. Mississippi had an African American majority. Freedpeople formed a majority of the population in Mississippi, unlike those other three states.

During the Civil War, where did the Confederacy turn for manufactured goods no longer available from the north?

A. French factories The Confederacy did not look to France for manufactured goods. B. Canadian factories The Confederacy did not look to Canada for manufactured goods. *C. Southern factories Factories sprang up in the South to produce war supplies, such as cannons, as well as clothes and shoes for soldiers. D. Mexican factories The Confederacy did not look to Mexico for manufactured goods.

Why did the French settle in Louisiana in 1681?

A. French missionaries moved west to convert as many Native Americans as possible. Although Jesuit priests sought converts, their missions were not the guiding force behind French expansion. B. The French sought to encroach on Spanish-held territory. The French did not seek empire or wish to come into conflict with the Spanish. *C. The French needed to keep moving to keep the fur trade lucrative. French traders and missionaries moved across Canada and down the Mississippi River into Louisiana in search of new pelts to sell so they could maintain the gains they had enjoyed from the fur trade. D. The French accompanied the Huron people as they migrated west and then south. The Huron people did not move west and south. When French traders moved west, they left their Huron allies vulnerable to attacks from the Iroquois.

What was an important effect of the Declaration of Independence?

A. Full-scale war finally began. The war had reached full scale before the Declaration of Independence was written. *B. Colonists had to begin to choose sides. Prior to the Declaration of Independence, many colonists still believed that reconciliation was possible between the colonies and the British government. Once independence was declared, the colonies were in full-scale rebellion, and citizens were forced to choose to remain loyal to the king or to support the revolution against him. C. George Washington became the leader of the Continental Army. Washington had been named to lead the Continental Army prior to the Declaration of Independence. D. New York City, Newport, and Charleston became safe havens for loyalists. Held by the British, these cities were safe havens for loyalists. British control over them was not a consequence of the Declaration of Independence, however.

What was an effect of the government's failure to stop the migration of settlers into the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys in the late eighteenth century?

A. General Arthur St. Clair conquered hostile Indians in the Ohio River valley. St. Clair's forces were defeated in the Ohio River valley. B. The Jay Treaty was approved reluctantly by Congress. The Jay Treaty was not approved as a result of westward migration. *C. A pan-Indian alliance emerged to challenge federal troops. Members of the Shawnee, Delaware, Ottawa, Chippewa, Sauk, and Fox banded together under Chief Little Turtle to attack federal troops in the Ohio valley, defeating the troops of General Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory. D. The British worked with Creeks and Cherokees to attack settlements on the southern frontier. Spanish, not British, authorities worked with Creeks and Cherokees to attack American settlements on the southern frontier. E. White settlers revolted against the federal government. White settlers did not rebel against the government as a result of the government's failure to impede their westward migration.

Which of the following accurately assesses the battle at the Alamo, which took place in San Antonio, Texas, in 1836?

A. General Santa Anna was soundly defeated by Texan rebels at the Alamo. Santa Anna defeated the rebels at the Alamo. *B. Santa Anna's troops defeated the Texans defending the Alamo. Santa Anna's troops crushed the Texans at the Alamo and followed up their victory with another at Goliad before troops led by Sam Houston dealt a decisive blow to Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto, securing Texas independence. C. Santa Anna's troops captured the Texans, who were sent to prison in Mexico City. The 250 rebels at the Alamo died in the siege. D. Even though Santa Anna conquered the Alamo, the Texans defeated him soon after at Goliad. Santa Anna also won at Goliad.

Who led the Virginia House of Burgesses in denouncing the Stamp Act as imposing taxes without the consent of colonists?

A. George Washington Though a Virginian, Washington did not lead the protest against the Stamp Act. B. Thomas Jefferson Though a Virginian, Jefferson did not lead the protest against the Stamp Act. *C. Patrick Henry A gifted orator, Henry roused the House of Burgesses to protest the Stamp Act. The Virginia Resolves passed by the legislature as a result circulated widely in the colonies. D. Samuel Adams Though a significant leader of the opposition to the Stamp Act in Boston, Adams did not lead the House of Burgesses.

Why did Catholics enjoy greater tolerance after the Revolution than during the colonial period?

A. George Washington converted to Catholicism following the American alliance with France. Washington did not convert to Catholicism. *B. Many states disestablished their churches, creating a more even playing field in religion. Following the Revolution, many states disestablished their official churches, leading to more of a free market of ideas in religion. Minority groups such as Catholics as well as Jews found a less hostile atmosphere as a result. C. Free blacks founded new Catholic churches, increasing the number of converts in the country. Free blacks did not found new Catholic churches. Some free blacks created African American churches, such as the African Methodist Episcopal church (AME). D. The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom forbade discrimination against Catholics. The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom eliminated state support for the Anglican (or Episcopal) church.

What did the preachers of the Great Awakening want their followers to de-emphasize?

A. God's grace God's saving grace was fundamental to the message of the Great Awakening. *B. Worldly possessions The preachers of the Great Awakening instructed the faithful to invest less in material goods and to devote more of their attention to their relationship with God. C. Religious equality Religious equality was embedded within the discourse of grace for everyone who was willing to be saved and live a pious life. D. Work The preachers of the Great Awakening did not de-emphasize the goodness of work.

Although Puritans believed in predestination, in what way did they also believe that God could indicate his gift of grace?

A. Good health The Puritans did not see good health as indicative of future salvation. *B. Worldly success Worldly success, along with a passionate response to preaching, neighborliness, and virtue, could indicate future salvation. C. Great intelligence The Puritans did not see intelligence as indicative of future salvation. D. Male gender Being a male did not indicate whether one would be granted future salvation, although some Puritans believed that women were more prone to spiritual corruption.

Why did a series of suspicious fires in New York City lead to the execution of 34 people in 1741?

A. Government officials believed they were the first step in an Indian uprising. Indians were not those who were punished. *B. Whites feared complicity between poor whites and blacks. Terrified by the implications of black and white collusion, white authorities executed 34 people and banished 72 as a warning. C. A slave named Cuffee testified about the guilt of the 34. Cuffee did not implicate anyone. He was among the executed. D. White authorities were following the example of southern colonists. The New York authorities did not need any examples from the South to act as they did.

What caused Bacon's Rebellion?

A. Governor William Berkeley declared Nathaniel Bacon guilty of treason and moved to capture and hang him. Berkeley did declare Nathaniel Bacon guilty of treason, but this was because of his rebellion, not the cause of it. B. Nathaniel Bacon, a former servant, rebelled because of the strain of abuses against him and his fellow frontiersmen. Although the list of abuses from Governor Berkeley caused men to rally to Bacon's side, Bacon himself was not a former servant. In fact, he was new to Virginia in 1675. *C. Nathaniel Bacon acted in the wake of Governor William Berkeley's refusal to help defend Virginians from Susquehannock Indians. Even as there was open warfare between Virginia's frontiersmen and local Indians, Governor Berkeley refused to come to the aid of his fellow Virginians. Bacon defied the governor and recruited an army to attack the Indians. D. Governor William Berkeley allied himself with the Susquehannock Indians to keep the fur trade profitable, even after the Indians murdered frontier farmers. Berkeley did not form an alliance with the Susquehannock Indians, although the Virginia government preferred a nonconfrontational approach to Indian affairs because of the profitable fur trade.

Why, despite their alliance with the Mohawks and lucrative fur trade, did the Dutch willingly surrender New Amsterdam to the English in 1664?

A. Governor William Kieft was recalled by the Dutch crown. Despite his brutal treatment of the local Algonquians, Kieft was not recalled as the governor of New Amsterdam. B. A conflict between the Mohawks and Iroquois stunted trade. There was no conflict between the Mohawks and Iroquois that quickened the departure of the Dutch. *C. Successive and violent conflicts had occurred with Indians. While the Dutch in New Amsterdam made allies of the Mohawk and Iroquois, they also made enemies of the local Algonquians. After conflicts over land rights and tributes led to the murder of eighty Algonquians, intermittent warfare continued between the Dutch and Algonquians for two decades, leaving the Dutch ready to yield the colony. D. The sharp decrease in beaver pelts discouraged them. As a result of the Mohawk alliance with the Iroquois Confederacy, beaver skins kept coming into New Amsterdam.

How did the Great Awakening help unite the colonies politically in the second half of the eighteenth century?

A. Great Awakening preachers were explicitly political in their sermons and urged colonists to resist British policy. Preachers were not explicitly political and did not preach politics from the pulpit. B. The Great Awakening encouraged increased unity among the various Protestant denominations present in the colonies. Various Protestant sects in the colonies became more fragmented as a result of the Great Awakening. *C. The message of the Great Awakening provided a language with which to attack the policies of political elites. Although intended as a spiritual critique, Great Awakening preachers often focused on the opulence of colonial elites and the corruption of local officials. As more attention focused on the political problems of British leadership, the rhetoric of the Great Awakening was deployed to a new use. D. People converted because the Great Awakening came to embrace a uniform hierarchy in religion regardless of denomination. The Great Awakening encouraged greater emphasis on spiritual equality, even to the point of including blacks and slaves in services.

Why did King James I take control of Virginia by nullifying the Virginia Company charter in 1624?

A. Growing unease concerning the treatment of servants Although indentured servants were vulnerable to abuse and exploitation in Jamestown, James did not intervene on their behalf. B. Unsound business practices within the Virginia Company James did not annul the Virginia Company charter because of unsound business practices or any suspicion of malfeasance. C. Perceived lack of religious devotion in colony Although James did begin to collect taxes for the Church of England after this action, he did not annul the charter to spread Anglicanism in Virginia. *D. Continuous turmoil between the colonists and Indians James intervened in Virginia in the midst of terrible conflicts between the colonists and Chief Powhatan's brother and successor, Chief Opechancanough. Opechancanough and his men had killed almost a third of the colonists in 1622, prompting a violent reaction from the colonists.

What enabled people living in the Americas thousands of years ago to forsake seasonal migrations in favor of stable settlements?

A. Growth of population Population growth took place after a given group had stable settlements. B. Accumulation of possessions Because the earliest hunter-gathering societies moved frequently and did not want to have to carry any more than was necessary, the accumulation of possessions took place after a given group had a stable settlement. C. Extinction of big-game animals Many groups depended on smaller game, fish, roots, berries, and other plant foods to survive for thousands of years after the big-game animals became extinct. *D. Development of horticulture The ability to grow food allowed early people to form stable settlements rather than having to wander to find or follow food.

In addition to debt, high unemployment, and a shrinking money supply, what furthered the economic problems of the fledgling nation?

A. Harsh winters Poor weather did not weaken the already weak American economy. *B. Poor diplomacy Both Great Britain and Spain blocked American trade because of poor diplomatic relations. In the case of Spain, America lost access to the port of New Orleans because Americans kept settling in disputed western territories. C. Bad relations with France Relations between France and America were good following the Revolution. D. Oppressive national taxes The national government did not have the authority to collect taxes in the wake of the American Revolution.

Which of the following organizations, founded in the early republic, advocated solving the nation's slavery problem by transporting free blacks to Africa?

A. Hartford Wits The Hartford Wits were a New England literary society that attempted to craft a uniquely American literary style. *B. American Colonization Society Founded in 1816 by northern merchants and southern planters, the ACS thought the best way to solve the nation's racial problems associated with slavery was to remove free blacks from the United States and send them to Africa. C. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences Founded in Massachusetts in 1780, the society aimed to promote American literature and science. D. The Corps of Discovery The Corps of Discovery was the name for the expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that explored the Louisiana Territory in 1804.

What problem did Eli Whitney's cotton gin solve?

A. Harvesting cotton from the ground more quickly The cotton gin did not help with the cotton harvest. B. Planting cotton seed in the ground more cheaply The cotton gin did not help with cotton planting. C. Weaving cotton fiber into thread with less effort The cotton gin did not help with weaving the cotton fiber into thread. *D. Removing the seeds from cotton fiber more efficiently Using mesh screens, rollers, and wire brushes, the cotton gin could remove the seeds from raw cotton more quickly than ever before. What had once taken people a day to clean, the machine could do in an hour.

Of what did Stephen Douglas accuse Abraham Lincoln in the debates between these two candidates for the U.S. Senate seat in 1856?

A. He accused him of wanting to limit slavery to the states where it existed. That is exactly what Lincoln proposed, so this would not have been much of a provocation. B. He accused Lincoln of racism and prejudice. This would have made it appear as though Douglas were a champion of the civil rights of African Americans, which he certainly did not want to claim. *C. He accused Lincoln of advocating "negro equality Douglas accused Lincoln of advocating "negro equality," a position that went well beyond Lincoln's views and was aimed at evoking racist opposition to Lincoln." D. He claimed Lincoln was secretly fanning the flames in Kansas. Douglas did not claim that Lincoln was provoking the conflict in Kansas.

What was the effect of Hamilton's policies to repay debts, collect taxes and tariffs, and establish a national bank and a national debt?

A. He alienated Southerners. Although Southerners fought against Hamilton's policies, his compromises to redeem their paid debt and to move the capital allowed much of the South to get on board with his fiscal policies. B. He alienated foreign investors. Hamilton forged good relationships between the American government and foreign investors. *C. He stabilized the economy. Hamilton's policies were successful in stabilizing the economy and establishing solid fiscal policies for years to come. D. He hurt small industries. Hamilton and his policies supported "infant industries."

What was the result of President Andrew Johnson campaigning for his political allies during the 1866 congressional elections?

A. He angered pro-Confederate voters in the South. Johnson did not anger southern voters. B. He failed to appeal to northeastern immigrants. Appealing to immigrants was not the goal of the campaign. C. He alienated women by opposing women's suffrage. Women's suffrage was not an issue that Johnson addressed. *D. He made his Republican opponents more popular. Johnson miscalculated by attacking Republicans on his campaign through the Midwest. After the election, Republicans enjoyed a two-thirds majority in Congress, exactly the opposite of what he hoped to accomplish.

How did President Adams extend the influence of the Federalists into the administration of Thomas Jefferson as his own term as president ended in 1801?

A. He approved a rechartering of the Bank of the United States. Adams did not recharter the Bank of the United States. *B. He appointed several new justices to the federal courts. The Federal Judiciary Act of 1801, passed just before the Democratic-Republicans took power, created six additional circuit courts and sixteen new judgeships, which President Adams filled with Federalist-leaning judges. Since federal judges serve for life, the incoming Jefferson administration denounced the move as appointing "midnight judges" and feared they would block his initiatives. C. He commissioned Federalist politicians as naval commanders. Adams did not extend his influence by appointing new naval commanders. D. He signed legislation restricting the president's ability to buy land from foreign powers. Adams did not restrict any future president's ability to buy land from a foreign power; when presented with the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson worried about its constitutionality.

On what grounds did Johnson oppose legislation such as the Freedmen's Bureau in 1866?

A. He claimed that the law failed to assist African Americans. Johnson was no advocate of federal assistance to free blacks, so this would not have been a cause of objection for him. B. He was convinced that corrupt elites would siphon off most of the funding. Corruption was not the reason for his objection. *C. He believed that this gave black Southerners an advantage over poor whites. Johnson argued that the Freedmen's Bureau put whites at a disadvantage with blacks, who received government assistance. D. He argued that African Americans were well off and did not need assistance. Johnson did not think that southern blacks were well off, but he did not think that the federal government should do anything about it.

Why did Chief Justice John Marshall insist on the Supreme Court's practice of judicial review?

A. He argued that the Constitution granted the court such a power in the "necessary and proper" clause. Marshall did not base his claim to judicial review on the "necessary and proper" clause. In McCulloch v. Maryland he held that the clause implied a constitutional power to create a national bank. B. He pointed out that the Judiciary Act of 1801 granted such a power to the Supreme Court to exercise over Congress. The Judiciary Act of 1801 did not grant the Supreme Court the power of judicial review. *C. He believed such a power was needed to make the court equal to the other branches of government. Marshall asserted the Supreme Court's power to judge the constitutionality of federal laws, a move he thought was necessary to truly make the judicial branch equal to the executive and legislative branches of government. D. He thought that the English common-law tradition required the nation's highest court to wield such a power. Marshall did not argue for judicial review from the traditions of English common law.

What was the significance of Andrew Hamilton's argument in Zenger's defense?

A. He argued that the royal authority of the crown was not needed in the colonies. Hamilton did not argue against royal authority. *B. He argued that truth should be a defense for libel. Hamilton argued that accuracy should be the measuring stick for libel. If the printed word was true, according to Hamilton, a libel charge should not apply. C. He argued that Governor Cosby rather than John Peter Zenger should be on trial. Hamilton did not argue that the governor should be tried. D. He argued for the power of the common man. Hamilton argued for the rights of liberty in his defense but not for the power of the common man.

How did President Andrew Jackson react to the victory of the Republic of Texas over Mexico in 1836?

A. He asked Congress to make Texas a new state but without slavery. Jackson did not seek to admit Texas on the condition that it eliminate slavery. *B. He feared that granting Texas statehood would divide the Democratic Party. Jackson wanted to avoid the slavery issue during the upcoming elections of 1836 for fear that northern and southern Democrats would become divided against each other. C. He dispatched the U.S. army to protect Americans settled in the region. Jackson made no official move to assist the Americans in Texas with the army. D. He condemned the Texas rebels for fighting a nation at peace with the United States. Jackson did not condemn the Texas rebels.

How did Thomas Jefferson help reshape the Washington social scene during his presidency?

A. He banned parties and balls from the city. Jefferson did not ban parties and balls from the city. *B. He regularly opened the Executive Mansion to visitors. Jefferson opened the president's home to visitors on a regular basis. C. He banned slavery from the capital. Rather than banning slavery, Jefferson moved a cohort of his own slaves into the Executive Mansion. D. He banned women from government events. The wives of congressmen were an important part of the capital's livelier social scene.

How did Aaron Burr miscalculate in his campaign to become president in 1800?

A. He believed that attacking John Adams as a monarchist would prove popular, but it only increased sympathy for Adams. Democratic-Republican attacks on Adams and the Federalists as "new British" tyrants were very effective. B. He aimed to replace Adams as the Federalists' nominee for president but was chosen for vice president instead. Burr was a Democratic-Republican and ran with Thomas Jefferson. *C. He counted on the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, to choose him over Thomas Jefferson when the election was settled by Congress. When both Jefferson and Burr received the same number of electoral votes and the election was settled in the House of Representatives, Burr expected Federalist antipathy toward Jefferson to put him over the top. Hamilton, however, supported Jefferson and Burr was denied the presidency. D. He relied on continuing restrictions of voter rights to ensure only his fellow elites voted for president, but many men without property also cast ballots. Since all of the candidates were elites, Burr would not have enjoyed an advantage. Chapter 8: The Early Republic, 1790-1820 Topic: The Dilemmas of National Identity books: The Dilemmas of National identity Education for a New Nation Literary and Cultural Developments The Racial Limits of an American Culture A New Capital for a New Nation

Why did Roger Williams welcome men and women of other faiths to Providence?

A. He believed that he could help save people of different faiths. Williams did not intend to convert his fellow colonists from Judaism, Quakerism, or any other faith. B. He wanted Rhode Island to be a model of religious tolerance. Although Rhode Island became a model for religious tolerance, it was not shaped for that purpose. C. He believed that all people, regardless of their faith, could be saved. Williams was a Calvinist. As such, he did not believe that everyone could be saved. *D. He believed that Saints were few and that one must live among the damned. Williams and his followers believed that salvation was rare and that one had no choice but to live among those who were not Saints. The separation of church and state in Rhode Island made a multifaith community possible.

Why was Puritan minister Samuel Sewell upset about the behavior of Boston's mercantile elites?

A. He believed that these merchants were robbing the poor of their hard-earned money. Sewell and the larger Puritan society did not argue against the exploitative tendencies of capitalism in colonial America. *B. He feared that these merchants were more concerned with financial success than religious devotion. Consistent with a larger social anxiety concerning the spiritual well-being of those engaged with commercial business, Sewell felt alarmed by a growing preoccupation with wealth. C. He worried that these merchants were buying up too much property, leaving other colonists landless. While there was a great deal of anxiety over land shortages in this period, the lack of land was not caused by Boston's mercantile elites. D. He felt that these merchants should give more of their profits to the Catholic Church. Sewell and his fellow Puritans were Protestants, not Catholics.

Why did the Indian prophet Neolin urge his fellow Indians to return to the traditions of their ancient ancestors in the mid-1700s?

A. He believed that whites were trying to starve his people. Although Neolin's proselytizing took place in an era when Indian lands were being taken by British settlers, he did not believe that whites were trying to starve his people. B. He feared that his people felt culturally inferior to their European counterparts. Neolin did not urge a return to tradition because he feared feelings of inferiority among his people. C. He thought that Indians should move away from white settlements. Neolin did not want his people to move away from white settlements but rather to reclaim their ancestral lands. *D. He believed that Indians had been corrupted by Europeans. Neolin preached that Europeans had corrupted the purity of Indian ways. He urged his fellow Indians to forsake white ways and reclaim their lands.

Why did Abraham Lincoln think that Southerners had to meet only minimum standards for their restoration of statehood?

A. He conceded that the southern states had not violated the Constitution by seceding. Lincoln believed from the time the states seceded that taking that step violated the Constitution and was an act of rebellion. B. He admitted that the southern states had had ample cause to secede. Lincoln never would have agreed that the southern states had had any valid reason to secede. *C. He believed that Reconstruction should be a process of national reconciliation. Unlike many congressional leaders and leaders in the African American community, Lincoln prioritized reconciliation between the Union and the defeated Confederacy as the priority for Reconstruction. Goals such as the political and economic rights of former slaves took second place in his plans. D. He sympathized with the plight of defeated planters. Lincoln had empathy for many victims of the Civil War, but the plight of defeated planters had nothing to do with his Reconstruction policy.

Why did James Madison veto much of the legislation funding federal transportation projects that Congress passed during his presidency?

A. He considered them too costly. Although Madison may well have found these transportation projects too costly, that was not the cause for his objections. B. He worried about encroaching on Indian territory. Madison may have had reservations about needlessly provoking confrontations with Indian tribes in the West, but that did not drive his opposition to federal transportation projects, which were to be undertaken in areas from which Indians had already been driven. C. He thought they were technologically backward. Madison was of no particular opinion regarding the technological stage of the proposed federal transportation projects. *D. He believed that they overreached federal constitutional authority. Madison vetoed much of the legislation for federal transportation projects because he believed that this legislation overstepped even a loose interpretation of the Constitution.

How did the Cherokee chief John Ross fight the campaign for the removal of his tribe from Georgia?

A. He declared war against Georgia. Ross did not declare war against Georgia. *B. He pursued legal means to resist the removal. Ross pursued legal means to resist removal through state and federal courts. The Supreme Court sided with him, but the Jackson administration refused to enforce that ruling. C. He collected signatures for a petition to Congress. Ross did not try to convince Congress to end Indian Removal with a petition. D. He urged Cherokees to vote for the National Republicans in the future. Since Cherokees were not allowed to vote in U.S. elections, this would have been a futile form of resistance.

How did President Thomas Jefferson undermine the ideal of Washington City as a beacon of republican liberty?

A. He demanded that Congress address him as king. Jefferson did not want to be addressed as king; he aimed to bring greater simplicity to the office of president. *B. He brought slaves to work for him in the Executive Mansion. A large-scale Virginia slave owner, Jefferson brought slaves to work for him when he became president. C. He refused to admit visitors to the Executive Mansion. Jefferson encouraged people to visit the Executive Mansion. D. He canceled the season of teas and balls established by President Adams. Jefferson encouraged a Washington social scene. From January through March, the wives of congressmen, judges, and other officials created a regular schedule of teas, balls, and parties. Topic: Extending Federal Power books: A New Administration Faces Challenges Acquiring the Louisiana Territory The Supreme Court Extends Its Reach Democratic-Republicans Expand Federal Powers

Why did Massachusetts Royal Governor William Phips end the Salem witch trials?

A. He did not agree with the evidence used against the accused. Spectral evidence was found to be unreliable after Governor Phips concluded the trials. It was not, however, the reason that Phips halted the proceedings. B. He heard the confessions of many of the young accusers. Some accusers recanted their accusations after Governor Phips stopped the trials. It was not, however, the reason that Phips concluded the proceedings. *C. He did not believe that society's upper echelon should be accused of witchcraft. After accusations reached into wealthy and well-respected families in Salem and Boston, Governor Phips halted the proceedings and released those awaiting trial. D. He feared that his colony would seem barbaric to Europeans who did not believe in witchcraft. Belief in witchcraft was not uncommon in Europe in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries.

How did President Andrew Johnson respond to the Fourteenth Amendment?

A. He did not like it, but he had no choice other than to sign it. Johnson did not like it, but his signature was not required; the amendment automatically went to the state legislatures for ratification. *B. He urged southern states to reject the amendment. Johnson encouraged the South to reject the Fourteenth Amendment instead of counseling them to accept it and thereby speed up their readmission to the Union. C. He applauded the initiative of Congress. Johnson opposed the amendment and had bitter relations with Congress by the time of its passage. D. He lamented its omission of the right to vote for African Americans. Johnson was not an advocate of African American voting rights.

Which of the following describes General Ulysses S. Grant's Civil War strategy of waging "hard war"?

A. He did not mind casualties as long as they were not civilians. General Grant did not mind casualties, including civilian casualties. *B. He was willing to accept huge casualties for victory. General Ulysses S. Grant had a reputation for his willingness to accept huge casualties among his own troops and civilians, and he was often called "the butcher" for his seeming lack of regard for human life. C. He was willing to fight with all resources as long as it concerned military targets. General Grant was willing to employ all resources for the war effort and did not restrict himself to military targets only. D. His strategy of total war defied the wishes of President Abraham Lincoln. His strategy of total war was in line with the wishes of President Lincoln.

Why did Henry Clay support John Quincy Adams in the settlement of the 1824 election?

A. He disliked Adams, but he detested Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay had no particular antipathy against Andrew Jackson. B. Adams and Clay agreed on the importance of lowering tariffs. Both Adams and Clay supported higher tariffs to protect the nascent domestic manufacturing enterprises from foreign competition. C. Adams promised Clay a directorship in the Bank of the United States. Adams appointed Clay his secretary of state, not the director of the Bank of the United States, and it is not certain that he had promised to make the appointment. *D. Both Adams and Clay were advocates of federally funded transportation projects. Clay's support for Adams was a logical alliance between two candidates who agreed on the need for an increase in federal investments in internal improvements. In short, Adams, like Clay, was an advocate of the American System.

How did President Lincoln react to the growth of secessionist sentiment in border states that allowed slavery after the attack on Fort Sumter?

A. He dispatched negotiators to reach a settlement to abandon secession immediately. Lincoln did not dispatch any negotiators to the border states. B. He denounced the states' journalists for promoting treason among their people. Although Lincoln may have equated secession with treason, he did not denounce border state leaders for promoting secession. *C. He used the federal government's power to smother the influence of secessionists. In hopes of suppressing secessionist influence, he suspended the right of habeas corpus, jailed secessionists, arrested state legislators, and limited freedom of the press. D. He called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the move toward rebellion against the Union. The attack on Fort Sumter prompted Lincoln to ask for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion in the southern states.

What strategy did American General Nathanael Greene undertake following the Battle of King's Mountain in 1780?

A. He emancipated slaves who joined the army. Greene did not emancipate slaves in exchange for military service. B. He made alliances with Indians to attack the British. Greene did not focus on employing Indians to attack the British. *C. He divided his force into small units. Greene divided his already small force into even smaller units to encourage quick attacks on British forces in the south. The technique had already been used successfully by local militia leaders such as Daniel Morgan and Francis Marion. D. He sought to trap the British in Charleston. Greene did not try to trap the British in Charleston, where they were already in control.

What was the significance of Jean-Baptiste Colbert's contribution to France in the 1660s?

A. He encouraged the production of raw materials in France. France's mercantile system was reliant upon the production of raw materials in New France and manufacturing in France. B. He reduced France's debt to the British. France did not owe money to Britain, its rival for European power. *C. He fine-tuned the mercantile system for France. Colbert established certain measures that increased the profit margin of trade for France. By taxing foreign imports and removing all barriers to trade within France, Colbert helped to ensure French profits. D. He advocated the primacy of justice in trade. Colbert had no interest in fair trade; he wanted to ensure profitable trade.

What was the value of Zebulon Pike's expedition into the Louisiana Territory?

A. He established friendly relationships with the new nation of Mexico. At the time of Pike's expedition in 1806-1807, Mexico was not yet an independent nation. B. He located a water route from the Mississippi Delta to the Pacific Coast. There is no water route from the Mississippi Delta to the Pacific coast. *C. He gathered information about territory beyond the Louisiana Purchase. In his exploration of the southern portion of the Louisiana Territory, Zebulon Pike traveled into Mexican territory, where he learned a great deal about lands that would eventually become part of the United States. D. He traveled thousands of miles up the Missouri River. Lewis and Clark traveled up the Missouri River and through the northern plains.

Why did President Abraham Lincoln initially not want to enlist African American soldiers when the Civil War began?

A. He feared that they might turn their weapons against racist Northerners. Fear of disloyalty was not the reason for Lincoln's initial decision not to recruit African Americans. *B. He did not want to lose the slaveholding border states to the Confederacy. Lincoln and his advisers were initially wary of letting a war to preserve the Union become a war against slavery, and they feared that any further threat to slavery might drive the four slave states that remained in the Union into the Confederacy. C. He feared that Southerners would fight more effectively if they faced black soldiers. Lincoln did not think that black soldiers would provoke the South to fight better. D. He was convinced that African Americans were incapable of military service. Lincoln did not base his exclusion of African Americans on any doubts about their fighting ability.

How did Secretary of War Simon Cameron respond to free African Americans who volunteered for military service early in the Civil War?

A. He gladly accepted their service. Cameron did not accept African American volunteers initially. B. He recruited them for desk jobs. The secretary of war did not recruit African Americans for clerical positions. C. He declined the offer out of fear for their safety. Fear for their safety was not the reason Secretary of War Simon Cameron did not accept African American volunteers. *D. He refused to accept black soldiers. At the beginning of the Civil War, Cameron did not imagine that the Union would include black soldiers.

How did King James II's colonial policies differ from those of his predecessor, Charles II?

A. He granted greater autonomy to colonists. James's tenure was not marked by increased autonomy for the colonists in British North America. B. He persecuted Catholics in the colonies. King James was Catholic; he didn't persecute Catholics in the colonies. *C. He attempted to strip the colonies of local control. James II instituted a more authoritarian regime both at home and abroad. He consolidated the colonies in the Northeast and established tighter controls. His royal officials banned town meetings, challenged land titles granted under the original colonial charters, and imposed new taxes. D. He broke apart colonies in the Northeast. King James II consolidated, rather than split apart, the colonies in the Northeast.

Why did the Democratic Party endorse Horace Greeley, the editor of the New York Tribune, for the presidential election of 1872?

A. He had been a Copperhead during the Civil War. Horace Greeley had not been a Copperhead during the Civil War but had supported the Union war effort, though he had often criticized Abraham Lincoln. B. He was also a Democratic senator from the swing state of Ohio. Horace Greeley was not a senator from Ohio. *C. They thought the Liberal Republican had the best chance of defeating Grant. Democrats supported the Liberal Republican Horace Greeley because they did not see a chance for the Democratic candidate winning an election against a Republican in the time of Reconstruction. So, they endorsed the Republican challenger instead. D. They embraced his stand on immigration. It was not immigration that united Democrats with Greeley.

Where did the revivals that were part of the Second Great Awakening begin in 1801?

A. In Concord, Massachusetts Concord was a center for poets, writers, and artists connected to the transcendentalist movement of the 1830s. B. In Philadelphia African American evangelicals found many new followers in Philadelphia in the 1830s and 1840s, but this was not where the second wave of revivals began. C. In Rochester Rochester was a center of revivalism in the 1820s, but the second revivalist movement did not start there. *D. In Cane Ridge, Kentucky The second wave of religious revivals began in Cane Ridge, Kentucky, in 1801, took root across the South, and then spread northward.

Why did President Thomas Jefferson welcome the defeat of France in Haiti in 1803?

A. He had been an ardent proponent of freedom for French slaves there. As a slave owner himself, Jefferson had no reason to support a slave revolt in the Caribbean. *B. He hoped this would offer him an opportunity to negotiate navigation rights on the Mississippi River. In France's defeat, Jefferson saw an opportunity to gain navigation rights on the Mississippi River, which the French controlled. C. He had a deep-rooted opposition to postrevolutionary France. Jefferson's position on that government played no role in his response to French defeat in Haiti. D. He hoped to turn Haiti into an American colony. Jefferson had no interest in expanding the United States into the Caribbean.

Why did congressional Republicans initially think that Andrew Johnson would work well with them after President Lincoln's assassination in April 1865?

A. He had issued pardons to many members of the planter elite. Johnson's granting of pardons would not have endeared him to congressional Republicans. B. He agreed to pay the war debts of the Confederacy. Johnson urged southern state constitutional conventions to repudiate the war debts of the Confederacy, meaning that those who had put their money into the southern cause were going to lose that investment. C. He blocked southern provisional governors from convening new state constitutional conventions. Johnson appointed provisional governors to convene new state constitutional conventions, and he urged these conventions to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. *D. He urged southern states to revoke the southern states' ordinances of secession. Johnson's repudiation of southern ordinances of secession indicated his opposition to the Confederate cause.

Why was Henry David Thoreau imprisoned for a night in 1846?

A. He had refused the draft for the Mexican-American War. There was no draft for the Mexican-American War. *B. He had refused to pay taxes in protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War. Thoreau was imprisoned overnight for refusing to pay taxes as a protest against slavery and the Mexican-American War. C. He had publicly distributed his controversial essay Civil Disobedience. Thoreau did publish Civil Disobedience that year, but that was not the reason for his arrest. D. Thoreau had squatted on someone else's property during his year at Walden Pond. Thoreau did live in a cabin near Walden Pond for an experiment in simple living, but he was not arrested for that.

Why did many Americans view President Thomas Jefferson favorably as he left office, despite the damaging results of the Embargo Act of 1807?

A. He had stuck by his word and reduced the power of the federal government. Despite his intentions to reduce the size and power of the federal government, Jefferson ended up expanding it. B. He had restored American trading rights in the Atlantic. Jefferson had failed to convince France and Britain to recognize American neutrality. C. He had eliminated Federalists from the United States Supreme Court. Jefferson had not eliminated Federalists from the United States Supreme Court. *D. He had opened up vast lands to American exploration and development. With his purchase of the Louisiana Territory, Jefferson had opened up vast lands to American exploration and development.

What was Thomas Jefferson's attitude toward European nations at the beginning of his presidency?

A. He hoped American culture would emulate European traditions. Jefferson viewed the nation's distance from Europe as an opportunity for Americans to develop their own culture and institutions. B. He was eager to adopt a European style of politics. Jefferson had no desire to imitate European feudal politics. *C. He considered American isolation from Europe a great advantage. Jefferson noted in his inaugural address that the United States was "kindly separated by nature and a wide ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter of the globe," by which he meant Europe and the Napoleonic wars that engulfed its nations there. D. He hoped that closer ties to Europe might help Americans escape the boredom of frontier life. Jefferson viewed the nation's extensive frontiers as a boon to its development.

What is the historical significance of New Yorker Lewis Morris?

A. He launched a newspaper in New York City. Morris's supporters launched the New-York Weekly Journal. B. He believed that the royal governor was tied to corruption. Lewis Morris did believe that William Cosby was tied to corruption. This belief, held by many others, was not what made Morris historically significant. C. He appointed John Peter Zenger publisher of the New-York Weekly Journal. Morris did not appoint Zenger. *D. He beat a man supported by Governor Cosby in a local election. Morris, after motivating many New Yorkers to vote, beat his opponent who had been approved by the royal governor. His victory demonstrated that most New Yorkers were not subject to the will of the British crown.

How did President George Washington react to the Whiskey Rebellion?

A. He left it alone. Washington did not allow the rebellion to run its course. B. He dropped the whiskey tax. Washington did not cancel the tax. C. He fired Hamilton, the creator of the whiskey tax. Washington did not get rid of his secretary of the treasury. *D. He quashed it with force. Washington federalized militias in four states and sent almost 13,000 soldiers to suppress the rebellion.

How did King Charles II contribute to the growth of slavery in Virginia?

A. He legalized slavery. Slavery had already been made legal in 1660 when the House of Burgesses allowed landowners to enslave African laborers. B. He made slavery an inheritable condition. Slavery did become an inheritable condition in slavery, but King Charles II was not responsible for this act. *C. He chartered the Royal African Company. In 1672 King Charles II chartered the Royal African Company to carry African men and women through the Middle Passage, from Africa to America. D. He improved the conditions of poor white settlers. In response to the unity between white and black laborers during Bacon's Rebellion, the planter elite worked to improve the lot of poorer white settlers. Charles II, however, did not have a hand in this decision.

How did Thomas Jefferson manage to increase his popularity among farmers during his first term as president?

A. He made land in the Louisiana Territory free to settlers. Jefferson did not make the Louisiana Territory freely available to American settlers. B. He expanded grain exports to England and France. With England and France at war in Europe, American trade suffered from the embargoes and blockades of the warring factions. C. He increased the whiskey tax. During the first Jefferson administration, Congress eliminated the whiskey tax, which many farmers hated. *D. He reduced the minimum allotment of federal land sales. Jefferson's substantial popularity among farmers increased when Congress passed an act that reduced the minimum allotment for federal land sales from 320 to 160 acres.

What was the significance of Charles Townshend's ascent to the position of chancellor of the Exchequer in 1767?

A. He persuaded Parliament to pass new taxes modeled on the Stamp Act. Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass new taxes based on the Sugar Act rather than the Stamp Act. B. He oversaw a new era of easy peace between Great Britain and its American colonies. A time of relative peace preceded Charles Townshend's tenure as chancellor of the Exchequer but did not follow his attaining that position. C. He wanted to tax colonial exports to make more money from the colonies. Townshend's taxes affected imports into the colonies, not exports from them. *D. He upset the relative harmony between Great Britain and her colonies. By upsetting the relatively harmonious relationship between Britain and its colonies, Townshend placed the colonies on the road to revolution.

Why didn't Chief Powhatan attempt to destroy the Jamestown colonists in that colony's first years?

A. He planned to use the English as allies against his enemies. Powhatan presided over 14,000 Algonquian-speaking Indians from 25 to 35 tribes. He did not need 100 English colonists to help him in battle. *B. He wanted to trade with them. Powhatan desired cloth, iron hatchets, and guns from the colonists. He wanted to establish trade between his people and the new settlers. C. He sought to conquer and enslave them. Although Powhatan captured John Smith in a display of superiority, he did not have any intention or desire to enslave the Europeans. D. He wanted to help them. Chief Powhatan did help the English settlers, and those who did survive the first year did so because of his help. His intentions were not altruistic, however; he wanted something from the colonists.

How did Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky forge a compromise to resolve the immediate issue of the admission of Missouri as a slave state?

A. He proposed a permanent end to western expansion. Clay did not suggest an end to western expansion, something that would have been broadly unpopular among Americans. *B. He proposed the admission of Maine as a free state and of Missouri as a slave state. With the admission of one slave and one free state, the balance of power between North and South in the U.S. Senate could be maintained. Thereafter, Congress agreed that the southern border of Missouri—the thirty-sixth parallel—would serve as the boundary between slave and free states throughout the Louisiana Territory. C. He proposed the annexation of Florida. Clay did not propose the annexation of Florida, which at the time was still a Spanish possession. D. He suggested that half of Missouri should be free, and half of it a slave state. Clay did not make such a suggestion, which would have been highly impractical.

Why was President Jefferson reluctant to agree to conclude the Louisiana Purchase?

A. He realized the U.S. government did not have sufficient funds to meet Napoleon's price. Napoleon's asking price was not a difficulty for Jefferson. B. He did not want to acquire more land since it would lead to the expansion of slavery. For Jefferson, the acquisition of new land was an attractive part of the offer; New England Federalists complained that the Purchase would expand slavery in the West. C. He had pledged never to negotiate with Napoleon in the 1800 presidential election. Jefferson never pledged not to negotiate with Napoleon. *D. He feared it would expand the federal government's power beyond the Constitution's limits. Although he believed the Purchase would help bring new land into the country and protect the nation from European influence, he also feared his action would expand the government's power outside the bounds of the Constitution.

What was President Jefferson's reaction to Napoleon's offer to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States?

A. He rejected the offer as contrary to U.S. law. Jefferson did not reject the offer because of concerns about its legality. B. He asked Napoleon to lower the price. Jefferson did not ask Napoleon to lower the asking price for the Louisiana Territory. *C. He wrestled with the constitutionality of buying new land. Jefferson thought that the Louisiana Purchase was a good idea, but he could not find where the Constitution specifically authorized him to do so. In the end, Jefferson overcame his qualms as beneficial for small farmers, as well as helpful for insulating the country from European interests. D. He immediately agreed to Napoleon's terms. Jefferson did not immediately accept Napoleon's terms.

How did General William Tecumseh Sherman respond to the pleas of black ministers that former slaves be given a chance to build new lives for themselves?

A. He shrugged them off and ignored their entreaties. Sherman was responsive to the black ministers. B. He responded that the matter had to be decided in Washington, D.C. Sherman did not defer to political leaders. *C. He set aside 400,000 acres of Confederate land in Georgia for former slaves. In Savannah, Georgia, Sherman met with black ministers who spoke movingly of the war and the desire to take life into their own hands. In response, Sherman set aside more than 400,000 acres of captured Confederate land for former slaves. D. He ordered that food and other supplies be given to the former slaves. Sherman took a more decisive step.

How did the German Jewish immigrant Levi Strauss make his fortune in San Francisco in the 1850s?

A. He struck it rich in a gold mine. Wealth through the actual discovery of gold was one of the more unusual ways of making a fortune in California in the 1850s. B. He offered banking services to miners. Levi Strauss made his fortune another way. *C. He made sturdy pants that miners bought. Levi Strauss had moved from New York to San Francisco to open a dry goods store in 1853. He soon produced a new type of denim pants that could withstand harsh weather and long wear. These blue jeans made Strauss far richer than any forty-niner seeking gold. D. He ran a hardware store in San Francisco. This could have been a promising path for success in 1850s California, but Levi Strauss made his fortune in a different way.

How did President Zachary S. Taylor shock northern Whigs in 1850?

A. He suggested that slavery should be allowed in California. President Taylor did not suggest that slavery should be allowed in California, which had already applied for statehood as a free state. *B. He said that slavery should be allowed anywhere in the West. Taylor suggested that slavery should be allowed anywhere in the West, a suggestion that appalled northern Whigs. C. He openly wondered whether the new territories should be returned to Mexico. Taylor made no such statement. D. He openly criticized the slave trade in the capital. Taylor did not criticize the slave trade in the District of Columbia.

What was Abraham Lincoln's position on the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery throughout the United States, when it was passed by Congress in 1865?

A. He thought it unnecessary, since he had already issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln recognized that the Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to the entire country. B. He complained that it did not go far enough. While Lincoln may have had other ideas about how to advance the rights of African Americans in the South, he did not object to the Thirteenth Amendment on the grounds that it did not go far enough. C. He worried about the reaction of the border states. Since the Civil War was virtually won by January 1865 and since the emancipation policy had been effectively endorsed by Lincoln's reelection, the border states had lost much of their significance in Lincoln's calculations. *D. He supported it wholeheartedly. Lincoln was an unconditional supporter of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Why was George Whitefield a transformative figure?

A. He understood the expanding networks of communication. George Whitefield's understanding of communication across the colonies helped him to deliver his message of faith, but it did not make him a transformative figure in American history. B. He traveled to all thirteen colonies. George Whitefield's rigorous travel across the colonies helped him to deliver his message of faith, but it is not why he was a transformative figure in American history. *C. He began the Great Awakening. George Whitefield initiated the series of revivals that preached an emotional religiosity, the equality of men's souls, and the process of religious rebirth for everyone. He toured the country, stopping in urban and rural locations to hold religious revivals to spread his message of grace. D. He promoted the sinfulness of man. Whitefield promoted the sinfulness of man, but this belief did not make him a transformative in American history.

Why did Alexander Hamilton work to impose a duty on imports?

A. He wanted the government to purchase more western territories. Hamilton did not propose import duties so that the government could purchase land. B. He believed that American-made goods should be less expensive. Hamilton did not propose import duties to make American goods cheaper. *C. He knew that the nation had to pay off its war debt. Hamilton believed that America's reputation depended on its ability to pay off its debts. He thought that investors would refuse to look at America again if the new country failed to resolve its debt. D. He wanted to pay back the soldiers who fought in the war. Although Hamilton believed that the soldiers should be compensated, war veterans were not his priority.

Why did President James Madison order territorial governor William Henry Harrison to attack Prophet Town?

A. He wanted to avenge the defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The United States had won a decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. *B. He feared the growing power of the Shawnee brothers Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh. Fearing the growing power of the Shawnee leaders, President Madison ordered Harrison to attack Prophet Town. The army defeated the Shawnees, and soldiers then burned Prophet Town to the ground. C. He wanted to prepare the Ohio Territory for admission to statehood. Ohio's admission to statehood was not the cause for the attack on Prophet Town, which was not located in Ohio. D. He wanted to force the Shawnee to flee to Canada. Tenskwatawa and many of his supporters did flee to Canada after the destruction of Prophet Town, but that was not necessarily Madison's intention.

Why did President Thomas Jefferson send the U.S. navy and Marine Corps to North Africa in 1801?

A. He wanted to claim Egypt as a colony. Jefferson had no desire to establish an African colony for the United States. *B. Barbary pirates had attacked American ships. Thomas Jefferson had refused to continue the payment of tributes to the Barbary States, and as a result pirates of the region quickly resumed attacks on American ships. C. He had promised the British military support in the region. Thomas Jefferson made no such promises to Great Britain. D. He hoped to compel African states to pay tribute to the United States. Jefferson had no desire to exact tribute from the Barbary States; he simply wanted to end the American practice of paying tribute to them.

Why did John Brown decide to attack the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859?

A. He wanted to free his abolitionist sons from the Virginia jail. Brown's sons joined him in the raid. B. He wanted to arm himself for an assault on the District of Columbia. Brown was not planning an assault on the District of Columbia. *C. He wanted to arm slaves in the area and ignite a larger rebellion. Brown wanted to capture the armory and distribute weapons to the slaves in the surrounding area. D. He wanted to provoke the federal government to occupy the South and end slavery. Brown did not think that the federal government would occupy any southern slave state. Indeed, he believed, along with many other northern abolitionists, that the Slave Power had taken control of the federal government.

Why did Chief Metacom move to unite disparate groups of Indians in 1675?

A. He wanted to pressure Puritans to sign a large-scale peace treaty. Metacom did not unite different groups of Indians to agree upon a peace treaty. *B. He believed that Indians would vanish if they did not compel English settlers to leave. Metacom realized that the English were growing stronger as the Indian population was increasingly vulnerable. He wanted to unite tribes to force the English out of New England. C. He wanted to force the English to the negotiating table. Metacom did not intend to negotiate with the English when he united his Wampanoags with the Narragansetts and Nipmucks. D. He wanted to forge a stronger alliance with the English against the French. Metacom did not bring together different tribes in order to ally them with the English.

Why did Illinois Democrat senator Stephen Douglas propose the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854?

A. He wanted two new slave states admitted to balance the admission of California in 1850. Although Douglas knew the balance of slave and free states would be an issue with the law, he did not propose legislation to address the problem. *B. He needed the law to help with his scheme to build a transcontinental railroad through Illinois. Douglas wanted a transcontinental railroad to run through his home state. To make the plan work, he needed the federal government to assert control over the land west of Illinois. Thus, he planned to organize the Kansas and Nebraska territories. C. Inspired by Uncle Tom's Cabin, he aimed to abolish slavery in the territories won from Mexico. Douglas was not inspired by the novel and did not believe in abolitionism. D. Threatened by the rise of the Comanche empire, he hoped the law would diminish Indian power. Although the law did diminish Indian power, that was not Douglas's intent. Moreover, the Comanche empire was declining in the mid-nineteenth century.

What had brought the African American Dred Scott into western territories in the 1850s?

A. He was a free black fortune seeker who came to California's gold mines. Dred Scott was a slave, and he did not come west for California's gold. B. A slave to a southern planter, he was brought into the West for cotton production. Dred Scott was not the slave of the cotton planter. *C. The slave of a U.S. army officer, he moved across the frontier with his master's assignments. As southern officers in the U.S. army moved to frontier outposts to secure American dominance, they carried more slaves into the region. One of them was Dred Scott, whose master, Dr. Emerson, changed posts frequently and took his slave with him. D. He had escaped slavery through the Underground Railroad. Dred Scott was not a runaway slave.

Why did Illinois Senator Stephen Douglas try to reopen the question of slavery in the territories in the early 1850s?

A. He was a slaveholder himself and wanted to preserve his property. Resident of the free state of Illinois, Douglas was no slaveholder. *B. He wanted to gain southern support for a railroad through the territory toward California. Douglas hoped to persuade Southerners who wanted a railroad to run through their states to support his preferred route by raising the possibility that new slave states might be created from western territories deemed off limits to slavery by the Missouri Compromise (1820). C. He was unhappy with the solution of popular sovereignty in the Nebraska Territory. No agreement on popular sovereignty in Nebraska existed prior to Douglas's proposal. D. For a railroad to be built in the Nebraska Territory, slavery needed to be abolished there. Slavery did not exist in that unorganized territory, and neither did it need to be abolished prior to the construction of the railroad.

Why did the Republican Party choose Rutherford B. Hayes as its presidential candidate in 1876?

A. He was a veteran of the Civil War. Being a veteran of the Civil War was not an unusual asset in the 1870s in politics. B. He had long been in the Democratic Party. Hayes had never been a member of the Democratic Party. C. He was governor of the swing state of New York. Samuel D. Tilden, Hayes's rival from the Democratic Party, was the governor of New York, which was not a swing state. *D. He was untainted by the corruption of the Grant administration. Hayes's biggest asset was that he was completely untainted by the corruption of the Grant administration.

What was the significance of Alexander Hamilton's role in the early government?

A. He was secretary of the treasury. Hamilton's position in Washington's cabinet is not what made him significant. *B. He established America's economic policy. Alexander Hamilton established American economic policy by establishing a national bank, a system of tariffs and taxes, and a system of state-assisted economic development. C. He was able to persuade his skeptics. Hamilton's charm and intellect helped him to persuade his skeptics, but his power of persuasion was not what made him significant. D. He promoted the interests of farmers and rural dwellers. Jefferson, not Hamilton, promoted these interests.

What ended the presidency of Toussaint L'Ouverture in the new Republic of Haiti in December 1799?

A. He was voted out of office in Haiti's first free election. Haiti did not have free elections in 1799. B. He died of smallpox. Death by disease did not end L'Ouverture's presidency. *C. French troops seized the island. After Napoleon seized power in France, French troops seized Haiti, captured L'Ouverture, and shipped him to prison in France, where he subsequently died. D. The U.S. navy and marines overthrew him. The U.S. military did not intervene in Haiti at the time.

Why did President Washington issue the Neutrality Proclamation in 1793?

A. He wished to honor the country's 1778 treaty with France and side with France in the war against Great Britain. The decision to remain neutral did not honor the 1778 treaty with France and the ample French support provided during the American Revolution. B. He did not want France to win the war. Washington's reasons for passing the Neutrality Act did not center on a desire that France lose the war. *C. He was disturbed by the excesses of the French Revolution. When the French Revolution turned to violence, such as executing King Louis XVI, and began to condemn Christianity, Washington concluded that the United States should stay neutral in France's war against Britain, Prussia, and Austria. D. Washington wanted Americans to turn inward. The Neutrality Proclamation led to increased trade with the West Indies.

Who led a Spanish force that attacked Pueblo villages in 1598?

A. Henry VIII Henry was the king of England who established the Church of England in the 1530s. B. Francis Drake An Englishman, Drake raided Spanish ships. *C. Juan de Oñate A member of a wealthy mining family, Oñate and his soldiers seized corn and clothing from Pueblo villages and murdered or raped those who resisted. D. Samuel de Champlain A Frenchman, Champlain founded Quebec in 1608.

Who led the Aztec empire against the invasion of the Spanish in the early sixteenth century?

A. Hernán Cortés Cortés led the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs. *B. Montezuma Montezuma was the leader of the Aztec empire at the time of the Spanish conquest. His indecision in the face of invasion allowed the Spanish to gain the upper hand. C. Tenochtitlán Tenochtilán was the name of the capital of the Aztec empire. D. Malintzin Malintzin served as a translator for the Spanish expedition.

Who led the Spanish expedition to explore Florida in 1539?

A. Hernán Cortés Cortés led the conquest of the Aztec empire in modern-day Mexico. B. Francisco Pizarro Pizarro led the conquest of the Incas in South America. C. Malintzin Malintzin was an interpreter for Cortés during the conquest of the Aztecs. *D. Hernando de Soto De Soto landed near present-day Tampa, Florida, and led a party north to explore Florida as well as Georgia, the Carolinas, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

What was the name given to the women who accompanied men serving in the Continental Army?

A. Hessians Hessians were German mercenaries hired by Britain to fight in America. *B. Camp followers Like many armies in the eighteenth century, the men of the Continental Army were accompanied by women who cooked, washed clothes, and nursed sick or wounded soldiers. These women were often following their husbands, fiancés, or brothers on campaign. C. Daughters of Liberty The female counterpart to the Sons of Liberty, the Daughters of Liberty organized boycotts of British goods before the revolution. D. Loyalists Loyalists were those colonists who supported the British during the war.

What defined chattel slavery in Barbados and, eventually, North America?

A. High death rates While there were certainly high death rates among slaves in Barbados in the seventeenth century, elevated fatality rates were not the characteristic that defined chattel slavery. B. Brutal working conditions While slaves experienced brutal working conditions, so did indentured servants. C. Massive importations of slaves On account of the high death rate among slaves in Barbados, there were massive importations of new Africans to replace the sick or dying population. This, however, was not the defining characteristic of chattel slavery. *D. Status not unlike livestock When Barbados codified slavery, it defined slaves as chattel, that is, as property that exists for the benefit of its owner, not unlike cows or mules.

What is significant about the trajectory of Benjamin Franklin's career?

A. His career illustrates the difficulties faced by the non-elite in the British colonies. Although Benjamin Franklin did encounter challenges, his career is not illustrative of the difficulties faced by non-elites in British North America. B. His career demonstrates the concentration of wealth in the colonies. Although Franklin spoke out against the concentration of wealth in the colonies, his career does not demonstrate that concentration. *C. His career reveals the possibilities of social mobility in the colonies. Benjamin Franklin's career demonstrates that social mobility was possible in British North America. The porous nature of class in America was a major departure from life in Europe. D. His career shows the public contributions of the wealthy in the colonies. While many of the wealthy in British North America invested in the urban landscape, Franklin's career does not illustrate the contributions of the wealthy in the British colonies.

What was significant about Gilbert Tennent's appeals in Boston in the context of the Great Awakening?

A. His message centered on forgiveness. In the context of the Great Awakening, a message about the requisites of God's forgiveness was not significant. B. He appealed to the impoverished. All of the New Light ministers appealed to the poorer segments of society, who had been largely alienated from Protestantism prior to the Great Awakening. C. He urged the gathered throng to admit their sinful nature. In the context of the Great Awakening, this was not significant. *D. He directed his message to poor and single women. Taking a special interest in the souls of poor and single women, Gilbert Tennent brought women into the fold of the Great Awakening in Boston. This was significant because Protestantism had always been a male-centered religion.

Why did news travel more quickly in the United States in the 1840s?

A. Horse couriers operated more efficiently. New technology was speeding communication in this period. B. Horse-drawn streetcar lines began operation at that time. Streetcar lines were useful for transportation but not communication. *C. Telegraph lines allowed for far quicker information transfers. After Congress funded the first telegraph line, connecting Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, information began to flow more quickly than before. D. Canals allowed for a more efficient delivery of newspapers. Newspapers tended to be of strictly local interest in this period.

Which of the following items were introduced to Europe for the first time as a part of the Columbian exchange of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries?

A. Horses Horses were present in Europe before the Columbian exchange. B. Pigs Pigs were present in Europe before the Columbian exchange. *C. Potatoes Potatoes were not native to Europe and were cultivated for the first time in Europe after being brought from South America. D. Wheat Wheat was present in Europe before the Columbian exchange.

Why were men who were accused of rape in the American colonies unlikely to be convicted of rape?

A. If the victim was unmarried, the perpetrator could only be charged with fornication. Although authorities could downgrade a rape charge to a charge of fornication, they were not obligated to do so. *B. Juries were reluctant to convict since the punishment was death. Juries, comprised exclusively of men, often shied away from voting to convict when the result would be the execution of the accused rapist. Rape charges were often downgraded to simple assault or fornication. C. Rape was not against the law in colonial North America. Rape was a serious crime in the colonies. D. Women were not allowed to testify against men in colonial courts. A restriction of women's testimony was not the reason rape was not frequently punished. Topic: Diversity and Competition in Colonial Society books: Population Growth and Economic Competition Increasing Diversity Expansion and Conflict

Why did urban violence in the United States increase in the 1840s?

A. Immigrants who settled in cities came from more violent cultures. Urban violence was often charged with ethnic and racial animosities, but the native cultures of immigrants were not inherently more violent. B. City dwellers drank more liquor than rural residents and started fights. Alcohol consumption was common among urban dwellers at the time, but it did not explain the increase of urban violence in the 1840s. *C. Economic competition for scarce resources increased urban violence. Violence in American cities increased as economic competition intensified in the 1840s. Native-born white workers and employers pushed Irish immigrants to the bottom of the economic ladder, where they competed with African Americans. D. Guns became increasingly available to urban dwellers. The availability of guns was not a decisive factor in the increase in urban violence in the 1840s.

What factor explains the growth of the slave population in southern states across the early nineteenth century?

A. Importation from Africa Although some smuggling did occur, the slave trade from Africa was not a significant factor following the abolition of the international slave trade to the United States in 1808. B. Migration from the North The slave population did not increase because of migration from the North. *C. Natural reproduction With the abolition of the foreign slave trade in 1808, the slave population of the United States grew because of slaves having children, although some smuggling did occur. D. Conquest of Mexican lands Although the United States would acquire lands from Mexico in 1848, that was not a source of growth in the slave population. Chapter 9: Defending and Redefining the Nation, 1809-1832 Topic: Conflicts at Home and Abroad books: Tensions at Sea and on the Frontier War Erupts with Britain

Where did Robert Fulton launch the first successful steamboat in 1807?

A. In New Orleans Mechanics developed a steamboat for the Mississippi with a flat-bottom hull and high-pressure steam engine only after Fulton's first voyage farther north. B. In Boston Fulton launched his steamboat elsewhere. *C. In New York City Fulton launched the first successful steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807 on a voyage from New York City up the Hudson River to Albany. The trip took thirty-two hours. D. In Philadelphia Fulton launched his steamboat in another city.

Why did King Phillip II of Spain attack England in 1588?

A. In anger over King Henry VIII's decision to divorce Catherine of Aragon and form the Anglican Church Henry took this move several decades before Phillip launched his attack on England, and Henry was long dead by then. B. England had sent soldiers to North America to conquer Spanish settlements. English soldiers did not attack Spanish settlements in North America. *C. The English crown had supported damaging raids on Spanish ships. Elizabeth I approved of Francis Drake's raids on Spanish ships and benefited from the plunder he brought back to England. Upset about the raids and the developing relationship between Protestant England and the Netherlands, King Phillip launched his attack. D. Elizabeth had risen to the throne and vowed to entrench Protestantism in her country. King Phillip did not like Elizabeth, but she was not the reason he attacked England.

How was the status of women in the Chesapeake and in New England similar in the early seventeenth century?

A. In both places, women could be elected to public office. Women were not eligible to hold office in either the Chesapeake or New England. *B. In both places, women could inherit property. The high mortality rate in the Chesapeake meant that it was not uncommon for men to die and leave their wives in charge of their estates. In New England, the crucial labor of wives was sometimes recognized by inheriting property after a husband's death. C. In neither place were women expected to work. Women in both the Chesapeake and in New England worked hard, providing labor critical to the success of their households. D. In neither place did women marry older men. Because of a dearth of women in the colonies, women in the Chesapeake could find a match in an older man of property.

Writing in the 1830s, transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that the hope of moral perfection could be achieved in which place?

A. In churches Emerson sought moral perfection elsewhere. B. In the Constitution Emerson would have considered the Constitution, as an example of man-made government, an obstacle to moral perfection. C. In cities Emerson believed that the civil society of the United States—best exemplified by its cities—made hope in moral perfection more difficult, not easier. *D. In nature Emerson believed that the natural world offered the hope that moral perfection could be achieved despite the corruptions of civil society and man-made governments.

Where did schools for African Americans emerge in the early republic?

A. In small towns, where a spirit of community prevailed African American schools did not emerge in small towns, which generally did not have many African Americans. B. On the frontier, where social norms varied African American schools did not emerge along the frontier. C. On plantations with large slave populations Southern planters had little interest in educating African American slaves and did not found schools. *D. In cities that had large free black populations African Americans in cities with large free black populations established the most long-lived schools for their race.

In what part of the nation did individual states deny African Americans even the right to settle within the boundaries?

A. In the South Southern states were slave states, where such a ban would not have made much sense. B. In New England New England did not particularly stand out for having states that banned African Americans from settling there. *C. In parts of the North It was in the North where some legislatures denied African Americans even the right to settle in the particular state. D. Along the Atlantic coast The states that banned African Americans from settling within the boundaries were not particularly found along the Atlantic coast.

Why did the traditional roles of men and women often break down on the overland trail during the 1840s and 1850s?

A. In the absence of church authorities, men and women took a more commonsense approach. Men and women on the overland trail certainly did what made sense to them, but the absence of the church played no role in this. *B. The new and strange environments forced men and women to adjust their work routines. Women had to cook unfamiliar food in unfamiliar settings and improvise their laundry routines, while men had to learn how to gather food and hunt strange and sometimes dangerous animals. C. Women felt more empowered to protest male authority in the West. Women had no reason to feel emboldened in the isolation of the West while they traveled the overland trail. D. Without the supervision of neighbors, men and women felt free to do as they please. Settlers moving west often traveled in groups, so the eyes of others were still on men and women.

Why were the Wampanoag Indians of Massachusetts unable to force the Pilgrims off their land?

A. In the year before the Pilgrims' arrival, the Wampanoags had been decimated by enemy tribes. The Wampanoag people were not killed off in battles with other Native American groups. B. Chief Massasoit would not let his people attack the newcomers because he wanted to profit from the fur trade. Massasoit did not intend to trade fur with the Pilgrims. C. The Wampanoag were without weaponry and had very little food when the Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts. The Wampanoags had weapons and enough food to share with the Pilgrims. *D. Disease had killed almost 90 percent of the Wampanoags around Plymouth prior to the Pilgrims' arrival. In the previous two years, a smallpox epidemic had decimated the local Wampanoag population, leaving only 10 percent of the tribe alive in 1620 and thereby rendering them too weak to launch an assault on the Pilgrims.

What was a result of Europeans constructing negative propaganda about Africans starting in the sixteenth century?

A. Increased efforts to Christianize Africans Although some Europeans wanted to Christianize Africans, this was not a result of the negative characterization of Africans. *B. Justification for the enslavement of Africans Europeans likened Africans to Canaan, a biblical man who was condemned to a life of enslavement, to justify their brutal treatment of those whom they enslaved. C. Spread of the slave trade to North Africa The Atlantic slave trade remained focused on western Africa. D. An end to the slave trade in Europe Although some Europeans came to oppose slavery, the negative propaganda about Africans did not serve their purpose.

What was an effect of the Alien and Sedition Acts?

A. Increased political support for President John Adams The acts did not win Adams increased political support. B. Continuation of war with France The war with France was not affected by the Alien and Sedition Acts. C. Growing tax conflicts The Alien and Sedition Acts had nothing to do with conflict over taxes. *D. Increased concerns about the Federalists With the Alien and Sedition Acts, many Americans grew more hesitant about the intentions of the Federalists.

What caused conflict among between rich and poor colonists in New York's Hudson valley in the 1760s?

A. Increased taxes levied on tea Increased taxes on tea was not the source of conflict between rich and poor colonists in the Hudson valley. B. A lack of representation in Parliament Although colonists would protest against new laws made without their representation in Parliament, the issue was not the source of conflict between rich and poor in the Hudson valley. *C. Disputes over landownership rights Most lands in the Hudson valley were organized as part of the manors or estates of wealthy elites. Some tenants and small-scale land owners claimed a moral right to own the land they farmed, even in the absence of legal title. D. A new boundary established with New Hampshire The decision to draw the boundary between New York and New Hampshire to place the Green Mountain in the former colony drew the ire of the Green Mountain Boys, not the poor residents of the Hudson valley.

What was one significant effect of the Enlightenment in European and colonial society?

A. Increasing the role of faith in daily life The Enlightenment did not increase the role of faith in society. B. Decreasing the importance of class The Enlightenment did not decrease the importance of class in society. *C. Increasing the role of science The Enlightenment was a cultural movement that increased the role of scientific thinking and rationality in European society. The movement argued for science and reason over religion and superstition. D. Decreasing the importance of German Pietists The Enlightenment did not decrease the importance of German Pietists. They are historically significant because of their reaction to the Enlightenment.

Where were female slaves highly valued?

A. India Female slaves were not more highly valued in India. *B. North Africa Muslim traders in North Africa and Asia valued female slaves more than males. C. The Caribbean Female slaves were not more highly valued in the Caribbean. D. Southern Africa Female slaves were not more highly valued in southern Africa.

What was a critical advantage for the Americans over the British during the American Revolution?

A. Indian allies The British had more Indian allies than the Americans. B. Skilled generals The British also possessed skilled generals. *C. Location of the fighting Fighting on their own land, the Americans held the advantage in moving supplies, knowledge of the land, and loyalty of most of the civilians. D. Disciplined soldiers The Continental Army was not noted for discipline.

Why did so many of Jamestown's original settlers perish in the colony's first year?

A. Indian raids Rather than taking advantage of their vulnerable position, Chief Powhatan and his people helped the settlers survive. B. Exhaustion The settlers did not die from exhaustion; few were actively engaged in working the land at all. C. Infighting The Jamestown settlers did not kill one another. *D. Disease In addition to a high salt content in what they believed to be a freshwater source, disease killed more than half of the original colonists.

Which of the following describes the relationships between Indians, the U.S. army, and settlers in the trans-Mississippi West during the 1840s and 1850s?

A. Indians assisted settlers in adapting to life on the frontier. Although attacks on wagon trains were rare, Indians did threaten frontier settlements throughout the 1840s and 1850s. B. Army troops disciplined settlers just as often as they did Indians. U.S. army troops joined settlers in pushing Indians back from areas newly claimed by whites, but they did not discipline settlers for retaliating against Indians. C. Indians were not as powerful as whites in the West. In many parts of the West, Indians were actually as powerful as whites. *D. Indian tribes did not cede territories without a fight. Since Indians were as powerful as whites in many parts of the West, they did not cede territories without a fight.

What significant development was achieved by Richard Allen in 1794?

A. Instituting a system of free education for both boys and girls Allen did not help create a system of education. B. Leading a rebellion of backcountry farmers against wealthy creditors Allen did not lead a rebellion of farmers. *C. Founding the first African American church in the United States Allen founded the first African American church in the United States in Philadelphia in 1794. The African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) grew out of his work. D. Proposing the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention Allen was not involved in the Constitutional Convention.

What did middle-class southern men have in common with the region's slave owners in the decades leading up to the Civil War?

A. Interest in reading northern newspapers Southern slave owners generally rejected northern newspapers. B. Commitment to economic development and industrialization Southern planters generally had little commitment to economic development and industrialization. C. Tendency to public drunkenness Neither planters nor middle-class Southerners were particularly known for public drunkenness. *D. Involvement in literary and temperance societies Southern middle-class men participated alongside planters in literary and temperance societies as well as in benevolent associations and agricultural reform organizations.

What material provided Harriet Beecher Stowe with the basis for her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)?

A. Interviews with runaway slaves Stowe did not interview former slaves. B. Histories of slavery and the slave trade Histories of slavery and the slave trade did not give Stowe her material. C. Visits to southern plantations Stowe did not visit southern plantations. *D. Autobiographies of former slaves Inspired by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act, Stowe based her novel on autobiographies of escaped slaves such as Frederick Douglass, Josiah Henson, and Henry Bibb. She also drew on antislavery newspapers, poems, and songs.

After the bubonic plague subsided early in the fifteenth century, what combination of factors fueled a European resurgence of trade with other parts of the world?

A. Introduction of African slave labor and better harvests The African slave trade did not get underway until the following century, though harvests improved as a result of better climate. *B. Increased birthrates and an upsurge of productivity Following the subsidence of the bubonic plague, Europe experienced increased birthrates and a warmer climate led to increased productivity across the continent, which boosted trade. C. A religious revival and the popularization of pilgrimages Pilgrimages had been popular throughout the Middle Ages. D. Adoption of corn as a staple crop and the discovery of new overland routes to Asia By the early fifteenth century, corn had not yet been introduced, and overland routes to Asia were several hundred years old.

How did the second influx of Jamestown colonists represent a change in strategy for the Virginia Company?

A. Investors recruited missionaries to give the colony a religious purpose. The Virginia Company continued to pursue economic aims with the new wave of settlers. B. Investors began purchasing Africans and bringing them to Jamestown as slaves. The importation of Africans developed a few years later. C. The company encouraged the new settlers to engage in the fur trade. The Virginia Company adopted a different strategy for its Jamestown colony. *D. The company recruited settlers willing to work the land to grow crops. The Virginia Company started selling seven-year joint-stock options to raise funds and recruited new settlers to produce items for export since the search for precious metals had failed.

Which group helped form the core of many reform movements in the years before the Civil War?

A. Irish immigrants Irish immigrants did not form the core of reform movements; they were often the objects of reformers' efforts. *B. Middle-class women In general, middle-class Protestants were most active in reform movements, and among them women were the most active. Barred from participating in politics, women nonetheless made an impact on their communities by organizing charities, arranging temperance meetings and lectures, and publishing newspapers and pamphlets. C. Working-class men Working-class men were not the core of reform movements, although reformers often attempted to help them. D. Elite merchants Elite merchants did not form the core of reform movements.

How did the Civil War affect the relationship between elite and poor Southerners?

A. It brought them closer together. The Civil War did not improve the relationship between the white southern elites and poor whites. B. It made them doubt their assumptions of white supremacy. The Civil War did not shake assumptions of white supremacy among either the elite or poor white Southerners. *C. It undermined the ties between the two. The Civil War undermined the relationship of the southern white elite with poor white Southerners. D. It blended the borders between the two. If anything, the Civil War increased the income inequality between the elite and the poor in the South.

How did the Newport African Union Society in Rhode Island hope to solve the nation's racial dilemma in the late eighteenth century?

A. It called for nationwide abolition. The Society did not call for nationwide abolition. B. It suggested a broad education campaign among African Americans. The Society did not suggest a broad education campaign among African Americans. C. It proposed an all-black state in the western territories. The Society did not suggest surrendering western territories to African Americans. *D. It sought to create a free black commonwealth in Africa. The Society advocated a form of colonization—sending free blacks to Africa—by developing a plan to establish a community in Africa for American blacks.

Why did the successful cultivation of tobacco in Jamestown in the early seventeenth century change relations between the colonists and the local Native Americans?

A. It caused a great deal of cultural exchange between Indians and indentured servants. The successful cultivation of tobacco did not spur a great increase in cultural exchange between Native Americans and indentured servants. *B. It increased competition between the English and local Indians for farmland. The land that the English were giving to servants to farm had been Indian land. As tobacco fields sprouted up all over the colony, local Native Americans saw more and more of their land being claimed by the English. C. It strengthened the alliance between the colonists and the local Indians. Although the successful cultivation of tobacco in Virginia did help to make the colonists less dependent upon Powhatan and his people, tobacco did not strengthen the alliance between the colonists and the Indians. D. It exacerbated tensions concerning trade between the colonists and Indians. The successful cultivation of tobacco did not interfere with trade relations between the colonists and the Indians.

What broader impact did the Civil War have on the economy of the North?

A. It caused an overreliance on agriculture. Agricultural production expanded, but not faster or more significantly than manufacturing. B. It triggered a return to old craft production. The war triggered further mechanization and industrialization, not old craft production. *C. It accelerated industrial development. The war accelerated industrial development in the North. D. It reduced the role of the federal government in the economy. The war increased the role of the federal government in the economy of the United States.

What was the significance of the patriot army's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in December 1776?

A. It caused the British to abandon the hiring of Hessians. Hessians continued to fight for the British long after the loss in New Jersey. B. It broke the rules of warfare. A surprise attack on Christmas Eve did not break the rules of warfare. C. It revealed the lack of discipline among the Hessians. It was a surprise attack based on good information; it did not reveal a lack of discipline on the part of the Hessians. *D. It buoyed American morale following defeat in New York. Washington's victory galvanized the Continental Army and the patriot cause.

Which of the following best describes the cult of domesticity that emerged in the new American middle class from the 1820s on?

A. It celebrated men's new involvement with the family. The cult of domesticity focused on women's role in middle-class families. B. It emphasized the importance of home schooling. The cult of domesticity in the new emerging middle class did not challenge the role of public education. *C. It restricted women to the home and to social and charitable responsibilities. The cult of domesticity restricted wives to home and hearth, but it also cemented women's roles as social liaisons and agents of charity. D. It predominated among immigrant urban communities. Immigrant urban communities were not part of the new emerging American middle class.

Why was the Democratic Party of the late 1820s built on an unstable foundation?

A. It combined bankers and industrialists. Neither bankers nor industrialists were an important constituency for the Democratic Party of the late 1820s. *B. It relied on northern workers as well as southern farmers. Northern workers benefited from high tariffs, whereas southern farmers and planters advocated lower tariffs. C. It depended on planters as well as strict constructionists. There was no inherent contradiction between the interests of slaveholding planters and strict constructionists, many of whom came from the planter class. D. It yoked together white men and black men. African Americans were not part of the Democratic Party in the late 1820s, since they were not allowed to vote.

What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

A. It created a legislature to govern the Plymouth colony. The Mayflower Compact did represent the Plymouth settlers' adoption of self-government but did not establish a legislature per se. B. It followed the Separatist model of government. The Mayflower Compact established a self-governing civil body that included the non-Pilgrims as well as the Pilgrims who settled in Plymouth. *C. It was the first written constitution in North America. The Mayflower Compact's significance lies in the fact that it was the first written constitution to be adopted in North America. D. It fused secular and religious interests in local governance. While the Mayflower Compact recognized obedience to God, the colony's government was less a theocracy than the one the Puritans established a few years later in Massachusetts Bay.

What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789?

A. It created state and federal court systems. The Judiciary Act had to do with the federal court system only. B. It created the Supreme Court and the Department of Justice. The Judiciary Act created the Supreme Court, but President George Washington established the Department of Justice within the executive branch. *C. It established the federal court system. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the federal court system with the Supreme Court, thirteen district courts, and three circuit courts. D. It marked approval of the first nominees to the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Act of 1789 did not include naming of Supreme Court justices, though it did establish the Supreme Court.

What did the Confiscation Act passed by the U.S. Congress in August 1861 do?

A. It declared all slaves of the border states contraband and Union property. The Confiscation Act of August 1861 did not affect slave owners of the border states. B. It declared all southern slaves in the Confederacy free and citizens of the Union. The Confiscation Act did not free all slaves, nor did it make freed slaves citizens. *C. It proclaimed that any slave owner whose slave was used by the Confederate army would lose claim to that slave. The Confiscation Act of 1861 declared that a slave owner's property rights to his slaves became null and void if the slaves aided the Confederate cause. But it did not declare those slaves to be free. D. It proclaimed that all southern plantations that employed forced labor were property of the federal government. The Confiscation Act did not claim the land of plantations for the federal government.

What was one effect of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa?

A. It decreased the number of guns on the continent. The slave trade dramatically increased the number of guns in Africa because European slave traders would trade guns for humans. B. It devastated areas of East Africa. The Atlantic slave trade did not significantly impact East Africa. *C. It fueled slave raids. The slave trade fueled slave raids on villages in which human beings were captured in order to sell them to European slave traders. The slave trade destroyed entire communities. D. Servants became a protected class. Servants did not become a protected class. In fact, many servants were sold into slavery.

What was the significance of the Battle of Fallen Timbers?

A. It demonstrated George Washington's unwillingness to aid the frontier farmers. Washington had sent General Anthony Wayne and 2,000 soldiers to help the farmers, and these troops fought the battle. B. George Washington sent General Anthony Wayne to fight the warring Indians. Washington had sent Wayne to stop Indian attacks on federal officials and white settlers, but this was not the significance of the battle. C. It illustrated the determination of the Indians to fight for their land. While the battle did illustrate the determination of the Indians, this was not the significance of the battle. *D. It broke the back of the pan-Indian alliance in the Ohio Territory. The U.S. victory against Chief Little Turtle's men led to a broken Indian alliance and the Treaty of Grenville, a treaty that granted Americans more land.

What was the political significance of the Great Awakening?

A. It demonstrated the power of the wealthy. The Great Awakening demonstrated the power of the people, not that of the wealthy. *B. It provided a template for unifying and mobilizing a mass of people. Although the Great Awakening had spent its religious passion in most parts of North America by the 1760s, the techniques of mass communication and critiques of opulence and corruption it initiated provided emotional and practical ways of forging ties among widely dispersed colonists. C. It illustrated the difficulties of bringing disparate groups together. The leaders of the Great Awakening succeeded in bringing people from different colonies and cultures together. D. It revealed the greed and corruption of colonial leaders. Great Awakening preachers often talked about the spiritual corruption of local officials, but they did not reveal the corruption; nor did these preachers dwell on the politics of the 1760s.

Which of the following statements about the platform of the Constitutional Union Party of 1860 is true?

A. It denounced slavery as unconstitutional. The Constitutional Union Party did not denounce slavery. B. It declared slavery a constitutional right. The Constitutional Union Party did not take an explicit position in favor of slavery. C. It emphasized the importance of states' rights. The Constitutional Union Party did not stress states' rights. *D. It stressed preservation of the union and downplayed the slavery issue. The Constitutional Union Party, composed mainly of former southern Whigs, advocated "no political principle other than the Constitution of the country, the union of the states, and the enforcement of the laws."

What was the strategic significance of the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee in 1862?

A. It destroyed the Indian allies of the Confederacy. Shiloh did not eliminate the Confederacy's Indian allies. *B. It provided the Union access to the Mississippi valley. The Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee in April 1862 provided the Union army entrée to the Mississippi River valley. C. Robert E. Lee died in the battle. Lee did not take part in the Battle of Shiloh. D. It gave the Union access to New Orleans. Although Union forces captured New Orleans in the same month, the Battle of Shiloh took place farther north and did not affect that conflict.

Which of the following accurately assesses the task the Union faced in the Civil War?

A. It had to defend its territory. The Confederacy did not threaten the territory of the Union. B. It had to force the Confederacy to stop fighting. The Union could have halted military action, and the South would not have pursued the war further. *C. It had to defeat the South thoroughly. The North had to bring the Confederacy to its knees by invading the South and isolating it from potential allies abroad. D. It had to liberate the slaves and ensure their civil rights. While the North had to invade and control the Confederacy in order to restore the Union, it did not necessarily have to liberate slaves, let alone ensure their civil rights.

What was the significance of the Stamp Act Congress that met in New York in October 1765?

A. It discussed the possibility of declaring independence from Britain and creating a new country. The Stamp Act Congress did not discuss independence. The delegates continued to think of themselves as loyal subjects of the king. B. It denounced violent protest and defended the right of Parliament to tax the colonies. The delegates did not defend the right of Parliament to tax the colonists; they affirmed that taxation without representation was tyranny. C. It approved a plan to accept British taxes in exchange for electing colonial representatives to Parliament. The delegates did not plan to accept taxes, nor did they plan to send representatives to Parliament. *D. It brought together leaders from nine colonies to petition Parliament to repeal the act. Traditionally, the leaders of different colonies had little to do with each other. Their willingness to respond to Parliament together revealed the depth of their resistance to British policy.

What was the significance of the militia attack against the Delaware people during the American Revolution?

A. It disrupted the supply lines between the British and the Iroquois. General John Sullivan's campaigns against the Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, and Cayuga tribes disrupted supply lines from Fort Niagara. B. It prompted the Delaware to renounce their neutrality and convert to Christianity. Prior to the attack, the Delaware people converted to Christianity. The attack did not cause the Delawares to renounce their neutrality. *C. It was one of the most terrible atrocities of an atrocious war. Pennsylvania militia massacred over 100 Delaware men, women, and children who had declared their neutrality and, previously, converted to Christianity. D. It ended the conflicts between Indians and patriots until after the war. Conflicts between Indians and patriots continued until the end of the war and after.

What was significant about the 1681 Pennsylvania Frame of Government?

A. It established the right of women to vote in colonial elections. The document did not provide for women's suffrage, although it did allow all property-owning men to vote. *B. It recognized the religious freedom of all Christians. Influenced by his Quaker beliefs, Pennsylvania proprietor William Penn Jr. framed the colony's government to protect the religious freedom of all Christians. C. It barred members of the Lenni-Lenape Indian tribe from owning property. The Frame of Government did not forbid Indians from owning property; in fact, Penn established good relations with the Lenni-Lenape tribe. D. It forbade the slave trade from being conducted through the port of Philadelphia. The Frame of Government did not forbid the slave trade.

Why did most Whigs oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

A. It extinguished the long-held treaty rights of Indian tribes in the region. The act did extinguish the treaty rights of Indian tribes in that region, but that was not the cause of Whig opposition. *B. The act repealed the Missouri Compromise and raised the possibility of the expansion of slavery. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, which made it possible for slavery to move into areas from which it had previously been banned; most Whigs and some northern Democrats wanted to retain the Missouri Compromise line between free and slave states. C. The act restricted the rights of Northerners to settle in the Nebraska Territory. The law did not restrict the rights of Northerners to enter the newly organized territories. D. The Kansas-Nebraska Act prohibited the construction of railroads in the territory. The Kansas-Nebraska Act did not prohibit the construction of railroads in the territory. Indeed, Senator Douglas had proposed the law precisely because he wanted to secure federal funds for the construction of a railroad through the area.

Why did the Whig Party appear so weak in the congressional elections of 1854?

A. It failed to win passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Whig Party had mostly opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. *B. It failed to stop the "Slave Power" from extending control over federal policies. Compromised by its consent to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and unable to prevent passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which opened the possibility of slavery even farther north of the Mason-Dixon line than Missouri, the Whig Party had shown itself incapable of stopping what was called in the North the "Slave Power." C. It was less effective than the Democrats in developing policies that could unite the nation. The Democratic Party had been equally ineffective in devising unifying policies. D. It failed to secure passage of the Compromise of 1850. The Whig Party had been crucial for the passage of the Compromise of 1850, but that set of laws only increased northern fears about the expansion of the Slave Power.

In what ways was the colony of the Carolinas distinct from other southern colonies?

A. It grew cash crops by the middle of the eighteenth century. By the middle of the eighteenth century, all of the southern colonies grew cash crops. B. Small farmers there depended on planters for protection from Indians. Smaller farmers in all of the southern colonies were dependent upon planters for protection. *C. It began as a slave society rather than evolving into one. The colony of the Carolinas was the first to begin, rather than evolve into, a slave society. D. Farmers there depended on merchants to bring their goods to market. Smaller farmers across the South depended on merchants to bring their goods to market.

Why was the United States ill prepared to fight a major war in 1812?

A. It had been fighting major battles against Indian tribes on the frontier for years. The push against Indian tribes did not use military resources so fully as to weaken the nation's ability to wage war. *B. Cuts in federal spending and falling tax revenues had diminished military resources. Jefferson and Madison had reduced federal spending from the days of Federalist president John Adams and also failed to renew the charter of the Bank of the United States in 1811, which left the nation without a vital source of credit for military investments. C. Democratic-Republicans had shifted military funds toward internal improvements. The nation's lack of preparedness had nothing to do with the policy of internal improvement preference for infrastructure projects, which was far less pronounced than that of Federalists. D. Young American men headed for the frontier rather than sign up for military duty. While the frontier offered young men in the United States opportunities, a lack of manpower was not the reason for the nation's lack of preparedness for war.

What was the significance of King William's War?

A. It helped King Louis XIV ascend to the throne. Louis XIV ascended to the throne before King William's War began. *B. It was the first war between France and England fought in North America. King William's War was the first war between France and England that would be fought on American soil. C. England gained a significant amount of territory in North America as a result. England did not gain a significant amount of territory as a result of King William's War. D. France gained a significant amount of territory in North America as a result. France did not gain a significant amount of territory as a result of King William's War.

What was the significance of General Ulysses S. Grant's victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in July 1863?

A. It helped the South offset the defeat at Gettysburg. The southern defeat at Vicksburg was, like the loss at Gettysburg, a terrible blow against the South. B. It meant the Confederate loss of a major manufacturing center. Vicksburg was not a major manufacturing center. *C. It helped the Union gain full control of the Mississippi River. Combined with a victory five days later at Port Hudson, Louisiana, the victory at Vicksburg gave the Union army control of the entire Mississippi valley, the richest plantation region in the South, and effectively cut off the Confederacy from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas, ensuring Union control of the West. D. It helped ensure Abraham Lincoln's reelection. William Tecumseh Sherman's capture of Atlanta had that effect, not Grant's capture of Vicksburg.

How did Thomas Jefferson's Embargo Act shape American thought on federal power?

A. It highlighted the weakness of the federal government. While the Embargo Act failed to compel France or Britain to recognize American neutrality, American observers did not consider this an example of the weakness of the federal government. B. It was seen as an example of what the federal government could accomplish. The Embargo Act signified a failure in foreign policy rather than a success of federal authority. *C. It prompted deep concerns about the expansion of federal power. Since the Embargo Act had triggered a deep recession, merchants, farmers, and planters had new concerns about the impact of federal authority. D. Since it was a state law, the Embargo Act had nothing to do with the question of federal power. The Embargo Act was a federal, not a state, law.

Why was Boston particularly significant in the late 1760s and early 1770s?

A. It hosted the Stamp Act Congress. The Stamp Act Congress took place in New York City. B. Its leaders corresponded frequently with George III. Boston's colonial leaders did not correspond with the king. *C. It led the charge against British taxes. Through a highly publicized effort to make the city the center of opposition, Bostonians became the vanguard of the resistance movement. Events in the 1770s served to buttress Boston's claims. D. It was home to the two most vocal radicals: Sam Adams and Patrick Henry. Sam Adams was from Boston, but Patrick Henry was a Virginian.

What was the significance of Bartolomeu Dias's journey around the Cape of Good Hope in the 1480s?

A. It illustrated that Europeans could safely make it down the east coast of Africa. Dias sailed down the western coast of Africa. B. It demonstrated that African kingdoms would help the Portuguese with their expeditions. Dias was funded by the Portuguese. His journey did not take place because of the assistance of African kings. C. It proved that Africans were willing to participate in the slave trade. Although Africans did willingly participate in the slave trade, this was not the significance of Dias's journey. *D. It showed that one could sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean. Dias's journey around the Cape of Good Hope and into the Indian Ocean was significant because it proved that one could make it from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean by sea.

What was the significance of the 1784 appeal of various Indian nations to the Spanish governor in St. Louis?

A. It illustrated the lingering power of the Spanish in North America. Even as the Indians appealed to the Spanish, the Spanish could do little to deter western settlement of American migrants. *B. It demonstrated ongoing American settlement in western territories. Americans continued to pour over territory lines into disputed lands, repeatedly pushing Indian tribes farther west. C. It revealed the uneasy peace between the American and Indian populations. Peace did not exist along the western frontier of the new nation; conflicts over land persisted in the last half of the eighteenth century. D. It signified the weakness of the Articles of Confederation. The meeting between the Spanish governor and various Indians did not reflect upon the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

What was the significance of the Boston Massacre?

A. It illustrated the malice of the British government. The confusion that led to the shooting of eleven colonists did not illustrate the malice of the British government. *B. It became a propaganda tool to radicalize colonists. In the hands of Samuel Adams, the Boston Massacre became a propaganda phenomenon. With the mass funeral, Paul Revere's engraving, and the revival of the committees of correspondence, the Boston Massacre became a powerful rallying tool. C. It demonstrated the British policy of killing rowdy civilians. Soldiers were not instructed to shoot rowdy civilians, and there was no order to fire on the day of the massacre; in other words, the shooting was not the result of policy. D. Six of the eight soldiers were acquitted. Although the jury found most of the soldiers innocent, the acquittals did not make the massacre significant.

What was the significance of Shays's Rebellion?

A. It illustrated widespread rejection of the Treaty of Paris. Shays's Rebellion was not in response to the Treaty of Paris. B. It demonstrated the strength of state governments. As Massachusetts had great difficulty suppressing Shays's Rebellion, it did not illustrate the strength of state governments. *C. It revealed the weaknesses of the confederation government. Shays's Rebellion revealed the weaknesses of the confederation government because the national government did not have any authority to help Massachusetts quash the rebellion. D. It showcased lingering animosity against Native Americans. Shays's Rebellion had nothing to do with relations with Native Americans.

What was the significance of the June 1783 soldiers' march on Philadelphia?

A. It illustrates Washington's genius for compromise. Although Washington successfully navigated the situation without bloodshed, his diplomacy did not make the march significant. *B. It reveals an early divide between the new government and its citizens. From the very beginning, the new American government faced a rebellious populace. The issue of soldiers' back pay was just one of many economic issues that would endanger the civil peace of the new nation. C. The government showed its strength in meeting the crisis. The dispute was settled by a compromise rather than a government show of strength. D. The soldiers capitulated. The soldiers compromised with their new government, accepting half of their back pay and promises for the rest, but they did not capitulate.

Who were the first Europeans to discover lands in the western Atlantic Ocean?

A. Italians Italians were not the first Europeans to discover lands in the western Atlantic. B. Portuguese The Portuguese were not the first Europeans to discover lands in the western Atlantic, although they were the first to round the Cape of Good Hope in Africa. C. Spanish The Spanish were not the first Europeans to discover lands in the western Atlantic, although they were the first to settle land in the Americas. *D. Norsemen Scandinavians were the first to discover lands the western Atlantic.

What was significant about trade between New England fishermen, merchants in New York and Charleston, and Caribbean planters in the early eighteenth century?

A. It inaugurated an antislavery business model. The fishermen, merchants, and planters did not establish an antislavery business model. The Caribbean's exportation of sugar was dependent upon slave labor. *B. It was a dynamic trade network within the Americas. While many of the colonies were established for the benefit of the mother countries, American and Spanish colonists were able to construct and navigate trade relations with one another, outside of the English or Spanish crowns. C. It established good relationships between the Spanish, English, and French in the Americas. Although trade between Spanish and English colonists existed, it did not include the French. D. It prompted the exploitation of African labor. The trade within the Americas did not prompt American colonists to adopt slavery, which was already entrenched.

Why was the third part of Grenville's colonial program—the enactment of taxes aimed at raising revenues in the colonies—significant?

A. It included placing troops in the colonies to enforce the laws. The presence of troops in the colonies was established separately from the passage of revenue acts. *B. It caused the establishment of the committee of correspondence. The third part of Grenville's program resulted in the organization of a committee of correspondence in Massachusetts that dealt with real or perceived abuses of the crown. This was a first step toward organized resistance across the colonies. C. It perpetuated conflict with Native Americans. Conflict with Native Americans was over control of land and had nothing to do with British taxes on the colonists. D. It reduced the tax on molasses. The Sugar Act did reduce taxes on molasses, but this was not the significance of this part of Grenville's program.

How did the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 affect the Indian tribes of the territory?

A. It left their status unaltered. The Kansas-Nebraska Act changed their status significantly. B. It forced their removal. While the Kansas-Nebraska Act changed the status of Indian tribes in that territory significantly, it did not call for their forced removal. C. It guaranteed their traditional rights. The Kansas-Nebraska Act did not protect the long-held rights of Indian tribes in that territory. *D. It extinguished Indians' treaty rights. The Kansas-Nebraska Act extinguished Indians' long-held treaty rights in the region. Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux nations, along with other Plains Indians, lost half the land they had held by treaty when thousands of settlers swarmed into the newly organized territories.

What was the significance of George Washington's coordinated effort to starve and then attack Charles Cornwallis and his troops?

A. It made an American victory harder to achieve. Washington's efforts to coordinate strategy with his French allies eased the pressure on American troops and made victory easier to achieve. *B. It ended the war. Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown on October 19, 1781, and the British empire admitted defeat. Washington's coordinated strategy ended the American Revolution. C. It forced Clinton to surrender. Clinton was in New York, unable to reinforce Cornwallis in Yorktown. D. It brought together the French and American forces. French and American troops had acted in concert before this time.

What was the significance of the 1660 decision by the House of Burgesses to allow the enslavement of Africans?

A. It marked expansion of the Burgesses' power from political to economic matters. As the local governing body of a colony, the House of Burgesses had addressed economic as well as political matters earlier. *B. It was the first step toward codifying race slavery in North America. When the House of Burgesses passed the act that allowed Africans laborers to be enslaved, they made the fateful first move toward full-blown racial slavery in America. C. It included provision also to enslave Irish servants. The act that authorized the enslavement of Africans did not include men or women of Irish descent. D. It was the final decision made by the House of Burgesses before it was dissolved. The House of Burgesses continued to be Virginia's governing body for more than another century.

How did Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) offer white Northerners a way to identify with enslaved blacks?

A. It portrayed them as highly educated. Uncle Tom's Cabin offered a romanticized version of slaves, but it did not show them as highly educated. B. It placed them in housing that resembled that of the white middle class. Uncle Tom's Cabin highlighted the cruelty of slavery, and giving middle-class living conditions to slaves would have undermined that purpose. *C. It portrayed slaves as saintly and masters and overseers as cruel. Uncle Tom's Cabin was a sentimental portrait of saintly slaves with a vivid depiction of cruel masters and overseers, which offered white Northerners a way to identify with enslaved blacks. D. It minimized the cruelty of masters and overseers. The book tried to stir the emotions of its readers against slavery and thus portrayed masters and overseers in a harsh light.

What effect did the Northwest Ordinance have on the institution of slavery?

A. It prohibited runaways from gaining safe-haven in northern states. The Northwest Ordinance did not speak to the runaway policies in northern states. B. It abolished the slave trade in the territories. The Northwest Ordinance did not address the slave trade. *C. It abolished slavery throughout the territories. The Northwest Ordinance abolished the practice of slavery in the territories. D. It allowed for the eventual abolition of slavery in the territories. The Northwest Ordinance did not establish a process wherein slavery was eventually abolished.

What was the significance of the case of Anthony Burns?

A. It proved Northerners' ability to use federal authority to control the South. In Burns's case, state militia and Boston police secured the extradition of the alleged fugitive to the South, which hardly demonstrated northern use of federal authority to control the South. *B. It raised the anguish of local residents over their complicity in slavery. The case of Anthony Burns raised anguished questions among local residents. In a city that was home to intellectual and antislavery leaders, Bostonians wondered how they had come so far in aiding and abetting slavery. C. It demonstrated the power of states' rights over the federal government. In Burns's case, state militia and Boston police secured the extradition of the alleged fugitive to the South, highlighting the power of the federal government over northern state law. D. It was an example of how local authority could undermine federal law. In Burns's case, state militia and Boston police carried out federal law against the will of an angry local mob. Clearly, local authority was complying with, rather than defying, federal law.

What was the significance of the Crittenden Compromise?

A. It raised the nation's hopes for a settlement of the secession crisis. The Crittenden Compromise failed and did not offer any new hopes for a resolution. B. It prompted Southerners to turn their eyes on Cuba once again. Southerners were looking forward to annexation of Cuba, but the Crittenden Compromise did not raise that possibility. *C. It made it clear to the nation that a compromise was no longer possible. Despite the hopes of the Buchanan administration, it was becoming apparent that compromise was impossible. D. It made it clear to Abraham Lincoln that the nation was better off without the South. While many Northerners felt that way, Lincoln did not agree with that view. Chapter 13: Civil War, 1861-1865 Topic: The Nation Goes to War, 1861 books: The South Embraces Secession Both Sides Prepare for War

Between 1620 and 1680, as the population of settlers in New England went to over 50,000, what happened to the Native American population?

A. It remained static. The Native American population did not remain static between 1620 and 1680. B. It decreased by about 33 percent. The Native American population did not decrease by 33 percent between 1620 and 1680. C. It decreased by about 65 percent. The Native American population did not decrease by 65 percent between 1620 and 1680. *D. It decreased by 80 percent. In New England, only 15,000 to 16,000 native people remained by 1670, a loss of about 80 percent over fifty years.

How did the 1809 Non-Intercourse Act modify the 1807 Embargo Act?

A. It removed all restrictions on foreign commerce and permitted merchants to trade freely. Although the Embargo Act did forbid all outgoing foreign trade, the Non-Intercourse Act did not permit Americans to trade with all foreign nations freely. B. It permitted merchants to resume trade only with Britain and its colonies. The Non-Intercourse Act did not allow American merchants to trade with all foreign nations except Britain. C. It encouraged merchants to reopen trade only with France and its colonies. The Non-Intercourse Act did not allow American merchants to trade with all foreign nations except France. *D. It allowed foreign trade to resume with all nations except Britain and France. Whereas the Embargo Act forbade Americans from trading with any foreign nation, the Non-Intercourse Act forbade trade only with Britain and France and their colonies. Americans were free to trade with other foreign nations, such as Spain.

How did the Liberty Party change the election of 1844?

A. It split the Democratic vote for James K. Polk. Voters for the Liberty Party did not come from the Democratic Party's typical constituency. B. It carried Whigs in the South. The Liberty Party had no support in the South, since it adamantly opposed slavery. *C. It captured enough votes in New York to throw the state to Polk. The small Liberty Party adamantly opposed slavery, denounced the annexation of Texas, and gained just enough votes in New York to throw the state and the election to Polk. D. It robbed both Whigs and Democrats of victory in Massachusetts. The Liberty Party captured enough votes in one state to damage a candidate, but it did not change the outcome in Massachusetts.

How did the Embargo Act affect domestic manufacturing?

A. It starved local industry of raw materials. Most American manufacturing made use of southern cotton and local materials, so the supply of raw materials was not a problem. B. It blocked domestic manufacturing from its export markets. American manufacturing was not sufficiently competitive to capture foreign markets. C. It reduced the immigrant labor pool on which manufacturers depended. Early American manufacturing depended on teenage girls and young women as laborers rather than on European immigrants. *D. The decline of imports increased the importance of domestic manufacturing. In the absence of competing and often superior products from England, American manufacturers were able to sell more goods and increase production.

What impact did the Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott have on the nation in 1857?

A. It temporarily calmed the tensions between North and South. The Dred Scott case did not calm the tensions between North and South; the opposite was true. B. It provided Congress with some relief from the pressure of the slavery issue. James Buchanan had hoped that the Supreme Court ruling would offer some relief on the slavery question, but that did not happen. C. It strengthened the credibility of President James Buchanan. The Dred Scott case did not strengthen the credibility of President Buchanan. *D. It further outraged many Northerners afraid of a Slave Power. The ruling further outraged many Northerners, who were now convinced that a Slave Power conspiracy had taken hold of the federal government.

How did the confederation congress finally disband the officers gathered in Newburgh in 1783?

A. It threatened violence against the soldiers. Congress did not threaten violence. B. It sent George Washington to urge their departure. Although Washington met with the officers, his insistence on civilian authority did not compel the officers to disband. C. It jailed the officers until each promised to go home. Congress did not arrest the Continental Army officers. *D. It promised the officers full pay for five years. Confronted by General Washington, the officers agreed to accept Congress's promise of five years' pay, although as it turned out they only received papers promising payment at some undetermined date.

What was the significance of the Stono rebellion?

A. It took place in South Carolina in the seventeenth century. The Stono rebellion took place in South Carolina in 1739. B. It involved slaves and Indians. Local Indians helped the South Carolina militia, not the slaves, during the rebellion. C. It was the only successful slave revolt in British North America. The Stono rebellion was not successful; the rebels were killed and slavery resumed in Wappoo. *D. It was the largest slave revolt in British North America. The Stono rebellion was the most serious slave revolt in British North America. It inspired slaves throughout the colonies and terrified their owners.

What was the significance of General Benjamin Butler's declaration in May 1861 that slaves who had escaped to Union lines were "contraband"?

A. It treated them as though they were illegal aliens. Being labeled as "contraband" did not make them equivalent to immigrants. *B. Southerners lost any rights to reclaim them. Butler was no abolitionist, but he realized that slaves were valuable assets to the Union cause and so offered them military protection. He claimed fugitive slaves as "contraband" of war: property forfeited by the act of rebellion. C. They would be treated like deserters and shot. Butler's policy protected the escaped slaves rather than threatened them. D. They would be accepted into army ranks. Butler made use of the escaped slaves as workers, but calling them "contraband" did not make them soldiers.

How did the abolition of slavery in the northern states and most of the world in the first half of the nineteenth century affect slavery in the American South?

A. It undermined its profitability. The abolition of slavery elsewhere did not weaken the profitability of slavery in the South. B. It prompted basic human rights reforms. The abolition of slavery elsewhere did not improve the lot of slaves in the American South. *C. It forged tighter bonds among southern whites in defense of slavery. In an effort to unite disparate groups and shore up support for the institution of slavery, planters employed both their economic and political authority, highlighted ties of kinship with non-slaveholding whites, and promoted an ideology of white supremacy. D. It triggered a surge in violent slave rebellions. Abolitionism elsewhere in the world did not trigger slave uprisings in the American South.

In addition to reaffirming the power of men in society, what other purpose did the patriarchal family supposedly serve?

A. It was believed to safeguard homes from witchcraft. Patriarchy was not believed to decrease the incidence of witchcraft. *B. It was believed to stabilize the social order. Understood as a safeguard against social disorder, men touted the patriarchal family as a stabilizing force in colonial society. C. It was believed to be a liberating force for sons and daughters. Rather than promoting liberation, patriarchy was a source of control over the behaviors of both sons and daughters. D. It was believed to ensure slave obedience. Although slaves legally fell under the authority of the father of the household, patriarchy was not believed to impact the incidence of slave resistance.

Which of the following accurately assesses the labor force in southern war industries during the Civil War?

A. It was composed almost exclusively of white women and children. Men as well as women and children worked in southern war industries. *B. It included workers of all ages and colors. Women and children worked alongside slaves and white men who were either too old or injured to serve in the army. C. It relied primarily on slave labor. Slaves were part of the workforce, but free civilians were employed in southern war industries as well. D. It included everyone except white men. White men who were either too old or too injured also worked in southern war industries.

Which of the following was notably "American" about the nation's new capital of Washington City?

A. It was finished much later than scheduled. Being behind schedule was not a particularly American trait. B. It cost far more than the original budget had allowed. Being more costly than expected was not a uniquely American feature of construction of the new capital. *C. People of diverse races and nationalities worked on it. The participation of people of diverse races and nationalities in the construction and design was perhaps the most "American" aspect of the nation's capital. D. It was built entirely with slave labor. Washington City was not built entirely with slave labor, as many immigrants took part in the construction as well.

What was the significance of the African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia?

A. It was founded by Richard Allen. The church was founded by Allen, but his role as founder was not why the church was significant. B. It remained within the Protestant fold until the early 1800s. The church did remain within the Protestant fold until the early 1800s, but its affiliation was not its importance. *C. It was the first African American church in the United States. Allen's church was the first African American church in the United States. D. It was led by a small group of white and black abolitionists. The church was led by free blacks, not whites and blacks.

What was President Andrew Johnson's attitude toward slavery?

A. It was morally wrong, always and everywhere. Johnson was not morally opposed to slavery; he had been a slave owner. B. It was a positive good that civilized African Americans. Johnson did not believe the popular southern argument that slavery was good for civilizing African Americans. C. It was once necessary, but it was no longer needed. Johnson did not believe that slavery was a necessary evil. *D. It was wrong because it harmed poor whites. By the time he became Lincoln's vice president, Johnson opposed slavery—not because it harmed slaves but because he believed it gave the wealthy too much power in southern society. He viewed abolition not so much as a matter of justice toward blacks but a way to break the power southern elites held over poor whites.

What was the significance of the Albany Congress in 1754?

A. It was one of the first discussions of colonial independence. Colonial independence was not discussed at the Albany Congress. *B. It was one of the first attempts to bring the colonies together. The Albany Congress was one of the first organized efforts to bring colonial leaders together to develop intercolonial bonds. C. It ended colonial cooperation on Indian policy. The Albany Congress did not end colonial cooperation. Bonds formed during that meeting between leaders of different colonies would serve the colonists after the French and Indian War. D. It established a governing council with representatives from each colony. Although the idea of an intercolonial council was debated at the Albany Congress, the council was not established.

What role did the Union army play in the Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867?

A. It was supposed to provide security for the state constitutional conventions. The purpose of the military was much larger than that, and the Military Reconstruction Acts did not specify this responsibility for the military. B. It was to arrest Confederate officials who had refused the loyalty oath. The military had a much larger purpose than that, and the Military Reconstruction Acts did not specify this responsibility. *C. It supervised the South, which was divided into five military districts during the process. The Military Reconstruction Acts divided ten southern states into five military districts, each under the supervision of a Union general and his troops. D. It was to ensure that Southerners were obeying federal laws and paying their taxes. The purpose of the military had more scope than that, and the Military Reconstruction Acts did not specify this responsibility for the military.

In the years before the Civil War, the Catholic Church in America not only grew but also became more closely identified with which ethnic group?

A. Italians Though mostly Catholic, Italians did not migrate to the United States in large numbers before the Civil War. B. Germans Although some German immigrants were Catholic, Catholicism did not become closely identified with them. C. English Immigrants from England were usually not Catholic. *D. Irish Although Catholics also migrated from Germany, the largest influx of Catholic immigrants in the nineteenth century was from Ireland. Irish clergy also came to predominate in the United States.

What was the significance of King James's move to establish and empower the Privy Council and tax property owners to benefit the Church of England when he took over the Jamestown colony?

A. It was the first time that the Anglican Church and English government were directly tied with one another. The Anglican Church and royal government had been tied to one another since the inception of the church, which was founded by King Henry VIII. B. The Privy Council issued a decree that forced the entire Native American population to leave Virginia. Although the royal government moved to halt Indian opposition to English land claims, the Privy Council did not inaugurate a mass exodus of Indians from Virginia. C. It was the last time that taxes would be levied on colonists by the British crown. British taxes on colonists continued throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. *D. The power of the Privy Council and the tax structure he established became a model for royal colonies in North America. These arrangements became a model for colonial government; royal colonies throughout British North America replicated the local government and tax structure.

Why did large numbers of women turn out to see Jessie Frémont in the campaign leading up to the presidential election of 1856?

A. It was the first time the first lady was African American. Jessie Frémont was not African American, nor was her husband elected president. B. She was the first female presidential candidate. Jessie Frémont was not a presidential candidate herself. *C. This was the first time a national candidate's wife played a significant role in a campaign. Large numbers of women turned out to see Jessie Frémont, the first national candidate's wife to play a major role in a campaign. D. Jessie Frémont had a reputation for radical abolitionism. Jessie Frémont did not have a reputation for radical abolitionism.

What was the significance of the Yamasee War in South Carolina?

A. It was the last war between the British and Indians. The Yamasee War was not the last war between the British and Indians. *B. It was the most threatening war to European dominance. Bloodier than King Philip's War, the Yamasee War posed the most serious challenge to European dominance in the colonies. If the Cherokee had not switched their allegiance during the war, the South Carolina militia may have been overwhelmed. C. It was the first war between the British and Indians in the Carolinas. Prior to the Yamasee War, the Tuscarora Alliance waged war in North Carolina. D. It allowed the Yamasee to become the most powerful tribe in the Southeast. Fierce fighting in the war seriously weakened the Yamasee, and the Cherokee, Creek, and Catawba tribes emerged as more powerful after the war.

Why did colonists in the late seventeenth century adopt the practices of feme covert, the English common law concerning the legal status of a wife?

A. It was the only condition of marriage known to the colonists. Although feme covert was the English common law, colonists did not abide by this law until the late seventeenth century. Since the beginning of English settlement in Jamestown, the colonists had been operating outside of English common law concerning the status of women in and after marriage. *B. Men wanted to reassert their authority. With the parity of the women and men in the colonies in the late seventeenth century, men moved to legally constrict the political and economic power of women by suspending their rights to property, money, children, and their legal status as adults. C. Indentured servitude and slavery lessened the need for female labor. While this was the case, a decrease in white, female labor outside of the home did not necessitate a decrease in the rights of wives. D. Commerce underlined the role of women as consumers. While the rise of commerce highlighted the role of women as consumers rather than producers, this new role did not cause adoption of the feme covert.

What is significant about Quebec?

A. It was the site where France and the Iroquois signed a lasting peace treaty. The French, who allied themselves with the Hurons, were generally not on friendly terms with the Iroquois. B. The French used the site to launch attacks against St. Augustine. Quebec, far from St. Augustine, was not the launching point for French attacks on that Spanish fort. C. It was where the French first engaged in trade with Native Americans. The earliest French trade with Native Americans took place in Newfoundland. *D. It was the first permanent French settlement in North America. Samuel de Champlain settled at Quebec in 1608, and the colony lasted. Other settlements had been established earlier but had been abandoned.

What was the historical significance of the compromise of 1877?

A. It was unable to end the crisis over the 1876 presidential election. The compromise of 1877 did resolve the crisis. B. It dashed all hopes for a transcontinental railroad through the South. An agreement to build a transcontinental railroad through the southern half of the nation was the Republican concession for Democrats to certify the victory of Hayes in the presidential election of 1877. *C. It demonstrated the strength of southern Democrats and the end of Reconstruction. The compromise of 1877 demonstrated the power of southern Democrats in national politics only 12 years after their defeat in the Civil War and, by paving the way for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, marked the end of Reconstruction. D. It marked a new beginning of federal protection for African Americans. The compromise of 1877 marked the end of federal protection for African Americans in the South and the final victory of the southern white "Redeemers."

Why was Charleston important to the Atlantic slave trade?

A. It witnessed the first slave rebellion in North America. The first slave rebellion in North America did not take place in Charleston. *B. It was the main port for slave ships in North America. Charleston brought in more than half of the slaves shipped to North America. Around 1700, slave ships began to sail directly from Africa to Charleston. C. It hosted the assembly organized to end the slave trade. Charleston was not at the forefront of ending the slave trade. D. It was the site of the North American seasoning camp. Charleston did not have a seasoning camp.

Why did William H. Seward refuse to support the Compromise of 1850?

A. It would have banned the slave trade in Washington, D.C. The Compromise of 1850 did include a ban on the slave trade in Washington D.C., a policy that the antislavery Seward would have supported. B. It would have overturned the admission of California as a free state. The Compromise of 1850 did not entail rejection of California as a free state. *C. It would have forced Northerners to help hunt down fugitives from slavery. Seward proclaimed that in all good conscience he could not support a compromise that forced Northerners to help hunt down fugitives from slavery. D. It would have blocked residents in the new territories from making their own decision on slavery. The Compromise of 1850 included a provision that allowed popular sovereignty over the issue of slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories.

What explains why the Renaissance began in Italy?

A. Italians had been the educated people in earlier times. Italians were not particularly more educated than other Europeans. B. France Although the Renaissance did not begin in France, it did affect Spain throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. C. Germany Although the Renaissance did not begin in Germany, it did affect Spain throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. *D. Italian merchants grew wealthy and sponsored the cultural rebirth. The Renaissance, which began in the Italian city-states and then spread across Europe, was rooted in the increased wealth of the fifteenth century, much of which went into paintings, sculptures, music, and literature.

What was an immediate effect of Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas?

A. Italy garnered over 100 tons of gold. Spain, not Italy, was the power that primarily reaped the rewards of Columbus's expeditions. *B. Many explorers followed in his path. Columbus's voyages inspired other explorers to set sail and head west in search of gold, land, and adventure. C. The Spanish and Native Americans forged a lasting alliance. Although some relations between the Spanish and Native Americans were friendly, their relations were largely marked by subjugation rather than alliances between equals. D. England established a foothold in the Americans. John Cabot and his son Sebastian made more trips to North American shores, but England failed to follow up on their discoveries.

Why did the Oneida community of central New York provoke public outrage in the 1840s?

A. Its focus on communal labor practices Communal labor practices were a common feature of utopian communities at the time. *B. Its beliefs regarding marriage and childrearing John Humphrey Noyes, who founded the Oneida community, advocated sexual freedom and developed a plan for "complex marriage," in which women were liberated from male domination and constant childbearing. Divorce and remarriage were permitted, children were raised communally, and a form of birth control was instituted. These practices provoked public outrage. C. Its belief that Christ's Second Coming had already occurred In a period of varied extreme religious beliefs, this tenet in particular did not provoke outrage. D. Its advocacy of workers' rights and a fairer distribution of wealth Several utopian groups promoted such goals.

Why were James and Dolley Madison forced to reduce their standard of living in the 1820s?

A. James Madison had made some poor investment choices in northern textile factories. Madison was not invested in northern textile factories. B. Low cotton yields on their Virginia plantation reduced their earnings. The Madisons grew tobacco rather than cotton. C. The vast expansion of tobacco production in the region led to falling prices. Cotton production, rather than tobacco production, was expanding across the South. *D. Though needing to increase his plantation's revenue, James Madison refused to sell slaves. While some Virginia planters made money selling slaves to other planters for the South, James Madison refused to break up slave families who had been in the state for decades. With only limited earnings from tobacco production, he and Dolley were forced to reduce their standard of living.

What was the first permanent European settlement in North America?

A. Jamestown Jamestown was the first permanent British settlement but not the first permanent European one. B. Tampa Although de Soto and his men did settle in Tampa Bay in 1539, the settlement was not permanent. *C. St. Augustine St. Augustine, established by Pedro Menendez de Aviles in 1565, was the first permanent European settlement in North America. D. Santa Fe Santa Fe was not the first permanent European settlement in North America.

What changes did slaves make to the Christian faith in their own religious practices between the 1820s and 1850s?

A. Jesus Christ was not seen as the son of God. Like other Christians, Christian slaves adhered to the belief that Jesus Christ was the son of God. B. Mary was not a virgin. Like other Christians, Christian slaves adhered to the belief that Mary was a virgin. C. There was more than one God. Like other Christians, Christian slaves were monotheists. *D. Religious practice included drums and dancing. Slaves emphasized the promise of liberation over obedience and sacrifice and often incorporated drums, conch shells, dancing, or other West African elements into their worship services.

How did the soaring population of the eighteenth century affect most men and women across the colonies?

A. Jobs became more plentiful in urban areas. The converse was true; because there were so many people, job opportunities were scarce. B. Wealth began to spread more evenly across the population. The increased population increased poverty in the colonies rather than spreading wealth. C. Entrepreneurs benefited from the growing population. Although there were more consumers, the opportunities for individuals to start their own businesses diminished. *D. There was less land to settle and farm. With the explosion of the colonial population, land became increasingly scarce. Many farmers abandoned rural communities for cities, which increased competition for jobs there.

Which of the following people approved of the Compromise of 1850?

A. John C. Calhoun South Carolina Democrat Calhoun refused to support any law that gave Congress the power to decide the fate of slavery in the western territories. B. William Seward New York Whig Seward did not want to support a law that would involve Northerners in enforcing a fugitive slave act. C. William C. Nell A member of the Colored Citizens of Boston, Nell condemned the fugitive slave portion of the compromise as immoral. *D. Henry Clay The architect of the Missouri Compromise of thirty years prior, the Kentucky Whig Clay again tried to pull off a grand bargain that diffused tensions over slavery. Clay left the Senate before his work came to fruition.

Which of the following describes what happened in the 1824 election?

A. John Quincy Adams won the majority in the electoral college. Andrew Jackson led in the electoral college with 99 votes, and Adams came in second. *B. Andrew Jackson won the popular vote. Jackson won the popular vote by carrying Pennsylvania, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and much of the West. C. Henry Clay came in second. Henry Clay from Kentucky came in fourth, trailing Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford. D. Jackson won the election, though he carried only the western states. Jackson won the popular vote by carrying Pennsylvania, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and much of the West but did not win the election.

How was economic life in the North similar to economic life in the South?

A. More people moved from cities to rural areas. In places such as Pennsylvania, landless laborers left rural work behind to seek their fortunes in cities such as Philadelphia. B. Merchants rarely traded internationally. Merchants maintained contacts with their peers around the Atlantic. C. Jobs were plentiful. Economic competition increased in both regions as populations grew. *D. Economic inequality increased. In both regions, the gap between rich and poor increased during the eighteenth century.

In the years after the Civil War, why were black Exodusters disappointed with Kansas, a state they had considered "the Promised Land"?

A. Kansans were not nearly as open to African Americans as they had hoped. Racial animosity was not the reason for the disappointment freedpeople experienced in Kansas. B. A real estate boom had made soil in Kansas far too expensive. Land was not expensive in Kansas, and it remained affordable. C. They ended up missing the South and their extended family ties there. Memories of home were not the reason for the disappointment African Americans felt in Kansas. *D. Poor land and unpredictable weather made farming on the Great Plains hard and fruitless. Kansas proved a hard land to farm, since the quality of the soil could be poor and the weather included droughts and cold winters.

Why did England become Protestant in the sixteenth century?

A. King Henry VIII denounced papal corruption. England did not turn to Protestantism because of papal corruption. B. King Henry VIII and Queen Catherine of Aragon opposed the Church's sale of indulgences. Henry and Catherine did not turn away from Catholicism over the sale of indulgences. *C. The pope denied King Henry VIII's request to annul his marriage. Because he had not had a son with Catherine of Aragon, King Henry VIII wanted the pope to annul his marriage to her, but the Pope refused. In response, Henry left the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England. D. King Henry VIII believed in Martin Luther's message of faith. While he was obviously not opposed to Protestantism, Henry did not leave the Catholic Church because he was convinced by Luther's theology.

In addition to violence and the burden of increased labor, what hardship did many women face on the home front during the American Revolution?

A. Lack of water Water was not scarce for most Americans. *B. Lack of food Food was scarce, as British soldiers would destroy fields and animals to deprive patriots of much-needed provisions. C. Lack of weapons Women did not suffer from a lack of weapons. D. Lack of communication Although some women on the frontier may have endured disrupted communication, most women lived in communities where they were able to help one another.

What four characteristics distinguished the Aztec, Mayan, and Incan societies from their contemporary counterparts in the Americas?

A. Large boats, use of the wheel, domestication of horses, and iron tools Although the Aztecs, Maya, and Inca were very advanced societies, they did not develop either the wheel or iron tools, and horses were not present in the Americas until the coming of Europeans. *B. Mineral wealth, large city centers, ritualized religions, and complex political systems The Aztec, Mayan, and Incan societies possessed mineral wealth, large city centers, ritualized religions, and complex political systems. C. Written language, calendars, adobe homes, and extensive irrigation systems Although these three civilizations had some of these characteristics, they did not each have all three. D. Large buildings, extensive trading networks, productive agriculture, and conquering armies These three civilizations all had large buildings, extensive trade networks, and productive agriculture, but the Maya did not have conquering armies.

How did the British shape the economy of the United States in the first half of the 1830s?

A. Large numbers of English immigrants crowded into American cities. English immigrants were not the crucial factor in the American economy at the time. B. English mechanics stole machine designs from American textile factories. While American mechanics had tried to steal technological designs from British textile factories in the early nineteenth century, English mechanics did not do the same thing in the 1830s in the United States. C. British slave traders violated the ban on the international slave trade on the southern coast. Britain had banned the international slave trade in 1807. *D. The British invested heavily in southern cotton and internal improvement projects. During the 1830s, the British invested heavily in cotton plantations and brokerage firms, and southern planters used the funds to expand their cotton production. British money also supported internal improvement projects in states like New York.

In addition to the Proclamation Line of 1763 and impressment, what other British practice caused colonists to join with one another across class lines?

A. Laws against smuggling Smuggling did not cause British colonists to join together in protest. B. Laws promoting slavery Slavery was not forced upon British colonists. C. New York's capture of the Green Mountains Although farmers in New Hampshire protested their loss of the Green Mountains, the protest did not cross class lines. *D. The quartering of British troops Colonists from different economic backgrounds protested the quartering of British troops in their homes.

What was a form of slave resistance in addition to breaking tools, feigning illness, and running away?

A. Learning English Learning the language of slaveholders was not a form of slave resistance. B. Becoming an overseer Becoming an overseer was not a form of slave resistance unless a slave used the position to challenge or disrupt the power of the slave owner. C. Having children Having children who would eventually belong to a slave owner was not a form of resistance. *D. Cultural preservation By retaining native foods, languages, and religions, slaves actively carved out a world for themselves, hidden from their owners.

What was significant about John Peter Zenger's acquittal on libel charges?

A. Libel laws were changed. The libel laws in the colonies were not changed in the wake of Zenger's acquittal. B. Royal officials punished the Morrisites. Following the trial and the increased popularity of the Morrisites, royal officials entreated many to leave their political affiliations and become representatives for the crown. *C. It illustrated the decrease in British authority. The willingness of colonists to move against the crown in the case of Zenger demonstrated to the British government and the British colonists that colonists had become willing to side with one another against the will of the crown. D. It caused the king to send more officials to New York City. The British government did not increase the royal presence in New York City in the wake of the Zenger trial.

Why were former Confederate leaders able to win election to public office as early as 1865?

A. Lincoln granted a general amnesty for southern leaders. Although Lincoln favored a program of general pardons for ex-Confederates, he died before it was implemented. *B. Johnson offered pardons freely to ex-Confederates. President Johnson generously issued pardons, restoring full civil rights to former Confederates, including government officials. Not surprisingly, prewar politicians were soon voted back into office. C. The Thirteenth Amendment restored their rights. The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery. D. The Fourteenth Amendment restored their rights. The Fourteenth Amendment, among other provisions, overturned the Dred Scott decision and guaranteed that blacks were citizens.

What did Jonathan Edwards and Theodorus Frelinghuysen believe to be missing from religion in British North America in the early eighteenth century?

A. Logic Logical and didactic expressions of faith were not a part of Edwards's or Frelinghuysen's approaches to religion. *B. Emotion Both Edwards and Frelinghuysen appealed to the emotional aspects of religion and spirituality. Frelinghuysen underlined the importance of an emotional investment in Jesus Christ, while Edwards wanted religion to touch people's hearts. C. Forgiveness Edwards and Frelinghuysen did not cite forgiveness as an absent component of religion in the early eighteenth century. D. Moral behavior Edwards and Frelinghuysen did not cite morality as lacking in the practice of religion in the early eighteenth century.

What characterized the American economy in the years following the American Revolution?

A. Low employment and high demand for domestic goods The demand for domestic goods following the war declined. *B. Depression and debt In the wake of the American Revolution, the American economy was depressed, with the government deeply indebted to individuals and to other nations. C. Low unemployment and high war debt The demand for workers declined in the years following the war. D. Healthy international trade and promising growth The global market was slow to recover following the war, and the economy was not growing.

What Protestant denominations swept up large numbers of free and enslaved blacks as well as white frontier families in the early nineteenth century?

A. Lutherans and Episcopalians Lutherans and Episcopalians did not win large numbers of free and enslaved blacks or white frontier families in the early nineteenth century. B. Congregationalists and Unitarians Congregationalists and Unitarians did not attract large numbers of free and enslaved blacks or white frontier families in the early nineteenth century. C. Presbyterians and Quakers Presbyterians and Quakers did not attract large numbers of free and enslaved blacks or white frontier families in the early nineteenth century. *D. Baptists and Methodists Baptists and Methodists won large numbers of free and enslaved blacks as well as white frontier families in the early nineteenth century.

Who was the African American assistant to the surveyor of Washington City who helped plot the 100-square-mile area on which the capital was to be built in the 1790s?

A. Major Andrew Ellicott Ellicott was the chief surveyor for the construction of Washington City. *B. Benjamin Banneker Banneker was a self-taught clockmaker, astronomer, and surveyor who became assistant to surveyor Major Andrew Ellicott in 1791. C. James Hoban The Irish-born James Hoban designed the Executive Mansion, which later became the White House. D. Ebenezer Matroon Matroon was a New Hampshire congressman who complained that the new capital was a miserable swamp.

Given that there was a demand for labor in British North America in the eighteenth century, why did many free laborers have a difficult time finding work?

A. Many employers preferred Irish workers. English employers were not especially partial to Irish workers. B. Most employers demanded immigration papers for their workers. Most eighteenth-century employers did not require paperwork from potential employees. C. Most employers were required to hire Englishmen. There was not a requirement for employers to hire men or women of English descent. *D. Many employers hired indentured servants or slaves. Indentured servitude and slavery depressed the free labor market because it was easier and often cheaper for employers to get servants, prisoners, or slaves to work for them.

Why did veterans of the War of 1812 move to new lands west of the Appalachians?

A. Many of them had fought in those territories and came to love the region. Some veterans of military campaigns against the Shawnee Indians might have developed a familiarity with the region, but that was not the reason for the settlement of the region west of the Appalachians. B. Alienated from established society, they sought an isolated frontier life. The veterans' attitude toward society was not a significant factor in their move to the territories west of the Appalachians. *C. Many received parcels of land there from the federal government. The government rewarded veterans for their service with 160-acre parcels between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. D. Unemployment left veterans with few choices in the East, forcing them westward. Economic despair was not the primary cause for the veterans' move westward.

What ideal of marriage did early republic novels emphasize?

A. Marriage as properly ruled by the authority of the husband Early republic novels did not idealize a marriage where the husband ruled. *B. Marriage as a partnership between husbands and wives Novels by authors such as Susanna Rowson and Charles Brockden Brown idealized marriage as a partnership between husbands and wives. In their books, men and women worked together to build a home and a family. C. Marriage without children as the key to happiness The novels of the early republic assumed that children and family were a part of marriage. D. Marriage as essential for the economic survival of the couple Although marriage often was a key to economic survival in the early republic, novels of the period did not advocate marrying for financial reasons.

Who served as vice president for both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson?

A. Martin Van Buren Van Buren was Andrew Jackson's vice president for his second term and succeeded Jackson as president. B. Henry Clay Clay was never vice president. *C. John C. Calhoun Calhoun served as vice president for both Adams (1825-1829) and then for Jackson's first term (1829-1833). Calhoun disagreed vehemently with both men, even leading the opposition to the federal tariff while serving as Jackson's vice president. D. William Crawford Crawford was never vice president.

What does the Tuscarora War show about the nature of Indian warfare in the early-eighteenth century?

A. Members of different Indian nations set aside differences to oppose Europeans together. In the Tuscarora War, members of different tribes did not band together. B. The French incited Indians to attack the British in order to protect their trade routes. The French did not push their Indian allies to attack British colonists in the Tuscarora War. C. Indians were no match for the British colonists because they lacked access to guns. Indians obtained guns by trading with Europeans; the ease of access was one factor leading to Indian wars. *D. Indian groups often formed alliances with Europeans and attacked other Indians. The Tuscaroras who fought the British colonists not only faced Yamasee, Catawba, and Cherokee nations allied with the colonists; they also faced other groups of Tuscaroras who made common cause with colonists in North Carolina.

How did Revolutionary-era state constitutions in general affect the electorate?

A. Men did not have to own property to vote. This was the case in some, but not most, states. B. Native Americans were allowed to vote. State governments formed during the Revolution did not grant voting rights to Native Americans. *C. The electorate broadened. Under the constitutions written during the Revolution, state governments broadened the electorate, decreasing or dropping property requirements. D. Free black men gained the right to vote. New Jersey was the only state that stipulated suffrage for property-owning men.

In addition to the slaves themselves, what other group of people in the British colonies fell victim to the rise of the slave societies?

A. Merchants Merchants benefited from the production of cash crops in the southern colonies. B. Members of the Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly was composed of the planter elite, the greatest beneficiaries of southern slavery. C. Missionaries Missionaries were not found in the British colonies in significant numbers. *D. Poor whites With the rise of slavery, poor whites had a more difficult time finding land and work.

What territory did Northerners demand in the 1840s?

A. Mexico Northerners did not have their eye on Mexico but on a territory farther north. B. Cuba Cuba was a place of interest to southern planters in the 1850s but not to Northerners. C. Nicaragua Southern filibusters tried to claim Nicaragua for slave owners, but Northerners did not want Nicaragua. *D. Oregon Northerners demanded that the United States renounce its joint occupation of the Oregon Country with Great Britain.

What was a result of the collapse of the Comanche empire in the nineteenth century?

A. Mexico reasserted its claims to the Santa Fe Trail. Mexico did not reassert its claims following the decline of the Comanches. B. American movement westward was slowed. American movement westward continued apace. *C. Conflict among Indian nations surged. With the dominant power collapsing, other Indian groups vied for control of the Comanche's former territories. D. The United States lost its best Indian ally. The United States was not allied with the Comanches. Topic: Expansion and the Politics of Slavery books: California and the Compromise of 1850 The Fugitive Slave Act Inspires Northern Protest Pierce Encourages U.S. Expansion

In 1862, why did Lincoln fear that the abolition of slavery might drive border states like Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky from the Union?

A. Millions of former slaves would pour into those states as a result of emancipation. The fear of southern refugees was not the reason that border states might secede from the Union after all. B. Border states would suffer the brunt of southern anger over abolition. Border states were always likely battlegrounds in the war between North and South; emancipation did not change that. *C. Abolition would arouse animosities among slaveholders in those states. These border states still held slave owners, and the abolition of slavery would anger them. The question was whether this anger would be sufficient to drive those states to secede. D. These states would resent having to host Union armies with freed slaves. These border states were not going to be pleased with having to host African American Union armies, but that was not the primary reason Lincoln worried about their loyalty.

Why were many residents in rural areas disappointed with local clergy in the late seventeenth century?

A. Ministers allowed wealthier community members to purchase better seats in church. The purchase of front-row seats was an urban, not a rural, phenomenon. B. Ministers refused to focus on the inequality in society. Rural residents were not disappointed with church leaders' refusal to address social inequality. C. Ministers appeared to serve both church and state. The loyalty of the ministers to the church was not a source of disappointment. *D. Ministers could not devote attention to their parishioners. In rural areas with vast parishes, ministers were unable to give enough time or attention to all of their parishioners. This lack of attention led to many discouraged settlers in rural areas.

Where did Congress abolish slavery in April 1862, the first step to the end of slavery in the United States?

A. Missouri Congress did not abolish slavery in Missouri in 1862. B. The rebel states Congress did not abolish slavery in states under rebellion in April 1862. *C. The District of Columbia In April 1862, Congress abolished slavery in the District of Columbia. D. The western territories Congress did not abolish slavery in the western territories in 1862.

What caused the panic of 1819?

A. Missouri's petition for statehood Missouri did apply for statehood in 1819, but that was not the cause for the panic. *B. Irresponsible banking practices The panic of 1819 resulted primarily from irresponsible banking practices in the United States and was deepened by the declining overseas demand for American goods. C. A shortage of land No shortage of agricultural land existed in the United States at the time. D. A severe drought in the South There was no drought in the South at the time.

What brought audiences of all classes together in American theaters in the 1830s?

A. Morality plays Morality plays were a common form of entertainment for working-class families but did not draw middle- and upper-class Americans to the theater in this decade. B. Comedies Comedies were a common form of entertainment for working-class families but not so much for middle- and upper-class Americans in this decade. *C. Shakespeare Working-class audiences joined middle- and upper-class audiences at productions of Shakespeare's plays and for contemporary dramas. D. Musical revues Musical revues were a common form of entertainment for working-class families but did not draw middle- and upper-class Americans to the theater.

Better economic conditions in England in the second half of the seventeenth century led to which of the following developments in the Chesapeake?

A. More indentured servitude and more slavery The improved economy did not lead to an increase in both indentured servitude and slavery. B. More indentured servitude and less slavery Improved economic conditions did not lead to less slavery. *C. Less indentured servitude and more slavery With better economic prospects in England, fewer people were willing to sign indentures to work in the Chesapeake. More slaves were brought to meet the demand for labor. D. Less indentured servitude and less slavery Improved economic conditions did not lead to less indentured servitude and less slavery.

Why did Virginians seek to gain more land after 1612?

A. More slaves were transported to Virginia to produce sugar. Although slaves were brought to Virginia in the seventeenth century, they were not brought to produce sugar. B. The population of indentured servants was growing. Although the population of indentured servants increased after 1612, it was in response to changes in the Virginia economy and was not the cause of the push for more land. *C. Tobacco cultivation proved enormously profitable. John Rolfe began to experiment with tobacco in 1612, and production quickly soared in Virginia. As production increased and prices fell, the best way to increase profits was to obtain more land and laborers. D. Conflict with Indians led to a greater desire for land. It was the desire for land that brought Virginians into increasing conflict with Indians.

Which group founded Washingtonian societies in the 1840s to help their members improve their lives by giving up alcohol?

A. Mormons Mormons were not the prime movers of the Washingtonian societies. B. Elite women Elite women were not members of Washingtonian societies, which enrolled only men. *C. Working-class men Working-class men founded Washingtonian societies in the 1840s to help men like themselves who had ruined their lives by excessive drinking. The wives, daughters, and sisters of working-class alcoholics belonged to Martha Washington societies. D. Middle-class merchants The Washingtonians were not founded for middle-class merchants.

Why did female slaves embrace religion with particular enthusiasm in the nineteenth century?

A. Most Christian churches in the South were led by women. Women were not leaders of Christian churches in the South, although a few enslaved women did preach in some instances. *B. Christian churches might intervene when men abused them. Female slaves were especially vulnerable to sexual assault from their masters, overseers, or other slaves; Christian churches might help protect an abused slave from her abuser. C. Slavery was denounced by Christian churches in the South. Southern Christian churches did not denounce slavery. D. Evangelical denominations featured a somber style of worship. The evangelical worship style was highly emotional.

Why did eighteenth-century colonial legislatures such as the House of Burgesses make many decisions for the colonies?

A. Most colonial charters specifically forbade Parliament to interfere in North American politics. Colonial charters did not forbid Parliament from becoming involved in colonial affairs. *B. The distance between Britain and North America resulted in the colonists running their daily affairs. Although the king and Parliament were sovereign, the distance between the colonies and Britain made communication so difficult that colonists were often left alone to govern their own affairs. C. The colonies developed a culture that rejected rule by elites such as the lords in Parliament. Although colonists did challenge elites from time to time, it was widely assumed that ordinary people would defer to those in authority. D. Colonies did not have governors appointed to rule and relied instead on legislatures. Governors were appointed to serve in the colonies.

Why did President Lincoln worry about keeping Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky in the Union at the outset of the Civil War?

A. Most of his cabinet members came from those states. While two of Lincoln's cabinet members came from border states, the majority came from the Northeast and Midwest. B. Those states had most of the military arsenals of the Union. These states did not have a disproportionate number of arsenals. C. Those states held most of the manpower available. These states had valuable human resources, but other states were more populous. *D. Those states were slaveholding border states. Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky were states that allowed slavery, so President Lincoln worried that they could follow the southern states and leave the Union. He used the powers of his office to ensure that they did not.

In the fifteenth century, why were Europeans more familiar with North Africa than with West Africa?

A. Muslims from North Africa had entered Spain in the fifteenth century during the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. Ferdinand and Isabella led the expulsion of Muslims from Spain. B. Led by Portugal, Europeans had explored the coast of North Africa in the fifteenth century. The Portuguese focused on exploring the previously unfamiliar coast of West Africa in the fifteenth century. C. European traders often purchased slaves to work in the Americas at ports in North Africa in the fifteenth century. North Africa was familiar to Europeans long before the formation of colonies in the Americas in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. *D. Europeans were involved in the extensive trading networks that reached through North Africa. In the fifteenth century North Africa featured large kingdoms, well-developed cities, and an extensive network of trading centers.

Why did foreign concern over slavery in the United States grow after 1850?

A. Nations like Britain and France feared that the abolitionist movement might spread to their West Indies plantations. Britain and France had abolished slavery in the West Indian colonies already, so they had no reason to fear the abolitionist movement. B. Cotton production in the South was beginning to suffer from the loss of labor power because of so many runaways. The production of cotton on southern slave plantations was not affected by the debate over fugitive slaves in the early 1850s. C. More and more fugitive slaves were asking for political asylum overseas. Fugitive slaves at the time did not arrive on foreign shores asking for political asylum. *D. Foreign nations found the new Fugitive Slave Act an extreme policy to keep the institution of slavery alive. Foreign nations found it increasingly difficult to support a law they considered an extreme policy implemented simply for the purpose of keeping the institution of slavery alive in the United States.

What system of labor first developed in the wake of John Rolfe's success in growing Orinoco tobacco in Jamestown in the early seventeenth century?

A. Native American slavery Although English leaders captured Native Americans, they did not work them as slaves. B. African slavery African slavery did not develop in the first half of the seventeenth century. African men and women labored alongside English and Irish workers in Virginia. C. Chattel slavery Chattel slavery first developed in Barbados and did not become a part of the American labor system until the last half of the seventeenth century. *D. Indentured servitude To recruit laborers to work the tobacco fields in the early seventeenth century, Virginia developed a system of indentured servitude, whereby an individual worked for a period of time to earn passage to America and, possibly, land.

Concerning the Spanish conquest of the Americas, Bartolomé de las Casas feared that

A. Native Americans would seek revenge on the Spanish. Las Casas did not express fear that Indians would seek revenge on the Spanish. *B. Native Americans would hate Christianity. Las Casas believed that the cruel and brutal treatment of Indians at the hands of the Spanish would forever turn Indians away from Christianity. C. Native Americans would begin to travel to Spain. Las Casas did not expect Native Americans to wish to move to Spain as a result of their brutal treatment. D. Native Americans would doubt their own power. Las Casas did not believe that Native Americans would doubt their own power.

Which goal of the James Monroe administration did John Quincy Adams help implement through his diplomacy with Britain and Spain?

A. Negotiating an end to the War of 1812 The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812 with Britain, did not involve Spanish lands. *B. Securing U.S. claims to western lands Following in his father's footsteps as a diplomat, John Quincy Adams negotiated with Britain to settle the U.S.-Canadian border and secure joint occupation of the Oregon Territory while negotiating with Spain to gain Florida. C. Supporting the independence of Mexico Mexico's achievement of independence did not involve Britain. D. Gaining foreign investment for canal construction Although a supporter of transportation projects, Adams's diplomacy did not aim to win foreign investment for canal construction.

Who led attacks against families of Christian Conestoga Indians in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in 1763?

A. Neolin Neolin was a Native prophet who urged Indians to oppose the influence of Europeans. B. Pontiac Pontiac was an Ottawa chief who formed an alliance with other Native leaders to oppose British movement westward. *C. The Paxton Boys As violence between Indians and colonists surged following the Treaty of Paris, a group of men from Paxton Creek, Pennsylvania, attacked Indian families nearby. When fellow colonists in Philadelphia denounced their actions, they marched on the colonial capital demanding that the government protect them from natives. D. The Green Mountain Boys Led by Ethan Allen, the Green Mountain boys attacked British officials following the decision that the Green Mountain belonged to New York and not New Hampshire.

Who forged an alliance among native groups in an attempt to resist British movement westward?

A. Neolin Neolin was a visionary who argued that Indians had been corrupted by contact with Europeans and urged resistance to British movement westward. However, he did not organize an alliance. *B. Pontiac An Ottawa leader, Pontiac formed an alliance with more than 400 Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Huron leaders near Detroit in order to attack British positions along the frontier in hopes of driving the British out of the area. C. The Paxton Boys The Paxton Boys were a group of colonists who raided Indian families near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. D. Jeffrey Amherst A British general, Amherst sent troops to invade Cherokee territory in 1761.

William Bartram's book Travels (1791) was notable for introducing Anglo-American scientists to the plants and animals of what region?

A. New England New England, long settled, was familiar ground to Anglo-American scientists. *B. The Southeast Bartram's Travels introduced Anglo-American scientists to plants and animals that had previously been unknown to them. C. The Ohio River valley Bartram's travels did not reach the Ohio River valley. D. The Appalachians Bartram explored a different region than the Appalachians.

Which of the following was an original Democratic-Republican constituency in the late 1820s?

A. New England merchants New England merchants were not a strong constituency for Democratic-Republicans. B. Southern women Neither party of the late 1820s courted women's votes because women were not allowed to vote. C. Northern financiers With their opposition to the Bank of the United States, the Democratic-Republicans had few friends in financial circles. *D. Northern artisans Managing the first truly national political campaign in U.S. history, Martin Van Buren forged a coalition of farmers, northern artisans, and southern planters for the Democratic-Republican Party.

The majority of participants at the Hartford Convention in Connecticut in 1814 supported

A. New England's secession from the United States. Some participants at the Hartford Convention called for New England's secession, but not the majority. B. Southern secession from the United States. The Hartford Convention did not discuss the role of the South and the United States. C. a declaration of war against Great Britain. At the time of the Hartford Convention, the United States was already officially at war with Britain—a war that the Hartford Convention opposed. *D. amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The majority of participants at the Hartford Convention supported amendments to the U.S. Constitution that would limit presidents to a single term and ensure that presidents were elected from diverse states, rather than just from Virginia, whose planters dominated the executive branch. Participants suggested other amendments as well.

Following the Continental Army's victories in New Jersey in late 1776 and early 1777, what city became a critical battle site for both sides?

A. New York City New York City, a British stronghold, was not believed to be critical to victory in 1777. B. Morristown Morristown, where many Continentals remained after the victory in New Jersey, was not believed to be a critical city in 1777. *C. Philadelphia Both sides believed Philadelphia to be critical to victory in 1777. It was the capital of the new nation as well as the middle point in the colonies. If the British captured Philadelphia, they could split the colonies in two. D. Boston Boston was not believed to be critical to victory in 1777.

Most European immigrants who moved to the Middle Atlantic colonies in the beginning of the eighteenth century settled in

A. New York City. Most European immigrants who moved to the Middle Atlantic colonies at the beginning of the eighteenth century did not settle in New York City. B. Philadelphia. Most European immigrants who moved to the Middle Atlantic colonies at the beginning of the eighteenth century did not settle in Philadelphia. *C. farming communities. Most European immigrants who moved to the Middle Atlantic colonies at the beginning of the eighteenth century settled in rural areas and formed farming communities, where they faced the same difficulties as those who had lived in the earliest colonial settlements. D. cities on rivers. Most European immigrants who moved to the Middle Atlantic colonies at the beginning of the eighteenth century did not settle in cities.

Which colony was founded by the Quakers?

A. New York Originally New Netherlands, New York was settled by the Dutch and renamed once the English Duke of York gained control. *B. Pennsylvania Officially the Society of Friends, the sect known as the Quakers settled Pennsylvania after William Penn Jr., son of the colony's proprietor, joined the movement. C. New Jersey Originally the colonies of East and West Jersey, the colony was established when King Charles II gave land to investors to start a colony. D. Rhode Island Rhode Island was founded by the Puritan dissident Roger Williams.

Which state was the first to institute free public elementary education for all children?

A. New York Public education, which focused on basic reading and writing skills, was widely available in the Middle Atlantic region, but New York was not the first state to institute free public elementary education for all children. B. Georgia Southern states lagged far behind states in other regions in their commitment to public education, and only those who could afford private schooling received instruction. *C. Massachusetts In 1789, Massachusetts became the first state to institute free public elementary education for all children. D. Vermont Public education, which focused on basic reading and writing skills, was widely available in New England, but Vermont was not the first state to institute free public elementary education for all children.

How did innovations in printing technology help advance European exploration?

A. New printing technology significantly lowered the price of books and allowed even people of modest means to read about the latest exploration. Books remained very expensive, even with the advent of new printing technology. B. With more books available, a majority of people learned to read, and new ideas spread more quickly throughout Europe than ever before. The literacy rate in Europe remained low. C. As printing became more dependent on machines, craftsmen traditionally involved in the book trade were thrown out of work. Italian craftsmen helped advance the printing industry by developing new kinds of paper. *D. Improved printing technology spread word of Portuguese and Spanish exploration throughout Europe. Mechanical printing helped information spread more quickly than before, allowing other European nations to learn about the activities of their Spanish and Portuguese rivals.

What effect did the development of new technology in the 1830s and 1840s have on factory workers?

A. New technology discouraged competition from immigrants because they lacked the skills for operating heavy machinery. New technology did not discourage immigrants, which continued to grow in the nineteenth century. B. New technology only made it easier for factory owners to replace low-skilled workers, leading to a decline in overall employment. Although factory owners replaced some low skilled workers with machines, overall employment did not decline. C. New technology created jobs for women who were willing to work for lower wages to support their children. New technology did not lead to more women entering the labor force. *D. New technology displaced workers in some industries but created new industries and new jobs for others. Technological innovation in response to the panic of 1837 harmed workers in some industries but created new opportunities in others. New machines, for example, required engineers to design them and mechanics to build and repair them. Topic: Saving the Nation from Sin books: The Second Great Awakening New Visions of Faith and Reform Transcendentalism

Why did cities replace voluntary night watchmen with police forces before the Civil War?

A. Night watchmen had become increasingly corrupt. Corruption among night watchmen was not the reason for the creation of police forces. B. Fewer and fewer Americans were willing to volunteer. The lack of volunteers was not the reason for the creation of a paid police force. *C. Crime was on the rise, and the fear of crime grew even faster. In response to both a real increase in crime and a heightened perception of urban dangers, cities replaced voluntary night watchmen with police forces. D. Night watchmen were often affiliated with urban gangs. Although gangs were rife in American cities, their ties to night watchmen was not the reason for creating police forces.

Why were so many U.S. settlers drawn to Oregon in the late 1830s and early 1840s?

A. No Indian tribes lived there. The Pacific Northwest had a number of populous tribes at the time. B. Settlers were eager to spread slavery to the Walla Walla valley. With its relatively short growing season, Oregon was not a primary destination for slave-owning planters. C. Rumors of gold discoveries attracted thousands of fortune seekers. There were no rumors of gold in Oregon, but California certainly attracted gold seekers after the gold discoveries at Sutter's Mill in 1848. *D. The panic of 1837 prompted Americans to turn west for new economic opportunities. The panic of 1837 prompted Americans to head west as thousands of U.S. migrants and European immigrants sought better economic opportunities.

Which statement explains why Illinois and Louisiana became states after Ohio and Kentucky?

A. Northern areas opened to settlement before southern ones. While Ohio was a northern area that was admitted before Louisiana, Kentucky was a southern area that saw early admission as a state. *B. The Ohio River valley was settled before the Mississippi River valley. Ohio and Kentucky, along the Ohio River, were settled before Illinois and Louisiana, farther west. C. Slaveholding spread faster than free settlements. Ohio, admitted before Louisiana, did not include slavery. D. Illinois and Louisiana had poorer farmland than Ohio and Kentucky. Farmland in Illinois was as rich as that of Ohio and Kentucky, and Louisiana was well suited to growing sugar and other plantation crops.

Which group was most likely to oppose federal tariffs such as those enacted in 1828 and 1832?

A. Northern manufacturers Northern manufacturers advocated tariffs to make foreign goods more expensive so that Americans would be more likely to buy American made products. *B. Southern planters Southern planters objected to the tariffs. Tariffs made the goods they purchased more expensive while inviting foreign countries to retaliate by placing their own tariffs on American products, such as cotton grown in the South. C. Northern merchants Northern merchants did not lead the opposition to tariffs. D. Western farmers Western farmers did not lead the opposition to tariffs.

What was an effect of William Pitt's taking charge of the British war effort during the Seven Years' War?

A. Pitt captured Quebec and control of Canada. General James Wolfe and his troops captured Quebec. B. Prussian forces were sent to North America. Pitt moved British troops to North America while Prussian forces remained in Europe. C. The Spanish abandoned the French. The Spanish remained allies of the French after Pitt took charge of the British war effort. *D. The tide of the war turned to favor the British. With Pitt's plan to pour troops and supplies into North America, British and colonial forces began to beat back the French in the colonies and Canada.

Why did Jefferson Davis argue that secession was a necessity for slave states in 1861?

A. Northerners had become radical activists for black civil rights. Some Southerners may have felt that way, but Davis did not make that argument. B. The Supreme Court could not be counted on to defend southern rights. The Supreme Court, in the Dred Scott decision, had effectively endorsed the southern position on the expansion of slavery, so Davis could not make this argument. C. Slave states had nothing to gain from a federal government. The South had drawn heavily on the power of the federal government and its Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, so Davis did not make that claim. *D. Lincoln's victory had jeopardized the future of slavery. Davis joined many other southern leaders in arguing that Lincoln's victory jeopardized the future of slavery.

What effect did Union invasions of the South during the Civil War have on northern opinion about slavery?

A. Northerners remained resolute that the war was not for emancipation. Northern opinion did not remain strongly against emancipation as the war unfolded. B. With more slaves running away, Northerners resented caring for them. Most slaves who ran away were cared for by the army. *C. Opinion moved increasingly against slavery as the war continued. As the war went on, opinion shifted in favor of emancipation. Union soldiers fighting in the South witnessed slavery firsthand and were horrified by what they saw, leading to greater sympathy for abolition. D. Over time, more Northerners began to sympathize with planters. If anything, Northerners became more angry with planters over time.

Which of the following was a priority for many freedmen after the end of the Civil War?

A. Obtaining money from the Freedmen's Bureau The Bureau did not provide money to freedmen following the war. B. Getting revenge against cruel former owners Revenge was not a priority for freedmen. C. Moving west to start life over again on new land Some freedmen, known as "Exodusters," moved west to places such as Kansas to start over. However, only a fraction of freedmen did so. *D. Receiving legal recognition of their marriages For freedmen, it was crucial to make their marriages official after having been denied legal recognition while they were enslaved. It was a way of strengthening families.

How did European wars in the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries change Indian societies?

A. Older women were more valued for their political wisdom. The wars did not enhance the status of older women in Indian societies. *B. Young male warriors gained power in their tribes. In a climate of constant war, young male warriors rose in status and claimed greater power than they had previously enjoyed. C. European goods became less desirable and trade dwindled. The demand for European goods, especially guns, continued among natives. D. Families were reunited as the Indian slave trade ended. The trade in native captures increased as a result of the European wars.

How did a consumer revolution in the eighteenth century change colonial society?

A. Only the British born could hope to obtain elite status in the colonies. High social status was increasingly open to people of diverse ethnic backgrounds. B. Slavery came to be looked down upon as immoral and inefficient. The morality of slavery was not changed by the consumer revolution. C. Wealth came to be spread more evenly throughout society. Wealth distribution became more uneven because of the consumer revolution. *D. Social status became more about wealth than family background. In an increasingly affluent society, buying consumer goods became more of a marker of social status than one's family background.

Who led the Wampanoag Indians during their 1670s war against the Puritans?

A. Opechancanough Chief Opechancanough led an attack against English colonists in Virginia. *B. Metacom Called King Philip by the English, Metacom came to believe that Indian survival depended on driving the English out of New England. C. Pocahontas The daughter of a powerful Indian chief in Virginia, Pocahontas married John Rolfe to cement Indian relations with the English. D. Powhatan Powhatan was leader of the Powhatan Confederacy in Virginia.

Which of the following was characteristic of a man belonging to the new American middle class after the 1820s?

A. Ownership of a business Men of the new middle class were expected to own property, but they could be professionals as well as entrepreneurs. B. Life as a socially active single man Men of the new middle class were supposed to not only be married, but to be in a "companionate marriage" with a pious woman. *C. Moderation with liquor Sobriety, religious affiliation, and education were all important indicators of middle-class status in this period. D. Athletic physique A man's physical appearance was not a feature of class status in this period.

In addition to their opposition to the Stamp Act, what did attendees of the Stamp Act Congress have in common?

A. Ownership of slaves Most attendees at the Stamp Act Congress did not own slaves. *B. Possession of considerable wealth The delegates who attended the Stamp Act Congress possessed wealth. Street protests and organized, formal protests were usually attended by different classes of colonists. C. Ownership of large estates The delegates did not all own estates. D. Lack of loyalty to the king All of the delegates remained loyal to the king at the congress.

Why did critiques of the Catholic Church increase in the early sixteenth century?

A. Papal indifference toward political matters In the early sixteenth century, the papacy was often involved with state matters and was not criticized for indifference. *B. Corruption among church leaders In addition to clerical absenteeism and the involvement of the papacy in state affairs, the seemingly widespread corruption among the church leadership contributed to the groundswell of criticism aimed at the Catholic Church. C. The Church's stance against conquest in the Americas Although some church leaders feared that conquest in the Americas was inhumane and would hurt future missionary work, church officials generally supported the conquest. D. Pope Leo's advocacy of predestination The Catholic Church has never advocated predestination.

What event did John Adams point to as a great achievement of his presidency?

A. Passing the Alien and Sedition Acts Although signed into law by Adams, the Alien and Sedition Acts were very controversial. *B. Restoring peace with France Hostilities broke out between the United States and France following the XYZ affair. Adams was proud of his success in repairing the relationship and restoring peace. C. Ratifying the Constitution The Constitution was ratified in 1788; Adams was president 1797-1801. D. Enacting the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions denounced the Adams administration for enacting the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Why were late-seventeenth-century Puritan ministers such as Samuel Sewell so concerned about the clothes people wore?

A. Plain clothes were believed to be an affront to God. Puritans such as Sewell preferred plain clothes as encouraging spiritual simplicity. *B. Fashionable attire was seen as a needless luxury. Puritan ministers such as Sewell feared that people were becoming more concerned with worldly concerns, such as having the latest fashions, to the neglect of their souls. C. Puritan ministers hoped to boycott English goods. Puritan ministers did not advocate boycotts of English goods in the seventeenth century. D. Women's dresses were condemned as too revealing. Puritan ministers did not single out women's fashions for being too revealing.

Why could poorer whites not afford to antagonize affluent planters in the American South in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A. Planters controlled the state militia. Planter influence over the state militia was not the reason that poor whites could not antagonize them. *B. Planters provided credit, transport, and charity. Few poor whites could afford to alienate the planter elite, who served as affluent benefactors and the providers of credit, transportation, and assistance. C. Planters threatened to turn slaves on poor whites. Planters would have never used slaves to discipline whites, since they heavily relied on a racially based loyalty of non-slaveholding whites in the region. D. Poor whites feared that they, too, might be enslaved. Southern whites did not fear their enslavement, since they understood the racial structure of the institution.

Why did so many non-slaveholding Southerners admire the slaveholding planter elite in the American South in the first half of the nineteenth century?

A. Planters exercised harsh discipline over their slaves. While this is true, that was not the primary reason for the admiration they earned. B. Planters frequently offended and provoked northern states. Planters could at times offend Northerners, but that was not the reason for the admiration they received from non-slaveholding Southerners. *C. Planters tended to look out for their fellow church members. Non-slaveholding Southerners genuinely admired planters who looked out for fellow church members. D. The planter elite knew how to control their women. Planters were patriarchs and dominated their families and women, but so did most non-slaveholding Southerners.

Why were some black ministers concerned about discussing politics in their churches following the Civil War?

A. Political activism would invite Ku Klux Klan violence. Although ministers were wary of the Ku Klux Klan, that was not a reason to curtail political discussions. B. They might lose their tax-exempt status by talking politics. Tax exemptions were not an issue at the time. C. Politics was boring and might drive people away. Congregants were generally eager to discuss politics. *D. Political discussions distracted from spiritual matters. Although churches provided an important meeting space for African Americans to discuss politics, they were still churches first, and some ministers worried that worldly concerns would take precedence over the spiritual life. Topic: National Reconstruction books: National Reconstruction Abraham Lincoln Plans for Reunification Andrew Johnson and Presidential Reconstruction Johnson and Congressional Resistance Congressional Reconstruction The Struggle for Universal Suffrage

Who explored North America in the fifteenth century on behalf of England?

A. Ponce de Leon De Leon explored Florida on behalf of Spain. B. Ferdinand Magellan Magellan searched for a route around South America with the support of the Spanish King Charles V. *C. John Cabot Cabot landed near Cape Breton in 1497 and made several more voyages to the coast of North America in the following years. D. Amerigo Vespucci Vespucci, a Florentine merchant, explored the Caribbean.

Who led the way in observing the boycott of British goods following the Townshend Act (1767)?

A. Poor and working-class men Poor and working-class men were not leaders in observing the boycott. *B. Wives and mothers Because women were responsible for the day-to-day purchase of household items, their example of boycotting British goods led the way for other colonists to follow suit. C. Teenage boys and girls Teenage boys and girls were not leaders in observing the boycott. D. Artisans and elites Although artisans and elites may have been influential in calling for a boycott, they were not the leaders in observing its practice.

What, according to historians, caused 160 accusations of witchcraft in Massachusetts and Connecticut between 1647 and 1692?

A. Popularization of West Indian voodoo folklore Even though the first person accused in Salem in 1692 was a West Indian woman, Tituba, West Indian voodoo folklore did not cause the large number of witchcraft accusations. *B. Social insecurity wrought by colonial expansion Because Puritans believed that both God and the devil were intimately involved with the earthly world, they believed that times of difficulty indicated the presence of Satan. In this period of several conflicts, men and women began to look for signs that the devil was at play. C. An outbreak of smallpox in the region While smallpox was a contemporary problem, there was not a large outbreak of smallpox in New England when the accusations of witchcraft emerged and escalated. D. Rumors of a similar outbreak of witchcraft in England There was not a similar outbreak of witchcraft or accusations of witchcraft in England between 1647 and 1692.

Under the compromise at the Constitutional Convention that reconciled the Virginia and New Jersey plans, how was representation in the House determined?

A. Population of free men Representation in the House of Representatives was not just based on the population of free men. B. Population of free men and women Representation in the House of Representatives was not just based on the population of free men and women. *C. Population of free people and a percentage of the slave population Representation in the House of Representatives was based on the population of free people as well as slaves, although a slave counted as three-fifths of a person in the population count. D. Population of all adults When calculating the population of a state to be represented in the House, not all adults counted equally. In addition, children counted toward a state's population.

In Union military camps, who was most likely to perform the menial labor?

A. Prisoners of war Prisoners of war were not the most likely to perform menial labor in Union camps. *B. Black soldiers Black soldiers encountered racism in Union camps, even though they faced the dangers of battle like any white soldier. They were most likely to perform the menial labor. C. Immigrant soldiers Immigrants were not the most likely to perform menial labor in Union camps. D. Civilian women Civilian women were not the most likely to perform menial labor in Union camps.

What prompted the westward migration of Americans in the first quarter of the nineteenth century?

A. Poverty and disease in American cities Although both poverty and disease were a reality of American urban life in the early nineteenth century, this did not prompt major migrations westward. B. The desire to escape government authority State and federal governments in the early nineteenth century were not so oppressive as to motivate major migration streams westward. C. The threat of Indians and slave revolts While the danger of slave revolts was very small and only existed in the plantation regions of the South, Indian resistance to white settlement was more likely in the West than in the East. *D. Exhaustion of farmland along the eastern seaboard An increased population, combined with the exhaustion of farmland along the eastern seaboard, fueled migration to the West as well as the growth of cities.

Which of the following was a part of the 1860 Republican Party platform?

A. Praise for John Brown's raid of Harpers Ferry The Republican Party did not officially endorse Brown's raid. B. Free trade in international commerce The Republican Party advocated a system of protective tariffs rather than free trade. *C. Opposition to extreme forms of abolitionism Although the Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, it rejected extreme forms of abolitionism such as John Brown's raid. Nevertheless, abolitionists came to support Lincoln's victory in 1860. D. Advocacy of immediate emancipation Republicans did not support immediate emancipation of slaves.

In addition to a healthy climate, friendly relations with local Indians, gender parity, and an almost fair distribution of property, what contributed to the early success of the Puritans?

A. Praying towns While the Puritans established "praying towns," these communities did not contribute to the success of the Puritans. B. Possession of guns Guns did not contribute to the success of the Puritans. C. Cultivation of cash crops Unlike settlers in Virginia and the West Indies, the Puritans did not have a cash crop. *D. Development of profitable trade The Puritans traded goods with the West Indies and England. They received molasses and rum from the West Indies and manufactured goods from England in exchange for codfish, lumber, wheat, pork, and other raw materials.

Where did horticulture, a form of agriculture practiced on small sections of land with simple tools, first develop in the Americas?

A. Present-day Virginia Horticulture did not develop in present-day Virginia. *B. Present-day Mexico Horticulture developed in Mexico where men and women developed strains of maize and also cultivated beans, squash, tomatoes, potatoes, and manioc. C. Present-day Peru Horticulture did not develop in present-day Peru. D. Present-day Florida Horticulture did not develop in present-day Florida.

Why did the Confederacy try to get Great Britain to recognize its independence in 1862?

A. President Davis was hoping to receive the help of British troops. Davis had little hope that Britain would send its own men into the South against the United States. *B. The Confederacy needed Britain because it was the leading market for cotton. Britain was the main trading partner for the Confederacy, and revenue from cotton exports was central to the southern economy. C. The Confederacy was in desperate need of loans from the Bank of England. While the Confederacy was in dire financial straits, loans from England were not the primary reason why Davis wanted Britain to recognize the Confederacy. D. Confederates had a deep fondness for British people and culture. While wealthy planters and the southern elite were indeed fond of British culture, this alone was not reason enough to seek Britain's recognition for the Confederacy.

Why did the panic of 1837 hit cotton planters especially hard?

A. President Martin Van Buren asked for a tariff, which hurt exports. Van Buren did not seek a tariff in response to the panic. *B. They had borrowed heavily from British investors to buy more land. As with the panic of 1819, cotton planters were hit hard because they had borrowed heavily from British investors to expand their operations. When British banks tightened credit, many planters were devastated. C. To fund poor relief, Congress taxed cotton and cotton products. Congress did not tax cotton to provide poor relief. D. Although the government rescued manufacturers, it ignored slave owners. The government did not rescue manufacturers.

What was the significance of the election of 1872 for Reconstruction?

A. President Ulysses Grant barely won reelection, showing waning support for Reconstruction. President Grant won reelection comfortably, so his victory did not indicate waning support for Reconstruction policy. *B. Democrats gained a majority in the House of Representatives, giving them a chance to dismantle Reconstruction. Democrats gained a majority in the House of Representatives for the first time since the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, and they hoped to withdraw the remaining federal troops from the South. C. Liberal Republicans won several seats in the House, giving them the balance of power in Congress. Liberal Republicans did not win any seats in Congress. D. Democrats gained a majority in the Senate, dooming Reconstruction policies. Democrats did not gain a majority in the Senate in 1872.

Which of the following factors limited French migration to North America in the seventeenth century?

A. Priests and nuns were forbidden to migrate following the Edict of Nantes. The king's chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu, urged priests and nuns to migrate to North America. *B. Reports circulated that Canadian growing seasons were short. Peasants, who hoped to farm, were discouraged by reports that the short growing season and harsh Canadian winters would thwart their success. C. The Spanish had already settled the majority of Canada, including Quebec. The Spanish did not settle so far north in the Americas. D. Huron and Iroquois Indians formed an alliance to oppose French settlement. The Huron were French allies, using French military assistance against the Iroquois.

How was Christopher Columbus's Enterprise of the Indies proposal to the Spanish government well timed in 1492?

A. Prince Henry the Navigator was looking to sponsor voyages in search of new routes to Asia. Prince Henry the Navigator was Portuguese; he was active earlier in the fifteenth century. *B. Spain was growing more powerful, and its leaders were looking to expand their empire abroad. Having completed the expulsion of the Jews and Muslims from Spain and unified their political control, Spain's king and queen looked to expand their empire abroad. C. Italian merchants had recently lost their monopoly on seaborne trade in Europe. Italian merchants' dominance of trade in the Mediterranean inspired other nations to find new trade routes. D. The Spanish had just learned about Amerigo Vespucci's voyages to the Caribbean. Vespucci sailed after Columbus.

How were adult freedmen who needed to work during the day able to obtain an education following the Civil War?

A. Private tutors were arranged to teach them. Private tutors were not arranged, as the expense would have been prohibitive. B. Replacement workers were found for them. Replacements were not found to work in place of adults attending school. *C. They learned at night from their children. Schoolchildren passed along what they had learned to their parents and other adults. D. They attended classes on the weekend. Freedmen would not have had free time on the weekend to pursue education, although they sometimes would study privately at night.

Which of the following accurately describes the American system of manufacturing?

A. Production depended entirely on slaves. Slaves worked on cotton and other plantations in the South, but not in manufacturing facilities. B. It required high levels of skill and training. The American system of manufacturing used less-skilled workers. C. It consisted of manufacturing in small volumes. The American system of manufacturing allowed for the production of mass quantities. *D. It involved the division of production into many small tasks. The American system of manufacturing involved the use of water-powered machinery and the division of production into many small tasks, which made it possible for less-skilled workers to produce large quantities of a particular good.

Besides their economic impact in the American colonies, what major impact did African American slaves have on North America?

A. Promoting tolerance African American slavery did not promote tolerance in the colonies. *B. Increasing class differences With the influx of African captives, ideas about labor changed and the class system became more stratified as the planters and merchants benefited from the labor of slaves while the captives formed an underclass of people who were economically marginalized for almost two centuries. C. Increasing religious faith African American slavery had little impact on religious faith. D. Improving treatment of Indians African American slavery had no impact on the treatment of Indians.

What was an effect of Parliament's decision to grant the East India Tea Company a monopoly?

A. Property was destroyed in Virginia and Massachusetts. Property was destroyed only in Boston through the Boston Tea Party. *B. Merchants joined the resistance movement. Because the East India Company's monopoly on the sale of tea meant colonial merchants had no hope of gaining revenue from tea, they joined more radical dissenters such as Sam Adams and Patrick Henry in their demands for redress. C. The colonists sued the British government. Colonists were unable to file suit against the British government. D. Patrick Henry published "Rights of the Colonies." Sam Adams published this circular, which listed colonial grievances against the British government.

What was significant about colonial dissenters in the eighteenth century?

A. Property-owning white men contested British authority. While this was true, this was not especially significant in the eighteenth century because landed white men held the franchise in the colonies and could voice their dissent safely. B. They enlisted the support of Native Americans. Colonial dissenters and protesters were not likely to enlist the support of Native Americans. *C. The poor, women, and African Americans opposed British authority. The demography of the dissenters was significant in the eighteenth century. The democratic nature of colonial protest was a result of the egalitarian tendencies of the Great Awakening. D. They focused on access to affordable food. The bread riots of the 1730s are an example of colonial protest, but dissent in the period was not limited to issues of reasonably priced food.

What unintended development resulted from the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?

A. Proslavery politicians were routed in the next election. The Fugitive Slave Act did not lead to the widespread defeat of proslavery politicians. B. Federal officers in the North declined to enforce the law. Federal officers in the North did enforce the law. *C. More Northerners sympathized with the abolitionist cause. While many Northerners had previously been lukewarm on the issue of slavery, the way the Fugitive Slave Act made them complicit in returning runaways to slavery struck a chord that led to greater sympathy for abolitionism. D. More slaves ran away from their plantations than before. The Fugitive Slave Act did not increase the number of runaway slaves.

Using Spain, France, and the Netherlands as examples, what can you infer about the role of religion in exploration?

A. Protestant countries were more likely to use violence against Native Americans. The Catholic Spanish and French and the Protestant Dutch were all equally likely to treat Native Americans unjustly. *B. Protestant countries were less likely to try to convert Native Americans. In contrast to the Catholic French and Spanish, the Dutch did not bring missionaries with them to North America, nor did they pretend to have any intentions to convert their new trading partners. C. Protestant countries were more likely to venture into the Americas for economic motives. Economic motives propelled both Catholic and Protestant countries across the Atlantic Ocean. D. Protestant countries were more likely to establish themselves as traders over settlers. In contrast to the Protestant English and Catholic Spanish, the Catholic French and Protestant Dutch came to the Americas to trade. Religion, therefore, was not a determinative factor with economic motives.

Protestant workingmen were especially likely to embrace the temperance movement in the nineteenth century in order to distinguish themselves from which group?

A. Protestant rum sellers Protestant workingmen did not try to distance themselves from rum sellers by joining temperance societies. B. Elite factory owners Protestant workingmen did not try to distance themselves from factory owners by joining temperance societies. C. Middle-class ministers Protestant workingmen did not try to distance themselves from middle-class ministers by joining temperance societies. *D. Irish Catholic workers Eager not to be mistaken for Irish Catholics, who were seen as socially inferior to the native born, Protestant workers were more likely to embrace the temperance movement.

What was the first priority for many new freedmen and freedwomen of the South after the Civil War?

A. Punishing their masters While a few freedpeople might have felt this motivation, it was not widespread. B. Getting out of the South Though many freedpeople ended up leaving the South, this was not the first priority for most of them. *C. Reuniting with family members The first priority for African Americans in the South after the Civil War was to reunite their families. Men and women traveled across the South to find spouses, children, parents, siblings, aunts, and uncles. Well into the 1870s and 1880s, parents ran advertisements in newly established black newspapers, providing what information they knew about their children's whereabouts and asking for assistance in finding them. D. Getting back to work Freedpeople were willing to get back to work, but their first priority after the war was something else.

What caused the English Civil War, which broke out in 1642?

A. Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell protested Parliament's usurpation of power. Oliver Cromwell was on the side of the British Parliament. B. Taxation strained the relationship between the Parliament and the English people. While taxes contributed to the beginning of the war, they alone did not cause it. *C. Tensions had been building between Parliament and the Crown. Tensions over religion, taxes, and the authority of the British crown led to a break between Parliament and King Charles I. Oliver Cromwell and the English Parliament won the civil war, and Cromwell maintained control of England as a military dictator until his death in 1658. D. A fight over the crown emerged between King James I and King Charles I. King Charles ascended to the throne after his father, James I. There was no conflict between the two.

In relation to race, what was significant about the Society of Friends in the years up to and following the American Revolution?

A. Quakers founded the Negro School in Philadelphia. Anthony Benezet, a Quaker, founded the Negro School in Philadelphia, but this was not the result of an effort by all Quakers. *B. Quakers advocated for abolition of slavery. The only religious denomination in the colonies to oppose slavery, Quakers fought for the abolition of slavery following the Revolution. The Society of Friends was at the forefront of the abolitionist movement from America's founding. C. Quakers were pacifists. Quakers were pacifists, but this position did not relate to race. D. Quakers freed their slaves. Quaker slave owners did voluntarily free their slaves, although they were not the only citizens to grant manumission to their slaves.

Which English colony was founded in the late sixteenth century to promote attacks on Spanish ships?

A. Quebec Quebec was a French colony, established in modern-day Canada, far from any Spanish shipping. *B. Roanoke Founded by an expedition organized by Sir Walter Raleigh, Roanoke was designed to serve as a base for English sailors to capture Spanish ships sailing nearby. C. Newfoundland Newfoundland was founded by the English to prevent the French and Spanish from asserting their own claims to the territory. D. Potosà Potosà was a Spanish mining town in South America.

What mistake did British officials make in granting the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade in 1773?

A. Raising the tax on tea Parliament did not raise the tax on tea when it rescued the East India Company. B. Not allowing tea into Boston Parliament did not restrict trade to Boston until after the Tea Party, when the port was closed to trade as part of the Coercive Acts (1774). *C. Angering colonial merchants By granting the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade, Parliament harmed colonial merchants not associated with the company. They increasingly made common cause with radicals who had long opposed British policy. D. Imposing an internal tax Although colonists opposed so-called internal taxes that affected their wallets directly, the new policy on tea was not an internal tax.

What was the focus of Puritanism in the early 1600s?

A. Reading of the Bible Even though the Bible was fundamental to Puritanism, it was not the focus of the Puritan movement. B. Obedience to church leaders Obedience to the church hierarchy was expected by Puritan leaders, but it was not the focus of Puritanism. C. Mission work with Indians While there was a great deal of mission work in Massachusetts, this activity was not the focus of Puritanism. *D. Purity of church and community The focus of Puritanism was the cleansing or purifying of the self, the community, and the church.

Why did the United States require more banks after the 1810s?

A. Recessions had increased the need for credit. Recessions were not the driving factor in the proliferation of banks after the 1810s. B. The expansion of slavery needed more cash reserves. Although slaves were mostly bought and sold for cash, that fact did not explain the proliferation of banks. *C. The growth in trade required such commercial institutions. The growth in trade required expansion of commercial institutions such as banks, which forged economic links across the United States. D. The War of 1812 had illustrated the need. On the eve of the War of 1812, the United States suffered from a lack of banks, but that was not the reason for their proliferation after the war.

Through the Peace of Paris (1763) Britain achieved which long-term policy goal?

A. Reducing its national debt Britain went deep into debt in order to achieve its victory. B. Simplifying its colonial administration With new territories won around the globe, Britain's task to govern its empire became more complicated than ever. C. Settling land claims with Native Americans By not addressing the claims of Indians to lands transferred from France and Spain to Britain, the status of those claims remained in flux. *D. Removing France from North America Britain gained a tremendous amount of territory around the world and especially in North America as rival France's holdings were reduced by its defeat.

Who paid the price for the increasing legal enforcement of southern slavery from the 1830s to the 1850s?

A. Relationships between different southern legislatures The relationships between different southern state legislatures were not affected by the new legal regime of slavery. *B. Relations between wealthy and poor whites The regulations increased tensions between wealthy, slave-owning whites, and poorer whites, who were often responsible for enforcing the laws. C. Relations between planters and legislatures Planters and legislatures maintained a close and symbiotic relationship in this time period. D. Relationships among Northerners The relationships among Northerners were not directly affected by the legal enforcement of southern slavery.

What was the overall effect of both voluntary and forced immigration into the colonies in the first half of the eighteenth century?

A. Religiosity decreased. While the import of Puritanism waned in the beginning of the eighteenth century, decreased religiosity was not an effect of the influx of immigrants into British North America. B. The standard of living increased. While some benefited from the steady stream of immigrants, most did not. Land and opportunity became increasingly scarce as thousands of new settlers with few resources crowded into the colonies. *C. Diversity increased. Peoples from four different continents and many countries came together in the colonies. Men, women, and children from all over Europe, Africa, North America, and South America lived alongside one another in British North America in the first half of the eighteenth century. D. Slavery decreased. Slavery increased over the first half of the eighteenth century. This increase was due to forced immigration and a natural increase among the slave population.

Why did the population of the middle colonies soar in the first half of the eighteenth century?

A. Religious conflict in Europe Religious conflict did not cause the population of the Middle Atlantic region to increase five times in the first half of the eighteenth century. B. A famine in Ireland and Germany Neither Ireland nor Germany experienced famine in the first half of the eighteenth century. C. The lack of land in New England While there was a shortage of farmland in New England, the scarcity of land there did not cause the population of the Middle Atlantic region to go from 50,000 to 250,000 in the first half of the eighteenth century. *D. A spike in the price of wheat in Europe The price of wheat skyrocketed in the eighteenth century, increasing by nearly 50 percent. Many Germans, Anglo-Americans, Scots-Irish, and other groups immigrated to the Middle Atlantic region to take advantage of this boom by farming.

How did the Protestant Reformation impact settlement in the Americas?

A. Religious conflicts in Europe forced many people to put off emigration temporarily. Although this may have happened with some individuals and families, settlement in the Americas increased rather than decreased following the Reformation. B. Rising religious tensions in England and France prevented them from launching colonies. Rising tensions in Europe forced many to compete for religious monopolies in the Americas rather than preventing them from mounting settlement efforts. *C. Political conflicts rooted in religious tensions pushed many people to leave Europe. Religious tensions were manifest in political and class conflict in the seventeenth century. As a result, many Europeans chose to or were forced to leave Europe for America. D. The political insecurity caused by the Reformation stirred unrest among peasants. While discontent among peasants was a consequence of the Reformation, unrest alone did not impact American settlement.

While the urban electorate broadened and British authority weakened in the 1730s and 1740s, what urban problem persisted?

A. Religious enmity By the middle of the eighteenth century, most city residents accepted religious diversity. B. Indian hostility Frontier communities, not cities, confronted hostility from Native Americans. *C. Poverty Urban poverty increased in the first half of the eighteenth century. D. Limits on freedom of the press By the middle of the eighteenth century, the freedom of the press was expanding rather than contracting.

Why did many Scots-Irish immigrate to Pennsylvania in the 1720s and 1730s?

A. Religious oppression in New England Religious oppression in New England did not lead to an upsurge of Scots-Irish immigration into Pennsylvania. *B. Poor harvests and increased rent in Great Britain Bad harvests and high rent in England led to an upsurge of Scots-Irish immigration into Pennsylvania. The new European immigrants flooded into Pennsylvania, upsetting the tenuous balance among whites and Indians struck by their predecessors. C. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain The Industrial Revolution began later in the eighteenth century and did not cause a rise in Scots-Irish immigration in the early 1800s. D. Growing unemployment in the southern colonies The Scots-Irish immigrants into Pennsylvania did not come from the southern colonies.

What challenges did the Continental Army face at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-1778?

A. Repeated attacks by Mohawk and Delaware Indians The army was not attacked by Indians. B. Poor leadership and little training in military discipline The leadership of General Washington and his officers was essential to keeping the army together during the winter. The soldiers were also trained while in camp. *C. Scant food and threadbare clothing in cold weather The army faced miserable conditions during the winter at Valley Forge. Food was scarce, clothing and shelter were inadequate, and the winter cold was severe. D. Little assistance from European allies or camp followers European officers such as Baron von Steuben helped drill the soldiers in proper military techniques. Camp followers—women who accompanied armies on campaign—suffered alongside the soldiers.

As the Klan disbanded in the wake of federal prosecutions in the 1870s,

A. Republicans gained the upper hand in the South once again. Republicans continued to lose ground in the face of violent opposition in the South. *B. other vigilante organizations arose in its stead. As the Klan disbanded in the wake of federal prosecutions in the 1870s, other vigilante organizations arose to take its place, continuing the terror tactics that supported Redeemer state governments. C. southern whites had to learn to disagree peacefully. Southern whites did not abandon the terror tactics that had helped them regain power. D. black politicians made a comeback. Black politicians faced persistent white violence and intimidation.

The workingmen's parties formed in cities in the 1820s and 1830s sought which political goal?

A. Requiring militia service Workingmen's parties opposed mandatory militia service and attempted to abolish the requirement. *B. Abolishing debtors' prisons Workingmen's parties pushed to eliminate imprisonment for debt. C. Deregulating banks Workingmen's parties wanted more active regulations of banks. D. Emancipating slaves Workingmen's parties did not seek emancipation for slaves.

What mistake did British officials make in enacting the Coercive Acts in 1774?

A. Requiring royal officials to be tried in the colonies by a jury of their peers One of the Coercive Acts moved cases against royal officials to England and out of the colonies. B. Demanding that Massachusetts reinstate its original seventeenth-century charter One of the Coercive Acts revoked the Massachusetts charter. C. Forcing Massachusetts to hand over Tea Party leader Samuel Adams for trial The Coercive Acts did not demand the arrest of any particular colonist. *D. Making colonists more determined to oppose British policy because of Massachusetts' plight Parliament hoped that punishing Massachusetts would send a stern warning to the other colonies not to follow the path of resistance as Massachusetts had. Instead, other colonists were enflamed against Britain.

What was an effect on the colonies of the Coercive, or Intolerable, Acts?

A. Respect for Parliament's resolve grew. Respect for Parliament did not increase in the wake of the Intolerable Acts. *B. Opposition to the British government increased. Opposition to the British government became more widespread across the colonies and the various classes of colonists. C. Colonial militias disbanded. Colonial militias formed in response to the Intolerable Acts. D. The British presence in the colonies decreased. The British government did not decrease its presence in the colonies over the next nine years.

Why did Sharps rifles in Kansas become known as "Beecher's Bibles" in the mid-1850s?

A. Reverend Henry Ward Beecher was a co-owner of the Sharps Company. Beecher was not a co-owner of the Sharps Rifle Company. B. Reverend Henry Ward Beecher was the main force behind supplying the weapons. Beecher did not sponsor widespread shipment of guns to antislavery forces in Kansas. C. Reverend Henry Ward Beecher had urged abolitionists to pray rather than shoot. In response to the proslavery invasion of Lawrence in 1855, Beecher had advocated armed self-defense. *D. Reverend Henry Ward Beecher had advocated armed self-defense. The popular reverend from Brooklyn had advocated armed self-defense after proslavery settlers had invaded Lawrence in 1855. As cases of Sharps rifles arrived in Kansas, they came to be known as Beecher's Bibles.

What was significant about the 1720s in the Carolinas?

A. Rice cultivation began. While rice cultivation in the Carolinas expanded in the 1720s, it had begun earlier. B. Enslaved men and women had equal numbers. In the 1720s, there were more enslaved men than enslaved women in the Carolinas. *C. Blacks outnumbered whites. In the 1720s, for the first time, the slave population was larger than the white population. This led to increasingly harsh slave laws. D. Indigo joined rice as a cash crop. Indigo was cultivated in the Carolinas in the 1740s.

In the 1780s voting rights in most states changed by beginning to allow which group to vote?

A. Rich women Although some property-owning women in New Jersey voted, they were a tiny minority of women. B. Free blacks Although some free blacks did vote in some places under certain circumstances, they were not widely enfranchised in the 1780s. C. Native American men Native American men did not vote in greater numbers in the 1780s. *D. Poor men In the 1780s many states reduced or eliminated property qualifications for voting, enfranchising more poor men.

What crushed Democrats' chances at victory in 1864, just two months before the November presidential elections?

A. Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg Lee lost the battle of Gettysburg in July 1863. B. Confederate president Jefferson Davis's offer of a ceasefire Davis did not propose a ceasefire. *C. General William T. Sherman's capture of Atlanta, Georgia The capture of Atlanta just two months before the election made clear that the Union was going to win the war, making the Democrats' proposal for a readmission of Confederate states less attractive. D. Ulysses S. Grant's capture of Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grant captured Vicksburg in July 1863.

Which Puritan leader ruled England in the mid-seventeenth century?

A. Roger Williams Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island. B. Miles Standish Standish led an attack on a village of Massachusetts Indians. C. William Bradford Bradford led the colonists aboard the Mayflower and helped create the Mayflower Compact. *D. Oliver Cromwell The leader of the parliamentary forces, the Puritan Cromwell ousted King Charles I from power. He ruled until his death in 1658.

Why did President Monroe add a codicil to a treaty with Russia that declared the Western Hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence in the early 1820s?

A. Russia was in the process of surveying Mexican territory for its own claims. It was Monroe who had launched a survey of Mexican territory to support U.S. land claims. B. Monroe wanted to sever the joint occupation of Oregon with Russia. The United States was occupying the Oregon Territory jointly with Great Britain, not with Russia. *C. Monroe wanted to challenge European authority in the Atlantic world. Although the United States did not have sufficient power to enforce what later became known as the Monroe Doctrine, the president used the codicil to declare quietly the nation's intention to challenge Europe for authority in the Atlantic world. D. Monroe wanted to stake American claims on Canada. Monroe did not make any claims on Canada, and the codicil in the treaty with Russia did not serve that purpose.

How did news of the Boston Massacre spread through the colonies?

A. Sam Adams commissioned an engraving of the event. Sam Adams did have Paul Revere create an engraving of a version of what took place, but this was not how the news spread. B. Reports of the soldiers' trial were widely circulated. While the trial was reported on, the massacre itself had already been publicized. *C. Committees of correspondence spread the word. The committees of correspondence rejoined to spread the news of the massacre across the colonies. D. Newspaper reports of the event became hot sellers. Newspapers in the colonies did not report the news from all of the colonies. If a town had a local paper, the news was usually local.

What was the result of the popular and often violent protests to the Stamp Act?

A. Samuel Adams became the leader of the Sons of Liberty. Sam Adams's leadership role was not a result of the protests. B. Colonists organized across class and race. Colonists organized across class and race in reaction to the Stamp Act, not as a result of the protests to that act. C. Colonists came to resent the wealth of the stamp distributors. Class resentment did not result from the Stamp Act protests. *D. No stamp agents took their posts when the act took effect. Because of the protests directed at stamp distributors, stamp distributors did not take their post on the day that the Stamp Act officially took effect.

White Democrats who believed that life in the South would improve with the defeat of Republican governments were known as

A. Scalawags. Southern politicians who agreed with Republicans that the South needed to change were denounced by other Southerners as "scalawags," a term of abuse meaning "scoundrels." *B. Redeemers. Redeemers were southern politicians who aimed to remove Republican governments from power and return the South to Democratic control. C. Carpetbaggers. Northerners who came south to pursue business opportunities following the war were called carpetbaggers. D. Klansmen. Originally an organization of Confederate veterans, the Ku Klux Klan terrorized African Americans in the South, especially freedmen looking to exercise their newfound voting rights.

The Walking Purchase was an example of tensions between the British colonists and which group in the eighteenth century?

A. Scots-Irish immigrants The Walking Purchase did not involve Scots-Irish immigrants. B. German immigrants The Walking Purchase did not involve German immigrants. C. Mohawk Indians The Walking Purchase did not involve Mohawk Indians. *D. Delaware Indians The Walking Purchase allowed Pennsylvania colonists to add Delaware lands to their territory. Without assistance from any Europeans or other Indian groups, the Delaware had no choice but to go along, despite the dubious tactics of the Walking Purchase.

What was an important effect of William Penn's death in 1718?

A. Scots-Irish settlers flooded into the western frontier of Pennsylvania. The mass immigration of Scots-Irish families took place around the same time as Penn's passing, but the migration was not an effect of his death. B. The flow of white settlers slowed. Immigration to Pennsylvania increased in the 1720s and 1730s. C. European immigrants conquered once-friendly Indian communities. Although Indian communities were pushed to the margins in Pennsylvania, they were not conquered by the new settlers. *D. There was little control over European settlement in Pennsylvania. When William Penn settled Pennsylvania, he purchased land from the local Indians and created a peace treaty to ensure good white-Indian relations in the colony. With his death, there was a power vacuum in Pennsylvania, which the new settlers took advantage of and began overwhelming once-friendly Indian communities.

By the close of 1779, what was the result of the combined efforts of the French, Spanish, and patriot forces led by George Rogers Clark and John Sullivan?

A. Securing an uneasy peace between Indian nations and the Americans Peace between patriot forces and Indians was not reached. *B. Subduing Indian attacks in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys The patriots and their allies managed to subdue Indian attacks in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys by the close of 1779. C. Pushing the British back into the western edges of Ohio The patriot forces and their allies did not succeed in pushing the British back into the Ohio frontier. D. Capturing Detroit from the British By the close of 1779, Detroit remained under the control of the British.

What led Union soldiers to grow more sympathetic to abolitionism as the Civil War unfolded?

A. Seeing the wealth even poor Southerners enjoyed because of slavery Although planters could be quite wealthy, poor Southerners did not enjoy a high standard of living. B. President Lincoln appointed more abolitionists to senior officer positions Lincoln did not make a concerted effort to appoint more abolitionists as officers. C. A string of victories made Northerners confident that slavery would end Although the Union achieved victories as the war ground on, that alone did not change northern opinion. *D. Seeing the degradation of slavery at first hand changed soldiers' minds Union soldiers fighting in the South saw plantations and witnessed the degradation of slaves at first hand. It was far worse than they imagined and made them more likely to support emancipation.

What was an action taken by the delegates to the First Continental Congress?

A. Sending a signed petition to George III The First Continental Congress did not send a petition to King George. B. Sending a signed petition to Parliament The First Continental Congress did not send a petition to Parliament. C. Promoting growth of local militias Local militias did not increase on account of the First Continental Congress. *D. Forming committees to coordinate resistance Following the First Continental Congress, delegates returned to their respective colonies to establish committees to coordinate both a continued boycott and the drawback of colonial exports to Great Britain.

What was significant about European settlement along the western frontier of Pennsylvania in the years prior to 1720?

A. Shawnee groups fought the new settlers for their ancestral lands. Shawnee groups migrated to the Pennsylvania frontier around the same time that European immigrants settled the frontier. B. The Delaware and Shawnee people united to fight off white encroachment in western Pennsylvania. Shawnee and Delaware groups migrated to the Pennsylvania frontier around the same time that European immigrants settled the frontier. They did not unite to fight the new European settlers. C. Colonial authorities and Indian chiefs were able to agree upon a boundary line. Neither British authorities nor Indian leaders were able to mark borders between the Indian and European land. *D. White settlers and Indians interacted in lucrative trade partnerships. White settlers exchanged European and colonial supplies in return for access to Indian-controlled lands, orchards, and waterways.

What was significant about Judith Sargent Murray's argument?

A. She argued that girls should receive an education. While Murray did argue that girls should be educated, she was not alone in this viewpoint. In 1789 elementary schools in Massachusetts opened their doors to all children. *B. She believed that the intellectual difference between the sexes rested solely on the disparity in their schooling. Murray argued that men and women were equal but their education was not. She advocated a wide education for women as well as their right to be able to access independence. C. She argued that women had a responsibility to instruct their sons in the principles of liberty. Benjamin Rush, not Judith Murray, believed that women's roles were important because they were raising men. D. She began the female suffragist movement in America. Murray did not begin a suffragist movement.

How was Phillis Wheatley different from most of her fellow African Americans at the time of the American Revolution?

A. She chose to throw her allegiance behind the British. Wheatley was an ardent patriot who wrote and published a collection of poems. *B. She was given the opportunity to choose a side in the war. Most African Americans did not have the opportunity to choose a side in the American Revolution. The vast majority of African Americans in 1776 were confined to southern slavery. C. She joined General Washington in Boston. Wheatley was not given the opportunity to join Washington. D. She was granted the opportunity to join her husband on the front lines. Wheatley did not have a husband serving in the army.

Which of the following accurately describes the accomplishment of Margaret Fuller in the 1840s?

A. She developed the first written argument for civil disobedience. It was her fellow transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau who took this step in his essay Civil Disobedience. *B. She combined transcendental ideas with arguments for women's rights. Fuller published her ideas about the conflict between women's assigned roles and their innate abilities in Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845), which combined transcendental ideas with arguments for women's rights. C. She became the nation's first female publisher with her control of the New York Tribune. New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley hired Fuller as a critic, but she never controlled the newspaper. D. She led the Hudson River School in the arts. Thomas Cole led the Hudson River School.

During the American Revolution, how did the Continental Congress fund the war?

A. Taxing income and levying duties The Continental Congress was not able to tax income or levy trade duties. B. Taxing city and state governments The Continental Congress did not tax cities or states. *C. Taking loans and printing money To fund the war effort, the Continental Congress relied on a combination of loans (from private individuals as well as foreign governments) and simply printing money. Inflation ran rampant, and Congress was often unable to pay its bills. D. Selling land and raising fees Congress did not sell land or raise fees to pay for the war effort.

Following a divorce, what happened to the ex-wife in most cases in the eighteenth century?

A. She gained custody of the children. Although babies and young girls often remained with the mother after a divorce, the ex-husband gained custody rights to all of the couple's children. *B. She became dependent upon her ex-husband's payments and her relatives. In the rare case of divorce in the eighteenth century, the ex-husband would pay his previous wife funds that helped her buy food and clothes for herself. For all other expenses, the woman would usually rely on her family. C. She was often banished from the community. Divorce did not usually result in banishment. D. She filed suit for abandonment. Following a divorce, a woman would not file suit for abandonment, although abandonment often took the place of divorce among poorer couples.

How did Harriet Tubman aid the cause of fugitives from slavery in the 1840s and 1850s?

A. She prayed for their deliverance. Tubman was far more proactive than to simply pray for the deliverance of slaves. B. She wrote frequently in Frederick Douglass's North Star. Tubman had a more direct way of helping fugitives then by simply writing for an abolitionist newspaper. *C. She repeatedly returned to the South to free dozens of slaves. Tubman returned south repeatedly to free dozens of family members and other enslaved men and women. D. She drew attention with her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Tubman was not the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin.

What assertion by Anne Hutchinson did the Puritan leaders of Massachusetts Bay Colony determine to be heresy?

A. She preached that God would save all of the faithful. Although this claim would be heretical, as it would challenge predestination, Anne Hutchinson did not make this claim. B. She challenged colonial leaders. Hutchinson did challenge colonial leaders, but challenging authority was not heresy. *C. She claimed to be the recipient of a revelation from God. Anne Hutchinson reported that she had a revelation from God, which, because she was a woman, was heresy. According to Puritans, God only revealed himself to male ministers. D. She accused Winthrop of sedition. Hutchinson challenged Winthrop, and she was accused of sedition.

How did the first lady, Dolley Madison, distinguish herself on the eve of the British attack on Washington City in 1814?

A. She volunteered as a nurse for the troops. The first lady did not volunteer as a nurse for the troops. *B. She evacuated with government papers and valuables from the city. As American troops retreated from the British invasion of Washington City, Dolley Madison—assisted by the family's slave Peter Jennings—gathered up government papers and valuable belongings before fleeing the city. C. She initiated her own diplomatic mission to the British. Dolley Madison did not initiate her own diplomatic contact with the British. D. She urged her husband to stay in the Executive Mansion and stand his ground. Both James and Dolley Madison evacuated Washington City when the British attacked in 1814.

What was unique about Sacagawea's role in the Lewis and Clark expedition?

A. She was the only Native American the two explorers encountered. Lewis and Clark encountered a variety of Native American tribes in their explorations. *B. She was the only Native American who was a permanent expedition member. Sacagawea was the only Indian to travel as a permanent member of the expedition, but other native women and men assisted the Corps of Discovery when it journeyed near their villages, providing food and lodging for the travelers, or hauling baggage up steep mountain trails. C. She was the only woman among several Native Americans on the expedition. There were no other Native Americans on the expedition. D. She was the only friendly Native American Lewis and Clark encountered. Lewis and Clark encountered mostly friendly native tribes.

Which of the following is true of Sherman's "March to the Sea"?

A. Sherman led his men to the sea so they could get picked up by the navy. Sherman did not march his troops to the coast to obtain transportation from the navy. *B. Union soldiers in Sherman's army refused to take fugitive slaves along. Nearly 18,000 enslaved men, women, and children left the ruined plantations to join Sherman's victorious troops. But the soldiers refused to take them along, and some Union soldiers even abused African American men, raped black women, or stole their few possessions. C. Sherman's men suffered badly from hunger and disease on the march. While some Union troops undoubtedly suffered from hunger and disease, by and large the army fared well by living off the land, taking what food it needed from farms. D. Union soldiers took care not to destroy civilian property on their way to Savannah. On the march from Atlanta to the coast, Sherman's troops cut a path of destruction 50 miles wide that destroyed crops, livestock, and homes.

During the Civil War, what did Cherokee and Comanche Indians have in common?

A. Showing staunch support for the Union The Cherokee and Comanche did not show unwavering support for the Union. B. Allying themselves with the Confederacy The Cherokee and Comanche did not ally themselves with the Confederacy. C. Abandoning support for the South when it became clear it would lose Those Cherokee and Comanche who supported the South did not abandon it. *D. Working with both sides The Comanche negotiated with both Union and Confederate agents while raiding the Texas frontier for horses and cattle. The Cherokee General Stand Watie led a pan-Indian force, but most members of the Cherokee supported the Union.

Why did Plains societies generally remain small and widely scattered?

A. Since they made their homes by cutting into cliffs, they often lived separated from others. The Pueblo found shelter by cutting into cliffs in the mountains of present-day Utah and Colorado. The Plains people did not do this. *B. They needed a large expanse of territory to follow migrating animals. Plains societies depended on the bison as their major source of food and followed the animals' migration patterns. C. Since they practiced horticulture, they could only support a small population for a short time. Plains societies are classified as hunter-gatherers, unlike the large agricultural societies of equatorial groups. D. They migrated frequently in search of victims for human sacrifices that were believed to protect them from military defeat. Plains societies did not engage in human sacrifice; the Aztecs and Incas did.

How did Columbus's encomienda system work?

A. Spanish men were encouraged to marry Native American women. The encomienda system did not revolve around marriage, although intermarriage between Spanish men and Native American women did take place. B. Spanish men were forced to pledge some of their profits to the crown. The encomienda system did not involve pledged payments to the crown. *C. Spanish men were given land and labor in the Americas. Through this system, Spaniards received land in the Americas as well as the labor of the Native Americans who lived on it. D. Spanish men were punished for exploiting Native Americans. Although Columbus attempted to establish strict discipline over treatment of Native Americans, the encomienda system was not that system of discipline.

Why did President Andrew Johnson require wealthy Southerners to petition him personally for a special pardon before their rights were restored following the Civil War?

A. Since wealthy slave owners started the war, he believed they deserved extra punishment. Johnson did not institute the special provision because of a desire to punish slave owners for starting the war. B. Southern elites were most likely to oppose Reconstruction and needed to be handled carefully. By making the special requirement, Johnson did not intend for southern elites to be handled with care. *C. Johnson wanted to humiliate his longtime adversaries by forcing them to acknowledge his power. A poor Tennessee farmer by upbringing, Johnson had long despised the wealthy planters who he believed controlled the South unfairly. He relished the opportunity to force southern elites to humble themselves before him in asking for a pardon. D. Johnson had pledged to continue the Reconstruction pardon policies introduced by President Lincoln. Lincoln had no such requirement. He asked for a broad amnesty for Confederates, excluding only the highest-ranking officials.

How did southern states respond to the gradual emancipation of many slaves in the North?

A. Slave laws became more lax. Southern slave codes did not become more lax at the close of the eighteenth century. B. Emancipation became more commonplace. Emancipation in the South became more difficult at the end of the eighteenth century. C. The slave population grew. The slave population did increase, but this growth was not a response to the emancipation movement in the North. *D. The free black population decreased. Southern states made it more difficult for free blacks to remain in slave states.

What was one effect of the constricted labor market in the first half of the eighteenth century?

A. Slavery increased. While slavery did increase during this time period, it was not due to the surplus of labor for the available job market. B. A convict labor system emerged. The convict labor system was an effect of the overcrowded penal system in England and not of the labor market in the colonies. *C. Transient laborers wandered around the colonies. Seasonal workers and young people pushed from their hometowns moved around British North American in search of employment. D. Riots took place in port cities. Job riots did not take place in port cities in the first half of the eighteenth century.

As the debate on the Constitution unfolded, what belief about government did all Constitutional Convention delegates share?

A. Slavery should be abolished. Although a few delegates opposed slavery, many delegates believed that slavery should be protected while others thought the issue could bring a compromise. B. Representation should be based on population. How to determine representation was a much-debated issue at the convention. C. The states should exercise great power. The relationship between the states and central government was a matter of intense debate during the convention, with delegates coming down on both sides of the issue. *D. The government should be federal. There was a general agreement that the new government should be federal in character; that is, that the central government should share power with the states.

What significant change could be seen in the slave population of the British colonies in about the 1740s?

A. Slaves began to bear children at the same rate as whites. Fertility rates among enslaved Africans and African Americans were much lower than those of southern whites in the beginning of the eighteenth century. *B. More slaves were born in, rather than imported to, the colonies. In the 1740s, natural increase overtook the importation of slaves as the larger source of slaves. C. Urban slave owners began to encourage their slaves to bear children. Because of the close quarters of many urban households, enslaved women were not encouraged to marry and bear children. D. The infant mortality rate among southern slaves dropped dramatically. The 1740s did not see a dramatic drop in the infant mortality rate among southern slaves.

How was the plague introduced to Europe in the fourteenth century?

A. Soldiers returning from the Crusades brought the disease back from Jerusalem. Soldiers who fought in the Crusades did not introduce the plague to Europe. B. Portuguese sailors returned from India sick with the disease. The Portuguese did not bring the plague from India. C. North African traders passed the disease to merchants in Spain. The plague did not originate with North African traders in Spain. *D. Ships trading with Asia brought rats with fleas carrying the disease back from Asia. Increased trade with Asia inadvertently exposed Europeans to epidemic diseases such as the Black Death beginning in the fourteenth century.

What did Spain gain from the long travels of Hernando de Soto and his men throughout the southeast of what is now the United States, even though the mission was essentially a failure?

A. Sole control of North America Other European powers proceeded to plant colonies in North America. *B. A claim to vast lands Although most Spaniards considered de Soto's journey a failure, the Spanish crown claimed vast new territories. C. Control of the Mississippi River Although de Soto and his men sighted the Mississippi, they did not claim it for Spain. D. Good relations with Native Americans De Soto and his men encountered hostility with Native Americans at several points.

Besides Europe, the West Indies, India, and the Philippines, where else was the Seven Years' War fought?

A. South America No fighting took place in South America during this war. *B. North America The Seven Years' War was fought in North America, although it was called the French and Indian War there. C. Africa No fighting took place in Africa during this war. D. China No fighting occurred in China during this war.

From which region did the very first humans to settle in the Americas most likely migrate?

A. Southern Europe Settlers from southern Europe did not migrate to the Americas until the sixteenth century. B. Western Africa Men and women from western Africa did not migrate to the Americas until the sixteenth century. *C. Northeastern Asia The original settlers in the Americas came from northeast Asia at least 25,000 years ago. D. Northwestern Europe Settlers from northwestern Europe did not migrate to the Americas until the seventeenth century.

Why didn't slavery or its abolition become a topic of meaningful discussion as the Continental Congress developed a framework for a national government?

A. Southern delegates refused to discuss it. Although southern delegates would not have been in favor of abolition, they did not take it off the table. B. There was no consensus regarding slavery. While there was no consensus regarding the issue of slavery, the Continental Congress discussed many contentious issues. A lack of consensus did not translate into a lack of discussion or debate. *C. The delegates did not believe slavery to be an important issue. Slavery and abolition were hardly discussed because most delegates did not see slavery as a pressing issue. D. The loyalty of slaves was in question. Slavery was not dismissed as an issue because the delegates doubted the loyalty of slaves.

How did the American Revolution strike a blow against the institution of slavery?

A. Southern planters guaranteed freedom in exchange for military service. Southern planters did not relinquish ownership over their slaves in return for military service. *B. Slavery was contrary to the ideals of the Revolution. For many blacks, the discourses of freedom and liberty that ignited the war required an end to slavery. C. Free blacks gathered in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York during the war. While the free black population increased in these cities during the war, this did not affect the institution of slavery. D. Women on the southern home front often freed their slaves. Women on the southern home front were no more prone to free their slaves than their male counterparts.

Which group was most likely to die of disease during the Civil War?

A. Southern whites Confederate soldiers were more vulnerable to disease than Union soldiers, but they were not the most likely victims of death from disease during the Civil War. *B. Black contrabands Black contrabands in Union camps were the most likely to die of disease. In one instance, one quarter of runaway slaves had died within the first few months of arrival. C. White Union soldiers Union soldiers often died of disease but not as often as Confederates and others. D. Navy enlistees Navy enlistees were not the most likely to die of disease.

Who rivaled the new Mexican government for control of the Texas territories in the early 1820s?

A. Spain Spain no longer played a role in North America after Mexico won independence. B. Seminole Indians Seminole Indians were located in Florida and had nothing to do with Mexican territory. *C. Comanche Indians Comanche Indians controlled large parts of the interior of Texas at that time. D. The U.S. government Though Americans, mainly Southerners, began to settle on Texas land in the 1820s, the United States did not challenge Mexico for control of Texas at the time.

What do relations between Spain and France in the lower Mississippi River valley and in Texas show about the nature of war in the eighteenth century?

A. Spain and France banded together to conquer new Indian lands. The French and Spanish were rivals in the region, not allies. *B. Spain and France relied on alliances with Indians to carry out their wars. The French relied on their Caddo, Choctaw, and other allies for trade and defense, while the Spanish relied on the Tejas and sought assistance from the Apache. C. Spain and France ignored local Indian powers in the region to concentrate on fighting Britain. Neither France nor Spain ignored relations with local Indians. D. Spain and France signed a treaty to oppose Britain's expansion into the region. Although Spain objected to Britain's founding of Georgia near their lands in Florida, the Spanish did not form an alliance to oppose British encroachment in the lower Mississippi valley or in Texas. Topic: The Benefits and Costs of Empire books: Colonial Traders Join Global Networks Imperial Policies Focus on Profits The Atlantic Slave Trade Seaport Cities and Consumer Cultures

Why didn't the Protestant Reformation spread into Spain and France in the sixteenth century?

A. Spain and France used military means to keep Protestants from infiltrating their borders. Spain and France did not employ armies to block Protestantism from their countries. *B. They launched the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Because of their established central governments and strong ties to the Catholic Church, Spain and France were able to successfully ward off the growing influence of Protestantism in Europe. C. They enlisted the pope's help to charge Protestants with heresy. There were no claims of heresy because Protestants in Europe were not identifying themselves as Catholic, putting them beyond the reach of the pope. D. They initiated reforms in the Catholic Church. While the Spanish and French governments did not initiate any changes, church leaders established a series of reforms to address the many grievances of the Catholic laity.

In addition to ending the Seven Years' War, what was the significance of the 1763 Peace of Paris?

A. Spain gained Florida from France, ensuring its control of southern North America. Spain had control of Florida before the war but was forced to cede that control to Britain in the peace. B. France gained Louisiana from Spain, securing its position in North America. France ceded Louisiana to the Spanish in return for their loyalty during the war. *C. Britain gained control of North America east of the Mississippi. In addition to gaining control over India, Canada, and a portion of the Caribbean Islands, Great Britain controlled all land in North America east of the Mississippi River. D. Britain expelled both Spain and France from North America. While France was effectively expelled from North America, Spain retained significant land areas.

What was an important consequence of the war fought over English claims to Georgia in 1742?

A. Spain took control of Georgia. The Spanish did not gain control of Georgia at the conclusion of the war. B. The English gained control of St. Augustine. The English did not gain control of St. Augustine at the conclusion of the war. C. Colonists became indebted to England for their defense. Colonial indebtedness was not a significant consequence of the war. *D. Colonists began to question their relationship to the British. In the aftermath of the war over Georgia, after the death of colonial settlers and soldiers to secure territory for the crown, colonists began questioning if their interests and those of the British government were aligned.

The Alien and Sedition Acts were designed to curb the political activities of which group?

A. Spanish diplomats Spanish diplomats were not targeted by the Alien and Sedition Acts. B. British merchants British merchants were not targeted by the Alien and Sedition Acts. C. Native American tribal chiefs Native Americans were not targeted by the Alien and Sedition Acts. *D. Irish immigrants Irish immigrants were known opponents of Britain, and the Adams administration feared their tendency to oppose U.S. policy that was perceived as pro-British. In particular, the Alien Act lengthened the period of residency necessary for citizenship to fourteen years in an effort to limit the political participation of Irish immigrants.

What led to the conflict between Spanish Catholic leaders and Spanish royal officials in the sixteenth century?

A. Spanish royal officials refused to allow Catholic priests to travel to the New World to preach to natives. Spanish priests such as Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas frequently traveled to the New World. B. Spanish royal officials demanded that the natives be treated well, while church officials maintained that natives were simply barbarians. Catholic priests such as Bartolomé de Las Casas defended the rights of natives, while royal officials such as Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda argued that Indians were barbarians. *C. Church officials objected to the brutal treatment of natives by Spanish colonists. Church officials argued that the conversion of natives was the most important goal for Spanish colonization; the terrible treatment of natives by Spaniards made conversion nearly impossible. D. Church officials condemned all aspects of Spain's colonization of the New World. Catholic leaders supported colonization insofar as it meant bringing the church's message to people previously unfamiliar with Christianity.

What was the name of the concept developed by John C. Calhoun to empower states to prevent federal laws such as tariffs from operating in the states?

A. Spoils system The spoils system was the practice initiated by the Jackson administration of staffing federal offices with party loyalists rather than people with experience or expertise. B. American System The American System was the name of Henry Clay's program of federally funded transportation improvements. C. Non-Intercourse Non-Intercourse was a policy embodied in an 1809 law that forbade trade with Britain and France but allowed trade with other countries. *D. Nullification In The South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) Calhoun articulated the doctrine of nullification, which would allow states to disavow federal laws within their borders. He was attempting to resist the federal tariffs that harmed the South Carolina economy.

Which aspect of Prime Minister George Grenville's program of reform for the colonies involved prohibiting smuggling, establishing guidelines for legal commerce, and setting trade duties?

A. Stamp Act The Stamp Act was part of Grenville's program to raise revenue from the colonies. B. Quartering Act The Quartering Act was part of Grenville's program to extend wartime measures into peacetime, in this case to enforce imperial policy. C. Sugar Act The Sugar Act was part of Grenville's program to raise revenue. *D. Navigation Acts The Navigation Acts were part of the first prong of Grenville's program. He aimed to increase British control over colonial trade before moving on to raising additional revenue.

What conclusion could be drawn from the content of the state constitutions written in the 1770s?

A. States would eventually abolish slavery. The abolition of slavery was not foretold in most of the state constitutions. *B. States would oppose giving power to a central government. Because all state constitutions placed limits on centralized power, the states indicated they would not easily accede to losing some of their local power to a national government. C. States would eventually grant women the right to vote. Female suffrage was not foretold in most state constitutions. D. States would oppose the position of a national president. Only Pennsylvania's constitution revealed reluctance about a single head of state.

Which of the following characteristics would mark a man as middle class in a nineteenth-century city?

A. Staying a bachelor Marrying a pious woman was seen as a sign of being a true middle-class man. B. Not having children Raising well-behaved children was seen as a sign of being a true middle-class man. C. Asceticism Middle-class men were encouraged to buy consumer goods and to have experiences such as eating at restaurants, attending the theater and sporting events, and purchasing hats and suits. *D. Home ownership In the popular culture of the nineteenth-century city, owning a comfortable home filled with well-mannered children and a devoted wife was a sure sign of being a middle-class man.

Which of the following factors allowed Hopewell people to develop towns with thousands of inhabitants?

A. Successful hunting of bison The Hopewell people engaged in agriculture; they were not hunter-gatherers. B. The conquest of the Mississippian people The Mississippian people developed after the Hopewell people. C. Building their towns away from rivers Proximity to rivers was key to Hopewell success in agriculture and trade. *D. Forming extensive trade networks The Hopewell people traded from the Missouri River to Lake Superior and from the Rocky Mountains to the Appalachian region and Florida. Such extensive trade networks allowed the Hopewell to obtain a greater variety of goods that helped support a large population.

What was the main difference between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan offered at the Constitutional Convention?

A. Suffrage Neither plan addressed the issue of suffrage. *B. Congressional representation Congressional representation was at the heart of the debate between those who favored the two plans. The Virginia Plan favored larger states, while the New Jersey Plan favored smaller ones. C. Power of state governments Neither plan addressed the power of state governments. D. Power of the federal government The power of the federal government was not the main issue for proponents of the Virginia Plan and those of the New Jersey Plan.

How did conditions for Union troops improve over the course of the Civil War?

A. Surgeons employed anesthetics. Beyond whiskey, anesthetics were rare. B. Hospitals stressed cleanliness. Cleanliness was not a priority, as antisepsis was not known. C. Antibiotics were introduced. Antibiotics did not exist during the Civil War. *D. Food supplies increased. Although never appetizing, food supplies for Union soldiers did increase during the war as logistics improved.

Which method of organizing the slaves' labor saw slaves working under the direction of an overseer from sunup to sundown?

A. Task system Under the task system, often seen on rice plantations, slaves had to perform certain duties each day. Once completed, they were able to return to their quarters and tend to their own gardens, fish, or mend clothes. *B. Gang system Under the gang system, usually employed on cotton plantations, slaves worked in groups under the care of an overseer until sundown. C. Domestic slavery Slaves who worked inside the plantation's main house were known as domestic slaves. D. Yeoman farming Yeoman farmers were whites who owned land but not slaves.

In 1836 and 1837, antislavery activists campaigned for a ban on slavery in which area under federal control?

A. Texas Texas was not yet part of the United States, but an independent republic. B. California California was still part of the republic of Mexico. *C. The District of Columbia In 1836 and 1837, antislavery activists were campaigning for a ban of slavery in the District of Columbia. D. The Louisiana Purchase Abolitionists wanted slavery abolished everywhere, but the petition campaigns of 1836 and 1837 did not focus on the Louisiana Purchase.

What was the result of the U.S. victory over Mexico at the Battle of Cerro Gordo?

A. Texas was annexed to the United States as a slave state. Texas had already been annexed to the United States in 1845. *B. General Santa Anna lost power and Mexico sought peace. The U.S. victory at Cerro Gordo led Santa Anna to fall from power in Mexico. The new leadership sought to negotiate an end to the war. C. Spain agreed to form an alliance with Mexico against the United States. Spain did not form an alliance with Mexico. D. The Republic of Texas gained its independence from Mexico. The Republic of Texas gained its independence in 1836.

Which business was instrumental in the formation of the antislavery movement in the nineteenth century?

A. Textiles The textile industry depended on cotton grown by slaves. B. Finance Financial institutions such as banks were not instrumental to the formation of the abolition movement. C. Railroads The railroad industry was not a crucial factor in the birth of the antislavery movement. *D. Publishing Abolitionists often founded newspapers and published pamphlets to spread their message. For example, both William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass established newspapers: the Liberator and the North Star, respectively.

Which of the following supported a reconstruction plan that called for 10 percent of those eligible to vote in southern states in 1860 to swear loyalty to the United States?

A. Thaddeus Stevens Stevens was a Radical Republic congressman from Pennsylvania. Radical Republicans favored tougher treatment for the Confederacy. *B. Abraham Lincoln Viewing Reconstruction as a process of national reconciliation, Lincoln was lenient in the terms he demanded from Confederates. For example, he asked that only 10 percent of those eligible to vote in 1860 swear loyalty to the United States and then a state could form a new government and write a new constitution. C. Edwin Stanton Edwin was Secretary of War under both Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. D. Jefferson Davis Davis was president of the Confederacy. He was the only Confederate official imprisoned following the war.

What argument did Cherokee leader John Ross make to the Jackson administration in opposition to Indian Removal?

A. That the economy of Georgia benefited from Indians' labor Ross did not offer an economic argument. B. That Christian morality required respect for Indian lands Though a Christian, Ross did not make a religious appeal to Jackson. C. That war would ensue if Jackson attempted to enforce removal Ross did not threaten to use force. *D. That Indian lands were sovereign nations inside the United States Ross argued that Indian nations enjoyed sovereignty over their territories, even if the lands lay within the larger United States. Jackson rejected the position as infringing on his authority as president.

Why did 300 abolitionists walk out of a meeting of the American Anti-Slavery Society (AAAS) in 1839?

A. The AASS decided to become politically active. The protest from these 300 AAAS members did not have to do with the group's political strategy. *B. The AASS allowed women to attend closed meetings with men. At the AASS annual convention in May 1839, debates erupted over the propriety of women participating "in closed meetings with men." Of the 1,000 abolitionists in attendance, some 300 walked out in protest. They eventually formed a separate antislavery society that excluded women from public lecturing and offices. C. The AASS banned African Americans from participation. The protest of these 300 AASS members had nothing to do with black participation in their meetings. D. The AASS allowed Irish immigrants to join the group. The protest of these 300 AASS members had nothing to do with nativist sentiment.

By 1869, how did women's rights activist Elizabeth Cady Stanton explain her opposition to the Fifteenth Amendment?

A. The Amendment did not ensure democratic elections. This was not Stanton's concern. *B. The inclusion of African Americans would degrade the U.S. polity. Both Susan B. Anthony and Stanton denounced suffrage for black men only, and Stanton supported her position on racial grounds, claiming that giving the vote to the "dregs of . . . Africa" would have a degrading effect on the U.S. polity. C. She insisted that the black vote had to be guaranteed more explicitly. Stanton believed that the Fifteenth Amendment sufficiently secured voting rights for black men, but for black men only. D. She urged the inclusion of African American women along with black men. Stanton did not want the right to vote for African American women, but for white women.

What was the result of the American invasion of Canada in the winter of 1775-1776?

A. The Americans captured Quebec but suffered heavy casualties. The Americans failed to take Quebec and suffered heavy losses as a result. B. Canadians in Quebec joined the American side against Britain. Although one goal of the campaign was to enlist Canadian support for the Patriot cause, it was unsuccessful. Canadians continued to support Britain. *C. The Americans failed and were driven south to New York. The invasion was a failure. Although General Montgomery captured Montreal, neither his army nor the force led by Benedict Arnold could dislodge the British from Quebec. D. American general Benedict Arnold was revealed as a traitor. Although Arnold would later join the British, he was an American general during the Canada campaign.

Why did the free black population of the United States grow after the Revolution?

A. The Articles of Confederation abolished slavery in the United States. The Articles did not abolish slavery. B. Southern legislatures eliminated laws against emancipation. Although emancipation was legal in the South, freed slaves were required to leave the state once gaining their freedom. C. Christian churches became increasingly hostile to slavery. Although the Quakers led the way against slavery, many Christian churches did not follow them in opposing slavery. *D. More slave owners decided to emancipate their slaves. Because of the Revolution's rhetoric of liberty, more slave owners emancipated their slaves, although some did so only after their deaths in their wills.

Why did government support of churches end with the establishment of the United States?

A. The Articles of Confederation prohibited government support of churches. Thomas Jefferson prohibited government support of churches in Virginia, and other states followed his example. The Articles of Confederation, however, did not ban government support of churches. *B. The British government no longer supported Anglican churches. Anglican churches benefited financially from the British government before and during the Revolution but did not have that backing afterward. C. The Virginia Assembly eliminated Anglican privileges. The Virginia Assembly eliminated many Anglican privileges, but this decision was limited to Virginia. D. George Washington urged a separation of church and state. Washington did not have control over government decisions.

Which Union victory effectively cut the Confederacy in half in 1864?

A. The Battle of the Wilderness The Battle of the Wilderness in May 1864 was a narrow Confederate victory. B. The Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse The Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse in May 1864 was a narrow Confederate victory. C. The Battle of Cold Harbor Confederates were able to turn back the Union army at Cold Harbor in Virginia, where 7,000 Union soldiers died in a single hour. *D. The siege of Atlanta The Union victory at the siege of Atlanta, led by General William Tecumseh Sherman, effectively meant that the Confederacy was cut into two.

Under the British colonial system of the eighteenth century, who held ultimate political authority over the colonies?

A. The British crown and the royal governors Ultimate political authority in the colonies was not shared by the British crown and the royal governors. B. Parliament and the British Supreme Court The British did not have a Supreme Court in the eighteenth century. C. Royal governors and the colonial assemblies Local governmental officials and bodies did not have ultimate political authority in the colonies. *D. The British crown and Parliament The king and Parliament held ultimate political authority over the colonies.

What was an effect of Spain's seizure of gold and silver from the Americas in the sixteenth century?

A. The British empire was able to build a navy by borrowing funds from Spain. The gold and silver from the Americas did not help the British to build a navy. *B. Spain became the dominant power in Europe. On account of the enormous wealth that returned with the Spanish conquistadors in the sixteenth century, Spain became the superpower of Europe. C. Ferdinand and Isabella's hold on Christian orthodoxy weakened as the nation became more secular. The increased wealth in Spain did not weaken Ferdinand and Isabella's hold on a unified Catholic country. D. Spain became the target of Muslim armies. Muslim armies did not begin to launch attacks against Spain.

Why did the Shawnee and Delaware people side with the British during the American Revolution?

A. The British entreated them with promises of land. The Shawnee and Delaware did not join the British because of land promises. *B. Patriots refused to accept their neutrality. American soldiers refused to accept the Shawnee and Delaware decisions to remain neutral. Patriots killed the Shawnee chief under a flag of truce in 1777, forcing the Indian nations to the British camp. C. The British promised to protect their neutrality. The British wanted the support, not the neutrality, of the Indian tribes. D. Patriots attacked both tribes in the Ohio valley in 1776. The Patriots did not attack the Shawnee and Delaware in 1776. They did, however, kill the Shawnee chief in 1777.

What was one effect of the Boston Massacre?

A. The British moved to arrest Sam Adams. King George did not issue a warrant for Sam Adams's arrest. *B. Parliament repealed most of the Townshend taxes. Following the shootings, pressure increased on Parliament to repeal the Townshend Act. Parliament responded by repealing all of the taxes except the tax on tea. C. The boycott was suspended for a year. The colonists did not suspend the boycott because of the Boston Massacre. D. Boston merchants suffered economic losses. Boston merchants suffered economic losses because of the colonists' successful boycott of British goods, not because of the shootings.

What was the effect of the Tuscarora alliance and war in South Carolina at the beginning of the eighteenth century?

A. The British temporarily renounced claims to North Carolina. In response to the attacks of the Tuscarora and their allies, some settlers fled the colony but the British never renounced their claim to North Carolina. B. The French and British united along the Mississippi River. The French and British did not unite along the Mississippi River. *C. The Tuscarora lost their lands. After their defeat in the war, the Tuscarora signed a peace treaty and renounced their claims to their lands. D. The Tuscarora became a part of the Seminole nation. Some Tuscarora moved north and joined the Iroquois Confederation.

What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863?

A. The Confederate victory there prolonged the war. The Confederacy lost the battle of Gettysburg. B. The Union victory there ended the war. While the Union army won at Gettysburg, the war continued for two more years. *C. The battle boosted northern morale and delivered a blow to southern hopes. Lee's decision to go on the offensive ultimately proved the Confederacy's undoing. The Union's decisive military victories at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, and Vicksburg, Mississippi, improved Yankee morale while devastating Confederate hopes. D. It convinced Lincoln to emancipate the slaves. Lincoln had decided to emancipate southern slaves the year before and had announced the decision after the Battle of Antietam in September 1862.

What was an effect of the Antifederalists on the new republic?

A. The Constitution Antifederalists opposed the Constitution, which was ratified despite their opposition. *B. The Bill of Rights Antifederalists insisted on a bill of rights. To garner their support, Federalists promised to include a bill of rights at the conclusion of the ratification process. C. The New Jersey Plan The Antifederalists did not put the New Jersey Plan together. D. The Department of Justice President Washington, not the Antifederalists, established the Department of Justice.

How did Dutch traders change life for the Huron in the seventeenth century?

A. The Huron made peace with the Iroquois so that they all could sell furs to the Dutch and leave the French behind. The Dutch did not influence the Huron and Iroquois to make peace. B. The Dutch drove the Huron out of Canada, forcing them to accompany their French allies as they moved west into Louisiana. Although the French increasingly pushed west in search of furs, the Huron did not go with them. *C. The Huron faced increased danger from their enemy, the Iroquois, when the Dutch began supplying the Iroquois with guns. Dutch arms enabled the Iroquois to conduct a series of devastating assaults on Huron villages. D. Because the Dutch paid higher prices, the Huron became Dutch allies and stopped selling furs to the French. Although the Huron sold furs to the Dutch, they continued to do business with France.

Why did President Jefferson agonize over the constitutionality of the Louisiana Purchase?

A. The Constitution expressly prohibited territorial expansion of the United States. The Constitution did not explicitly prohibit territorial expansion of the United States. *B. The Constitution contained no provisions for buying land from foreign nations. Since the Constitution contained no provisions for buying land from foreign nations, a strict interpretation would not allow such a purchase. C. The Constitution reserved to Congress the right to buy land from foreign nations. The Constitution did not reserve to Congress the right to buy land from foreign nations. D. The Constitution required majority approval before land was acquired, and the Purchase was unpopular. The Constitution did not require majority approval, and the Louisiana Purchase was, in fact, enormously popular among both politicians and ordinary Americans.

What was an effect of the battle on Long Island in 1776?

A. The Continental Army abandoned the fight for New York. Washington continued the fight for New York after losing at Long Island. B. General Howe ordered 10,000 troops into New York to secure it as a loyalist safe-haven. Howe ordered 10,000 troops to the city prior to the battle. *C. Washington's army was greatly diminished. After losing deserters on the way to New York, the 1,500 patriots lost to wounds or death on Long Island weakened George Washington's army further. D. Washington withdrew to New Jersey to await reinforcements. Washington and his men did not march to New Jersey after the battle on Long Island.

Why were the state governments the only formal governments during the American Revolution?

A. The Continental Congress agreed not to act as a formal government. The Continental Congress did not agree to refuse to act as a formal government. B. The states and the Continental Congress agreed to share power during war. No agreement to share power was made. C. With the British occupying Philadelphia, the Continental Congress disbanded. Although Britain did capture Philadelphia in 1777, Congress moved to continue meeting; it did not disband. *D. Not enough states had ratified the Articles of Confederation. A plan to establish a national government, the Articles of Confederation were drafted in 1777, approved by eight states by 1778, but not approved by all until 1781.

What made the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia of 1832 a victory for the Cherokee tribe?

A. The Court ordered President Jackson to put a stop to Indian Removal. The Court ruling did not involve an act by the executive branch. *B. The Court ruled that the federal government protected both Cherokee territory and rights. The Court ruled that the Cherokees had territorial boundaries "within which their authority is exclusive" and that both their land and their rights were protected by the federal government. C. The Court declared that Georgia needed to allow Cherokee representation in the legislature. The Court did not make such a ruling, nor had the Cherokees made such a demand. D. The Court fined Georgia for violations of Cherokee civil rights. The Court did rule in favor of the Cherokees, but it did not impose a fine on Georgia.

What was the result in the late sixteenth century of the flow of riches from Spain to other parts of Europe?

A. The Dutch decided to align themselves more closely to Spain to gain a share of the wealth. The Dutch hoped to maintain greater independence and were gaining a share of Spanish wealth anyway. B. The middle class grew substantially larger across Europe as a result of increased trade. Trade did increase and wealth grew, but this did not create a burgeoning middle class. *C. Renewed interest in other parts of Europe in the goal of gaining territory in the Americas. While some Europeans suffered under Spanish power, others benefited from the riches brought to the continent. By the late sixteenth century, the desire for a greater share of those riches revitalized imperial dreams among the French, English, and Dutch. D. Spain was weakened and lost control of its American empire. In the late sixteenth century, Spain was still powerful and fully in control of its American empire. Chapter 2: Colonization and Conflicts, 1580-1680 Topic: Religious and Imperial Transformations books: The Protestant Reformation Spain's Global Empire Declines France Enters the Race for Empire The Dutch Expand into North America

Why did New York City become the nation's premier seaport after the 1820s?

A. The East River offered the best natural port on the East Coast. The suitability of the East River was not the reason for New York City's success as a seaport. B. Its cosmopolitan culture made it attractive. New York City gained importance as a port for economic rather than cultural reasons, and its cosmopolitan culture developed much later in its history. *C. The Erie Canal linked western farmers to the Hudson River and thus to New York City. The Erie Canal, stretching from the Great Lakes at Buffalo to the Hudson River, linked western farmers to New York City, making it the nation's premier seaport. D. Lower tariffs there made this port more attractive than other cities. Tariffs were set by Congress and were the same in every American port.

Which of the following items increased settlement of the West as the Civil War ended and in the following years?

A. The Enrollment Act The Enrollment Act established a draft for the Union. *B. The Homestead Act The Homestead Act encouraged whites to continue moving west, despite Native support for the Union war effort and opposition to such migration. C. The South Creek Massacre The South Creek Massacre, perpetrated by Colorado cavalry, left more than 100 Indians dead. In retaliation, Indians attacked settlers in the area for years after. D. Sherman's March to the Sea Sherman's march did not encourage migration west.

How did the panic of 1819 change national politics?

A. The Federalists returned to power in Congress by condemning banks. Crippled by their opposition to the War of 1812, the Federalists never again returned to national prominence. B. Women and black men voted in record numbers in presidential elections. Women, who had once voted in the late eighteenth century in New Jersey, were disfranchised in the early republic. Black men also saw increased restrictions, such as property qualifications, on their ability to vote. C. The electoral college was created to insulate the presidency from popular passions. The electoral college was a part of the Constitution, drafted in 1787. *D. More white men without significant property demanded the right to vote. Battered by the economic downturn, non-property-owning whites demanded greater participation in elections to make politicians more accountable to them. Many states, such as New York in its 1821 constitution, obliged.

Why did most Spanish settlers leave New Mexico around 1600?

A. The Franciscans had completed their missionary work in the area by then. The Franciscans did not leave because they completed their missionary work in New Mexico. In fact, some missionaries and Spanish elites returned to the area in 1610. B. The Spanish crown recalled almost all missionaries around that time. Spanish missionaries were not recalled from the Southwest by Spanish authorities. The Spanish continued to establish settlements and missions in the Southwest throughout the first half of the seventeenth century. *C. They fled to safeguard their lives. Following Juan de Oñate's pillaging along the Rio Grande and the massacre of over 800 men, women, and children at Acoma pueblo, most Spanish settlers left the region because they feared that the Pueblo Indians would exact revenge. The Spanish returned a decade later. D. They hoped to appease the Pueblo people. Spanish settlers generally made decisions to appease themselves or to follow government orders rather than from a desire to accommodate the desires of the native populations.

What new political party was founded in the United States in 1854?

A. The Free-Soil Party The Free-Soil Party appeared first in the election of 1848. *B. The Republican Party Responding to the implosion of the Whig Party, the Republicans were founded in the spring of 1854. Led by former antislavery Whigs, the Republican Party slowly attracted former Free-Soilers to its ranks. C. The Whig Party The Whigs had emerged in the early 1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats. D. The Liberty Party The Liberty Party was a marginal abolitionist party that first made an impact in 1844, when it gained enough votes in New York to lose that state for the Whigs, delivering a slim majority of electoral votes to the Democratic expansionist James K. Polk.

What was an effect of the attacks by the Abenaki and other Indian tribes on British settlers in the early 1750s?

A. The French expanded into British territory. The French did not expand into British territory as a result of these attacks. B. The French attacked British settlers. The French did not attack British settlers as a consequence of Indian attacks. *C. The British sent more troops to the colonies. To defend its colonies, the British government sent troops to North America in 1755. D. British settlers forged an alliance with the French. British settlers did not form alliances with the French in the middle of the eighteenth century; they were enemies.

What was an effect of volunteering by European officers during the American Revolution?

A. The French joined the Americans. The voluntary efforts of Polish, Prussian, and French officers did not influence the allegiance of France during the war. *B. The military effort was sustained. In the face of privations and a harsh winter, the military training of the volunteer officers pushed the war effort forward. C. Washington was able to return home. Washington did not leave his troops. D. Conflicts erupted between the troops of different European officers. Conflicts did not erupt as an effect of the assistance provided by European officers.

What was one effect of the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution?

A. The French received Florida. The Spanish received Florida. *B. Americans received all lands south of Canada and north of Florida. All the land that stretched between Georgia and Maine east of the Mississippi River became the free and sovereign United States of America. C. Indians received lands in Canada and Louisiana. Like the 1763 Peace of Paris, which concluded the French and Indian War, Native Americans were not represented or consulted in 1783. They did not receive any land despite their contributions to the war. D. The Spanish received the West Indies. The Spanish did not get the West Indies; they regained control of Florida.

What war that began in 1689 put an end to the hope that Puritan New England could return to a time of religious and cultural harmony?

A. The Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution, which took place in England in 1688, saw the overthrow of King James II and the ascension of William of Orange and his wife, Mary III. *B. King William's War The outbreak of King William's War in 1689 saddled Massachusetts and Connecticut with debt and caused bloodshed in towns throughout New England. The war renewed fears of Indian attacks on rural settlements and heightened the sense that Satan was at work in the region. C. King Philip's War King Philip's War took place in 1675 and was led by Wampanoag leader Metacom, or King Philip, against the New England colonists. D. The War of Spanish Succession (French and Indian War) The War of Spanish Succession began in 1701.

What led Britain to expand the war outside of North America in 1778?

A. The Hessians refused to fight outside Europe. Britain employed Hessians to fight in North America and had already been employing Hessians—mercenary soldiers from the German states. *B. Britain declared war on France. Declaring war on France was made necessary by the French alliance with the Americans; nevertheless, Britain committed to fighting far outside of North America and at much greater expense. C. Spain formed an alliance with the Americans. Although Spanish attacks on British territory may have aided the American cause, there was no formal alliance between the two nations. D. Native Americans had driven British forces out of the West. The war in the West did not influence the British decision to expand the war outside of North America.

Why were the Hessians defending Trenton in December 1776 surprised by General Washington's attack across the Delaware River?

A. The Hessians thought the Continental Army was in Philadelphia. The Hessians did not mistake the location of the Continental Army. B. The American and British armies had agreed to a truce. The armies had not agreed to suspend fighting. *C. European armies usually stopped fighting during the winter. Most European armies waited out the winter months and returned to combat once the weather improved in the spring. In 1776 Washington feared that without bold action, his troops, discouraged by a string of defeats, would not survive. D. The Hessians had just defeated the Americans at Princeton. The Battle of Princeton came after the Battle of Trenton; the Continental Army won on both occasions.

Which part of the federal government did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention remove furthest from popular influence?

A. The House As members of the House were elected by the voting populace every two years, they were the part of the government most affected by popular influence. B. The electoral college As members of the electoral college were appointed by state legislators, they were only one step removed from popular influence. *C. The federal court system Delegates in Philadelphia decided to remove the federal court system from popular influence. Federal justices were not to be elected but appointed. Once appointed and approved, federal judges serve a life term. D. The presidency The president, elected every four years by the electoral college, which would be influenced by the popular vote, was not removed from popular influence.

Why did Andrew Jackson and his military commanders underestimate the strength of the Seminole Indians in Florida during the Second Seminole War in the 1830s?

A. The Indians received support from Spain. The Seminoles had fought the Spanish in Florida before they fought the United States, making the Spanish an unlikely ally. *B. The Seminoles were helped by runaway slaves. Even though some Seminoles enslaved runaways from the southern slave states, they treated them far more leniently than did southern whites. Thus, free and enslaved blacks fought fiercely against Seminole removal. C. The Seminoles received assistance from wealthy Georgia planters. Georgia planters had no interest in helping Seminole Indians stay in Florida. D. The Indians were helped by French mercenaries. French mercenaries played no role in the Second Seminole War.

What was a result of Federalist policies regarding the American frontier?

A. The Jay Treaty The Jay Treaty did not involve the frontier. B. The whiskey tax The whiskey tax was part of the Federalist policies, not a result of the policies. C. Neutrality in the French and British war Neutrality in the war between Britain and France was a Federalist policy but did not involve the frontier at all. *D. Formation of the Democratic-Republican Party Opposition to Federalist policies on the frontier helped create the Democratic-Republican Party, a new national political party.

Why did the followers of William Lloyd Garrison reject the Liberty Party?

A. The Liberty Party brought slavery into national politics, while Garrison believed it was a local matter. Garrison believed slavery was a national problem but that any participation in national politics was tainted. B. All abolitionists rejected the Liberty Party as too friendly to slaveholders. Abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass accepted the Liberty Party. C. The Liberty Party argued in favor of the freedom of the wealthy to use their property, including slaves, as they pleased. The Liberty Party opposed slavery. *D. Garrison believed that participating in electoral politics acknowledged the legitimacy of a government that supported slavery. Garrison argued that because the federal government recognized slavery in matters such as the three-fifths compromise and allowed slavery in the territories, it was fatally flawed. No participation was moral as a result. Chapter 11: Slavery Expands South and West, 1830-1850 Topic: Planters Expand the Slave System books: Planters Expand the Slave System A Plantation Society Develops in the South Urban Life in the Slave South The Consequences of Slavery's Expansion

Why were the Puritans eager to form good relations with the Massachusetts Indian tribe?

A. The Massachusetts Indians dominated the fur trade, which was the basis of the Puritan economy. The Massachusetts Indians did not dominate the fur trade. Nor was the fur trade the basis of the Puritan economy. B. The mostly male Puritan colonists hoped to find wives among the Massachusetts Indians. There were roughly equal numbers of men and women among the Puritan colonists. *C. The Puritans believed the Massachusetts Indians might be converted to Christianity. Conversion of Indians, especially the nearby Massachusetts tribe, was a prime goal of the Puritans in New England. They established schools to teach Indians to read the Bible. D. The Massachusetts Indians were friends of the Puritans' allies, the Wampanoag Indians. Although well disposed toward the Puritans, the Wampanoag were enemies of the Massachusetts Indians.

How did a drought around 800 C.E. affect the Mayan civilization?

A. The Maya could never again trade with their neighbors, the Aztecs. The Maya resumed trade with the Aztecs by the sixteenth century. B. More people moved from the interior regions to cities. Because of drought, people moved from cities into the interior. *C. An economic crisis began that contributed to the decline of the Maya. Combined with heavy taxation, a drought harmed the economy and reversed the growth of Mayan towns. D. Hard times encouraged people to flock to religious sites. Movement away from towns to the interior regions left many religious sites abandoned.

In 1862, Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson combined to produce several Confederate victories in what strategic area?

A. The Mississippi River valley The Union won victories in the Mississippi River valley in 1862. *B. Virginia Stonewall Jackson won a series of stunning victories against three Union armies in Virginia's Shenandoah valley in 1862, which were followed by Lee's fighting General George B. McClellan to a standstill outside Richmond, and then the two forces combined to defeat a Union army at Second Bull Run (Manassas). C. The Ohio River valley Lee and Jackson did not operate in the Ohio River valley at any point in the war. D. The Gulf coast Lee and Jackson did not operate along the Gulf coast at any point in the war.

Why did the South become increasingly dependent on the North and West between the 1790s and 1840s?

A. The North provided most of its political leadership. Southerners elected their own political leaders. B. The North provided the South with significant subsidies. While northern politicians joined with southern ones in protecting the institution of slavery and slave property, no subsidies went from northern states to the South. C. Only Northerners were willing to buy slave-made cotton. Northerners bought plenty of slave-made cotton, but Europeans were willing to buy slave-made cotton as well. *D. The focus on slavery in the South left its society underdeveloped. Slavery limited the development of cities, technology, and educational institutions, leaving the South increasingly dependent on the North and West for many of its needs.

What part of the country did Democratic candidate James Buchanan nearly sweep in the presidential election of 1856?

A. The Northeast Republican John C. Frémont took the Northeast. *B. The South Buchanan won the presidency by winning the South, except for Maryland, along with Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Illinois. C. The Midwest While Buchanan won Indiana and Illinois, Republican John C. Frémont won other states in the Midwest. D. The far West Republican John C. Frémont took the far West.

In which regions was James Madison most popular during his reelection in 1812?

A. The Northeast and Southeast The Northeast was still dominated by the Federalist Party, not Madison's Democratic-Republicans. B. The Middle Atlantic and West The Federalist Party remained strong in the Middle Atlantic region, but Madison was a Democratic-Republican. C. Northern and southern cities Cities were not the center of support for James Madison in 1812. *D. The West and South Madison won most of the western and southern states, where the war was most popular, but was defeated in New England and New York, where Federalist opponents held sway.

What seventeenth-century law required items produced in England's colonies to be carried in English ships?

A. The Pennsylvania Frame of Government The Pennsylvania Frame of Government (1681) guaranteed religious freedom for Christians in Pennsylvania. *B. The Navigation Acts Enacted in 1660, the Navigation Acts restricted colonial trade to English ships. C. The Act of Union The Act of Union (1707) unified England and Scotland under one monarch, forming Great Britain. D. Slave laws In the 1660s, the Virginia Assembly passed slave laws that defined slavery as race-based and inheritable from one generation to the next.

What was the significance of Anglo-Dutch cooperation in Barbados in the mid-seventeenth century?

A. The Puritans established a colony on the island. The Puritans did not settle in Barbados. B. Slavery was introduced to the island. Slavery had been brought to Barbados earlier in the seventeenth century. C. The Spanish were driven out of the island. The Spanish were not in control of Barbados when England and the Netherlands cooperated in the seventeenth century. *D. A robust sugar industry developed on the island. The Dutch provided financing and expertise in sugar refining that the English did not possess, while the English provided the land to cultivate sugar, which the Dutch, with their small colonies, did not possess. Together, they made sugar production in Barbados profitable.

In addition to the Freedmen's Bureau, which organization(s) also sent teachers south to help educate former slaves following the Civil War?

A. The Republican Party The Republican Party did not, as a party, establish schools for the children of former slaves. *B. Churches Northern churches, once active in opposing slavery, sent teachers south following the war to set up schools for the children of freedmen. C. The Union army The Union army did not send teachers south to set up schools. D. Congress Although the Freedmen's Bureau was created by Congress and the Bureau did establish schools, Congress itself did not directly dispatch teachers south.

Why did Congress not impeach President Andrew Johnson in 1867?

A. The Senate voted to impeach Johnson, but the House rejected it. The House voted to impeach, but the Senate failed to convict him. B. The Senate ran out of time for a full deliberation of the articles of impeachment. The Senate took six weeks to deliberate impeachment. C. The president convinced Congress to give him one more opportunity to work with them. President Johnson remained defiant and unwilling to work with Congress. *D. After six weeks of deliberation, the Senate fell short of impeachment by one vote. President Johnson avoided being forced out of office by one vote in the Senate.

What was one consequence of the Pueblo revolt?

A. The Spanish retreated from New Mexico and did not return. Although the Spanish retreated to Mexico, they returned to New Mexico in the 1690s. B. Spanish missionaries halted their work in North America. Spanish missionaries remained with Spanish settlers, but the revolt did prompt many missionaries to allow Indians to retain more indigenous practices. *C. Spanish expansion was limited in the Southwest. The Pueblo revolt pushed the Spanish back into Mexico and strengthened indigenous tribes to resist future Spanish expansion. D. It broke the back of Indian resistance in the Southwest. The Pueblo people succeeded in pushing the Spanish south into Mexico. Rather than breaking Indian resistance, the Pueblo revolt strengthened the will of the Indians in the Southwest.

What was the significance of the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

A. The Supreme Court's ruling in the case secured the appointment for William Marbury. Even though Marbury was a Federalist, the Federalist Supreme Court under John Marshall ruled against him. B. The ruling in the case established the preeminence of the federal government over that of state governments. The case did not address the relationship between states and the federal government, but between the Supreme Court and the executive branch. C. The case affirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. Marbury v. Madison had nothing to do with the Bank of the United States. *D. The case established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review. Marbury v. Madison established the doctrine of judicial review, which meant that it was the role of the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of federal law.

Which of the following called for constitutional amendments to limit federal power in light of the government's actions during the War of 1812?

A. The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812. B. The American System The American System was the name of Henry Clay's program of federal government support for transportation improvements and a protective tariff to benefit manufacturing following the War of 1812. *C. The Hartford Convention A gathering of New England Federalists upset about the War of 1812, the Hartford Convention called for amendments to limit presidents to a single term and hailed from a mixture of states (to break Virginia's dominance of the presidency) while also calling for Congress to secure a two-thirds majority to declare war or restrict trade. D. The Adams-OnÃs Treaty The Adams-OnÃs Treaty (1819) acquired Florida from Spain. Topic: National Expansion and Regional Economies books: National Expansion and Regional Economies Governments Fuel Economic Growth Americans Expand the Nation's Borders Regional Economic Development

Why was the Treaty of Fort Stanwix controversial?

A. The United States was not able to obtain the land it wanted from natives. The treaty was not controversial because the United States failed to achieve its goals vis-Ã -vis natives. B. Britain gained the right to occupy forts in the Northwest for another eighteen months. Britain gained the right to occupy Northwest forts for another eighteen months in the Jay Treaty, not the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. *C. The United States made a deal with select Indian leaders to the exclusion of others. Although the United States negotiated the treaty with some Indian leaders, those not involved refused to recognize its legitimacy. It was one more sign that the United States did not deal fairly with Indian nations. D. Britain won the right to be repaid for loans colonists took out before the war. The Jay Treaty, not the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, won Britain the right to be repaid for loans taken out before the Revolution.

What development unexpectedly made passage of the Compromise of 1850 more likely?

A. The United States went to war with Mexico. The United States went to war with Mexico between 1846 and 1848. *B. Both John C. Calhoun and Zachary Taylor died. Both men died unexpectedly, and the political landscape shifted. The new president, Millard Fillmore, encouraged a group of younger senators to take up the compromise, and they pushed it through Congress, without the opposition of Calhoun and Daniel Webster, who had joined Fillmore's cabinet. C. The Supreme Court issued the Dred Scott decision. The Dred Scott decision was issued in 1857. D. The Bleeding Kansas episode ended peacefully. The Bleeding Kansas episode broke out in 1856.

How did the United States end up occupying the Oregon Territory jointly with Great Britain in the early nineteenth century?

A. The War of 1812 had ended in a stalemate there. The War of 1812 did not involve the Oregon Territory. B. Great Britain refused to pull troops back to the forty-ninth parallel. The establishment of the forty-ninth parallel as the border between British Canada and the United States was negotiated alongside joint occupation of the Oregon Territory. *C. John Quincy Adams negotiated the settlement in London. President Monroe had sent Adams to London to settle disputes with the British in the West in order to undermine Indian resistance there. Joint occupation of the Oregon Territory, which Congress ratified in 1818, was a result of these negotiations. D. Lewis and Clark had worked out such a deal with the British during their expedition. Joint occupation of the Oregon Territory did not date back to the expedition of Lewis and Clark.

Why did the Whigs add Buffalo Congressman Millard Fillmore as a candidate for vice president in the 1848 campaign?

A. The Whigs only nominated antislavery candidates such as Fillmore. Zachary Taylor, a slave owner, was the Whigs' candidate for president in 1848. B. The Whigs wanted to reach beyond their traditional base in the West. The Whigs enjoyed support in the North, South, and West. *C. The Whigs wanted a Northerner as vice president to balance their ticket regionally. Fillmore helped to balance the ticket regionally once Zachary Taylor of Louisiana was nominated for president. By doing so, the Whigs hoped to appeal to voters across the country. D. The Whigs wanted to appease proslavery Northerners who voted against them in 1844. The move was not intended to appease proslavery Northerners.

What event neutralized the threat to U.S. expansion posed by Native Americans in the Northwest Territory?

A. The Whiskey Rebellion Although taking place in western Pennsylvania, the Whiskey Rebellion revolved principally around the issue of taxation. B. Ratification of the Constitution Ratification of the Constitution did not stop Native American opposition to U.S. expansion. *C. The Battle of Fallen Timbers A U.S. army force under the command of General Anthony Wayne crushed a pan-Indian group of warriors at the battle, leading Natives to cede more land to the United States in the Treaty of Grenville. D. Shays's Rebellion Shays's Rebellion involved protests by backcountry Massachusetts farmers against anti-debtor policies. Topic: The First Party System books: The First Party System The Adams Presidency The Election of 1800

How was the Whiskey Rebellion different from Shays's Rebellion?

A. The Whiskey Rebellion involved elite Philadelphia merchants, while Shays's Rebellion involved backcountry Massachusetts farmers. While Shays's Rebellion involved backcountry Massachusetts farmers, the Whiskey Rebellion involved backcountry Pennsylvania farmers, not Philadelphia elites. *B. The central government crushed the Whiskey Rebellion, while it had been powerless to stop Shays's Rebellion. Unlike the government's anemic response to Shays's Rebellion, which frightened Hamilton and Washington, the Whiskey Rebellion was put down by a show of force. The incident showed that the new Constitution government was much stronger than the Articles of Confederation government. C. The British were responsible for fomenting the Whiskey Rebellion, while Shays's Rebellion was led by Americans. Although Shays's Rebellion was led by Americans, the British were not behind the Whiskey Rebellion. D. The Whiskey Rebellion broke out over foreign policy, while Shays's Rebellion protested domestic tax policy. Foreign policy was not the reason for the Whiskey Rebellion, although Shays's Rebellion did involve domestic tax issues.

Why did the Yamasee Indians attempt to force the British out of South Carolina?

A. The Yamasee did not want to convert to Catholicism. There were no Catholic missionaries in South Carolina. *B. The Yamasee owed money to the British. The Yamasee had accrued debts to the British and could not pay them. Instead, they attempted to force the British off their land. C. The Creeks agreed to move against the British with them. The Creeks did assist the Yamasee, but their assistance was not the cause of the Yamasee attempt to expel the British. D. The Cherokee agreed to move against the British with them. The Cherokee did assist the Yamasee but then turned their allegiance to the British. The promise of Cherokee assistance was not the cause of the Yamasee attempt to expel the British.

On what grounds did legislators in Virginia and Kentucky declare the Alien and Sedition Acts void?

A. The acts were unfair. Legislators in Virginia and Kentucky did not declare the acts void because they were unfair. *B. The acts were unconstitutional. Legislators in Virginia and Kentucky declared the acts void because, they said, these laws violated the Bill of Rights. C. The acts were for political gain. Legislators in Virginia and Kentucky did not declare the acts void because they were for political gain. D. The acts were unnecessary. Legislators in Virginia and Kentucky did not declare the acts void because they were not necessary.

Why did northern politicians control the House of Representatives by 1819?

A. The admission of Missouri as a state had given Northerners the upper hand in that chamber. Northerners controlled the House prior to the admission of Missouri, and the Northern majority rejected Missouri's admission at first. B. The southern population had shrunk, giving Northerners a demographic advantage. The southern population had not shrunk. *C. The northern population had grown more rapidly than the southern population. Because the northern population had grown more rapidly than that of the South, by 1819 northern politicians controlled the House of Representatives. D. The capital of Washington City was located in the North, giving northern politicians an advantage. Washington City was surrounded by the southern slave states Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia, and its location did not affect the distribution of members in the House of Representatives.

Why did the Maryland legislature tax the operations of the Second Bank of the United States in the early nineteenth century?

A. The bank was making excessive profits. The profitability of the Bank of United States was not the chief concern of the Maryland lawmakers. *B. It believed that the bank had gained excessive power. Notes of the Second Bank of the United States circulated widely in local business communities, replacing notes issued by state banks. The Maryland legislature tried to push the Bank of the United States out of business with the additional tax levy. C. It was trying to build reserves and protection against bank failures. Protections against bank failures were not a concern of the Maryland legislature. D. State banks in Maryland were being taxed in the same way. Maryland was trying to tax the Bank of the United States specifically.

Which of the following exposed soldiers most to disease and starvation during the Civil War?

A. The battlefield The open battlefield was deadly, but it was not the place where men contracted diseases. B. Barracks in garrisons Beds in garrisons were not always sanitary, but they were not the place where men most likely contracted disease. *C. Prisoner-of-war camps Prisoner-of-war camps were exceptionally deadly, killing large numbers of men through disease and starvation. D. Hospitals Hospitals were hosts to many diseases, but they were not as bad as other places that forced lots of soldiers together in one place.

What inspired Harriet Beecher Stowe to write Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852?

A. The capture of Anthony Burns in Boston Anthony Burns was extradited to the South two years later, in 1854. B. The mob assault on the Syracuse courthouse The incident in Syracuse was not the inspiration for Harriet Beecher Stowe. C. The election of Franklin Pierce that same year Franklin Pierce's election took place a few months after the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin. *D. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Harriet Beecher Stowe was inspired to write Uncle Tom's Cabin by the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act in 1850.

Why were slaves in the Carolinas allowed to carry guns?

A. The charters for North and South Carolina required it. The colonial charters did not require slaves to be armed. B. Carolina planters followed the example of Barbados. Although Carolina planters often did follow the example of Barbados, the decision to allow slaves to carry weapons was not modeled after the practice there. *C. The Spanish were nearby in Florida. Because of the danger posed by a Spanish attack from nearby Florida, slaves in the Carolinas carried guns and served in the militia. D. Unruly indentured servants threatened rebellion. Slaves were not armed to protect against indentured servants in rebellion.

Which of the following is true about the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in the 1830s and 1840s?

A. The church admitted African Americans to become priests. The church did not allow African Americans as priests. B. Its prophet Brigham Young was lynched in the city of Nauvoo, Illinois. The Prophet who was lynched in Nauvoo was Joseph Smith. *C. The church was guided by The Book of Mormon as well as the Bible. Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, claimed that he began to receive visions from God at age fifteen, and was directed to dig up gold plates inscribed with instructions for redeeming the Lost Tribes of Israel. The Book of Mormon (1830), based on these inscriptions, served, along with the Bible, as the scriptural foundation of the church. D. The church granted spiritual authority to women only. The church did not grant particular spiritual authority to women.

Why did officials in Charleston, South Carolina, tear down the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1822?

A. The church was badly damaged in a slave rebellion. The church was suspected of being the place where Denmark Vesey planned an insurrection, but the building was not damaged in its suppression. B. The church was built in defiance of the city council. Until 1821, the African Methodist Episcopal Church had operated peacefully in the city. C. The church gave refuge to the fugitive revolutionary leader Toussaint L'Ouverture. L'Ouverture died in a French prison many years earlier, but the Haitian revolutionary allegedly inspired the free black Denmark Vesey to organize an uprising of slaves in the state. *D. The city suspected the church was the place where slaves planned an uprising. City officials in Charleston suspected that Denmark Vesey and his alleged co-conspirators planned their alleged insurrection at the church, and officials tore it down in response.

What prompted the move of the U.S. capital south from Philadelphia?

A. The city of Philadelphia was severely lacking in cultural attractions. Philadelphia would have had far more cultural appeal than the new capital of Washington City, which was being built from scratch. B. Americans worried that Philadelphia was too exposed to the power of slaveholding elites. The proximity of the capital to slaveholding elites played a crucial role in the decision to move the capital, but the change in location put the capital within the reach of southern slaveholders rather than moving it away from them. *C. Southerners did not want the nation's capital dominated by northern elites. Northern and southern states had struggled to compromise on slavery during the Constitutional Convention, and fears over a sectional division between North and South endured throughout the early nineteenth century. D. Philadelphia did not have the slave labor force needed to build the new federal buildings. Although Washington City was surrounded by farms and plantations where thousands of slaves lived, the need for that labor force was not the reason the capital moved south.

What made women's organizing efforts in factories at least temporarily impossible in the 1830s?

A. The closing of the Bank of the United States The end of the Second Bank of the United States did not affect women's ability to organize. *B. The panic of 1837 The panic of 1837 and widespread fear of job loss doomed organizing activities until the economy could recover. C. The formation of the General Trades Union in 1834 The formation of the General Trades Union did not undermine women's ability to organize. D. The first formation of a workingmen's political party in Philadelphia Though the first workingmen's party in Philadelphia was an all-male organization, that did not limit the ability of Lowell's textile factory girls to go on and organize.

What happened to French and English efforts to establish colonies in North America in the sixteenth century?

A. The colonies were destroyed by Spanish ships and soldiers. The colonies failed for other reasons. B. They failed as a result of attacks by Native Americans. They failed for other reasons. C. The French effort to colonize Canada took hold, but English efforts failed. Neither the French nor the English had a successful settlement in the Americas by 1600. *D. They failed due to poor funding, inadequate supplies, or bad weather. The French attempt to settle Quebec failed due to harsh weather and disease causing high mortality; the English attempts to settle both Newfoundland and Maine failed because of lack of funding or supplies.

What was an effect of the 1733 Molasses Act?

A. The colonists stopped drinking rum. The British colonists in North America did not stop drinking rum. B. The colonial distilling industry was crippled. Despite the tariff on molasses made outside of the British West Indies, the distilling industry in British North America was not crippled. C. The colonists turned to London for molasses. London did not export molasses, nor did men and women in London grow sugarcane. *D. The colonists began to smuggle French molasses. Unable to afford molasses made in the British West Indies or to pay the tariff on molasses made in the French colonies, English colonists began to smuggle molasses into their ports and bribe custom officials to allow it.

What was the significance of the Green Mountain Boys attack on Fort Ticonderoga in 1775?

A. The colonists were defeated and retreated to Boston under heavy fire from loyalists. The colonists were not forced to retreat to Boston following the attack on Fort Ticonderoga. B. Although the British won the battle, they suffered heavy casualties that boosted Patriot morale. It was at the Battle of Bunker Hill that the British suffered heavy casualties in victory, encouraging the American war effort. C. The Continental Congress in Philadelphia was convinced it should declare independence. The Continental Congress did not decide to declare independence until the next year, 1776. *D. The conflict between Britain and the colonies was expanded outside of Massachusetts. The early stage of the conflict had centered on Massachusetts, where British troops clashed with militia at Lexington and Concord. The battle at Ticonderoga, in New York north of Albany, showed the fight had expanded.

What can be surmised from the fact that the first twenty Africans who arrived in Jamestown in 1619 were servants?

A. The colonists were not desperate for labor in 1619. In 1619, the Virginia Company and the colonists desperately needed laborers for their booming cash crop, tobacco. *B. Slavery was not race based in 1619. Slavery was not race based for the entire first half of the seventeenth century in North America. African workers labored alongside Irish and English workers. C. English servants had stopped coming to Virginia by 1619. Indentured servants from Ireland and England continued to migrate to Virginia in large numbers up until the 1660s. D. The Dutch did not take part in the slave trade in the seventeenth century. The Dutch did take part in the slave trade in the seventeenth century.

What was the Columbian exchange?

A. The commercial exchange of guns for gold between Spaniards and Native Americans The Columbian exchange was not the trade of guns for gold. B. The cultural exchange of religions between Spaniards and Native Americans The Columbian exchange was not the religious exchange of Christianity and native religions. *C. The movement of germs, animals, plants, and seeds between Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa The Columbian exchange was an exchange of germs, animals, plants, and seeds around the Atlantic Ocean beginning in the late fifteenth century, when Columbus reached the Americas. D. The exchange of ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas The Columbian exchange was not the exchange of ideas.

How did news that the confederation congress had outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory affect the debate at the Constitutional Convention?

A. The convention delegates debated whether to outlaw slavery nationwide. Whether to abolish slavery nationwide was never discussed by the convention. *B. Some southern delegates insisted that the Constitution protect the slave trade. Worried that the status of slavery might be in danger, delegates from South Carolina and Georgia insisted that the Constitution protect the slave trade. The final version prevented Congress from abolishing the international slave trade for twenty years. C. The three-fifths compromise was proposed to enhance the power of southern states. The three-fifths compromise did enhance the power of southern states, but it was not proposed in response to the actions of the confederation congress. D. The New Jersey Plan was discussed as a way to allow gradual emancipation for slaves. The New Jersey Plan did not provide for gradual emancipation, although the state of New Jersey did enact gradual emancipation laws.

What unintended consequence did the South Creek Massacre (1864) lead to?

A. The deaths of more than 100 Indians The deaths of more than 100 Indians at the hands of Colorado cavalry were intentional. B. The deaths of more than 100 U.S. soldiers U.S. soldiers were not lost in such numbers during the massacre. C. Greater sympathy for the Confederacy Sympathy for the Confederacy was not an issue. *D. Increased attacks on Colorado settlers Indians in Colorado retaliated against settlers for years to come. The massacre made conditions worse for whites migrating to the region.

According to Catholic officials, what impeded the religious conversion of Native Americans?

A. The deaths wrought by European diseases Catholic officials did not believe that the high death toll on account of disease impeded the religious conversion of Indians. B. Their affinity for their own gods and religious cultures Catholic officials did not believe that native peoples' beliefs would be an impediment to the spread of Christianity in the Americas. C. Their dedication to human sacrifices to please their gods Catholic officials did not believe that the uncommon practice of human sacrifice impeded the religious conversion. *D. The brutal treatment of Native Americans by Spaniards Catholic officials believed that the brutal treatment of the Indians served as a serious impediment to their willingness to convert to Christianity.

What event prompted increased interest in relocating to the Oregon Territory?

A. The discovery of gold Gold was discovered in California in 1848. B. The election of Franklin Pierce Pierce was elected in 1852, after migration to Oregon had already spiked. C. The publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin The novel was published in 1852, after large numbers of people were already moving to Oregon. *D. The panic of 1837 The economic damage wrought by the panic of 1837 inspired people who lost their economic futures to start over again out west.

Why didn't British North America have a homeless problem in the first half of the eighteenth century?

A. The economy was good, and unemployment was low. The economy was not good enough to secure employment for many men and women in the first half of the eighteenth century. *B. Cities began to open almshouses to shelter those without support. While villages and small towns took care of their fellow townspeople, the rapidly growing port cities in the eighteenth century constructed almshouses to aid the destitute. C. Men and women were arrested for sleeping in the streets. Men and women sleeping on the street would not be arrested in the eighteenth century. D. The Overseers of the Poor would "warn out" the economically marginalized. In port cities, the destitute were not sent away.

Why was the election of Thomas Jefferson not the popular revolution that he claimed it to be?

A. The election was flawed in the electoral college. Although the election was flawed in terms of the electoral college, the confusing nature of the election is not the reason that Jefferson should not have claimed his victory as a revolution. B. John Adams had won the votes of most ordinary Americans. Both Jefferson and Adams won votes from different classes of Americans, although Jefferson appealed to the common man. *C. Only a small number of Americans actually voted in the election. Only five states chose presidential electors by popular vote, and those voters were overwhelmingly white men. D. Aaron Burr should have been the president. Although Burr and Jefferson tied in the election, Jefferson should have been the president, as he was clearly his party's presidential candidate. The tie was an effect of confusion, not political will.

How was Henry Clay's American System intended to bind the regions of the United States together after 1815?

A. The elimination of slavery would put all workers on an equal footing as freemen. The American System did not call for the abolition of slavery. *B. Roads, rivers, canals, and steamboats were to unify a growing nation. Chief advocate of the American System, Henry Clay proposed the construction of roads and canals and the development of steamboats to help unify a nation growing in commerce. C. He hoped to promote a uniform system of government in all states of the union. Henry Clay did not advocate uniformity in state governments. D. Clay advocated for a uniform tariff that applied equally to all states of the union. High tariffs as a protection of domestic industries were part of the American System, but the uniform application of tariffs across the nation was embedded in the constitutional principle of federal authority over interstate commerce and was not an idea of Henry Clay.

What did Puritans believe to be the cause of the economic downturn and the concomitant rise in famine and crime that struck England in the early 1600s?

A. The enclosure movement Although enclosure, or the closing off of fields for pasture, caused thousands of peasant farmers to lose their land, the Puritans did not believe that enclosure was at the root of the economic downturn in England. B. A succession of harsh winters Terrible weather was not the cause of the economic and social turmoil in England, nor did Puritans believe it to be. *C. God's anger Puritans believed that the failed harvests, famine, rising prices, increase in the number of beggars and vagrants, and rise in crime and taxes were all signs that God was punishing England and its people for their sins. D. The population boom The Puritans did not blame the economic downturn on the population boom in England, which was partially due to the high-yielding, high-calorie crops brought back from the Americas.

What trend in eighteenth-century Virginia and Maryland was associated with slave laws being made more severe?

A. The free black population decreased. The eventual decrease in the free black population that took place in Virginia and Maryland over the course of the eighteenth century did not cause severe slave codes to be put into place. *B. The slave population grew larger. In Virginia and Maryland, the harsh slave laws that were based on those established in Barbados corresponded to the rise in the slave population. C. The dwindling numbers of indentured servants. Although the indentured servant population was decreasing, this trend was not connected to the harsh character of the slave laws. D. An increase in Indian raids. The severity of the slave codes was not caused by increased Indian violence.

Why did mobs burn Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia to the ground in 1838?

A. The hall was used for a slave auction. Pennsylvania no longer allowed slavery, and no more slave trading was taking place in Philadelphia by 1838. *B. The hall hosted the Antislavery Convention of American Women. Mobs had threatened participants at the 1838 Antislavery Convention of American Women at Pennsylvania Hall in Philadelphia and burned the hall to the ground after black and white women left the meeting arm in arm. C. The mobs protested continuing poverty and unemployment in the wake of the panic of 1837. The mobs did not have economic grievances. D. A temperance society held its convention there. The mobs burned down the hall in opposition to a different reform movement.

According to the Constitution, who is responsible for counting and certifying the electoral votes submitted by the states in a presidential election?

A. The incumbent president The president in office is not in charge of counting and certifying the electoral votes submitted by the states, which could create a serious conflict of interest. B. Local volunteers Local electoral workers counted the ballots, but the counting and certifying of electoral votes by states was not their responsibility. *C. Congress Congress has the responsibility of counting and certifying the electoral votes submitted by states. D. The U.S. Supreme Court According to the Constitution, there is no procedural role for the U.S. Supreme Court in presidential elections.

Which of the following contributed to Portugal's rise to leadership in international trade in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

A. The king's plan to explore across the Atlantic Ocean The Portuguese first explored the coast of Africa and into the Indian Ocean. B. A good working relationship with Italian merchants in the Mediterranean Italian merchants blocked Portuguese trade through the Mediterranean. C. The country's large population and extensive merchant fleets Portugal was a small nation in Europe. *D. A program of exploration, observation, and shipbuilding Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator gathered information from experts across the maritime trades to launch a campaign of exploration, observation, shipbuilding, and long-distance trade that revolutionized Europe and shaped events in Africa and the Americas.

What transportation problem did canals and steamboats solve in the early republic?

A. The lack of waterways linking the North and South The major waterways, such as the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, linked the North and South. *B. The high cost of overland travel across the country Overland travel was enormously expensive compared to water transportation. It cost as much to transport goods from western Pennsylvania to Philadelphia as it did to move goods from Philadelphia to London. C. The lack of horses to pull wagons on roads A lack of horses was not a problem. D. The demand for more environmentally friendly travel Environmental issues were not a concern in the early republic.

When the Union army under General William T. Sherman was executing its March to the Sea, why did it turn away escaping slaves?

A. The law forbade protecting fugitive slaves during times of war. No law forbade sheltering fugitive slaves. B. The Confederates would not talk peace if they lost their slaves. Angering Confederates by taking away their slaves would have been an advantage to the Union. *C. Too many people were asking for refuge, slowing down the army. So many slaves sought refuge with Sherman's army that he risked his ability to fight if he accepted them all. As a result, some slaves were turned away to fend for themselves so that the army could continue its march against the Confederacy. D. It was feared that the slaves might be Confederate spies. Slaves were not turned away for fear that they were spies.

What distinguished products—like shoes—made in factories after the 1820s from those made in the old craft tradition?

A. They were more expensive. Factory-made goods were cheaper than handcrafted goods. *B. They were cheaper. Factory-made goods were cheaper than handcrafted goods. C. They were more distinctive. Factory-made products tended to be less distinctive than handcrafted goods. D. They were less commonly available. Factory-made products were made in mass quantities and were more readily available than handcrafted goods.

What characterized Britain's informal policy of benign neglect toward the colonies that was in force before the French and Indian War?

A. The mother country enforced its power in an autocratic manner. Benign neglect did not include the exercise of dictatorial power over the colonies. *B. The mother country held but did not enforce ultimate sovereignty over the colonies. Under the policy of benign neglect, Britain did not strictly enforce its power or its policies in the thirteen colonies, and many decisions were left up to local governing bodies. C. The colonies ruled themselves with no interference from Great Britain. Even under the policy of benign neglect, Britain did not leave all governance to the colonists. D. The colonists were not required to abide by any of Britain's rules. While the colonists may not have strictly adhered to Parliament's rules, for the most part, they did abide by the rules of their mother country.

How did the temperance movement change between its beginnings in 1826 to its expansion in the 1830s?

A. The movement lost its radical edge with growing popularity. As the temperance movement became more popular, its goals became more radical. B. The movement focused on the excessive drinking of wealthy Americans. The temperance movement focused on the middle class and working class. *C. The movement expanded its goal from moderation to total abstinence. Over time, the temperance movement changed the goal from moderation to total abstinence, targeted middle-class as well as working-class men, and welcomed women's support. D. The movement increasingly targeted immigrant groups. Over time, the temperance movement targeted middle-class, as well as working-class, immigrant men.

What was the effect of the slow ratification of the Articles of Confederation during the American Revolution?

A. The national government that finally formed had the full support of the states. When the national government formed, the states still feared that it would have too much power. B. The national government was more powerful than state governments. Even after ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the national government did not possess greater power than the states. While ratification was pending, state governments played the most critical role in wartime governance. C. Powers were equally divided between the new states and the Continental Congress. States held the lion's share of power during the American Revolution. *D. State governments were the only formal governments during most of the Revolution. Although the Continental Congress directed the army and most military affairs, state governments were the only formal governments during most of the American Revolution.

What did the spread of cotton gins across the South mean for southern slaves?

A. The need to develop more work skills The cotton gin made the processing of cotton easy and did not require skilled labor. B. A reduced amount of work While the cotton gin saved time in cotton processing, it triggered a vast expansion of cotton production and thus more work for slaves. C. Availability of better clothing Slaves did not immediately benefit from the cheap cotton that would make cotton clothing cheaper. *D. The entrenchment of slavery The cotton gin made cotton a viable cash crop for southern plantations and gave the institution of slavery a new lease on life.

What was an effect of King George III's 1775 decision to discontinue trade and negotiations with the colonies?

A. The number of loyalists increased. The king's decision did not cause patriots to become loyalists. *B. Claims supporting independence were bolstered. When the king cut off negotiation, independence increasingly seemed like the only path. C. The colonial economy improved. The king's decision did not help the colonial economy. D. The Continental Congress hesitated to act. The king's decision did not cause the congress to hesitate.

Why did Americans of the early republic harbor suspicions toward established colleges like Harvard, Yale, or the College of William and Mary?

A. The older colleges tended to be in rural areas, far away from the established population centers of the coast. The older colleges were situated in urban centers along the Atlantic coast where Europeans had long been settled. *B. Americans feared these institutions were tainted by aristocratic influences. After independence, many Americans worried that Harvard, Yale, King's College (present-day Columbia University), Queen's College (present-day Rutgers University), and the College of William and Mary were tainted by British and aristocratic influences. C. These colleges taught a curriculum that was deemed excessively democratic. The curriculum offered by the colleges was not criticized for being too democratic. D. Americans objected to the exclusion of women from these colleges. The older colleges were male-only institutions, but that was not the source of objection for critics at the time.

What was the Columbian exchange?

A. The one-way spread of animals, plants, and diseases from the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia The Columbian Exchange was more than a one-way transfer from one place to another. *B. The circulation of animals, plants, and diseases between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas The Columbian exchange transformed life in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas by exchanging animals, plants, and diseases around the world. C. The rapid growth of the native population of the Americas because of the new animals and plants introduced from Europe, Africa, and Asia The population of the Americas was devastated by the introduction of European diseases against which natives had no immunities. D. The enslavement of native populations in the Americas to replace slaves brought from Africa who frequently died from diseases contracted in the Americas African slaves were brought to the Americas in increasing numbers to replace native slaves who died from European diseases.

What attracted Protestant farmers to the American Party in the congressional election of 1854?

A. The party's agricultural policies The American Party had no significant position on agricultural policies. B. The party's religious principles It was not the religious principles of the American Party that attracted Protestant farmers. *C. The party's anti-immigrant message Along with native-born workers, Protestant farmers were drawn to the anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic message of the American Party in the early 1850s. D. The party's ban on slavery in the western territories The American Party did not propose a ban on slavery in the western territories. The Free-Soil Party had proposed this policy as early as 1848, however.

What was the purpose of the gag rule Congress imposed on its members in March 1836?

A. To block members from speaking about Texas The gag rule did not ban the debate of the Texas issue. *B. To prevent debate on antislavery petitions The gag rule automatically tabled all antislavery petitions, an effort by Congress to avoid the sectional division that was emerging between North and South on the issue of slavery. C. To prevent passage of anti-immigration laws The gag rule did not address immigration. D. To bar Congress from addressing the recession The gag rule did not refer to congressional debates on the recession.

Why did General Charles Cornwallis gather his troops in Yorktown to wait for reinforcements in 1781?

A. The patriots had beaten Cornwallis at Guilford Court House. Cornwallis and his men succeeded in pushing the Continental soldiers back from the battle at Guilford Court House, though he did lose a lot of men. B. The Continentals regained control of South Carolina and Georgia. Patriot forces did not have control of South Carolina and Georgia in 1781. *C. The British had lost a lot of men in fighting in the Carolinas. Encouraged by a group of sharpshooters who took King's Mountain in October 1780, Continental soldiers and militiamen prevailed in Cowpens and crippled Cornwallis's troops at Guilford Court House. D. He planned to conquer North Carolina and Virginia. Cornwallis waited for reinforcements because he had lost men, not because he had a grand scheme to take North Carolina and Virginia in the fall of 1781.

What was the effect on North American colonies of Charles II's accession to the throne in 1660?

A. The persecution of Quakers stopped, slowing migration to Pennsylvania. Persecution of Quakers continued in the late 1600s. *B. English land claims increased in North America. Charles II chose to repay many who remained loyal to him with land grants in North America. C. The Dutch regained control of New Netherland. New Netherland, renamed New York, remained under English control. D. The colonies in the Northeast were consolidated. This did not happen under Charles II but under his successor, James II.

What was central to the patriarchal family in the British colonies in the seventeenth century?

A. The power of the government While colonial or British governments could be seen as a larger manifestation of the patriarchal family, its power was not central to the patriarchal family. B. The authority of the mother over her children A mother's place and power over her children was not a key element to the patriarchal family. C. The wealth of the family Wealth was not elemental to patriarchy. *D. The power of the father The absolute authority of the father over his wife, children, and any servants or slaves was the key component of the patriarchal family.

What pushed Republicans in Congress to unite in opposition against President Andrew Johnson in 1866?

A. The president extended the life of the Freedmen's Bureau without congressional consultation. Andrew Johnson vetoed the extension of the Freedmen's Bureau in 1866. *B. The president vetoed the Civil Rights Act designed to protect southern blacks from the black codes. President Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act Congress had passed to protect southern blacks from the black codes. This united both moderate and radical Republicans in Congress against him. C. The president did not allow southern congressmen with former Confederate ties to be seated in Congress. Johnson did allow southern congressmen to be seated in Congress even if they were former Confederates; blocking that would have pleased congressional Republicans rather than angering them. D. The president vetoed a funding bill that would have allowed the federal government to continue operation in 1866. Though Johnson issued more than one veto in 1866, none of them targeted a funding bill.

What weakened the Franklin Pierce administration in the early 1850s?

A. The president was considered an old insider with no fresh perspective. Pierce had limited political experience, so he would not have faced the charge of being an "old insider." B. His cabinet failed to reflect the many different views that prevailed in the Democratic Party. Pierce's cabinet included men of widely differing views, which was part of his effort to appease the various factions of the Democratic Party. C. Pierce depended entirely on advisors to steer him in the same direction. Pierce received advice that was frequently contradictory, and he generally pursued his own expansionist vision independently of that advice. *D. Pierce lacked a firm base of support among voters and the Democratic Party. President Pierce had no firm base of support in the Democratic Party.

In addition to the creation of maps, how did innovations in printing impact Europeans in regards to exploration in the sixteenth century?

A. The printing press created copies of the Bible. The printing press did create copies of the Bible, but this development did not impact European exploration. B. Printed journals enabled explorers to carry journals with them. Journals were available prior to the sixteenth century. C. The printing press allowed monarchs to send messages to Native Americans. Such messages could easily be handwritten. *D. Printers publicized new knowledge gained by explorers. The printing press enabled the Europeans to learn about exploration in the Americas, spreading the knowledge gained by exploring these lands.

In addition to refusing to buy British goods or drink tea, how else did colonists symbolize their commitment to the cause of protesting the Townshend Act?

A. The purchase of newspapers Buying newspapers was not a symbol of colonial protest or solidarity. B. Abstaining from drinking rum Colonists still drank rum. *C. Wearing homespun clothes The boycott against British goods meant that clothes should not be bought. In response, colonial women set up spinning bees to spin homemade cloth for their families and fellow colonists. D. Smuggling goods Colonists still smuggled goods into the colonies, but because of the increase in number of customs officials, far less smuggling took place than prior to passage of the Sugar Act.

What was the political significance of American reactions to the French Revolution, Edmond Genet's visit, and the Jay Treaty?

A. The reactions demonstrated political unity in America. American reactions to the Revolution, Genêt's visit, and the Jay Treaty did not demonstrate political unity. B. They illustrated President George Washington's continuing popularity. American reactions to the Revolution, Genêt's visit, and the Jay Treaty did not illustrate the ongoing popularity of Washington. *C. The reactions signaled a growing political divide in America. American reactions to the Revolution, Genêt's visit, and the Jay Treaty signaled a growing chasm in American politics that largely mirrored the class divide. D. The reactions revealed unity in Congress. American reactions to the Revolution, Genêt's visit, and the Jay Treaty did not demonstrate unity in Congress. The Jay Treaty sparked conflict in Congress.

Why did Thomas Jefferson and James Madison oppose Alexander Hamilton's economic policies?

A. They believed the American economy should be rooted in commerce. Hamilton believed that the American economy should be rooted in commerce. B. They believed the American economy should be rooted in industry. Hamilton believed that the American economy should be rooted in industry. C. They believed the American economy should be rooted in speculation. Jefferson and Madison did not believe that the economy should be based on speculation. *D. They believed the American economy should be rooted in farming. Jefferson and Madison believed that the American economy should be based on agriculture. Jefferson wanted America to be the breadbasket for the world.

Although Bacon's Rebellion died out by 1676, what was one important consequence?

A. The rebellion improved English-Indian relations by convincing Native Americans of English power. The opposite is true. Bacon and his men killed and enslaved hundreds of local Indians who had been friendly to the English before the revolt. *B. The rebellion prompted the Virginia elite to restrict the place of Africans in the colony. Nervous that the poor whites and blacks in Virginia would join together in support of Bacon, Virginia elites moved to separate the races by denigrating the place and power of black Virginians. C. The rebellion increased the importation of slave labor on the colony's frontier. Although more slaves arrived in Virginia following the rebellion, Bacon's Rebellion did not cause the increase in African slavery on the frontier. D. The rebellion resulted in the dismissal of Governor William Berkeley. Berkeley survived the rebellion and moved to punish those who had worked to overtake him. He put twenty-three rebel leaders to death and encouraged his supporters to plunder the estates of those wealthy landowners who had sided with Bacon.

What contributed to the transformation of urban politics in New York City in the 1730s?

A. The riots of the 1730s and 1740s The riots did not change the urban political landscape. B. The popular appeal of Governor William Cosby William Cosby, a royally appointed governor, lacked popular appeal in New York City. C. The large-scale resistance to impressment Bostonians, not New Yorkers, moved against impressment in the 1740s. *D. The widening of the electorate As men from different economic classes gained the right to vote, political candidates were forced to broaden their appeal and address issues that affected men and women outside of the wealthiest stratum of society. In addition, men of modest means were elected to city councils.

What prompted the loss of political and economic rights for women in the British colonies by the close of the seventeenth century?

A. The rise of commerce While the rise of commerce underlined the role of women as consumers rather than producers, it did not cause women to lose rights at the end of the seventeenth century. B. The scarcity of women By the end of the seventeenth century, sex ratios in the colonies were roughly even. C. Women could no longer marry above their class. As gender ratios evened out, opportunities for women to "marry up" decreased. However, this inevitable consequence did not cause women to lose economic and political rights. *D. Equal sex ratios The evening of the numbers of men and women in the colonies prompted men to codify their superior status through political and legal means. Whereas women had previously enjoyed property rights and economic opportunities, by the late seventeenth century, women were increasingly limited to the domestic sphere.

What was the Middle Passage?

A. The route charted for slave ships from the West Indies to North America The Middle Passage was not located between the West Indies and North America. B. The route slavers took from the interior of Africa to the coast The Middle Passage was not located between the interior and the west coast of Africa. C. The route taken by slave ships from Africa to Europe The Middle Passage was not located between Africa and Europe. *D. The route followed by slave ships from Africa to the Americas The Middle Passage, so called because it was the middle path of the triangular trade route, marked the journey slave ships took from Africa to the Americas.

What was a result of the gradual emancipation laws and prohibition of slave importation in certain states following the American Revolution?

A. The slave population in the United States decreased. The slave population increased in the years following the American Revolution. *B. Slavery was increasingly confined to the South. With the gradual emancipation laws in Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey, alongside the prohibition of the importation of slaves from Africa in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, and Maryland, slavery was increasingly confined to the South. C. Slave owners voluntarily freed their slaves. Manumission did not take place as a result of law but as a result of revolutionary or religious ideals. D. The slave population in the United States increased. The slave population increased in the wake of the war, but the increase was not a result of the laws intended to decrease or eliminate the practice of slavery in certain states.

According to John Locke, who possessed sovereignty, or the ultimate authority, in a political community?

A. The state assemblies The state assemblies were not sovereign according to Locke. *B. The people According to Locke, the people were sovereign. In drafting the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson drew on Locke's concepts to demonstrate that the colonists were justified in severing ties with Britain. C. The king The king was not sovereign according to Locke. D. The Parliament Parliament was not sovereign according to Locke.

What aspect of Aztec society depended on the conquest of neighboring peoples?

A. The system of writing The Aztecs drew on the writing system of people they encountered when settling in the area of present-day Mexico City. B. The production of luxury goods Aztec artisans could produce luxury goods without their society conquering other peoples. *C. The religious system Priests promised fertility for Aztec land but demanded human sacrifices, including thousands of men and women from captured tribes. D. Extensive trade networks The Aztec could have developed trade networks without conquering other peoples.

Why did the British and French governments embrace mercantilism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

A. The system promised benefits for both imperial nations and colonies. The British and French governments were not interested in any benefits that might accrue to their colonies. B. The system guaranteed financial health for colonies. Mercantilism, while perpetuating a demand for colonial exports, did not guarantee financial health for colonies. C. The system removed all barriers to international trade. While mercantilism was based on the global market, it did not remove barriers to international trade. *D. The system secured a favorable balance of trade for imperial countries. Through a system of tariffs, taxes, and regulations regarding manufacturing rights, mercantilism was established to secure a favorable trade balance for Britain and France.

Why did many abolitionist leaders not share Amy Post's enthusiastic support for the publication and distribution of Frederick Douglass's North Star?

A. The tales of fugitive slaves distracted Northerners from the horrors of slavery. The opposite was true: Tales of fugitive slaves --— like that of Douglass --— alerted Northerners to the horrors of slavery. B. The North Star failed to generate revenue for the abolitionist movement. Lack of revenue from the publication of the North Star or other fugitive slave publications was not the reason for opposition. *C. Many abolitionists still believed blacks were inferior to whites. Although all abolitionists opposed slavery, many still believed that blacks were inferior to whites and the abolitionists did not want to encourage African Americans to participate in their cause. D. They were afraid that slave-catchers might track down Douglass and return him to the South. Opposition to the North Star and the publication of fugitive slave narratives had nothing to do with concern for the writer's welfare.

Why did George Grenville and most of Parliament believe the Stamp Act to be fair?

A. The tax was at a very low rate. The level of the tax was not the reason that most of the British government believed it to be fair. B. It taxed all transactions involving paper items. The Stamp Act did tax all transactions involving paper items, but its function does not explain why most of the British government believed the act to be fair. C. It was an optional tax. The Stamp Act did not seem optional for the colonists because paper transactions were often required in daily life. *D. The proceeds were to be spent in the colonies. Grenville and the majority of Parliament believed that the Stamp Act was fair because the taxes would be both collected and spent in the maintenance and protection of the colonies; they also regarded it as fair because a similar tax had long been in force in Britain.

Why were Hernán Cortés and his men able to conquer the Aztecs after they had been driven from Tenochtitlán?

A. The treachery of Malintzin Malintzin aided Cortés as a translator, but her work was not the decisive factor at this time. B. The arrival of reinforcements from Cuba Cortés's men were not reinforced by the arrival of more Spaniards from Cuba. *C. Support from Native American allies They might have been crushed by their Aztec foes but for the alliances they had made among native groups in the surrounding area. Given time to regroup, the remaining Spanish soldiers and their allies gained a final victory. D. Division among the Aztecs due to a civil war A civil war hurt the Incas in their effort to resist Pizarro but was not a factor in the conquest of the Aztecs.

Which of the following properly assesses the 1814 Treaty of Ghent, which officially ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain?

A. The treaty delivered vast new territory to the United States. The Treaty of Ghent did not result in new land for the United States, though the War of 1812 did change the U.S. position on its western frontier. B. The treaty was a humiliation to the United States. The Treaty of Ghent did not secure any gains for the United States, but neither was it a humiliation. *C. The treaty returned all occupied territories to each nation. The Treaty of Ghent, signed on Christmas Eve of 1814, returned to each nation the lands it controlled before the war. D. The treaty recognized the American victory in the Battle of New Orleans. The Battle of New Orleans took place after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in January 1815.

Why did Jefferson Davis and his advisers choose to attack Fort Sumter in April 1861?

A. The troops at Fort Sumter had fired on civilians outside the garrison. The troops at Fort Sumter had not fired first. B. The garrison's commander had threatened the safety of Charleston. The commander of Fort Sumter had not issued any threat to the vicinity. *C. They could not permit a foreign power on the territory of the Confederacy. President Davis and his advisers chose to attack the garrison on the grounds that he could not permit a "foreign power" to maintain a military base in the territory of the Confederacy. D. Davis wanted to make the United States responsible for starting a war. Since Davis decided to attack first, the Confederacy would be responsible for starting the war.

What was the outcome of the British victory at Breed's Hill during the American Revolution?

A. The victory emboldened the British army. The redcoats suffered over 1,000 casualties. Although they won, the victory did not embolden them. *B. The losses on the British side bolstered the patriots. Even though the patriots lost the battle, they wounded or killed over 1,000 redcoats. The battle and the heavy casualties on the British side emboldened the patriot soldiers. C. The British broke the back of New England resistance. New England remained a hotbed of revolutionary sentiment throughout the war. D. The victory allowed the British to control Boston for the remainder of the war. The British won control of Boston but held it for only nine months.

Where did Christopher Columbus first land in October 1492?

A. The west coast of Florida Columbus did not land in Florida, although some of the explorers who followed him did so. B. The island he called Hispaniola Columbus did not land on Hispaniola first, although he did reach it during his first voyage. C. East Indies Columbus did not land in the East Indies, although he thought that he had done so, which is why he named the natives "Indians]."] *D. An island he called San Salvador Columbus landed in San Salvador in October of 1492.

What weakened the Whigs in their challenge to Democratic presidential candidate Martin Van Buren in the election of 1836?

A. Their calls for a more heavy-handed federal government Whigs criticized Andrew Jackson and his administration for its heavy-handed use of the federal government. B. Their opposition to a national bank Whigs supported a national bank and criticized Jackson for his veto on rechartering the Second Bank of the United States. *C. The fact that they could not agree on a single candidate Since the Whigs had very disparate interests—ranging from support for a national bank to evangelical objections to Jackson's Indian policy to southern opposition against federal authority—they ended up nominating multiple presidential candidates. D. The fact that they opposed the annexation of Texas Opposition to the annexation of Texas was not an issue in the election of 1836, as Democrats Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren were also reluctant to provoke Mexico with such a move.

Who was executed on charges of organizing a slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822?

A. Toussaint L'Overture L'Overture was a leader of the Haitian Revolution. *B. Denmark Vesey A free black resident of Charleston, Vesey was noted for his skill in organizing civic groups such as churches and mutual aid societies. He was executed for supposedly organizing a slave rebellion, although it is possible there was no rebellion planned and that the plot existed only in the fearful minds of slave owners. C. Richard Allen Allen founded the first black church in Philadelphia. D. John Ross Ross was a Cherokee leader who fought to preserve Cherokee claims to land in Georgia.

Why did African American community organizations in the South almost exclusively use churches for meetings in the post-Civil War era?

A. Their events were inevitably of a religious nature. Not all African American community events were religious in nature. *B. These were the largest structures available to freedpeople. Churches were the largest structures available to freedpeople in many communities where whites still controlled all property, so they were used for a variety of purposes by a host of community organizations. C. They wanted to recruit members for their organizations through the church. The newly formed African American community organizations meeting in churches had little to do with their membership recruitment strategies. D. Churches charged a reasonable rental fee for such events. Churches did not offer their space in order to raise revenue.

Why did planters' wives in the South not share the concerns of their northern counterparts about pregnancies among their servants?

A. Their servants did not get pregnant. Southern plantation servants consisted of women and men, so pregnancies occurred in the South as well. B. Their servants were all male. Southern plantation servants consisted of women, men, and children. *C. Their servants were all slaves. Planters' wives had no worries about pregnancies among their servants, since the children of southern slaves only added to the slave owner's labor supply. D. Their servants were all children. Southern plantation servants consisted of women, men, and children.

What was a distinctive characteristic of the Pueblo people who inhabited present-day Utah and Colorado more than a thousand years ago?

A. Their use of horses to carry out trade The Pueblo people did not use horses for transportation. B. Their reliance on corn as a staple crop Corn was a staple crop throughout North America. *C. Their adobe houses built in cliffs Pueblos built adobe and masonry homes in cliffs in present-day Colorado and Utah that offered protection from both the sun and enemies. D. Their innovations in weaponry The Pueblo people are not known for their innovations in weaponry.

Why did the electoral college select Thomas Jefferson to be John Adams's vice president after the 1796 election?

A. Their views were similar. Adams and Jefferson held very different political views. B. They thought discord between the two would be healthy. The electoral college did not select Jefferson as vice president to sow discord. *C. They thought that it would lessen partisan discord. The electors hoped to tamp down partisan discord and thus decided to select Jefferson for vice president to lessen the disappointment of Democratic-Republicans. D. They favored Jefferson over Adams. The electoral college did not select Jefferson to be vice president because they favored him.

How did housework change for American middle-class women after the 1820s?

A. Their work became easier. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the scope of housework expanded as homes grew larger and fancier. B. Their workdays became shorter. The range of chores in more middle-class homes increased, lengthening the workday of housewives. C. Their work gained more recognition. Housework did not receive more recognition at the time. *D. Their work became less visible. Housework became more invisible as it focused inward toward the family rather than toward shared production of goods for the market economy.

What evidence is there to prove that race-based ideas about Africans were not fully developed in Europe in the sixteenth century?

A. There was a large-scale social movement against slavery in Europe. Although some men and women opposed slavery, there was not a large-scale social movement against slavery in sixteenth-century Europe. B. Church leaders argued against any manifestation of racial stereotyping. Church leaders generally offered no protest to slavery or the attitudes underlying it. *C. The behaviors associated with African slaves were also associated with other groups of people. Wealthy Englishmen viewed both African and Irish laborers as ignorant and unruly. D. The system of perpetual slavery had not been put into effect. While a system of perpetual servitude was not in place, this does not serve as evidence that race-based ideas about Africans were not yet fully developed. Topic: Worlds Collide books: Europeans Cross the Atlantic Europeans Explore the Americas Mapmaking and Printing The Columbian Exchange

Why were European conflicts in North America in the eighteenth century viewed as opportunities by some Indian tribes?

A. These conflicts slowed expansion of white settlement. Battles between European powers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries did nothing to halt or slow the expansion of white settlement. B. These conflicts allowed Indians to conduct more raids. Native American tribes did not view European conflicts as opportunities to conduct raids, although raids did take place during war. C. Indian tribes used them to show the strength of their commitment to European allies. The Iroquois, Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee Nations are just some examples of tribes that tried to improve their position by playing one side against the other rather than forming tight bonds with either the British or the French. *D. Indian tribes gained leverage through them. Because the British and French needed their trade items, military support, and political alliances in times of conflict, Indian tribes held more power in negotiations and trade with either nation.

Which of the following characterizes the "Young America" movement in the Democratic Party during the early 1850s?

A. These senators wanted to enact term limits on politicians. Limiting the time that politicians could spend in the Senate or the House of Representatives was not a goal of the "Young America" movement. B. Members wanted to force older senators into early retirement. The "Young America" movement was not primarily concerned with the predominance of older senators in Washington, D.C. *C. The movement imagined manifest destiny leading expansion southward. The "Young America" movement within the Democratic Party imagined manifest destiny reaching southward as well as westward. In that spirit, some Democrats joined with private adventurers to send expeditions, known as filibusters, to invade Cuba. D. The movement wanted to secure western lands for young settlers first. The "Young America" movement was not primarily concerned with securing the rights of young Americans in the West.

As the hundreds of tons of gold and the thousands of pounds of silver flooded into the European economy in the sixteenth century, what was the impact on ordinary men and women?

A. They benefited from inflation. Inflation did not benefit common people. B. They dressed more fashionably. Although a luxury market expanded in Europe, most ordinary men and women could not buy luxury goods. *C. They had a difficult time affording basic necessities. Common men and women in Europe found it difficult to purchase basic goods because of inflated prices. The rush of wealth into Europe benefited those in power rather than the regular people in Europe. D. Many rose up into the upper classes. The rush of wealth into Europe did not enable common people to work their way up from the bottom rungs of society.

How did Christian abolitionists respond to the reluctance of larger denominations to denounce human bondage in the 1830s?

A. They adjusted their message to make it more acceptable to the Christian mainstream. Abolitionists did not alter their message to broaden its appeal. *B. They broke with their denominations and formed antislavery union churches. In response to the reluctance of larger denominations to denounce human bondage, abolitionists urged individual Christians to break with their churches. They then formed union churches that gathered the evangelical "come outers" from various denominations. C. They abandoned their Christian faith and became agnostics. Christian abolitionists did not break with their faith. D. They sought to shame large churches in the media. Christian abolitionists would have had little success with shaming churches in newspapers, since the general public was likely just as reluctant to embrace the abolitionist cause.

How did Southerners create a public school system during the years of congressional Reconstruction?

A. They appealed to the federal government. Reconstruction state governments did not ask the federal government to create a public school system. B. They based the school system on church organizations. Although churches were central in black community life, the school systems were not based on them. *C. They formed interracial political coalitions. Southerners created a public school system during the years of congressional Reconstruction by forming interracial coalitions of freedmen and sympathetic whites. D. They organized private sponsors and donations. Southerners did not draw on private sponsors to build their public school systems.

How did more affluent residents of American urban centers distance themselves from the poor crowds of inner cities after the 1830s?

A. They banned immigrants from settling in cities. Immigrants did settle in American cities, turning them into diverse places. *B. They moved away from city centers. Innovations in transportation in the 1830s made it possible for more affluent residents to distance themselves from crowded inner cities. The first horse-drawn streetcar line in New York City in 1832, for example, allowed wealthy families to move away from the urban center. C. They moved to the upper floors of high-rises. High-rise buildings were not yet a feature of American cities. D. They moved to the countryside. More affluent residents did not abandon the cities entirely.

What made Republicans like Lyman Trumbull of Illinois "moderate" in the time of Reconstruction?

A. They believed in the right of African Americans to vote. Radical Republicans, not moderates, supported the right of African Americans to vote. B. They thought only 10 percent of southern whites should have to pledge their loyalty. Even moderate Republicans had set higher standards for Southerners' readmission to the Union than Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan." C. They did not think that the federal government should have to protect southern blacks. Moderate Republicans believed that the federal government had a responsibility to protect newly emancipated slaves, even if they held the opinion that whites and blacks were not equal. *D. They believed that whites and blacks were not equal, but that blacks should have basic rights. Moderate Republicans shared the prevalent belief of their time that whites and blacks were not equal, but they expected southern states, where 90 percent of African Americans lived, to extend basic civil rights to the freedpeople, including equal protection and due process of law, and the right to work and hold property.

How did Puritans in New England interpret the threat of Indian attacks and the ongoing cultural conflict in the late seventeenth century?

A. They believed that King James had abandoned them because they were not Catholic. Although James II was Catholic and alienated many Protestants while in power, his policies were not believed to be the main source of the conflict in Puritan New England. B. They believed that the time had come to renew their faith with a series of religious revivals. Religious revivals did not begin until the second quarter of the eighteenth century. C. They believed that leaders such as Cotton Mather and Samuel Sewell had abandoned the faithful. Puritan anxiety did not center on perceptions of careless or indifferent leadership. In fact, Puritan ministers were attentive to the spiritual well-being of their congregation. *D. They believed that these conflicts were the work of the devil. Puritans interpreted inexplicable events in spiritual terms. They saw the hand of God and the work of the devil in their everyday lives. The tensions that plagued the Puritans at the end of the seventeenth century made many anxious that Satan was at work in New England.

Why did Liberal Republicans challenge the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant in 1872?

A. They believed that Reconstruction in the South required more serious efforts. Liberal Republicans were less interested in Reconstruction in the South than in other issues. B. They accused Grant of having committed brutal crimes during the Civil War. Though Grant had been given the nickname "the butcher" during the Civil War, liberal Republicans did not accuse him of crimes. *C. They criticized the Grant administration for its corruption. Liberal Republicans challenged the reelection of Grant on the grounds that his administration had become increasingly corrupt and tied to railroad interests and other big business. D. They complained that Grant had ignored the interests of big business. Liberal Republicans charged the Grant administration with corruption and illegitimate ties to big business.

Why did most Indian nations side with the British during the American Revolution?

A. They believed that the British would win easily. Indian nations did not join the British because they believed them to be the easy victors. B. They were offered land in return for their loyalty. Indian nations did not join the British because of land agreements. C. They resented the land lost to colonists following the French and Indian War. Many Indian nations still resented lost land in the 1763 Peace of Paris, but they did not have any reason to resent the colonists more than the British because of the treaty. *D. They believed that a patriot victory would lead to a greater loss of their land. Indian nations believed that a British victory offered their only chance to stop encroachments upon their lands.

In general, why did traditional ministers and colonial leaders fear the impact of the Great Awakening?

A. They believed that the message of humans' sinfulness was flawed. Traditional colonial theologians and leaders did not object to the message of humans' inherent sinfulness. B. They worried that the rich would use it as an excuse to oppress the poor. Traditional ministers and leaders did not worry that the Great Awakening would lead to oppression of the poor. C. They felt threatened by the interdenominational nature of the Great Awakening. The interdenominational characteristic of the Great Awakening was not what ministers and leaders feared. *D. They feared the repercussions of the democratic nature of the movement. Traditional ministers and colonial leaders feared the consequences of a movement that empowered poor men, women, free blacks, slaves, and Indians.

How did some states try to defy the Constitution and the Supreme Court in the wake of the panic of 1819?

A. They blocked the collection of federal income taxes. The federal government collected only liquor taxes nationwide at the time. B. They gave away public lands for free. State governments did not give away public lands for free. *C. They tried to tax branches of the Bank of the United States. Many Americans viewed banks as the cause of the panic. Some states defied the Constitution by trying to tax branches of the Bank of the United States, a practice the Supreme Court had ruled unconstitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819. D. They closed down federal courts. States did not try to defy the Constitution and Supreme Court by closing federal courts.

How did charitable organizations try to address the issue of poverty in the 1840s and 1850s?

A. They built large reserves for the next economic crisis. In this period, charitable organizations did not have the resources to build large reserves. B. They invested in textile mills to provide the needy with jobs. Charitable organizations did not have the resources to purchase factories. *C. They built orphan asylums and homes for workingwomen. Charitable societies became increasingly convinced that they needed to fix the environment that produced poverty in the first place and built orphan asylums and homes for workingwomen to provide vulnerable people with housing, education, domestic skills, and advice. D. They tore down the old almshouses, which had been centers of corruption. Charities remained convinced that almshouses and public workhouses offered the best hope for helping the poor.

How did the "forty-niners" shape California in the late 1840s and early 1850s?

A. They built quaint little mountain towns. The early miners mostly lived in temporary camps near their claims. *B. They destroyed the environment where they sought gold. Forty-niners shattered the fragile ecosystems in the California mountains with aggressive mining techniques. C. Their economic activity hugely benefited local Indian tribes. Forty-niners typically forced Indian men to labor for them at low wages, and local tribes did not see their living conditions improve as a result of the influx of miners. D. They brought a new sense of law and order to the region. With a limited number of sheriffs and judges in the region, most criminals in California during that time period knew they were unlikely to be arrested, tried, or convicted.

How did Democrats react to the vote of the Joint Electoral Commission late in 1876?

A. They cheered the outcome. Since the Electoral Commission decided for the Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, Democrats were not cheerful at all. B. They had to concede defeat. Given the unusual circumstances under which the commission decided on Rutherford B. Hayes, Democrats felt emboldened not to concede defeat, but to fight the decision. C. They offered Republicans an olive branch. The Democrats lost the decision of the Joint Electoral Commission, so it was not for them to offer an olive branch. It was the Republicans who made concessions. *D. They threatened a filibuster to block Rutherford B. Hayes's election. Democrats in Congress threatened to filibuster the certification of Hayes as the winner of the presidential election. With the inauguration date coming up, Republicans decided to offer Democrats concessions in return for their consent.

How did southern blacks of the Reconstruction period feel about politics?

A. They considered it an unpleasant burden. African Americans were enthusiastic about politics. *B. They saw it as a community responsibility. African Americans embraced the importance of politics as a means of exercising one's civil and political rights. C. They found it confusing and complicated. Politics may have been complicated at times, but African Americans were hardly deterred or overwhelmed by this. D. They did not see politics as relevant. African Americans understood very well the importance of politics to their lives and opportunities.

Why were southern itinerant preachers believed to be dangerous?

A. They consistently spoke out against slavery. Southern itinerant preachers did not speak out against slavery. In fact, their focus was not on the earth but on the afterlife. B. They urged slaves to educate themselves. Southern itinerant preachers did not urge slaves to seek education. *C. They challenged racial hierarchies. New Light ministers who traveled through the South preached to both black and white audiences about their shared path toward salvation. Their democratic approach and sermon implicitly challenged white supremacy. D. They preached to Indians. While New Light ministers did preach to Indians, this did not cause southern preachers to be singled out as particularly dangerous.

Which of the following was true about free blacks in the South from the 1830s to the 1850s?

A. They could move freely in the countryside but not within city limits. While blacks were freer in their movement in the countryside than in the city, laws still restricted the mobility of blacks. B. Their children enjoyed equal access to education. The children of free black women were subject to stringent apprenticeship laws that kept many in virtual slavery. *C. Most states forbade free blacks who left the state from returning. States regulated the lives of free blacks, and most forbade them from returning to their state once they left. Some even prohibited free blacks from residing within their borders at all. D. Free blacks enjoyed few civil rights outside the protection from search and seizure. Free blacks were not protected from search and seizure; their homes could be raided at any time on suspicion of possessing stolen goods or harboring runaways.

How did southern whites respond to the joy slaves felt over their liberation?

A. They could not help but feel some happiness, despite the defeat. There was no empathy for freed slaves among southern whites. *B. They responded with violent anger and frustration. Southern whites felt violently hostile toward freed slaves. Whites beat, whipped, raped, slashed, and shot blacks who, they felt, had been too joyous in their freedom or too helpful to the Yankee invaders. C. After suffering so deeply during the war, they reacted with resignation. Even though southern whites had suffered a lot during the war, most would not resign themselves to the new order and the end of slavery. D. They began to move out of the South so they would not have to witness African Americans' joy. Southern whites by and large did not leave the South.

Which group protested the Mexican-American War?

A. Western farmers Western farmers, like most Americans, were in favor of the war. *B. Northerners opposed to slavery Northerners who opposed slavery were among the most vocal critics of the war, which they saw as an effort to expand the land on which slavery existed. C. Southern planters Southern planters favored the Mexican-American War, hoping it would mean territorial gains that would help them expand slavery onto new lands. D. Democrats Democrats generally supported the war launched by fellow Democrat President James Knox Polk.

In general, what effect did the colonial policies of George Grenville and Charles Townshend have on the colonies?

A. They created gender divisions. The policies of Grenville and Townshend did not carve deep gender divisions between colonists. B. They increased loyalty to the crown. Loyalty to the British crown did not increase under the tenures of Grenville and Townshend. C. They promoted class divisions. The policies of Grenville and Townshend did not contribute to the already divisive class issues of wealth and opportunity. *D. They increased colonial unity. The policies of Grenville and Townshend brought colonists together in protest. With the exception of the Great Awakening revivals, meetings with representatives from across the colonies were unprecedented.

What is the significance of the North Carolina Regulators and their more successful counterparts in South Carolina?

A. They demonstrate the corruption of the British government. The Regulators did not demonstrate the corruption of the British government or its policies. *B. They reveal the persistence of class conflict in the colonies. The Regulators highlight ongoing tensions between the wealthy and powerful and the dispossessed in the American colonies. C. They signify the ultimate power of the rich in colonial America. The Regulators are not significant because they underline the power of wealth. D. They show the extent of colonists' anger against the crown. Regulators reacted to local problems and officials rather than to the British crown.

What was the significance of Ethan Allen, William Prendergast, and their followers?

A. They demonstrated the effectiveness of group action. Allen did not win back the Green Mountains, and Prendergast did not decrease rent or gain legal rights to land. *B. They revealed the desperation of the dispossessed in the colonies. Allen, Prendergast, and their followers demonstrated the desperate position of farmers and renters in the colonies. Like their Regulator predecessors, the Green Mountain Boys and the Levellers attempted to petition their case before they chose to live outside the law. C. They illustrated the effectiveness of the petition and appeals processes in the colonies. The local and British governments ignored the petitions and appeals put forth by the Green Mountain Boys and the Levellers. D. They prompted the elite in North Carolina to scale back Governor Tryon's mansion. Rather than scaling back plans for a publicly funded mansion for the governor, North Carolina elites passed a plan for the mansion and the governor ordered his militia to attack the Regulators who opposed the project.

Why were Mennonites jailed by Pennsylvania authorities in 1778?

A. They denounced slavery as contrary to God's law. Although the Mennonites did condemn slavery, that is not why they were jailed in 1778. B. They were caught spying for the British. The Mennonites were not spying for Britain. *C. They refused to swear allegiance to the revolution. As pacifists, the Mennonites refused to participate in the war on either side. When nine Mennonite farmers refused to swear loyalty to the revolutionary government, they were jailed and their property was sold by the state. D. They accepted impressment in the Royal Navy. The Mennonites did not accept impressments.

Why was it so hard for Andrew Johnson to work even with moderate Republicans in Congress after the Civil War?

A. They detested his Tennessee roots. Some Republicans might have approached Johnson with suspicion because of his southern roots, but that was not a problem across the board. B. He was too radical in his push for equality. Johnson was no radical supporter of African American equality. *C. He lacked any political savvy or skill. Johnson did not have political savvy or skill. Combined with his profound racism, this was a poor foundation on which to build political coalitions. D. He was too deeply rooted in the southern establishment. Johnson resented the southern establishment and felt alienated by it.

Why did the influx of 600 new settlers into Jamestown in 1609 fail to make the colony more successful?

A. They did not bring enough weapons for trade. They did not bring weapons for trade, but that was not the reason they were unable to help the struggling colony. B. Chief Powhatan felt threatened and attacked the feeble colony. Even though their numbers grew substantially with the arrival of these 600 settlers in the late summer of 1609, Powhatan and his army did not attack. Instead, he offered aid to the new settlers. *C. Almost all of the settlers died the following winter from starvation. The winter of 1609-1610 was known as the "starving time" because a severe dry spell led to severe food shortages. Seven of every eight Jamestown colonists perished during the winter. D. Most of the settlers abandoned the colony almost as soon as they arrived. Once in Jamestown, the new settlers remained until the winter of 1609-1610.

How did Southerners respond to Nat Turner's rebellion in 1831?

A. They did not take it seriously. Southern whites took Nat Turner's rebellion very seriously. *B. They panicked. Southern whites broke out in panic over the rebellion and feared they might get killed in their sleep by their slaves. Turner was caught, tried, convicted, and hanged. Virginia executed 55 other African Americans suspected of assisting Turner, and whites across the South beat, tortured, or killed some 200 more blacks with no connection to the rebellion. C. They expedited manumission. The Turner rebellion prompted southern states to enact harsher laws and actually prohibit manumission. D. They took little notice. Southerners were deeply affected by this failed rebellion, and it had a considerable impact on the institution of slavery.

Why were many Garrisonians appalled at the idea of forming a Liberty Party in 1840?

A. They did not think the party stood a chance in elections. The fact that the Liberty Party would always be a minor party on the fringe did not concern Garrisonians. B. They feared the party might weaken the Whigs and give Democrats the upper hand. The Liberty Party did end up costing the Whig Party the state of New York in the 1844 elections, giving the Democratic candidate James K. Polk the majority in the electoral college, but that was not the grounds of the Garrisonians' objections. *C. They believed that formation of this party meant participating in a proslavery government. Many Garrisonians were appalled because they understood that the formation of a political party would mean participating in what was, in essence, a proslavery and thus immoral government. D. They feared it would make them vulnerable to attacks. Fear of confrontation was not a concern for William Lloyd Garrison and his followers.

Why were many abolitionists wary of the Republicans' position on slavery in 1860?

A. They doubted the depth of Republican support for black rights. The depth of Republican support for black rights was not the concern for abolitionists. It was the lack of Republican support for black rights that made them wary. *B. They did not agree with the Republicans' willingness to leave slavery alone where it already existed. Abolitionists hoped for a stronger stand against slavery than to simply leave it alone in the regions where it existed. C. They worried about Republicans reviving the colonization idea of the 1810s. Abolitionists had a more fundamental concern over Republicans than the possibility that they would endorse colonization. D. They were concerned about the large number of slave owners in the party. The Republican Party did not include slave owners, as its stands were seen as inimical to slaveholders' interests.

Which of the following is true about northern teachers who traveled south to set up schools for the children of former slaves?

A. They embraced southern blacks as full equals. Teachers from the North came with good intentions, but also with a good amount of racial prejudice and condescension. B. They were happy to learn as much from southern blacks as they did from them. It was an unusual teacher who believed that he or she could learn as much from southern blacks as they could learn from him or her. C. They pioneered desegregated education in southern schools. The schools were typically segregated. *D. Their attitudes were often paternalistic, and they segregated the students. The attitudes of northern teachers were often paternalistic and the schools segregated, but the institutions they established offered important educational resources for African Americans.

How did the majority of Southerners view those whites who participated in new Reconstruction governments?

A. They envied their success. The majority of Southerners resented those whites who participated in Reconstruction governments. *B. They decried them as scalawags. The majority of Southerners accused whites who participated in new Reconstruction governments of being "scalawags," an unflattering term meaning "scoundrel." C. They were hoping for their leniency. The majority of southern whites did not expect punishment from white participants in Reconstruction governments and so had no reason to hope for leniency. D. They denounced them as carpetbaggers. Southern whites used the term "carpetbagger" to refer to Northerners who came to the South after the Civil War.

How did factory owners respond to the panic of 1837?

A. They expanded production. Textile factories had to drastically cut production as consumer demand fell as a result of economic uncertainty and contraction. B. They increased wages to speed up production. Factory owners actually cut wages drastically during the panic of 1837. *C. They mechanized with technologies like the power loom. In Lowell and other textile towns, the process of mechanization grew from the desire of factory owners to improve their economic situation after the panic of 1837. D. They lobbied local governments for subsidies and tax breaks. Factory owners did not respond to the panic of 1837 by looking to local governments for tax breaks or subsidies.

What did utopian communities, antislavery societies, and labor protest groups have in common in the nineteenth century?

A. They extolled the virtues of middle-class domesticity. Utopian communities challenged the gender relations implied by domesticity, while antislavery societies and labor groups brought women into public roles at odds with domestic ideals. *B. They contributed to the movement for women's rights. They all contributed to encouraging the women's rights movement. Utopian communities experimented with sexual equality. Antislavery societies inspired women to work against injustice. Labor protests highlighted women's economic needs. C. They worked together to enact laws prohibiting alcohol sales. Although a goal of women in the temperance movement, it was not a priority of utopian movements, antislavery societies, or labor groups. D. They embraced the position that slaves should be freed immediately. Although the goal of antislavery societies, utopian communities and labor groups were not dedicated to emancipation.

Why did Dunmore's Proclamation unsettle patriot leaders from both North and South during the American Revolution?

A. They feared that slaves would run away. They did not want their slaves to run away, but this was not what unsettled patriot leaders, many of whom did not own slaves. B. They did not want to offer their slaves freedom. They did not want to offer freedom to slaves, but this was not what unsettled patriot leaders, many of whom were not slave owners. *C. They opposed a disruption of social and racial order. Patriot leaders advocated freedom and liberty for themselves but not for everyone. Dunmore's Proclamation forced patriots to consider the limits of liberty as well as the possibility of total social disruption. D. They wanted to offer freedom to slaves before the British. Patriot leaders did not intend to offer freedom to all slaves who fought with the army.

Why were Antifederalists hesitant to ratify the Constitution?

A. They feared the power of the common people. Antifederalists did not have a fear of democracy or the power of the common people. B. They wanted to expand the voting population. Suffrage laws were not a part of the Antifederalists' position. C. They feared tyranny of the majority. The notion of tyranny of the majority did not compel Antifederalists to protest the Constitution. *D. They worried that their interests would not be served. Fearing tyrannical rule, Antifederalists were hesitant to ratify a document that endowed the central government with too much power. Poorer farmers and laborers, Antifederalists suspected that a government made up of wealthy landowners and lawyers would fail to serve their needs.

How did most northern politicians and editors respond to John Brown's failed raid on Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859?

A. They feared they might be the next target. Northern politicians and editors did not fear that abolitionists might attack them next. *B. They condemned the raid as a rash act that only deepened tensions. Most northern politicians and editors condemned the raid as a rash act that could only intensify sectional tensions. C. They applauded the bravery of Brown's group. A lot of northern abolitionists applauded Brown's bravery, but politicians and editors generally took a different position. D. They were embarrassed by the failure of Brown's raid. Few supporters of Brown would have shown embarrassment but were more likely to express grief and anger. Northern politicians and editors, at any rate, were not supporters of Brown.

Why did the Puritans flee England for North America in the early 1600s?

A. They felt that God was in the Americas. The Puritans did not believe that God was in one place and not the other, although they did believe that Europe needed to be purified to be redeemed. B. They feared that they would be hanged if they remained in England. Puritans endured persecution in the seventeenth century, but their lives were not in danger. C. They wanted to convert Indians. Unlike their Protestant predecessors in Jamestown, the Puritans did want to convert Native Americans, but they did not leave England primarily for that purpose. *D. They wanted to save themselves from God's anger. Puritans believed that various calamities that had struck England in recent years were all signs of God's punishment of England for its corruption. They wanted to escape his wrath and illustrate that a pure church and society could be constructed in North America.

Why did New Light ministers carry on the work of George Whitefield in the 1740s?

A. They felt that Protestantism should return to its roots. The Great Awakening was entirely new in both style and substance. B. They believed that an educated community meant a more Christian community. The New Light ministers did not prioritize education but emotional connections. *C. They wanted to build a common Christian community. The New Light ministers wanted to invigorate Christianity in the colonies and build a united Christian community. Denominations no longer divided those who followed New Light ministers. D. They believed in the common religious cause of white men. The message of the New Lights was not confined to whites or men.

How did Republican moderates in Congress change their views in 1866 after President Andrew Johnson vetoed a bill renewing the Freedmen's Bureau?

A. They formed an alliance with Democrats to halt Reconstruction. Moderate Republicans remained opposed to the Democrats. B. They called for Johnson's impeachment and removal from office. Johnson was impeached in 1868; he was not removed from office, however. *C. They grew more sympathetic to the Radical Republicans. Because of Johnson's antagonism on questions such as the renewal of funding for the Freedmen's Bureau, Republican moderates aligned themselves with the Radical Republicans, from whom they had previously distanced themselves. D. They joined Johnson in condemning the proposed legislation. Republican moderates did not work more closely with the president.

How did women join the protests against Parliament following the Townshend Act (1767)?

A. They formed mobs to attack British officials. Women did not protest by joining mobs. B. They met to discuss a response at the Stamp Act Congress. Women did not attend the Stamp Act Congress, which had met prior to the Townshend Act. *C. They refused to buy British goods. The responsibility for observing the boycott of British goods on a day-to-day basis largely fell on women, and even though it made their lives more difficult, many embraced the chance to join in the protest against Parliament. D. They volunteered for militia service. Colonial women did not serve in the militia.

Why did Southerners move into cities like Atlanta, Savannah, and Mobile by 1863?

A. They found work in textile industries. Textile industries were not the primary wartime industry in the Confederacy. B. They worked in positions for the Confederate government. While Southerners certainly worked for the government of the Confederacy, this was not the reason for the migration into Atlanta, Savannah, and Mobile. *C. They were fleeing the conditions of the war. Southerners were looking for safety and a more stable life during the war, which they hoped to find in cities. D. They wanted to keep their slaves safe from emancipation. Moving to the city would have done little to keep their slaves in captivity.

Why did Virginia and Maryland have more extensive rail networks in the 1850s than other southern states?

A. They had fewer slaves. The number of slaves in these states did not determine their rail network. B. They employed more slaves. The number of slaves in these states did not determine their rail network. *C. They were close to the nation's capital. Only Virginia and Maryland developed extensive rail networks because of their proximity to the nation's capital. D. They lacked access to waterways. Both Virginia and Maryland had plenty of rivers and bays.

Why did southern senators oppose the admission of Maine as a state in 1819?

A. They had hoped to establish Maine as a slave state. Southern senators had no expectation of Maine's becoming a slave state. B. They opposed antagonizing Britain over the border with Canada. Southern senators had no particular interest in fighting over the border with Canada. C. They feared that its admission would give Northerners the majority in the House of Representatives. Northerners already enjoyed a majority in the House of Representatives prior to Maine's admission as a state. *D. They wanted to maintain the balance of power in the Senate. The admission of another free state would have given the North the majority in the Senate, in addition to its majority in the House of Representatives. Thus, southern senators blocked the admission of Maine.

Why did men and women of the American middle class form the core of many reform movements in the 1830s and 1840s?

A. They had more Christian faith than the poor or the rich. Middle-class Americans were deeply devoted, but so were members of the other classes. B. They had more time than the rich. Women and men of the American middle class did not necessarily have more time than the wealthy, but they did have more time than the poor. *C. They were less tied to traditional ways than the wealthy. Men and women of the American middle class were less tied to traditional ways than wealthy people, and they had more time and money to devote to social reform than did their working-class counterparts. D. They could provide more resources than the wealthy. The wealthy could have provided far more resources than middle-class men and women.

Why did New England Federalists adamantly oppose the war in 1812?

A. They had staunchly opposed war for its expansion of the power of the federal government. Federalists had traditionally been advocates of the expansion of federal power. B. They preferred an economic embargo against Britain instead. This was the economic impact of the war that New England Federalists most objected to. C. They did not think that the United States had any chance of winning a war against Britain. The odds of winning the war against Britain were not the motivating factor in the New England Federalist opposition to the war. *D. New England merchants feared the commercial disruptions that the war was sure to entail. New England Federalists adamantly opposed the declaration of war because they feared the commercial disruptions that the war entailed.

In 1865, what additional requirement did President Andrew Johnson impose on those white Southerners with taxable property over $20,000 for them to obtain an amnesty and pardon for their participation in the Confederacy?

A. They had to make donations to southern black schools. Johnson did not require wealthy Southerners to donate to black school funds. B. They had to pay an additional luxury tax to fund the new Reconstruction governments. Johnson did not ask wealthy Southerners to pay an additional luxury tax. *C. They had to petition him for a special pardon to restore their rights. Wealthy Southerners had to personally ask the president for his pardon. He relished the reversal of roles that put members of the southern elite at his mercy. D. They had to surrender their lands to freedmen's homesteads. Johnson did not ask that wealthy southern landowners surrender their property to freed blacks.

Why were skilled workers offended by the factory work organization of the 1830s?

A. They had to work with female supervisors. Male workers would have found women's authority in the workplace offensive, but they were not subject to female supervision. *B. They were treated as dependents rather than independent craftsmen. Skilled workers were offended by the new regime, which treated them as wage-earning dependents rather than as independent craftsmen. As the process of deskilling transformed shoemaking, printing, tailoring, and other trades, laboring men fought to maintain their status. C. They had to work on Sundays and sometimes in the evenings. Work on Sundays was not common in factories at the time, so this was not a cause for concern for workers. D. The factories were often owned by Irish immigrants. Irish immigrants at the time were dependent on wage work and were not generally factory owners.

Why did New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Baltimore serve as the focal points of economic, political, social, and cultural activity in North America in the eighteenth century?

A. They held almost 90 percent of the population. In the eighteenth century almost 90 percent of the colonial population lived in rural areas. B. These were the oldest cities in North America. Although Boston was an old city, by colonial standards, Philadelphia and Charleston were relatively new. C. They had the largest slave markets. Although Charleston had one of the largest slave markets, Boston did not. *D. They were the major port cities of British North America. New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Baltimore were the major port cities in North America. As such, these cities were the centers of economic, social, political, and cultural activity in the colonies, even though almost 90 percent of the colonial population lived in rural areas.

How did cartographers like Martin Waldseemüller contribute to sixteenth-century European culture?

A. They helped develop the new technology of printing with movable type. Cartographers focused on spreading information in a different way; movable type was developed by other individuals. B. They traveled with the explorers and wrote accounts of their journeys. Cartographers tended to remain in Europe working on their maps; explorers tended to write their own journals. *C. They helped spread knowledge by updating maps showing new discoveries. Cartographers charted newly discovered islands, traced coastlines and bays, and situated each new piece of data in relation to lands already known. D. They funded many voyages so they could make better maps. Voyages of explorers were mainly funded by monarchs.

What drove Thomas Jefferson and James Madison to push for the Embargo Act?

A. They hoped to force France to surrender to Great Britain. Jefferson and Madison had no desire to aid Britain to victory in its war with France. B. They hoped to ensure a French victory over Britain. Jefferson and Madison did not in particular favor the French over the British in the European war. C. They hoped to restore American economic autonomy from Europe. Jefferson and Madison supported the Embargo Act for political rather than economic reasons. *D. They hoped to force Great Britain to recognize American neutrality. Since Jefferson and Madison had been unable to convince Britain or France to recognize American neutrality, they pushed Congress for the passage of the Embargo Act, which prohibited U.S. ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France repealed their restrictions on American trade.

How did the Crusades change European culture?

A. They introduced the Black Death, which killed half of the continent's population. The Black Death killed about half of Europe's population, but it was not a result of the Crusades. B. The Crusades diminished the power of Italian merchants and opened up new trade routes. The Crusades increased the power of Italian merchants. *C. They stimulated a desire for adventure and exploration of new lands beyond Europe. Although the campaigns largely failed, the Crusades unintentionally created new interest in the world outside Europe. Crusaders came in contact with Muslims, who shared their knowledge of technologies far more advanced than those known in Europe. D. The Crusades made European kings more powerful because of their successful conquest of Jerusalem. The Crusades largely failed to accomplish their objective.

How did successful southern cotton planters use their profits?

A. They invested in real estate in the North. Successful southern planters did not typically invest their profits in northern real estate. B. They invested in labor-saving farm technologies. Since planters made their profits with forced labor, they had little interest in labor-saving technologies. C. They invested in local development projects. Planters would give to local causes and charities, but they generally did not have so much interest in regional economic development. *D. They built grand houses and purchased luxury goods. Planters wanted to display their success with large estates and a luxurious lifestyle. The success of cotton planters from the 1840s on therefore fueled a period of conspicuous consumption among the southern elite.

How did American planters of the early nineteenth century use profits earned in the production of cash crops like cotton?

A. They invested in sugar from the West Indies. Cotton planters did not primarily exchange their cash crop for another, such as sugar. B. They invested profits in the development of modern industry. Investments in modern industry were exceptionally rare in the slaveholding South. C. They mostly saved profits in local banks or stored them as gold deposits. Southern planters used their profits, rather than simply hoarding them in banks or as gold reserves. *D. They bought food from western states and manufactured goods from the North. Planters used the profits earned in the production of cash crops like cotton, sugar, and rice to purchase food from the West and shoes, cloth, and other manufactured goods from the North.

How did the one thousand emigrants under the leadership of Rev. Marcus Whitman kill thousands of Cayuse and Nez Percé Indians in 1843?

A. They killed the buffalo herds on which the Indians depended. The emigrants who went to Oregon under the leadership of Whitman did not destroy the local Indian tribes by killing off their buffaloes. B. They lured the tribal leaders into a trap, and forced the Indians to surrender. The emigrants Whitman led did not engage in an open conflict with these Indian tribes. *C. They brought in a measles epidemic that was deadly to the local Indians. The pioneers that Whitman led brought a deadly measles epidemic to the region, killing thousands of Cayuse and Nez Percé Indians. D. They reported false claims of Indian atrocities to U.S. army troops, who retaliated. The emigrants that Whitman led did not cause army troops to decimate Indians.

How did U.S. forces finally defeat the Seminole Indians in Florida in 1842?

A. They killed the tribe's leader in battle. The United States did not end the war by killing the Seminole leader in battle. B. They bribed the tribe's leader Osceola to surrender. The Seminole leader Osceola was loyal to his cause and was not bribed. *C. They lured the Seminole chief into a trap with the promise of a peace settlement. In 1842, U.S. troops lured Osceola into an army camp with the false promise of a peace settlement. Instead, they took him captive, which broke the resistance. D. Runaway slaves betrayed the Seminoles in return for freedom. Slave runaways among the Seminoles were loyal to their new community and had plenty of reason to fight the United States to the end.

Why did many Southerners in the 1840s and 1850s have negative attitudes about cities?

A. They lacked the culture and refinement of plantations. Southern cities did not have the same planter society as the cotton districts, but they did have stores with luxury goods and other features that would appeal to the southern elite. B. They were marred by poverty. Poverty was a feature of southern cities as much as of northern ones, but that in itself did not create negative attitudes about them in the South. C. The majority of residents were free blacks. While the presence of free blacks made southern whites suspicious of cities, this group did not form the majority in these cities. *D. They had a reputation as escape hatches for runaways. It was not only the presence of immigrants and free blacks in southern port cities but also their reputation as escape hatches for runaway slaves that ensured cities remained suspect in the South.

What did the cases of Marbury v. Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland have in common?

A. They legitimized depriving Indians of lands without due process. Neither case concerned land disputes with Native Americans. B. They argued that the president wielded more power than Congress. The cases did not establish that the president's authority was greater than that of Congress. C. They recognized the primacy of state governments. The decisions did not hold that state governments enjoyed primacy over other levels of government. *D. They enhanced the powers of the federal government. Both cases enhanced the power of the federal government: Marbury by empowering the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of federal laws (the power to judge state laws would soon follow) and McCulloch by validating Congress's power to create a national bank that could not be targeted for special taxation by a state.

What campaign strategy did the Whigs employ to great success in the 1840 presidential election?

A. They lionized Andrew Jackson. Whigs condemned Jackson. B. They emphasized antislavery. The Whigs did not win by emphasizing antislavery. C. They praised Indian Removal. Whigs were often opposed to Indian Removal. *D. They copied the Democrats. The Whigs won by copying the Democrats' tactics: They nominated an old war hero general (Harrison instead of Jackson) and staged festive campaign events that emphasized their candidate's humble roots in contrast to the supposed aristocratic tastes of Martin Van Buren, even though Harrison was scion to a Virginia planter family. Topic: The National Government Looks to the West books: Expanding to Oregon and Texas Pursuing War with Mexico Debates over Slavery Intensify

Which of the following assessments of the role of southern intellectuals in the growing dispute over slavery from the 1830s to the 1850s is accurate?

A. They mostly fled to the North during that time. Southern intellectuals by and large remained loyal to the region. B. They tended to ignore slavery as an issue. Southern intellectuals did write and talk about slavery. C. They bravely challenged the institution of slavery. Southern intellectuals who remained in the South supported the institution; those who opposed it left. *D. They developed a sophisticated defense of slavery. Southern intellectuals had developed a sophisticated proslavery argument that they believed demonstrated the benefits of bondage for African Americans and its superiority to the northern system of wage labor.

Why did Indian leaders agree to sell the United States three million acres of land in the Indiana Territory for only $7,600 in 1809?

A. They needed protection against the Creek Indians. Located in the Southeast, the Creeks were not a threat to natives in Indiana. B. They sought American citizenship. The Natives did not want American citizenship. *C. They were deceived by the American negotiator. Territorial governor William Henry Harrison tricked several Indian leaders into signing the treaty, a move that outraged Tecumseh and convinced him to form a pan-Indian alliance to push back against the United States. D. They were threatened with war and annihilation. The Indians were not threatened with war and annihilation to win these three million acres.

On what grounds did Cherokee Indians reject new Georgia regulations meant to limit their freedom in the late 1820s?

A. They objected to these regulations because they violated the Cherokees' rights to their own religion. Religious faith was not the reason for the Cherokees' opposition. B. They protested that they did not need to follow principles of republican government. Cherokee Indians had established their own republican form of government by that time. *C. They argued that they were an autonomous nation with their own republican government. Cherokee Indians had adopted their own independent republican form of government and did not consider themselves in the jurisdiction of the state of Georgia. In their suit, they demanded recognition they said was due them under the U.S. Constitution. D. They rejected any form of accommodation to the Anglo-American mainstream. By this time, Cherokee Indians had embraced Americanization programs offered by white missionaries and accommodated to white ways.

Which of the following was a feature of frontier colleges in the early republic?

A. They offered students an escape from the family structure. Frontier colleges were organized as community institutions in which extended families played the central role. As a result, frontier colleges were attractive to parents. B. They offered professors and students a chance to escape urban social etiquette. The wives of professors in these frontier college towns held salons where students learned proper deportment and social etiquette. C. They offered Indians access to higher education. Frontier college towns offered opportunities to ethnic and religious outsiders of the Anglo-American mainstream, like Scots-Irish Presbyterians, but they pushed Indians farther west, rather than include them. *D. They provided ethnic and religious outsiders an entry to American society. Frontier colleges provided opportunities for ethnic and religious groups outside the Anglo-American mainstream, like the Scots-Irish Presbyterians, to cement their place in American society.

Why were Sarah and Angelina Grimké so fiercely criticized by a Congregationalist minister in Massachusetts in 1837?

A. They openly opposed slavery. The Congregationalist minister was an opponent of slavery himself. B. They came from a prominent slaveholding family in South Carolina. The minister did not object to their family background. C. They had converted to Quakerism in Philadelphia. Their religious conversion was not the cause of concern for the minister. *D. The minister decried their presence as women in the abolitionist cause. As women, the Grimké sisters aroused fierce opposition. The Congregationalist minister thus decried both in a meeting in Massachusetts in 1837 for their presence in front of "promiscuous" audiences of men and women.

How did the legislatures of Ohio, California, and Illinois respond to the emancipation of slaves in the early 1860s?

A. They passed laws barring blacks from entering their states. Ohio, California, and Illinois did not bar blacks from entering their states in response to the emancipation of slaves. *B. They repealed statutes that barred blacks from testifying in court. Ohio, California, and Illinois repealed statutes barring blacks from testifying in court and serving on juries. With similar sentiments, San Francisco, Cincinnati, Cleveland, and New York City desegregated their streetcars. And in May 1865, Massachusetts passed the first comprehensive public accommodations law and history, ensuring racial equality in social spaces. C. They segregated all public transportation facilities. These states did not segregate their public transportation facilities in response to the emancipation of slaves. D. They granted African Americans the right to vote. Although Ohio, California, and Illinois passed laws that made them less hostile to African Americans, they did not grant African Americans the right to vote.

In the first half of the nineteenth century, how did southern whites who lacked property make a living?

A. They raised cotton. The cultivation of cotton would have required at least some property. *B. They depended on hunting and fishing. Property-less poor whites in the South depended on hunting and fishing in the region's frontier areas. C. They went to work in textile factories. Few textile factories were found in the South at the time, and they tended to hire women and children. D. They worked in coal and iron mines. No coal or iron ore mines were found in the South at the time.

Why did rivers have serious limitations as a means of transportation in the United States during the Jefferson administration?

A. They ran exclusively from east to west. Rivers on the Atlantic seaboard did not predominantly run from east to west. B. They carried enough water only in fall and winter. Rivers on the eastern seaboard did not run dry during the summer. C. They were controlled by Indian tribes. Not all rivers in the United States were controlled by Indians. *D. They offered easy transport only in one direction. Although loads could be delivered quickly downstream, the return voyage was long and slow.

What limited the ability of southern yeomen farmers to challenge the political control of southern planters from the 1830s to the 1850s?

A. They relied heavily on slave labor, as planters did. Many poorer farmers did not own any slaves at all. B. They did not yet have the right to vote. Most farmers did have the right to vote. *C. Cotton remained the dominant crop of the South. Like wealthy planters, yeomen farmers were invested in maintaining cotton as the chief product of the South, which required large slave-owning plantations. D. Planters frequently threatened farmers with severe punishments and abuse. Planters could not afford to threaten poorer farmers with violence, as they needed their support.

How did plantations change over the course of the nineteenth century?

A. They required less slave labor. Slavery expanded across the nineteenth century. *B. They grew larger in size. Plantations increased in size over the nineteenth century as conquest of new territories combined with increased investment in land to bring more and more land under cultivation. C. They grew less cotton. Cotton agriculture increased during the nineteenth century. D. They diversified into manufacturing. Plantations did not diversify into manufacturing; profits were to be found in growing crops.

Why did New England merchants send agents to California in the 1830s?

A. They responded to some of the earliest rumors of gold in the Sierras. There were no rumors of gold in California in the 1830s. B. They wanted to launch textile mills there. The agents were not sent to start textile factories. C. They were hoping to introduce cattle to California's rich pastures. The region already had plenty of cattle dating back to the Spanish era, and most of California did not promise rich pastures. *D. They wanted to buy leather made from Spanish cattle hides. A few thousand Americans settled in California initially, some of whom had been sent by New England merchants to purchase fine leather made from the hides of Spanish cattle raised in the area.

How did the Democratic-Republicans in Congress change between 1800 and 1815?

A. They turned against federal authority. Democratic-Republicans had originally opposed federal authority, something Federalists had long advocated. This attitude changed between 1800 and 1815. *B. They came to support the expansion of federal authority. The Democratic-Republicans, who had gained support in 1800 by demanding restraints on federal power, now applauded its expansion. C. They increasingly opposed the national bank. By 1815, there was more support among Democratic-Republicans for a national bank than there had been in 1800. D. They came to reject the value investments in transportation. By 1815, Democratic-Republicans in Congress made investments in transportation. Fifteen years prior, they had opposed the role of federal government in internal improvements.

What was significant about divorce petitions, legal suits charging rape, ads for runaway spouses and servants, and reports about domestic violence in the colonies during the eighteenth century?

A. They show that the legal system was established to safeguard the rights of women. While the legal system was not deaf to crimes against women, petitions, advertisements, and reports do not evidence a system established to protect women. *B. They reveal the limits of male power. By seeking legal redress or escape from patriarchal authority, petitions, lawsuits, and ads for escaped women and servants provide evidence that the authority of males in society was far from absolute. C. They document the increasing power of the patriarchal family. While men possessed great power and authority in colonial society, divorce petitions, advertisements for runaways, and lawsuits suggest challenges to this power rather than its growth. D. They provide evidence that women and servants were viewed similarly by the law. Whereas women and servants held similarly inferior positions in terms of the law, divorce petitions, lawsuits regarding rape, and reports of domestic violence do not suggest that they shared legal status.

How did the Comanche empire end up undermining its own expansion in the 1850s?

A. They shut themselves off from trade networks with smaller Indian nations. As the Comanche empire expanded its trade networks, it incorporated smaller Indian nations. *B. They allowed too many bison to be killed. The Comanche empire allowed far too many bison to be killed in order to meet the demand for bison robes by Anglo-American traders. C. The Comanche empire failed to build large enough horse herds. The Comanche herded large numbers of horses. Building those herds required extensive grazing lands and winter havens in the river valleys, which in turn pushed the bison onto more marginal lands. D. The Comanche empire completely isolated itself from white settlers. The Comanche were not isolated from white settlers at all.

What did most Indian groups choose to do when the American Revolution broke out?

A. They sided with the Americans. Although a few Indian tribes allied with the Americans, the majority did not. B. They remained neutral. Although a few Indian tribes remained neutral, the majority did not. C. They withdrew to the West. Indians did not move west to avoid the war. *D. They sided with Britain. Although there were exceptions, most Indian tribes allied with the British. It was the British who attempted to keep Indians separated from colonists aggressively seeking new lands. They shared a common interest in defeating the Americans.

Why were unmarried and recently married young people particularly drawn to cities in the 1840s and 1850s?

A. They sought high-paying jobs as servants. Work as servants was not high paying. *B. City life offered jobs and excitement. The growing cities provided economic opportunity and also offered the lure of entertainments such as the theater and museums. C. Cities had more child-care facilities than did rural areas. Cities in the period had few organized child-care settings, which probably would have been easier to find in rural areas. D. They wanted to rejoin their parents after trying to live on the frontier. The United States was still predominantly rural, so the parents of these young people were more likely to live on farms than to already be living in the cities.

What contribution was made by the German Pietists who challenged the Enlightenment?

A. They spearheaded migration to British North America. While many German Pietists migrated to British North America, they did not spearhead that migration. B. They became the chief religious force in the colonies. While German Pietists contributed to colonial religious life, they were not the main religious force in the colonies. C. They championed the triumph of reason. German Pietists believed that individuals should let their hearts, rather than their heads, guide them in spiritual matters. *D. They informed the overriding philosophy of the Great Awakening. The German Pietists who left Germany to settle in North America informed the great religious movement that would change colonial life forever.

How did northern manufacturers hope to revive the economy in the wake of the panic of 1819?

A. They suggested a temporary moratorium on tariffs. Northern manufacturers supported tariffs, which made their goods more competitive with European imports, so they would not have favored a moratorium on tariffs. *B. They called for higher tariffs. Higher tariffs protected American-made products from foreign competition and thus would help American manufacturers. C. They proposed a ban on state banks. Although northern manufacturers were typically supporters of the Bank of the United States, they did not oppose the existence of state banks. D. They proposed the dissolution of the Bank of the United States. Northern manufacturers were, by and large, strong supporters of the Bank of the United States.

Why were the so-called carpetbaggers subjected to so much abuse in the South following the Civil War?

A. They supported the Democratic Party. The carpetbaggers were presumed to be Republicans, although their politics was not the reason they were scorned. B. They refused to observe Military Reconstruction. Refusal to observe Military Reconstruction, a hated policy in the former Confederacy, would have made someone popular in the South. *C. They allied themselves with the freedmen. Northerners who came south following the Civil War often allied with freedmen by establishing schools or doing business with them. White southerners denounced them for upsetting the region's racial system. D. They joined with Confederate veterans in the Ku Klux Klan. Carpetbaggers did not join the Klan.

Why did Spanish officials begin to hang, whip, and jail Pueblo Indians in the 1670s?

A. They suspected that the Pueblo were plotting an attack. The officials did not hang and jail the Pueblo Indians because of a suspected plot. *B. They feared that the Pueblos' return to native rituals threatened Christianity. When the Pueblo people sought out their traditions in the face of famine, raids, and epidemic, Spanish officials hanged three and incarcerated forty-three on charges of idolatry. C. They wanted to halt the construction of new religious shrines. Spanish officials did not commit violence against Pueblo Indians to halt the building of new religious shrines. D. They suspected Popé of preparing a revolt. Popé was one of the Pueblo who was jailed. He was not the reason for the hangings and prison sentences, but his incarceration did have important consequences for New Mexico.

Following the end of the French and Indian War, the colonial economy was characterized by

A. low unemployment, falling wages, and a downturn in trade. Unemployment increased in the wake of the French and Indian War. B. rising unemployment, stable wages, and an increase in trade. Wages were not stable in the 1760s, and trade was sagging. *C. rising unemployment, falling wages, and a downturn in trade. The colonial economy suffered from increased unemployment, decreased wages, and a downturn in trade in the 1760s. D. low unemployment, falling wages, and an increase in trade. Unemployment was rising in the 1760s, and trade was falling.

What did Irish immigrants and free black workers have in common in nineteenth-century cities?

A. They usually worked in skilled occupations such as blacksmithing. Neither group typically worked in skilled occupations. *B. They competed for jobs at the bottom of the economic ladder. Both free blacks and Irish immigrants competed for the same unskilled jobs at the bottom of the economic ladder. As a result, violence sometimes flared between the groups, and the Irish insisted their race made them superior to people of African descent. C. They migrated to cities from the rural South in search of work. Although free blacks may have migrated to cities from the rural South, Irish immigrants usually arrived in U.S. cities directly from Ireland. D. They joined to protest against the political dominance of the native born. The two groups did not work together, although both would have experienced discrimination from native born whites.

Why did some white workingmen in the United States embrace the temperance movement in the 1830s?

A. They wanted to distance themselves from African Americans. White working-class men were sufficiently distinguishable from African American working men without having to embrace temperance. *B. They sought to distinguish themselves from Irish Catholic workers. Protestant white working-class men tended to embrace temperance to distinguish themselves from Irish Catholic workers, who were caricatured as drunkards. C. The women they courted demanded sober workingmen. Enhancing their appeal to the women of their class was not the objective of workingmen in embracing temperance. D. They realized that liquor was detrimental to their health. Individual workers may have realized that drinking liquor was unhealthy, but that did not drive them as a class.

Why did American advocates of western expansion call for war with Britain in 1812?

A. They wanted to eliminate British forts along the Mississippi River. There were no British forts along the Mississippi River in 1812. B. They accused the British navy of blocking the sale of western wheat. The sale of western wheat was not a cause of the War of 1812, and it was no motivating factor for American advocates of western expansion either. *C. They were convinced that the British in Canada fueled Indian resistance in the West. Advocates of western expansion suspected that British officials in Canada fueled Indian resistance and thus called for a war that would end British intervention on the western frontier. D. They feared a British invasion of New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory. Americans had no reason to fear the British invasion of New Orleans and Louisiana Territory.

Why did a large number of African American men and women need the services of ministers after the end of the Civil War?

A. They wanted to have their children blessed. While some freedpeople might have had such a desire, that explanation does not account for the majority of cases. B. They wanted to confess their sins. While some freedpeople might have wanted this, it does not account for the majority of cases. *C. They wanted to be married legally. Slaves were eager to gain legal recognition for their marriages, which had been denied them under southern laws before the war. D. They wanted to be baptized. While some freedpeople might have had such a desire, that explanation does not account for the majority of cases.

Why had civilians traveled from the District of Columbia to the battle site of Bull Run (Manassas) in July 1861?

A. They wanted to provide medical aid to wounded troops. These civilians had no experience in medical aid and did not travel to Bull Run for that purpose. B. They thought they could join in the fight. The civilians did not think they could join in the fight. C. The Union army had encouraged them to see its first victory. The Union army had not encouraged them to travel to the battle site. *D. They wanted to catch a glimpse of live combat. Civilians from Washington traveled to the battle site to view the combat but had to flee for their lives in the aftermath of the battle to escape Confederate artillery.

Why did the Pilgrims set sail from Plymouth in 1620?

A. They wanted to purify the Anglican and Catholic Church in a new land. The Puritans, not the Pilgrims, moved to North America to purify the Church. The Pilgrims did not move away from England or the Netherlands to purify Anglicanism. B. They were in search of precious metals. The Pilgrims did not leave Europe in search of gold or silver. C. They planned to break into the tobacco trade. The Pilgrims did not leave England with the intention of moving into the tobacco business. *D. They wished to separate from the Anglican and Catholic churches by moving to a new land. The Pilgrims, so called because their mission was religious, were Separatists. They wanted to break from, or separate, from Anglicanism, Catholicism, and European cosmopolitanism.

Why did Creek and Cherokee Indians purchase black slaves in the early nineteenth century?

A. They wanted to recolonize them in Africa. Creeks and Cherokee Indians were not part of the colonization movement of the early nineteenth century. B. They wanted to undermine slavery by freeing these slaves. Creek and Cherokee Indians did not buy slaves to liberate them. *C. They used slaves to grow cotton. Some Creek and Cherokee Indians hoped to improve their lot with the cultivation of cotton and purchased slaves for that purpose. D. They adopted them into their tribes. Creeks and Cherokee did not buy slaves to adopt them into their tribes.

Why did some activists in the United States withdraw into self-contained communities in the 1830s and 1840s?

A. They wanted to shield themselves from the impact of the panic of 1837. Isolation from the recession was not the goal of those who formed utopian communities. B. They felt politically persecuted. Social reformers had plenty of critics and opponents, but they were not politically persecuted. C. They wanted to sever ties between themselves and the southern slave economy. The formation of self-contained communities was not driven by antislavery sentiment. *D. They wanted to serve as models of real social change for other groups. Activists who withdrew into self-contained communities hoped they would serve as models for other groups. The architects of these utopian societies often turned to European intellectuals and reformers for inspiration as well as to American religious and republican ideals.

What aspect of the Puritan migration helped them ensure the long-term viability of their New England settlement?

A. They were led by men who were familiar with North America. Puritan leaders like John Winthrop had not visited North America prior to the migration. B. They brought money with them. English currency would have been minimally helpful with ensuring the long-term viability of settlements in far-off North America. *C. Multigenerational families crossed the Atlantic together. The Puritan settlement was representative of a healthy society, with young, middle-aged, and older members. The gender and age structure ensured that the colony would be able to procreate beyond its first generation. D. They received a royal charter from the Massachusetts Bay Company. The charter did not offer any guarantee of long-term sustainability.

Why did so many freedpeople move to establish legal marriages after the end of the Civil War?

A. They wanted to show their rejection of the norms of racist white culture. Marrying was embracing rather than rejecting the norms of white culture. *B. They wanted to enjoy the rights and legal status that had long been denied them. Husbands and wives, or those who considered themselves as such despite the absence of legal marriage under slavery, also searched for each other. C. They were moved by a guilty conscience after religious conversion. Widespread conversions were not common in the postwar South, nor was guilty conscience a major factor in motivating them to marry. D. They had lived in separate male and female quarters before the war, making marriage impossible. Separate quarters had not made marriage impossible for enslaved African Americans before the war; lack of white legal recognition of their marriages had done so.

What distinguished the textile factories of Lowell, Massachusetts, founded by the Boston Associates in the 1820s?

A. They were a departure from the traditional model originally built at nearby Waltham. The Lowell factories were actually based on the earlier experiment at Waltham. *B. Every step of their production was mechanized. In the experiment at Waltham, the Lowell mills ran on the principle of having every production step mechanized to achieve efficiency. C. They insisted on hiring only hired skilled tradesmen. Lowell factories recruited the daughters of farm families as workers, not skilled tradesmen. D. They were the first factories to process cotton rather than wool. Cotton textile factories were nothing new prior to the construction of the Lowell factories.

Why did Southern planters increasingly think more carefully about how to treat their slaves after the 1810s?

A. They were afraid slaves would flee back to Africa. Making the trip back to Africa out of the slaveholding South would have been next to impossible for runaways. B. They developed personal ties with their slaves. Planters were able to entrust slaves with personal affairs and even have children with their slave women and still beat or sell them, so personal ties were no explanation for the more deliberate treatment of slaves. C. They were guided by a more enlightened Christian faith. Slave-owning planters had been Christians before the 1810s, and that had not stopped them from random acts of violence and cruelty. *D. The end of the international slave trade made slaves more valuable. Without access to a continuous supply of slave imports from abroad, planters depended more heavily on natural reproduction, which required better living conditions, resulting in lower death rates.

After the outbreak of the American Revolution, why did almost 80,000 Quakers, Mennonites, Amish, Shakers, and Moravians remain neutral in the face of fines and imprisonment?

A. They were afraid to choose sides. Fear did not inform the decisions of neutrality for these religious groups. B. As newcomers to the colonies, they thought they had no stake in the outcome. Members of these religious groups were not all newcomers to the colonies, and many recognized they had a vital stake in the outcome. C. They did not believe in the righteousness of either side. Members of these religious groups desired a particular outcome; however, they chose not to get involved. *D. They were pacifists who thought fighting immoral. These religious groups did not subscribe to war as a means of settling differences. They believed war to be immoral.

Why did representatives from South Carolina, Texas, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and Louisiana meet in February 1861?

A. They were considering their response to the Union's declaration of war. The Union had not declared war against the Confederacy, nor did it ever do so. B. They were discussing the Crittenden Compromise. The Crittenden Compromise had not yet emerged. In fact, it was the secession of the Deep South that prompted President Buchanan to ask Crittenden to draft a compromise proposal. *C. They were drafting a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America. The states had gathered in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861 to adopt a provisional constitution and elect Mississippi senator and slaveholder Jefferson Davis as their president. D. They were discussing the creation of a joint military force. The creation of a joint military force in defense of the Confederacy would happen only later.

Why did the Whigs invite women to participate in the presidential campaign of 1840?

A. They were convinced that women had earned the right to vote. Whigs did not support women's right to vote, though they welcomed them to participate in the campaign. B. They believed that husbands voted according to their wives' recommendations. Whigs did not think they could shape husbands' votes through their wives, but they did think that women could promote political causes. C. They wanted to make their party more attractive to men. Whigs wanted to attract voters, who were all male, but they did not begin this effort in order to make their party more attractive. *D. Women embodied the kind of moral force the Whig Party sought to represent. The Whigs welcomed women into the 1840 campaign because they embodied the kind of moral force that the Whig Party claimed to represent. By 1840, thousands of women had circulated petitions against Cherokee removal, organized temperance societies, promoted religious revivals, and joined charitable associations.

What prompted Mexico to send its troops to the Rio Grande in 1846?

A. They were determined to suppress an uprising in New Mexico. There was no uprising in New Mexico. *B. President Polk had sent U.S. troops across the Nueces River. President Polk had sent General Zachary S. Taylor across the Nueces River toward the Rio Grande in an aggressive move that Whigs said provoked conflict with Mexico. C. U.S. diplomat John Slidell refused to pay for the New Mexico and California territories. President Polk had sent Slidell to Mexico City with the offer to purchase California and New Mexico for $30 million. Mexican officials refused to hear Slidell's offer. D. Troops under General Zachary S. Taylor had attacked Mexican villagers. Taylor advanced his troops onto what Mexico perceived as its territory, but he had not engaged in any attack.

How did congressional Republicans respond to the black codes enacted by southern state legislatures in 1865 and thereafter?

A. They were disappointed but kept silent. Congressional Republicans were outraged by these laws that were clearly designed to undermine the Thirteenth Amendment. B. They wondered why southern blacks weren't fighting back. They understood that black codes were meant to suppress African Americans and that they had no legal means to combat them. *C. They were outraged at what they saw was an attempt to undo the result of the Civil War. If the black codes prevailed, one Republican proclaimed, "then I demand to know what practical value is the amendment of abolishing slavery?" Others wondered what their wartime sacrifices had meant if the South remained unchanged. D. They wondered whether they should copy the black codes in the North. Congressional Republicans were appalled by black codes and did not think of copying the laws in their home states.

What did the slaves who followed Nat Turner and the slaves aboard the Amistad have in common?

A. They were emancipated upon their owners' deaths. Neither group was emancipated at their owners' deaths. B. They were executed by mobs of northern whites. Neither group was executed by northern whites, although mobs of southern whites did kill many slaves suspected of being involved with Turner. *C. They outraged southern slave owners by opposing slavery. Slave owners were outraged by both incidents. Nat Turner's Rebellion showed that slave rebellion could endanger their lives, while the Supreme Court's decision to emancipate the Amistad slaves shocked slave owners. D. They successfully fled to Cuba after rebelling. The Amistad was heading for Cuba when it was seized by its slaves and then captured by the U.S. navy and taken to the United States. Nat Turner's rebellion did not involve Cuba.

What happened to the slaves of the Amistad who were apprehended at sea and imprisoned in the United States in 1839?

A. They were executed as mutineers. The slaves were not executed. B. They were sold at auction. The slaves were not sold. C. They were returned to Africa. The slaves were not returned to Africa. *D. They were eventually freed. Following a lengthy court process initiated by abolitionists, the Supreme Court ordered the Amistad's slaves freed in 1841. Former president John Quincy Adams represented the Africans before the court.

What do Anne Hutchinson's trial and expulsion show about the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay?

A. They were fair in their execution of justice. Although some aspects of the Puritan community were just, their justice system was decidedly unfair. *B. They closely guarded male power. Women were not treated as equals in the Puritan community, and Hutchinson's challenge to this power was deeply unsettling. C. Puritan leaders were less strict by the 1630s. This was not the case. Through most of the seventeenth century, Puritans were able to maintain control in matters of church and civil governance. D. Poorer members of Puritan society were treated unjustly. Hutchinson's class background did not seem to play a role in her trial and expulsion.

In the late 1820s and early 1830s, what did free blacks in Cincinnati and Philadelphia have in common?

A. They were forced to leave their cities to find safety on rural farms. Black residents of Cincinnati and Philadelphia did not leave their homes to settle on farms. B. They were likely to migrate to Mexico in search of freedom. Black residents of Cincinnati and Philadelphia did not migrate to Mexico. *C. They were victims of white mob violence. Antiblack mob violence broke out in Cincinnati in 1829 and in Philadelphia in 1832. Free blacks in both cities left their homes, with many settling outside the United States in Canada. D. They were enslaved because of new fugitive slave laws. Fugitive slave laws did not lead to the enslavement of free blacks from Cincinnati or Philadelphia.

What were the Washingtonian societies in the 1840s?

A. They were historical societies particularly interested in the presidents of the past. Members of the Washingtonian societies did honor to George Washington by naming their group after him, but their chief interest was not the study or celebration of history. B. They were social reformers who sought a federal temperance law. Members of the Washingtonian societies did not work for a federal temperance law. *C. They were small groups of men who helped each other stop drinking. Small groups of men who abused alcohol gathered together in the 1840s to help each other stop drinking. They called themselves Washingtonian societies in honor of the nation's first president. D. They were committed to fight against the temperance movement. Washingtonian societies were committed to temperance—specifically the temperance of its own members.

Why did the Mexican government invite settlers from the United States into Texas in the 1820s?

A. They were hoping for higher tax revenues. Tax revenues were not the motivating factor. B. They wanted them to build slave-based cotton plantations. Mexico prohibited slavery when it gained independence. *C. They wanted more settlers so the Comanches could be expelled. The Mexican government was hoping that U.S. settlers would move farther into the interior of Texas and secure the region from Comanche raids. D. They were hoping that the settlers would create internal improvements. The Mexican government certainly expected settlers to improve the land through farming, but they did not expect them to build infrastructure.

Why did freedpeople pursue education in the post-Civil War South?

A. They were hoping to learn the skills it took to be an overseer. Overseers no longer existed in the South after the end of slavery. B. They wanted to prepare for a career in the North. Some African Americans in the South may have prepared for a better life in the North, but that was not the primary motivation for pursuing an education. C. They were hoping to earn a living overseas. Few African Americans in the South imagined themselves going overseas to pursue a new life there. *D. They understood education as a way of escaping white exploitation. After the Civil War, African Americans in the South understood that education was a sign of liberation and a way to escape exploitation by whites.

What impression did the Aztec empire leave on the Spanish soldiers?

A. They were impressed by the monotheistic religion. The Aztecs were not monotheistic; they believed in many gods. *B. They were impressed by the Aztecs' building skill. Cortés's men were impressed by the Aztecs' canals, cities, and temples. One of these men wrote about the splendor of the Aztec empire in his journal. C. They were contemptuous of Aztec poverty. On the contrary, the Spanish were impressed by Aztec wealth. D. They were impressed by the Aztecs' ability to learn Spanish so quickly. There is no account suggesting that the Spanish were impressed by the linguistic prowess of the Aztecs.

Why did laboring men demand the right to vote after 1819?

A. They were inspired by the independence movement in Mexico. Although Americans applauded the expulsion of the Spanish from Mexico, this did not motivate American laborers to demand the right to vote. B. The Missouri Compromise stirred their political interest. While the Missouri Compromise may have been of interest for many Americans, this was not the driving factor for working men's request for the right to vote. C. They were eager to vote against the incumbent, President James Monroe. Monroe did not inspire such animosity among laboring men. *D. The panic of 1819 shook their trust in political leaders. Laboring men, who were especially vulnerable to economic downturns, demanded the right to vote as a means of forcing politicians to respond to their concerns.

Why were the people of western Africa more vulnerable to becoming captured by Europeans as slaves in the sixteenth century than the people of North Africa?

A. They were more thoroughly Muslim, arousing European anger. North Africa was very strongly Muslim. B. They controlled trade with India, making them rivals. Trade routes between Asia and Europe did not cross western Africa. C. They were more highly skilled, making them desirable as workers. The people of North Africa, with their sophisticated culture, were very highly skilled. *D. They lived in less powerful, more rural societies, making them easier to seize. North Africa was a highly complex society with unified kingdoms, highly developed trade networks, cities, and Islam. Western Africa had communities that lived by hunting and subsistence agriculture.

During the Civil War, which form of discrimination against black soldiers in the Union army bothered them the most?

A. They were not allowed to bury their dead. African American soldiers often were assigned the gruesome and exhausting task of burying the dead, including their own. B. They were not provided with rifles for combat. African American soldiers received rifles for combat. *C. They were paid less than whites were paid. Particularly galling was the Union policy of paying black soldiers less than whites were paid. Black soldiers openly protested this type of discrimination, and by June 1864, the War Department finally equalized wages. D. They were not allowed to fight alongside whites. African American soldiers did fight alongside whites but then returned to segregated barracks and facilities.

Why were some northern Democrats called "Copperheads" during the Civil War?

A. They were of Irish descent and had red hair. Irish descent was not the reason they were called "Copperheads." B. They were primarily interested in industrial development, which included copper production. The nickname did not come from an interest in copper production. C. They were pushing Lincoln to conscript police officers—or cops—to secure northern cities against riots. Northern Democrats were opposed to the war effort and wanted to restore peace with the Confederacy. The desire to conscript police officers from northern cities was not the source of their nickname. *D. They opposed the war, a treacherous act like that of a copperhead snake. As far as their opponents were concerned, open opposition to the nation's war effort made northern Democrats nothing else but traitors and poisonous snakes.

Why did settlers from the United States organize a rebellion against Mexican rule in 1836?

A. They were protesting higher taxes. Higher taxes were not the American settlers' concern. B. They refused to be drafted into the Mexican military. Mexico did not attempt to draft American settlers into the Mexican army. *C. Mexico's president had appointed a military commander for Texas. Antonio López de Santa Anna had appointed a military commander for Texas to force the settlers to obey Mexican laws. D. Mexico's president tried to force Texans to convert to Catholicism. The Mexican government did not try to force American settlers to convert the Catholicism.

At the end of the American Revolution, what happened to slaves who had won their freedom fighting for the British?

A. They were reenslaved by their former masters. The slaves who managed to find protection with the British were not reenslaved. B. They received land in the West, away from former masters. Emancipated slaves did not receive land in the West. C. They blended in with free blacks in the North. Freed slaves did not blend in with free blacks in the North. *D. They left the country to form new communities. The British emancipated some 1,300 men, 900 women, and 700 children as a result of the war. They relocated to other places in the British empire: many to Nova Scotia, Canada, some to Sierra Leone, in Africa.

Why did the younger sons of wealthy planters from the 1830s to the 1850s often live in rougher quarters than their fathers?

A. They were self-made men who built their plantations from the ground up. The sons of wealthy planters benefited from their fathers' estates and were not self-made men. *B. They were forced to move to the frontier and work on isolated plantations. In search of new cheap and fertile lands for cotton cultivation, the sons of wealthy planters often found themselves forced to live in rougher quarters on the frontier. C. They deliberately rejected the ostentatious luxury of their fathers. Most sons of wealthy planters were raised in luxury and hoped to achieve this lifestyle for themselves. D. Planters as a whole during this time period lived much harsher lives than those who came before them. Planters on the western frontier lived in rougher conditions than those in the East, but planters overall enjoyed a more luxurious lifestyle than in earlier times.

What distinguished Mississippi steamboats from the design pioneered by Robert Fulton in New York?

A. They were smaller. Mississippi and other frontier steamboats were, in fact, larger than Fulton's design. *B. They featured a shallower hull. Mississippi River steamboats required a flat-bottom hull to avoid the river's sandbars. C. They worked entirely without masts and sails. Fulton's steamboat did not feature a mast or sails. D. They operated with a low-pressure engine. Unlike Fulton's low-pressure steam engine, which was based on an English design, Mississippi steamboats featured the high-pressure engine model designed by Philadelphia-based Oliver Evans.

Which of the following was a feature of Unitarians?

A. They were the first religious group to refuse membership to slave owners. Quakers were the first to oust slave owners from their community. B. They introduced plain talk in the congregations. Baptists and Methodists first adopted a more plain talk in their congregations. *C. They were committed to a rational approach to understanding the divine. Unitarian church members were committed to a rational approach to understanding the divine. D. They chiefly came from Germany. It was the Jewish community in 1840s America that had mostly come from Germany.

Why were the ratification debates in New York and Virginia so important to officially adopting the Constitution?

A. They were the first two states to vote, and without their approval ratification would fail. New York and Virginia were not the first to states to consider ratification; in fact, they were the tenth and eleventh states to act. B. They were the last two states needed to make the Constitution the new form of government. New York and Virginia were not the last two states needed to make the Constitution officially the new form of government. *C. They were the two most powerful states that delayed ratification the longest. Although the nine states required to make the Constitution official had already voted their approval before New York and Virginia acted, the two were among the wealthiest and most powerful states. Without their support, the Constitution might still have failed. D. They both had large majorities of Antifederalist voters opposed to the Constitution. Although Antifederalists could be found in each state, they were not a strong majority.

Why did abolitionist lecturers tour Britain in the early years of the 1860s?

A. They were trying to get the British to support the United States financially. Abolitionists were not trying to gather donations for the Union war effort. B. They wanted British subjects to pressure Lincoln into emancipation with a letter campaign. Abolitionists were not hoping they could pressure Lincoln into declaring emancipation by having British citizens do their bidding. *C. They sought to prevent the British from recognizing the Confederacy. British recognition of the Confederacy would have revived cotton exports, providing valuable resources to the South, and strengthened southern resolve. In response, abolitionist lecturers toured Britain, reminding residents of their early leadership in the antislavery cause. D. They were hoping to raise money to purchase the freedom of slaves. Abolitionists were not trying to raise funds to end slavery with mass purchases.

Which of following characterized the role of women in the frontier colleges of the early nineteenth century?

A. They were typically banned from the campuses of frontier colleges. Though women did not enjoy equal access to educational opportunities at these colleges, they were not banned from their campuses. *B. They served as maternal figures and agents of social refinement. Women on campus—in particular, the wives of professors—served as maternal figures and role models for social behavior for young students away from home. C. They were permitted on campus only as cooks and maids. Women filled roles other than that of service personnel in frontier colleges. D. They enjoyed full equality as students and faculty in all frontier colleges. While in some college towns students and local female academies joined college men in certain activities, access to colleges was not equal for men and women.

Why did proslavery advocates draw up the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas in 1856?

A. They won the popular referendum in the territory. Proslavery advocates had not won a referendum on the issue of slavery in the territory. *B. They were furious over the Pottawatomie Massacre committed by John Brown. Proslavery advocates authored the Lecompton Constitution in response to the Pottawatomie Massacre in which radical abolitionist John Brown, his four sons, and two friends kidnapped five proslavery advocates from their homes and hacked them to death. C. They were hoping to draft a document that could unite the territory. The authors of the Lecompton Constitution and Kansas were not trying to unite the territory. If anything, they were convinced of the unbridgeable divide in Kansas. D. They were hoping to provoke a violent response from northern abolitionists in the territory. The authors of the Lecompton Constitution did not want to provoke violence from northern abolitionists but, rather, hoped to secure control of Kansas for themselves.

How did Northerners react to the Confederate shelling of Fort Sumter in April 1861?

A. They worried about their economic ties to the South. Northerners had originally worried about how secession would affect their economic ties to the South, but the attack on Northerners at Fort Sumter replaced economic concerns with other feelings. B. They wavered in their loyalty and feared the future. Northerners generally felt a surge of national loyalty and were confident about the war's outcome. *C. They lined up behind President Lincoln's call for war. Whereas the initial news of secession triggered mostly economic worries, the attack on Fort Sumter prompted Americans to line up behind President Lincoln's call for war. D. They started to pack up their belongings and prepared for evacuation. Northerners, who lived far from Charleston, South Carolina, had no reason to pack their belongings and prepare for evacuation.

Why did employers across the country ask the federal government to remove troops from the South in 1877?

A. They worried that Union soldiers would deter new business there. Employers across the country did not fear that Union soldiers in the South somehow harmed their business prospects. B. They were hoping that troops would help them overcome a labor shortage. The United States was going through a recession in the late 1870s, and employers were not suffering a labor shortage. *C. They wanted troops dispatched against striking workers in the North and West. Employers wanted troops to quell the rising tide of striking workers protesting wage cuts and working conditions. D. They wanted to cut military spending to allow for a cut in capital gains taxes. Employers were always interested in lower taxes, but that did not motivate them to ask for the withdrawal of troops from the South in 1877.

Why was Andrew Jackson's informal group of advisers known as the "Kitchen Cabinet"?

A. This group of advisers contained a large number of women. There were no women among these advisers. *B. This group of advisers was an informal one. The term suggested that this informal group of advisers met outside the official cabinet. C. His advisers focused primarily on domestic policy. A focus on domestic policy was not what distinguished Jackson's "Kitchen Cabinet." D. The advisers met primarily over liquor in the kitchen of the executive mansion. This group of advisers was not named the "Kitchen Cabinet" because it actually met in a kitchen.

What was significant about the Congo-Angola region in Africa in the eighteenth century?

A. This region prospered from the Atlantic slave trade. The Congo-Angola region was not a beneficiary of the Atlantic slave trade in the eighteenth century. *B. About 40 percent of slaves in the African slave trade originated from this region. The region was devastated by the slave trade. Entire communities from the Congo-Angola region were taken captive and sold into slavery. C. The region remained untouched by the slave trade. The Congo-Angola region was affected by the Atlantic slave trade. D. Kingdoms there grew rich from the slave trade. The Congo-Angola region was not home to kingdoms that profited from the slave trade.

What was the ideological basis of the Declaration of Independence as well as other local declarations?

A. Thomas Paine's Common Sense While Paine's pamphlet helped convince many to support independence, it was not the basis for the Declaration of Independence. *B. John Locke's contract theory of government Locke's social contract theory served as the basis for the Declaration of Independence and other local declarations. Locke believed that a people could overthrow a government that abused its power over the governed. C. Richard Henry Lee's motion for independence Lee's motion for independence prompted the debate and the decision to draft a Declaration of Independence, but it was not the basis for the declaration. D. Virginia's Declaration of Rights While Jefferson used some of the language in Virginia's Declaration of Rights, it did not serve as the basis for the Declaration of Independence.

What was the combined impact of Charles Cornwallis's victory in Charleston and news of Benedict Arnold's treachery?

A. Thomas Sumter raided loyalist settlements near Hanging Rock, South Carolina. Sumter's raid was not because of Cornwallis's victory and Arnold's treachery. B. Civilians began to clamor for an end to the war. Although civilians were weary of the war, they did not clamor for surrender but for victory. C. Continental soldiers mutinied and refused to fight any longer. Although the news of Cornwallis and Arnold was disheartening, Continental soldiers mutinied over terms of enlistment and pay. *D. The war seemed to turn in favor of the British. With Cornwallis's victories in the South and the news of Arnold's treachery, the chances for British success increased. The British had control of New York, Georgia, and South Carolina and were in possession of Arnold's knowledge of American strategy.

What role did Phillis Wheatley play in the American Revolution?

A. Though a Quaker, she sewed flags for the Continental Army and Navy. Betsy Ross was the Quaker woman who sewed flags for the army and navy. B. Though a woman, she disguised herself and fought in the Continental Army. Deborah Sampson disguised herself and fought in the army. C. Though English, she supported the Seneca Indian tribe that had adopted her. Mary Jemison was captured by Indians but came to support her adopted tribe. *D. Though a slave, she supported independence and wrote poetry for George Washington. Many slaves embraced the British as more likely than the Americans to secure their freedom. Wheatley, however, supported the Americans and sent a copy of her poetry book to Washington. Topic: Fighting for Independence, 1776-1777 books: British Troops Gain Early Victories Patriots Prevail in New Jersey A Critical Year of Warfare Patriots Gain Critical Assistance Surviving on the Home Front

How did most women affect political change in the late eighteenth century?

A. Through education Although education became accessible to some women in the late eighteenth century, the vast majority of women were not school educated. B. Through the vote Only property-holding women in New Jersey could vote. C. Through female organizations Although women banded together, female organizations were not the main outlet through which women affected political change. *D. Through their male relatives and friends Much like Abigail Adams, women exerted their political will by appealing to the men in their lives. Many leaders believed that wives and mothers had an important role to play in the new republic.

How did the growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers of the 1820s and after hope to achieve upward mobility?

A. Through greed The growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers at the lower rungs of the middle class had a more positive ideal for achieving upward mobility. B. With deceit and treachery The growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers at the lower rungs of the middle class had a more positive concept of achieving upward mobility. C. With luck The growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers at the lower rungs of the middle class had a more active ideal for achieving upward mobility. *D. With hard work The growing cohort of salaried clerks and managers at the lower rungs of the middle class hoped that hard work, honesty, and thrift would lead to upward mobility.

How did middle-class men contribute to the consumer economy in the first half of the nineteenth century in the United States?

A. Through wage work Men of the newly emerging middle class were salaried professionals or entrepreneurs, not wage workers. B. With the consumption of luxuries Middle-class Americans were careful not to engage in frivolous luxuries, and women took charge of most consumer choices for the family. *C. By making investments in commercial ventures Middle-class men invested in industrial and commercial ventures that helped develop the consumer economy. D. By paying federal income taxes Americans at the time did not pay federal income tax.

What was the purpose of Virginia's 1705 "Negro Act"?

A. To allow for public torture of slaves This was one of the inhumane provisions of the "Negro Act," but it was not the purpose of the act. *B. To tighten earlier slave laws The 1705 "Negro Act" was devised to consolidate and tighten earlier slave laws. C. To expel free blacks The "Negro Act" was not crafted to allow for the expulsion of free blacks. D. To take away a slave's right to testify While legal rights were a part of the "Negro Act," stripping the rights of slave testimony was not the purpose of the act.

What was the role of the House of Burgesses in the Virginia colony when it was founded in 1619?

A. To arbitrate colonial and Indian affairs Although disputes between colonists and Indians may have reached the House of Burgesses, that body was not the arbiter of colonial and Indian relations. B. To recruit female colonists so as to ensure population growth Promoting female immigration in England did not fall under the purview of the House of Burgesses. *C. To govern local matters In 1619, the English crown granted Virginia the right to have a local governing body—the House of Burgesses. This body was able to levy taxes and create laws, although Virginia's governor and the company council in London possessed veto power over those laws. D. To oversee the system of indentured servitude Although matters concerning indentured servants may have come to the attention of the House of Burgesses, its role was much broader.

Why did the Cherokee Nation attack South Carolina farmers in 1759?

A. To avenge farmers' attacks on their villages The Cherokee Nation did not seek to avenge attacks on them. B. To show their continued allegiance to the French The Cherokee were not trying to demonstrate allegiance to the French. *C. To protect their hunting grounds South Carolina's backcountry farmers had encroached upon Cherokee hunting grounds, and the Indian nation attacked to punish them for these incursions. D. To encourage fellow Indian tribes to defend their land rights The Cherokee attacks on South Carolina and Virginia were not caused by a desire to form a pan-Indian movement to defend land.

Why did the Spanish seek an alliance with the Apaches in the 1740s?

A. To be able to combat Caddo raids more effectively The Spanish were not suffering damage from Caddo raids. B. To join in the lucrative fur trade The Apache were not involved in the fur trade. C. To check English power in the Southeast The Apache lived in the Southwest. *D. To counter France and its Indian allies With the French relying on Caddo, Choctaw, and other Indian allies for trade goods and defense, the Spaniards needed to expand their alliances beyond the Tejas and thus made overtures to the Apache.

Why did Pope Paul II convene the Council of Trent in 1545?

A. To bring England back from Anglicanism The Council of Trent was not designed to convert Protestants. B. To prepare for increased missionary work in the Americas The Council of Trent was not organized to push missionary work in the Americas. C. To consider the inclusion of Calvinist theology in Catholic doctrine The Council of Trent did not consider adopting Calvinist theology. *D. To launch steps to cleanse the church of corruption In order to counter the growing criticism of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century, Pope Paul II convened the Council of Trent to address corruption as well as to establish training programs for priests and to strip monastic orders down to their spiritual foundations.

Why did Governor Tryon of North Carolina order his militia to attack the Regulators and publicly hang six of them?

A. To build his mansion Although the construction of the governor's mansion began the Regulators' protests, the farmers could not have stopped the estate from being built. B. To show other colonial leaders how to deal with protests Tryon was not seeking to demonstrate to other colonial governors any particular approach to addressing rebellion but simply was attempting to fix a problem in his own colony. *C. To stop what he perceived to be open rebellion Tryon feared open rebellion from the poor and indebted in North Carolina. He moved quickly to squash the Regulators because he feared their influence. D. To support the eastern slaveholding elites Tryon did not have his militia attack and kill Regulators to support North Carolina's elites, though he was tied to their interests.

What right did Cuba's appointed governor, Diego de Velásquez, grant to Hernán Cortés?

A. To claim land and Christianize native peoples Velásquez granted Cortés very limited authority. B. To make alliances with Aztec enemies Velásquez did not grant Cortés the right to make alliances with Aztec enemies. *C. To explore and trade with the native people Velásquez granted Cortés the right to explore and trade with the peoples of South America. Cortés exercised power beyond Velásquez's instruction and eventually conquered the Aztecs. D. Unlimited authority to conquer and loot the land Velásquez did not grant Cortés the authority to conquer and steal from Native Americans.

Why was France interested in North America in the late sixteenth century?

A. To conquer new lands Unlike the Spanish, the French did not travel to the Americas in search of conquest. Consequently, French relations with Native American populations were not as exploitative as those of the Spanish. B. To convert Native Americans to Protestantism Although some French Protestants, or Huguenots, lived in North America, most were barred from leaving France. C. To colonize America Due to French government policies and the difficult climates in North America, few French men and women moved to North America to settle. *D. To expand trade relationships The French were interested in trade. Fisherman, fur traders, and Catholic missionaries comprised the vast majority of the French settlers who traveled to North America in this period.

Why did the British invite delegates from the Iroquois Confederacy to the Albany Congress of 1754?

A. To create a trade alliance While trade deals were made at the 1754 meeting, commerce was not the reason for inviting the Iroquois. B. To resolve questions of colonial governance While creating a more united colonial government was a goal of some colonists attending the Albany Congress, it was not the reason for the Iroquois invitation. *C. To solidify a military alliance To limit the threat posed by the French and Indians, British leaders moved to secure an alliance with the powerful Iroquois Confederacy. D. To establish a council of Iroquois and British representatives The British did not intend to establish a council of Iroquois and British representatives.

Why did the federal government create a new national currency during the Civil War?

A. To deliver on a perennial Republican campaign promise The Republican Party had not promised to create a national currency. *B. To help fund the enormous cost of the war effort The demands of funding the war revolutionized the federal government's role in the economy. In one move, the government issued the first national currency. C. To fight Confederate counterfeiting operations The new currency was not adopted to thwart Confederate counterfeiters. D. To drive Confederate bank notes out of circulation The new currency did not address the circulation of Confederate notes.

Why did some Continental Army officers threaten a takeover of the government in 1783?

A. To demand an immediate end to the war with Britain Though the war was not yet officially over, the officers did not demand its immediate end. B. To force Congress to rescind its new 5 percent tax on imports The officers did not want Congress to rescind its new tax; in fact, the tax would likely have benefited the officers. C. To coerce the states to ratify the new Constitution The Constitution was not drafted until 1787. *D. To protest against a lack of pay from Congress Though Congress had promised to provide officers half pay for life following the service, it had not paid the officers in years. Fearful that they would never be paid, they aimed to frighten the government into making good on its promises.

What was the purpose of the Sedition Act passed during the presidency of John Adams?

A. To deport Irish and Scottish immigrants The Alien Act was aimed at the deportation of dissenting nonresidents, many of whom happened to be Irish and Scottish immigrants. B. To increase the residency requirements from five to fourteen years The Naturalization Act increased the residency requirements from five to fourteen years. C. To extend President John Adams's term The Sedition Act did not involve presidential term limits. *D. To outlaw public dissent against the government The Sedition Act outlawed false or scandalous speech against the president or Congress.

In addition to the power of appointment or approval of colonial officials, the power to veto colonial legislation, and foreign policy, what other power did the British Crown and Parliament have over the colonies?

A. To dictate religious matters Religion was not an aspect of colonial life controlled by the king and Parliament. *B. To tax colonists The British crown and Parliament had the power to tax and collect duties from the colonists. C. To approve new businesses The king and Parliament did not hold authority over approval of new businesses in the colonies. D. To regulate trade within the colonies The king and Parliament did not hold the power to regulate trade within the colonies.

What were Thomas Jefferson's intentions when he drafted the Northwest Land Ordinance in 1785?

A. To ensure the growth of urban America Jefferson did not design the Northwest Land Ordinance to encourage the growth of cities. *B. To preserve the supremacy of agrarianism in national politics Ever the champion of the yeoman farmer, Jefferson sought to maintain the dominance of agrarian views on the national level by allowing multiple states to be formed from the territory. C. To resolve Indian land claims The resolution of Indian land claims did not prompt Jefferson to draft the Northwest Land Ordinance. D. To decrease slavery in America Jefferson was conflicted over the issue of slavery in the nation, although the Land Ordinance did not grow out of his conflict; the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, however, banned slavery from the region.

Why was Maine admitted to the union as a state in 1820?

A. To give northern manufacturers a concession for agreeing to lower tariffs There was no action on tariffs in 1820. *B. To preserve parity between free and slave states in the Senate By 1819 the northern states, where slavery was on the way out, were growing more quickly than the South, giving them an advantage in representation in the House of Representatives. In the Senate, however, the numbers remained equal. Admitting one state that allowed slavery and one state that forbade slavery preserved parity in the Senate. C. To make it more likely that a New Englander would become president Although New Englanders were not happy that so many of the early presidents came from Virginia, the admission of Maine was not related to that issue. D. To prevent British encroachment from Canada after the War of 1812 The war ended in 1815, before the crisis in Missouri.

For what purpose did Congress fund an exploratory mission into the newly acquired Louisiana Territory?

A. To identify major gold deposits The Corps of Discovery led by Lewis and Clark was not searching for gold in the Louisiana Territory. B. To certify that the French had abandoned the territory The Corps of Discovery led by Lewis and Clark was not looking for French settlers, nor did it have the mission to evict them. *C. To map the terrain recently acquired through the Louisiana Purchase Congress appropriated funds for an exploratory expedition known as the Corps of Discovery to map the terrain. D. To survey the land for public sale It was not the responsibility of Lewis and Clark's Corps of Discovery to survey the Louisiana Purchase for sale to American farmers.

Why did colonial leaders move to form a united front with their fellow colonists in the 1760s?

A. To increase trade and commerce among the colonies Trade prospects did not prompt leaders to seek colonial unity in the 1760s. B. To support the spiritual message of the Great Awakening The Great Awakening did not prompt leaders to seek colonial unity in the 1760s, although it did serve as a model for unifying disparate people. C. To bring separatists back into the fold of Christianity Religious separatists did not prompt leaders to seek colonial unity in the 1760s. *D. To persuade Parliament to take their concerns seriously Regarding westward expansion, impressment, and the quartering of troops, colonial leaders wanted to petition Parliament with as much force as possible.

Why did the Dutch and English planters create a partnership in 1640?

A. To join with one another to grow cotton in the West Indies in order to fuel the textile industry in London Even though cotton was grown in the West Indies, that was not the crop that brought the Dutch and English into a partnership. B. In an attempt to compete with the Spanish and French in the mining of gold and silver in the West Indies The Dutch and English did not form an alliance to mine for metals in the West Indies. C. To come together to clear the Native Americans from Barbados in order to cultivate Orinoco tobacco Although tobacco was a profitable crop in the West Indies, that was not the crop that brought the Dutch and English together in a partnership. *D. To successfully cultivate, refine, and sell sugar in Europe The cultivation of sugarcane promised to be a very lucrative business. Whereas English planters had the knowledge and capital to establish sugar plantations, the Dutch knew how to cultivate and refine sugar.

What was the intended purpose of the New-York Weekly Journal?

A. To keep the people informed of local affairs While daily local affairs were reported in the Journal, this was not the purpose of the paper. B. To accuse royal officials of corruption. The Journal did publish stories about the corruption of royal officials, but that was not the purpose of the paper. *C. To maintain and mobilize support for the common man Morrisites launched the Journal to mobilize support for Morris and his "common man" constituency from laborers, shopkeepers, and artisans, who represented the newly franchised in New York City. D. To overthrow British control in the city The Journal was not founded in order to overthrow British political authority.

Why was the committee of correspondence established in the 1760s?

A. To lodge formal complaints against Prime Minister Grenville The committee was not designed to lodge complaints against the prime minister. B. To send petitions to the king regarding the new tax program The committee was not designed to draft and send complaints to the king. C. To circulate ideas about protests and revolution The colonists may have expressed ideas about protests in the committee of correspondence, but it was not established to circulate ideas about revolution. *D. To launch a dialogue among the colonies regarding new British policies The committee of correspondence, while disorganized at first, was an attempt to circulate complaints about Grenville's new policies throughout the colonies.

Why had the U.S. government paid tributes to the Barbary States of North Africa throughout the 1790s?

A. To maintain access to African slave markets American slave traders did not acquire their human cargo from the North African coast. B. To win their alliance against Napoleon The United States was not waging war against Napoleonic France. *C. To gain protection for American ships against piracy The government had paid tribute to the Barbary States of North Africa during the 1790s to gain protection for American merchant ships. D. To reward them for supporting the revolt in Haiti The tribute payments were initiated before the Haitian revolt began and had nothing to do with events in the West Indies.

Why did President Jefferson send James Monroe to France during his first term as president?

A. To negotiate peace The United States and France were not at war at the time. B. To win an ally against the Barbary States of North Africa Jefferson responded to the Barbary pirates in North Africa by sending a military expedition, not a diplomatic mission to France. C. To purchase the Louisiana Territory Jefferson had not thought of attempting to purchase such a vast territory. *D. To negotiate American navigation rights on the Mississippi River Jefferson sent fellow Virginian James Monroe to France to offer Napoleon $2 million to ensure Americans the right of navigation and loading on the Mississippi.

Why did educated men from Boston and Salem found the American Academy of Arts and Sciences during the early republic?

A. To offer a place where European scientists could deliver lectures to American audiences The founders of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences did not see the institution as a clearinghouse for European science. B. To create a forum for nonpartisan political debates The American Academy of Arts and Sciences was not envisioned as a political debate club. C. To gather experts who could give policy advice to the new federal government The founders of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences did not envision it as a political think tank. *D. To promote American literature and build the scientific expertise of the new nation As Franklin had founded the American Philosophical Society in the 1780s to promote American literature and science, the founders of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences had similar goals in mind.

Why did the Continental Congress convene in 1774?

A. To plot a rebellion against the British government The colonial delegates did not meet in Philadelphia to plot a rebellion. B. To ensure the readiness of the militias in every colony The colonial delegates did not assemble in Philadelphia to increase the readiness of local militias. C. To draft a letter to King George concerning their desperate position The colonial delegates did not meet in Philadelphia to write a letter to the king. *D. To confer about the colonies' relationship with Great Britain The delegates traveled to Philadelphia to discuss their path forward in the politically tense relationship between the North American colonies and their mother country.

What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights?

A. To preserve certain rights for citizens that cannot be taken away by the central government The purpose of the Bill of Rights extended beyond the protection of individual rights in the face of a powerful central government. *B. To preserve certain rights for citizens and states that cannot be taken away by the central government The Bill of Rights guaranteed protection of individuals' rights and states' rights in the face of a powerful central government. C. To establish rights that the federal government enjoyed over state governments The Constitution itself established the powers and rights of the federal government. D. To preserve certain rights for local governments that cannot be taken away by the central government The Bill of Rights did not guarantee any rights to local governments.

Why did Massachusetts leaders establish a committee of correspondence in the 1760s?

A. To pressure other colonies to declare independence from Britain Independence was not on the minds of colonists in the 1760s. *B. To coordinate with other colonies on a response to British policy Traditionally, colonies had been far from unified in their response to any policy. The committee of correspondence was a first step to reaching greater cooperation in the face of Britain's new, more hands-on approach to colonial governance. C. To protest against Britain's decision to close the port of Boston to trade Britain's decision to close the port of Boston was part of the later Coercive Acts of 1774. D. To ask for assistance fighting off an Indian attack when Britain refused to help The committee of correspondence was not directed toward Indian affairs. Topic: Resistance to Britain Intensifies books: The Stamp Act Inspires Coordinated Resistance The Townshend Act The Boston Massacre Continuing Conflicts at Home Tea and Widening Resistance The Continental Congress and Colonial Unity

What was the purpose of the Stamp Act Congress in 1765?

A. To proclaim the colonists' loyalty to the king Although the participants in the Stamp Act Congress proclaimed their loyalty to king and country, that was not the purpose of their assembly. B. To organize protest to the Stamp Act Their goal was not to organize protest to the Stamp Act, although they appealed to their respective colonists to refuse to pay the tax after the meeting. *C. To petition Parliament for repeal of the Stamp Act Twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies met to petition Parliament for the repeal of the Stamp Act. The congress argued that taxation without representation was tyranny. D. To end the boycott against British goods Members of the Stamp Act Congress urged their fellow colonists to boycott British goods.

What was the purpose of the Molasses Act of 1733?

A. To prohibit the export of molasses from the French colonies of the Caribbean The English had no control over exports from French territory. *B. To encourage the purchase of molasses from British West Indies The British did not want British colonists trading in the French West Indies. The Molasses Act raised the import tariff so the French-made molasses would be more expensive than British-made molasses. C. To encourage the planting of sugarcane in the North American colonies The Molasses Act did not encourage the planting of sugarcane in the North American colonies. D. To end the production of rum in the British colonies The Molasses Act was not intended to end the production of rum in the British colonies.

Why did English colonists and the Iroquois form the Covenant Chain in 1677?

A. To protect the Iroquois Confederacy The Covenant Chain was not created to protect the Iroquois Confederacy. B. To safeguard French access to Louisiana The Covenant Chain was not created to protect French access to Louisiana. *C. To ensure the continuation of the fur trade Following the carnage of King Philip's War, the colonists and Iroquois met in an attempt to forestall any tension that could derail the fur trade. D. To guard against French exploitation of the Iroquois Confederacy The Covenant Chain was not established to safeguard the Iroquois from French exploitation.

Why did Generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold move patriot troops north to Canada in 1775?

A. To protest Washington's overall command Montgomery and Arnold moved north as part of Washington's overall strategy. B. To escape a smallpox epidemic Smallpox killed many survivors of the campaign in Canada; they did not move north to escape disease. C. To drive the British out of Boston Washington and his officers planned to recapture Boston and move north to Canada. These were two separate plans in a two-pronged strategy. *D. To neutralize any threat from the north Worried about the alliance between the British and Indians in Canada, Montgomery and Arnold attempted to protect the colonies from any invasion from the north. It did not work.

Why did the federal government establish the U.S. Sanitary Commission in June 1861?

A. To provide better water and sewage systems for army garrisons Water and sewage systems were not the responsibility of the U.S. Sanitary Commission. B. To launch a cleanliness campaign among army volunteers The main purpose of the U.S. Sanitary Commission was not a public relations campaign on personal hygiene. *C. To coordinate medical care for Union soldiers The purpose of the U.S. Sanitary Commission was to help coordinate medical care for Union troops. D. To sanitize soldiers' communications back home to censor sensitive information The U.S. Sanitary Commission was not involved in censorship.

Why did farm families in early-nineteenth-century New England send their daughters to work in textile factories?

A. To provide them with experience for their working careers The girls were expected to eventually marry and become mothers rather than have careers. B. To free space in crowded farmhouses Overcrowding in New England farm houses was not a reason for farm families to send their daughters to work in factories. C. To expose them to suitable New England men for marriage The boardinghouses of Lowell were all-female environments, giving New England girls few opportunities to meet possible husbands. *D. To earn cash for the growing market economy Farm families needed more cash because of the growing market economy, and textile work allowed young women to contribute to their families' finances.

Why were British soldiers heading to Lexington on April 18, 1775?

A. To provoke a fight British soldiers did not intend to provoke a battle when they marched to Lexington. B. To intimidate patriot leaders and their followers British soldiers did not march on Lexington as a show of force or intimidation. *C. To seize a patriot arsenal British soldiers marched on Lexington and then Concord to confiscate guns and ammunition. They also planned to arrest patriot leaders. D. To shut down a patriot newspaper British soldiers did not march on Lexington to shut down a patriot newspaper.

Why did the British Parliament grant the East India Tea Company a monopoly on the colonial tea trade?

A. To punish Bostonians for their prior resistance Parliament did not authorize the monopoly in order to punish Bostonians. B. To rile the colonists Parliament wanted to avoid conflicts with the colonists. *C. To save the company By the 1770s, the company was on the verge of economic collapse. Many members of Parliament had invested in the East India Company, so their decision to grant it a monopoly on tea involved financial as well as political considerations. D. To assert their supremacy over the colonies Parliament passed the Declaratory Act in 1766 to assert supremacy over the colonies.

Why was the Freedmen's Bureau created in 1865?

A. To punish Confederates by confiscating property The Confiscation Acts, passed during the war, seized Confederate property, but that was not the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau. *B. To assist former slaves adjust to freedom Officially called the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, the agency was designed to aid former slaves adjusting to freedom by providing economic and legal resources as well as distributing land. C. To provide medical care to wounded soldiers The Bureau did not exist to provide medical care to soldiers. D. To implement military reconstruction in the South The Bureau did not implement military reconstruction, which came about after the agency was created.

Why did colonists organize groups such as the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty?

A. To punish stamp distributors Although the Sons of Liberty terrorized stamp distributors, these groups did not organize specifically out of the desire to punish royal officials. *B. To challenge the Stamp Act Groups such as the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, Sons of Neptune, and Vox Populi organized to protest and repeal the Stamp Act. C. To galvanize dissent to the Crown The main goal of the organizations was not to create and galvanize dissent to the crown. D. To impeach George Grenville Although groups such as the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Liberty would have liked Grenville out of office, they did not organize to impeach Grenville.

What had Parliament intended when it passed the Coercive Acts?

A. To punish those responsible for the Boston Tea Party The Coercive Acts did not single out those people involved in the Boston Tea Party but punished everyone in Massachusetts. *B. To subdue colonial conflict Parliament hoped that the Coercive Acts would dampen the rising tensions in the colonies. Instead, the acts galvanized the colonists. C. To radicalize colonists Although radicalization of the colonists resulted from the Coercive Acts, that was not Parliament's purpose in passing them. D. To force colonists into war Parliament had no desire to fight a war with their colonies.

Why did Noah Webster publish the American Spelling Book?

A. To rectify Americans' notorious poor spelling Americans spelled words by custom and habit rather than a set of rules and standards, but Webster did not publish his book because he thought Americans were particularly poor spellers. B. To help Americans outside the Anglo-American mainstream learn proper English Webster's book did help to standardize spelling and punctuation across the country, but it was not written specifically to aid those Americans who were outside the Anglo-American mainstream. *C. To establish an American standard for the English language Webster was convinced that Americans had to establish their own standards for language and literature: "America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics, as famous for her arts as for arms." D. To provide a textbook for public schools being established in New England Public education for children existed in New England prior to the Revolution. The American Spelling Book was not published with the idea that it would become the standard textbook in New England public schools.

What was Parliament's purpose in passing the Navigation Acts after the French and Indian War?

A. To regulate trade with France The Navigation Acts had a broader purpose than simply to regulate trade with one nation. B. To gain stronger control over the slave trade The Navigation Acts were not aimed solely at the slave trade. *C. To strengthen control over the colonies The British government passed the Navigation Acts because it sought stricter enforcement in the colonies of existing trade laws and wanted, by establishing a Board of Trade, to centralize policies and ensure their implementation. D. To establish guidelines for legal commerce Guidelines for legal commerce existed before passage of the Navigation Acts, but those laws had been largely ignored and haphazardly enforced.

Why was the national capital moved from Philadelphia to a small area along the Potomac River?

A. To save money The relocation effort did not save money. B. To take the capital out of an already established city Congress did not relocate the capital in an effort to remove the national government from an already established city. C. To create a national bank The relocation of the capital was unrelated to the establishment of a national bank. *D. To appease southern states Because southern states were opposed to the federal government's assumption of state debt, Alexander Hamilton, to appease them, agreed to move the capital to a more central location.

Why did British navy ships stop American ships in the Atlantic Ocean in the early nineteenth century?

A. To seize sugar and molasses cargo It was not the sugar and molasses on the ships that the British were after. B. To block weapons sales to France The United States was not a significant weapons producer that could have offered France any valuable armaments. *C. To press thousands of sailors into military service Britain began stopping American ships from the French West Indies on the pretense of searching them for British deserters. Between 1802 and 1811, the Royal Navy impressed more than 8,000 sailors from such ships into military service. Among these were American citizens as well. D. To seize American vessels for use in the war against France The British were not interested in acquiring American ships.

Why did Henry Clay and Daniel Webster push Nicholas Biddle to request an early recharter of the Bank of the United States?

A. To send a signal to financial markets and restore confidence Clay and Webster did not have financial markets in mind when they persuaded Biddle to request an early recharter of the Bank of the United States. B. To get Jackson to approve the charter on the eve of his reelection Both Clay and Webster knew that Jackson would veto the charter of the Bank of the United States. C. To complete the financial scheme they were involved in Neither Clay nor Webster was engaged in a particular financial scheme that would have benefited from the early rechartering of the Bank of the United States. *D. To force Jackson's veto and split the Democratic Party Clay and Webster hoped that they could pass a new charter in Congress in the summer of 1832 and get it to President Jackson's desk, where he was sure to veto it, thereby splitting the Democratic Party just before the fall elections.

Why did the tariff of 1816 exclude most cheap English cotton cloth from the United States?

A. To shift American trade policy toward fair trade Congress did not exclude cheap English cotton cloth in the interest of promoting fair trade. *B. To allow New England textile manufacturers control of the domestic market By excluding most cheap English cotton cloth from the United States, the tariff of 1816 allowed New England textile manufacturers to gain control of the domestic market. C. To protect southern cotton growers from predatory pricing The exclusion of English cotton cloth did not protect southern cotton growers. D. To protect American consumers from inferior products Consumer protection was not a concern that motivated the tariff of 1816.

As planters grew wealthier in the nineteenth century, where did the younger sons of the planter families go to make their livings?

A. To southern cities to act as business agents Business agents were often Northerners, not the younger sons of planters. *B. To the west to start new plantations Unable to make it in the settled areas of the South, the younger sons of planter families often moved west in search of new lands to farm and create their own plantations in the future. C. To New England colleges to become ministers They did not attend New England colleges and did not plan careers in the ministry. D. To eastern cities to learn manufacturing techniques They did not move to eastern cities, and learning manufacturing was not a priority. Topic: Slave Society and Culture books: Slaves Fuel the Southern Economy Developing an African American Culture Resistance and Rebellion

Why did the Abenaki Indians attack British settlements in 1754?

A. To start a war in order to eliminate white presence on the continent The Abenaki Indians did not have such a grand purpose in mind. *B. To punish the British for incursions on their land The Abenaki Indians attacked British settlers because they had moved onto their land. C. To take British settlers hostage The Abenaki captured and traded British settlers, but this was not the reason for the attack. D. To use British settlers for ransom The French, not the Abenaki, held the captured settlers for ransom.

Why did the Confederacy recruit Mexican American soldiers to join them in fighting the Civil War?

A. To supplement their forces at the Battle of Shiloh Mexican American soldiers were not recruited to replace men killed at Shiloh. *B. To attack Union gold and silver mines in the west Aiming to raid Union mines in the West, the Confederacy recruited Mexican Americans. A Union victory gained by a troop of Colorado miners at Glorietta Pass, near New Mexico, ended the scheme, however. C. To replace Cherokee warriors who deserted Second Bull Run The Mexican American soldiers were not meant to replace Cherokee warriors. D. To recapture fugitive slaves fleeing the country to Mexico Fugitive slaves did not run to Mexico.

What did it mean in the 1870s to "wave the bloody shirt" in politics?

A. To threaten to resolve political disputes by fighting That is not what the expression referred to. B. To threaten to cane a rival politician at the podium That is not what was meant by this expression. C. To remind voters of the terrible price African Americans had paid in slavery That is not what the expression referred to. *D. To remind voters that honoring fallen Union soldiers demanded a Republican vote. To "wave the bloody shirt" in politics in the 1870s meant to remind voters of the sacrifice Union soldiers had paid on the battlefield, and that it was important to pursue politics in their honor. Their sacrifice had to mean something, and only the Republican Party was going to ensure that the war was fought for a reason.

Why did the Continental Congress appoint commissioners to meet with representatives of the Iroquois Confederacy?

A. To urge the Iroquois to remain neutral The Continental Congress wanted more than neutrality from the Iroquois. B. To request informants about British troop movements The Continental Congress did not meet with the Iroquois to ask them to spy for the patriots. *C. To ask for their support in the coming war The Continental Congress recognized the importance of support from Native Americans in the outcome of the war and met with the Iroquois to request their help. D. To entreat them to attack the Mohawk people The Continental Congress did not meet with the Iroquois to ask them to attack the Mohawk tribe.

In addition to undisciplined soldiers and incompetent officers, what other problem did General Washington's Continental Army face in 1775?

A. Too many volunteers The army was in need of men. *B. Lack of supplies The army had a chronic lack of soldiers and supplies. C. Discord over conscription The army did not have a draft; service was voluntary. D. Violent weather The army did not face unseasonable or violent weather in 1775.

Why did a well-organized crowd break into a Syracuse courthouse in 1851?

A. Town officials tried to protect several runaways from extradition. City officials had not tried to protect runaway slaves from the enforcement of federal law, and the crowd did not try to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act. *B. The crowd wanted to rescue a fugitive slave. The well-organized crowd broke into the Syracuse courthouse in October 1851 to rescue a fugitive slave known as Jerry. C. The mob was looking to arm itself with supplies from the local armory. The Syracuse courthouse was not an armory, and the crowd was not looking for weapons when it broke into the building. D. The crowd wanted to lynch a judge who had let a runaway slave go free. The crowd outside the Syracuse courthouse was not a lynch mob.

In addition to land and Indian-settler conflicts, what else caused tension between the diverse European groups in the middle colonies in the middle of the eighteenth century?

A. Trade Trade alliances were not a major source of conflict in the middle colonies in the eighteenth century. B. Slavery Slavery did not become a source of tension between various European groups. *C. Religion European religious conflicts spilled over into the colonies in the eighteenth century as various religious groups shared lands and communities, not always comfortably. D. African conversion Attempts at conversion of Africans and African Americans were not a central concern to most colonists.

How did the nature of trade in the North American British colonies change in the eighteenth century?

A. Trade became increasingly free, with slaves forbidden from working on merchant ships. Slavery continued to be a crucial part of commerce in the eighteenth century. B. Trade became increasingly open, with colonists permitted to trade freely across imperial boundaries. Beginning in 1660, Parliament had passed Navigation Acts requiring that trade be carried only in English ships. *C. Trade became increasingly global, with goods moving to markets around the world. In North America, colonists could obtain goods such as silk, calico, porcelain, olive oil, and wine from Asia, while colonial products such as cod, pine boards, and rum were exported to a global market. D. Trade became increasingly local, with most goods produced near where they were sold. Although a large domestic market developed, goods from around the world were often available for purchase in the colonies.

How did extensive trade networks give France an advantage over Britain in the early period of the French and Indian War?

A. Trade helped France sustain a much larger population in North America. France's North American population was smaller than Britain's population in North America. B. France was able to import large numbers of slaves to work while free men fought. The French did not introduce slaves to replace men who went to war. *C. Trade networks with Native Americans helped keep French troops supplied. Despite having a much smaller population in North America, France inflicted losses on the British in part because their trading relationships with Indians kept their troops well supplied. D. France was able to hire mercenaries to fight against the British in North America. The French did not hire mercenaries to fight the British in the French and Indian War.

The outcome of which battle helped Benjamin Franklin convince France to form an alliance with America?

A. Trenton Although the Battle of Trenton buoyed American morale after a string of defeats in 1776, it did not help convince France to become an ally. B. Oriskany Although the Battle of Oriskany helped stopped the advance of General Barry St. Leger's army through New York, the American victory did not help convince France to form an alliance. C. Yorktown Yorktown was the last major battle of the war; France was already an ally. *D. Saratoga The American victory at Saratoga in 1777, which included the surrender of General John Burgoyne's army, showed the French that American victory was possible and thus worth supporting.

Who helped push back Confederate forces in a battle in Missouri in October 1862?

A. Troops under Ulysses S. Grant Grant did not battle in Missouri in October 1862. B. The Massachusetts Fifty-Fourth The Massachusetts Fifty-Fourth did not fight in the western theater of the war. *C. The First Kansas Colored Volunteers The First Kansas Colored Volunteers helped push back Confederate forces in a battle in Missouri in October 1862. D. Cherokee under Stand Watie The Cherokee under Stand Watie fought alongside the Confederacy, not against it.

Southern slave owners of the 1820s to 1850s were largely able to prevent slaves from what form of resistance?

A. Truancy Skipping work was not a rare form of disobedience and difficult to eliminate. *B. Armed revolts While many other forms of low-level resistance were difficult to rein in, armed revolts were quite easily suppressed and prevented. This is also evident in the almost complete absence of armed slave uprisings in the American South in the nineteenth century. C. Slowing the work pace It was hard for slave owners to prevent slaves from collectively slowing down work. D. Damaging or breaking tools It was difficult for planters to prevent slaves from intentionally breaking a tool while claiming it was an accident.

Why had many former leaders of the Confederacy been able to win election to state constitutional conventions and Congress by December 1865?

A. Under Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan, they simply assumed the offices they had held before the war. Johnson's Reconstruction plan was generous to former southern elected officials, but the southern states did hold new elections. *B. Johnson's liberal Reconstruction policies had made their reentry easy. As a result of Johnson's liberal pardon policy, many former leaders of the Confederacy won election to state constitutional conventions and to Congress. For example, Georgia elected its former Confederate vice president Alexander H. Stephens to the U.S. Senate. C. Southern blacks had a tendency to vote for their former masters. Southern blacks were not likely to vote for their former masters, for whom they had no affection, but they did not have the right to vote. D. Union soldiers in the South were big fans of the planter aristocracy. Union soldiers detested the southern planter aristocracy but did not vote in southern states.

What role did Indians play in the European colonial wars of the late-seventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries?

A. Unified opposition Indian groups did not find themselves united on the same side of European conflicts. B. Instigators Although fighting broke out in North America, the causes usually lay in Europe; Indians did not instigate the European wars. *C. Allies When they went to war, the various European powers sought alliances among North American Indians, whose support often proved vital. D. Neutrals Indians could not afford to stay neutral as the European powers fought each other in North America.

Which of the following is true about public assistance in the United States in the 1840s?

A. Unions provided most of the assistance, especially to women. For most women in need, charitable organizations offered more support than unions did. *B. Nearly every town provided some form of public assistance. Although municipalities never had sufficient resources to meet the needs of growing populations, nearly every town and city provided some form of public assistance. C. State governments provided the assistance that towns refused to offer. Most public assistance took place on the municipal and not the state level in this period. D. Almshouses and workhouses struggled as towns and cities cut their resources. Despite financial constraints, towns and cities continued to expand almshouses and workhouses.

Why did the proposal of Martin Van Buren and the committee on suffrage arouse such heated opposition at the New York State constitutional convention in 1821?

A. Van Buren and the committee proposed voting rights for all people. Although the committee suggested that the only voting qualification should be "the virtue and morality of the people," it meant to refer to white men only. B. It suggested voting rights for African Americans. Van Buren and the committee on suffrage had no intention of expanding the right to vote to African Americans. *C. It suggested voting rights for all white men. Even the limited demand of voting rights for white men aroused heated opposition from elites used to voting being their sole prerogative. D. It called for property qualifications for voting rights. Property qualifications for voting rights were the standard at the time and would not have struck anyone as unusual.

What important role did coffeehouses in port cities play in the eighteenth century?

A. Venues for black market trading While coffeehouses in port cities hosted informal business meetings, both legal and illegal, black market dealers were not dependent upon them. B. Immigration checkpoints Coffeehouses in port cities did not serve as immigration checkpoints. C. Betting and trading houses Although coffeehouses in port cities did host speculative ventures, this was not the important role served by these establishments. *D. Lynchpins for news circulation Coffeehouses in port cities around the Atlantic provided access to information, including the latest news, the state of various trading houses around the world, and the ever changing values of global commodities.

What was the socioeconomic status of most colonists who chose to remain loyal to the British government during the Revolution?

A. Very poor The very poor did not make up the majority of loyalists. B. Wealthy The wealthy did not form the majority of loyalists. C. Urban middle class Urban middle-class men and women did not make up the majority of loyalists. *D. From all classes Loyalists came from slaves to the very upper echelons of society. Both the loyalist and the patriot causes garnered support from all different classes of people.

How did the growing power of Spain under Ferdinand and Isabella change Spain's interest in exploration?

A. Victory in the Crusades inspired Spain to look for new lands to conquer. The Crusades were largely unsuccessful. B. Ferdinand and Isabella collected and disseminated the latest information about navigation. Prince Henry of Portugal ran a program to collect navigation information. *C. Spanish leaders became eager to expand their trade networks. With their political power solidified at home, Spain's rulers were able to undertake new ventures, including building trade in North Africa, the Indian Ocean, and eventually across the Atlantic. D. Exploration became less important as Spain dedicated itself to internal problems. The expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain emboldened Ferdinand and Isabella to look abroad.

Why were there few organized labor protests in the North during the Civil War?

A. Wages were high, and workers were satisfied. Anger that wages did not keep up with employers' profits was widespread. *B. Governments acted to suppress labor unrest. Although Republicans pledged to protect the rights of free labor, employers successfully lobbied a number of state legislatures to pass laws prohibiting strikes. In addition, the federal government declared martial law and arrested the strike leaders when workers at a munitions factory went on strike. C. Workers did not want to hurt the cause by showing unrest. Workers were not stopped from organizing or showing their unhappiness by any feeling that doing so would endanger the Union cause. D. Workers feared being replaced by immigrants. While some workers might have had such a fear, the North generally faced a labor shortage during the war.

What trend found in Renaissance Europe is represented by the rule of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain?

A. Waning power of the Italian city-states Italian city-states remained powerful trading centers. B. Collapse of Muslim power While Isabella and Ferdinand expelled Muslims from Spain, Muslim regimes remained powerful in North Africa and southwest Asia. *C. Formation of powerful national monarchies The cultural rebirth went hand in hand with political unification, as more powerful rulers extended their control over smaller city-states and principalities. D. Challenges to the authority of the Catholic Church Isabella and Ferdinand supported rather than challenged the authority of the Catholic Church.

When organizing the Continental Army, why did General Washington have to depend on the states to provide support?

A. Washington was only authorized to lead state militias. The Continental Army was created to be a regular army; that is, a dedicated, professional force representing the nation as a whole. *B. Congress had not yet made itself a national government. Congress created the army before it was officially a government. As such, it had no real power to raise supplies for the army. C. Philadelphia, the national capital, had fallen to the British. Philadelphia had not yet fallen to the British in 1775. D. The states provided sufficient support without need for more. The Continental Army was chronically short of supplies, in part because the states were never able (or willing) to provide enough.

Who were the original members of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, which formed in 1865?

A. Wealthy planters and their families The Klan included only men, not families, and the men were not only wealthy planters. B. Bitter Union soldiers The Klan did not attract bitter Union soldiers. *C. Confederate veterans The original members of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan of 1865 were Confederate veterans. D. Recent immigrants There was no significant population of immigrants in the South, and Klan members tended to be native-born whites.

What was the original question faced by the Constitutional Convention?

A. Whether or not to address slavery Slavery was not the original question facing the convention. B. How citizens would be represented Questions of representation were raised at the convention, but they were not the original point of debate. *C. Whether or not to revise the Articles of Confederation The first question that needed to be settled concerned the revision of the Articles of Confederation versus the creation of a new governing framework. The latter won out. D. How the central government could impose taxes The power to tax was included in the debates at the convention, but it was not the original focus of the meeting.

Why were the Shoshones forced into the Rocky Mountains as early as 1800?

A. White settlers had encroached on their lands in the Great Plains. White American settlers had not yet arrived in the Great Plains in 1800. B. They had been forced to flee their homes in western Georgia. The Shoshones did not originate in western Georgia. *C. Indians from the Mississippi and Ohio valleys had moved into the Great Plains. The Shoshones had originally inhabited the Great Plains. There, they were pushed out by Indian tribes moving from the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, who themselves were pushed out by increasing white settlements. D. They fled at the sight of the Lewis and Clark expedition. The Shoshones did not flee from the Lewis and Clark expedition.

How was George Whitefield's philosophy similar to Jonathan Edwards's?

A. Whitefield encouraged people to buy large houses and wear the latest fashions. Neither Whitefield nor Edwards encouraged people to buy large houses or spend money on the latest fashions. B. Whitefield emphasized Enlightenment belief in the supremacy of the intellect and reason. Neither Whitefield nor Edwards emphasized an Enlightenment belief in the supremacy of reason. C. Whitefield conducted scientific experiments to discover the properties of lightning. Neither Whitefield nor Edwards conducted experiments with lightning. *D. Whitefield urged people to pay more attention to the condition of their souls. Like Great Awakening preachers generally, both Whitefield and Edwards urged people to turn away from material pursuits and pay more attention to their spiritual lives.

Why were African Americans so eager to interpret the Bible for themselves after the Civil War?

A. Whites had refused to read to them from the Bible before the war. Slaves had been forced to listen to white preachers read the Bible to them. B. They had their doubts about the roots of Christianity. It was not a lack of faith that made African Americans want to read the Bible, but a distrust of white authority. *C. Their masters had claimed that the Bible sanctioned black slavery. Masters and white preachers had claimed that God had placed Africans and their descendants in bondage. Doubtful, African Americans wanted to see this for themselves. D. They were planning to live in accordance with scripture. African Americans did not necessarily hope to live more faithfully in accordance with scripture.

What factor moved the American public to support the Texan rebels in 1836?

A. Widespread antimilitarism Antimilitarism was not the sentiment among the American public that drove them to support Texan rebels. *B. Popular anti-Catholicism During this time of growing immigration streams from Ireland, Americans harbored deep resentment against Catholics, which made it easy for them to sympathize with American Protestant rebels fighting Catholic Mexicans. C. Americans' aversion to monarchies Americans certainly had an aversion to monarchies, but Mexico was not a monarchy. D. Support for slavery Though many Americans supported the institution of slavery, this was not the driving motivation for their support for Texan rebels.

What was the result of inflation during the American Revolution?

A. Widespread desertions Soldiers did not desert because of inflation. B. Withdrawal of French aid The French came to the aid of the American economy by lending the Continental Congress six million dollars. *C. Protests against merchants Protests against merchants suspected of hoarding food erupted in cities across the states. Women, merchants, sailors, and artisans protested high prices and low wages. D. Protests against borrowing from the French Americans did not protest borrowing money from the French to stabilize the tenuous economy.

Why did President James Monroe establish the nation's first peacetime army in 1818?

A. William Henry Harrison had provoked Canada with cross-border incursions. Harrison had not attacked Canada. *B. Andrew Jackson's attacks on two Spanish forts increased the risk of war. President Monroe had wanted to avoid direct conflict with Spain, but Andrew Jackson's attacks on two Spanish forts in the pursuit of Seminole Indians prompted outrage among Spanish officials and raised the chance of war. C. He felt threatened by the Mexican independence movement on the southern border. Monroe's action came before Mexico won independence. D. He wanted to compete with European military power. In the doctrine named after him, President Monroe challenged Europeans for authority in the Atlantic world, but he did not build up the nation's army for that purpose.

Under the terms of the Enrollment Act of 1863, how might a man avoid military service if drafted?

A. Win elected office Being an elected official did not exempt one from service in the North. B. Have a wife and children Having a family did not exempt one from military service. *C. Hire a substitute The law allowed someone drafted to hire a substitute to take his place or to pay a $300 fine to the federal government. As a result, the wealthy could avoid service while the poor could not. D. Join the Republican Party Membership in the Republican Party did not shield a man from conscription.

How did population changes in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries affect the European economy?

A. With a small number of young men, few sailors were available for merchant service. The population was growing, making more men available for work aboard ship. B. A larger population meant that collecting taxes became more difficult. The efficiency of tax collection improved during this time. *C. With more people, cities grew into important commercial centers. As the population grew, more people sought economic opportunities in cities, which became hubs for international trade. D. A decreased population discouraged long-distance trade. The population of Europe was growing, as was long-distance trade.

The Tenure of Office Act passed by Congress in 1867

A. established term limits for senators. The Tenure of Office Act did not establish term limits for members of Congress. B. established term limits for congressmen. The Tenure of Office Act did not establish term limits for members of Congress. *C. prevented Johnson from firing pro-Reconstruction cabinet officers. The Tenure of Office Act of 1867 prevented Johnson from firing pro-Reconstruction cabinet officers so that Congress could ensure that its Reconstruction policy was followed. D. initiated impeachment procedures against Johnson. The Tenure of Office Act did not initiate impeachment procedures.

Why did President Lincoln suspend the right of habeas corpus in border states that allowed slavery in 1861?

A. With fighting breaking out in the area, the courts stopped functioning. Fighting had yet to commence in the affected areas when Lincoln suspended habeas corpus. B. Once war was declared, military courts superseded civilian courts. Military courts did not automatically supersede civilian courts. Moreover, the Union never officially declared war against the Confederacy. C. Freeing slaves required strong measures to overcome state slavery laws. In 1861, freeing slaves was not a priority for the Union's war effort, although it would become so later on. *D. He hoped to check the spread of secessionist thought before it was too late. Fearing the rapid spread of secessionist influence, Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus in border states. He also jailed secessionists, arrested state legislators, and limited freedom of the press.

How did Jonathan Edwards feel about the natural world?

A. With its allures, nature provided many temptations and occasions for sin. Edwards did not see nature as a source of temptation. B. The frequent cruelty found in the natural world proved that God does not exist. Edwards did not see nature as cruel; he did not deny that God existed. *C. The beauty of nature showed that God was active designing the world. Interested in natural philosophy and science as well as theology, Edwards admired nature as a sign of God's role in designing the world. D. Because they were not religious, natural subjects were not important to study. Edwards complemented his study of theology with studies of science and natural philosophy.

Which of the following statements about pioneer women on the overland trail is accurate?

A. With new chores and responsibilities came new decision-making power. Despite the growing burdens on pioneer women, they gained little power in decision making. *B. In the absence of men, women would often serve as scouts or pick up guns in defense against Indians. When large numbers of men were injured or ill, women would serve as scouts and guides or would pick up guns to defend wagons under attack by Indians or wild animals. C. Just as women picked up men's jobs, men took on women's jobs. Although women had to take on a range of new chores and responsibilities that had been traditionally those of men, this was rarely reciprocated. Few men cooked, did laundry, or cared for children on the trail. D. When men died on the trail, wives typically turned back and returned home. When men took ill or died in the journey, wives continued on, driving the wagon and learning to repair axles and other wagon parts.

How did the 1860 Democratic convention in Charleston, South Carolina, end?

A. With the nomination of Stephen Douglas as the presidential candidate The Democratic Party did not agree on Douglas as the presidential candidate. *B. With a break in the party The Democratic convention ended without choosing a candidate, and instead various factions held their own conventions. Northern Democrats chose Douglas in Baltimore, and southern Democrats selected John Breckinridge, a Kentucky slaveholder and vice president to James Buchanan. C. With the selection of Abraham Lincoln as the presidential candidate Lincoln was the Republican Party's candidate in 1860. D. With a call for the annexation of Cuba The southern Democratic presidential candidate John Breckinridge supported a platform that called for the annexation of Cuba, but the Democratic convention in Charleston did not end up taking that position.

On what grounds did Professor Thomas Dew of the College of William and Mary defend slavery in the 1830s?

A. Without slavery, there would not be a northern textile industry. While it is true that southern cotton plantations provided the raw material for northern textile industries, that was not the professor's argument. B. Without slavery, African Americans would move to northern cities. Although many northern supporters of slavery suspected, correctly, that African Americans would spread into northern cities if they were free to do so, that was not the professor's argument. *C. Slavery turned Africans from "brute beasts" into civilized Christians. Professor Thomas Dew argued that slaveholders performed godly work in raising Africans from the status of brute beast into civilized Christian. D. Slavery was the only way planters could maintain a life of leisure. This was certainly true, but the professor did not make that argument.

According to the Congressional Reconstruction Acts of 1867, who was allowed to elect the delegates to the states' constitutional convention?

A. Women and men above the age of 16 Women were not allowed to vote for delegates to the states' constitutional conventions. *B. All black and white men except for former Confederate officials All men over the age of 21 who had not been officials in the Confederacy were allowed to vote for delegates to the states' constitutional conventions. C. Confederate officials and white men Confederate officials were explicitly prohibited from voting for delegates to the constitutional conventions. D. Union soldiers only The election of delegates to constitutional conventions was open only to southern residents.

Why did the California gold rush also lead to conflicts over gender roles in the area?

A. Women insisted that they, too, had a right to mine the gold. Women knew that the chance of gaining equal access to mining was remote, and they made a better living by providing services. B. Miners took out their frustrations over empty claims on their wives and families. The vast majority of gold seekers came without wives or families. *C. The huge gender imbalance created a large demand by men for domestic services. The gold rush led to conflicts over gender roles as thousands of male migrants demanded food, shelter, laundry, and medical care. Some women earned a good living this way, but others faced heightened forms of exploitation, especially if they were Indian, Mexican, or Chinese. D. Anglo women became increasingly jealous of Mexican and Indian women. Gender conflicts in California during the gold rush had little to do with the resentment of Anglo-American women toward Mexican or Indian women.

How did the lack of voting rights for women affect reform movements in the nineteenth century?

A. Women served only as moral support for reform work done by their male relatives. Women did more than encourage the reform work of their male relatives. B. Reform movements tended to focus on social problems that affected men. Reform movements addressed a wide variety of social problems that affected both men and women. *C. Unable to vote, women took leading roles in organizing reform societies. Though not allowed to vote, women played a pivotal role in organizing charities, arranging boycotts, scheduling lectures, building asylums, and distributing newspapers and pamphlets. D. Without the votes of sympathetic women, reformers were unable to pass legislation. Although reformers often focused on persuasion and social action, they also succeeded in pushing legislatures to enact new laws.

Why were the chances that Confederate soldiers would die of wounds or disease even greater than those of Union troops during the Civil War?

A. Women were not allowed to work as nurses in the South. Women also worked as nurses among Confederate troops. *B. The Confederacy lacked a government-promoted body that coordinated medical care. In the North, the U.S. Sanitary Commission coordinated women's volunteer efforts and helped standardize supplies and other elements of medical care for troops. C. The injuries Confederate soldiers received from northern bullets were far more traumatic. Traumatic injuries abounded on both sides. D. Southern women refused to be dragged into the war and rarely volunteered for nursing jobs. Southern women readily volunteered to serve as nurses.

How did work at the Lowell mills change over the course of the nineteenth century?

A. Women were replaced by men. Men did not replace women at the Lowell mills. *B. Wages fell and hours lengthened. Over time, women were forced to work longer hours for lower wages. Boardinghouses also became overcrowded even as rents increased. C. Married women were allowed to bring children to work. Lowell mill workers were not allowed to bring children to work. The mills were meant to provide a safe environment for unmarried women to work away from home. D. Machines replaced women workers. Although machines pushed women to work faster and harder, they did not displace the women workers.

How did craft work change over the course of the nineteenth century?

A. Workers who could assemble a full product were in greater demand. The demand for skilled workers did not increase over time in the nineteenth century. B. More work was done in rural areas rather than in cities. The opposite occurred: production was centered in urban areas. *C. Fewer skilled craftsmen were required to complete the work. Over time, craft work was deskilled; that is, production employed more machines and used techniques in which workers repeated the same task over and over again. Knowledge of the entire production process was no longer needed. D. Male workers were displaced in favor of women and children. Male workers were not replaced by women and children.

Which of the following assessments of living conditions for civilians in the North during the Civil War is accurate?

A. Workers' wages increased faster than business owners' profits. The profit increases that businesses received during the war far outstripped the wage gains that workers enjoyed at this time. B. The war economy triggered a precipitous fall in prices. The war economy led to escalating prices. *C. The prices of consumer goods climbed faster than wages. Even though workers received higher wages, the prices for the goods they bought rose even faster. D. By taking greenbacks out of circulation, the government reduced people's spending power. The federal government introduced the greenback currency during the Civil War.

Why did both Union and Confederate governments have to institute conscription laws in the middle of the Civil War?

A. Workingmen in both sections demanded higher pay for enlisted men. There was no mass movement demanding higher military pay. *B. The number of deserters was growing rapidly. As the deadliness of military service during the Civil War became apparent, more and more soldiers deserted on both sides. That, combined with heavy losses from battle and disease, caused manpower shortages. C. The volunteers they received lacked the minimal education and intelligence necessary. The educational level of volunteers played no role in the passage of conscription laws. D. Virtually all volunteers preferred state militias over Union and Confederate armies. The preference of volunteers for militia service was not a reason for the conscription laws.

Which group drew support away from Democrats in the North and allowed Zachary Taylor to win the presidency in 1848?

A. Yeomen farmers Yeomen farmers were southern farmers who owned land but not slaves. B. The Liberty Party The Liberty Party did not run a candidate in 1848. C. Evangelicals Evangelicals did not affect the Democrats' results in the North. *D. The Free-Soil Party Formed from elements of the Liberty Party, the Free-Soil Party was committed to keeping slavery out of the western territories. It ran former president Martin Van Buren, who gained enough votes from northern Democrats to ensure the election of Zachary Taylor of Louisiana. Chapter 12: Imperial Ambitions and Sectional Crises, 1842-1861 Topic: Claiming the West books: Claiming the West Traveling the Overland Trail The Gold Rush A Crowded Land

Who led the efforts in Rochester, New York, in the late 1820s to convert residents to the evangelical experience under Charles Grandison Finney?

A. Young men Young men were a target of Finney's evangelical missionaries, but they did not pioneer the conversion efforts. *B. Women Female parishioners played a crucial role in encouraging their husbands, sons, and friends to submit to God. C. Nuns Nuns did not exist among Presbyterians, the denomination in which Finney's revivalism took place. D. Immigrants Immigrants were not a notable presence in Finney's Presbyterian evangelical movement.

In suits involving domestic abuse, sexual abuse, or financial support for out-of-wedlock births, what type of women was most likely to receive the aid of local authorities?

A. Young women Young women did not get aid in these cases. B. Property-owning women Women who owned property were quite rare in the colonies in the eighteenth century. This somewhat threatening status did not grant women more rights or support from local authorities. *C. Women from respectable families Women from respectable families were most likely to gain support from local authorities. Her reputation contributed to the increased attention, and the reputation of the males in her family aided the validity of her claim. D. Rich women Wealth did not necessarily translate into increased attention from local authorities when females launched a claim against a man.

Who led a private military force to conquer Nicaragua in 1855 in hopes of inviting southern planters to settle there?

A. Zachary Taylor A Mexican war general, Taylor was president from 1849 until his death in 1850. B. James Buchanan A career diplomat, Buchanan was elected president in 1856. *C. William Walker Walker led a private military force on an expedition called a filibuster against Nicaragua in 1855. He set himself up as ruler until military from Honduras intervened to topple him from power in 1857. D. Winfield Scott A Mexican war general, Scott was the Whig candidate for president in 1852. Topic: Sectional Crises Intensify books: Popularizing Antislavery Sentiment The Kansas-Nebraska Act Stirs Dissent Bleeding Kansas and the Election of 1856 The Dred Scott Decision

In the mid-eighteenth century, the colonial labor market was characterized by

A. a decline on the use of slave labor. Slavery became more prevalent in the eighteenth century. B. a decline in the apprentice system. The apprentice system, in which young people trained under a master craftsman, continued to be the primary path to work in a skilled trade. *C. increased competition for jobs. Throughout the colonies, more people competed for jobs as white servants were replaced by slaves, farm families could not provide land to all their children, and apprentices competed with each other to train under a master craftsman. D. easy access to jobs with high wages. The colonial labor market did not provide easy access to new jobs with high wages.

In the late seventeenth century, religious piety began to decrease in New England as a result of

A. a growing number of heretical movements. While many colonists were falling away from the rigidity of Puritanism in the late seventeenth century, very few publicly came out against church doctrine. B. a rapid succession of natural disasters. There is not a record of violent weather at the end of the seventeenth century. *C. an increase in domestic and international trade. Domestic and international commerce exposed New England colonists to new ideas and opportunities to make money. Financial success helped many to overcome the strict class hierarchies in Puritan New England. The possibility of success also caused many New Englanders to spend more of their time engaged in economic, rather than spiritual, matters. D. an increasing number of Indian raids in Boston and Hartford. While there was widespread concern over Native American violence at the time, this fear did not cause colonists to become less devout.

In British North America, displays of wealth and gentility were used to communicate

A. a new American spirit. Displays of wealth and gentility were not used to exhibit a new American spirit. B. a strong identification with modernity. Displays of wealth and gentility were not used to exhibit identification with modernity. C. a radical break from tradition. Displays of wealth and gentility were not used to exhibit a break from tradition. *D. an assertion of British identity. Tea drinking, East Asian porcelain, French-patterned wallpaper, Indian calico bedding, and Italian silk curtains demonstrated both wealth and a strong identification with British culture.

From the 1830s to the 1850s, middle-class Southerners advocated

A. a relaxation of immigration laws. Middle-class Southerners opposed immigration of Europeans into southern cities rather than favoring it. *B. expanding slavery into industry. Southern middle-class men adamantly supported both slavery and modernization and envisioned an expansion of the institution into industry to promote that modernization goal. C. abolishing slavery in favor of free labor. Southern middle-class men strongly supported slavery. D. restricting slavery to overseas possessions. Southern middle-class men strongly supported continued entrenchment of slavery in the South.

Because of the outcomes of the Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg, Republicans changed their goals for the Civil War by

A. agreeing to seek to preserve the Union. Preserving the Union was always a goal of Republicans during the Civil War. B. accepting the secession of some states. Republicans did not accept the secession of any states. *C. fully embracing the abolition of slavery. Union victories such as Gettysburg and Vicksburg increased support for Lincoln's overall vision of the war as a way to abolish slavery. D. adopting the Copperheads' peace platform. The Republicans rejected the Copperhead platform.

While American leaders considered the nation's new capital a bold statement about republican virtue, visitors often described the city as

A. an exercise in luxury. Washington City lacked many of the luxuries that prosperous Americans would have encountered in cities like Boston, Philadelphia, or New York. B. a haven from the immorality of slavery. Slavery was legal and evident in Washington City. C. an offense against good architecture and design. Visitors did not complain about the architecture or design of the city. *D. a miserable, undesirable place. Its location on a slow-moving river and clay soil left Washington City hot, humid, and dusty in the summer and muddy and damp in the winter and spring. New Hampshire representative Ebenezer Matroon called Washington City a "lonesome dreary swamp."

Congressional Republicans and most African Americans viewed Reconstruction as

A. an opportunity for the redistribution of property. While some African Americans were hoping for the redistribution of property, they did not understand Reconstruction primarily in those terms. *B. a time to shore up the economic and political rights of freedmen. Congressional Republicans, along with most African Americans, expected the South to extend constitutional rights to the freedmen and to provide them with the political and economic resources to sustain their freedom. C. a chance to eradicate white supremacy across the nation. While most African Americans would have liked to see the eradication of white supremacy, they probably knew that this was unrealistic across the entire nation. D. a matter of converting southern whites to the cause of abolitionism. African Americans in the South wanted to be safe and protected from southern whites, but they did not hope to turn them into abolitionists.

Southerners opposed northern manufacturers' plans to stabilize the economy following the panic of 1819 because northern manufacturers

A. asked for subsidies that southern taxes would fund. Northern manufacturers did not ask for subsidies financed by southern taxes. *B. requested a tariff to protect their industry from competition. Northern manufacturers argued that the solution to their economic woes lay in a protective tariff, one that was so high it would force consumers to buy their goods rather than those made overseas. Southerners, however, objected because they would have to pay higher prices for manufactured goods, exacerbating their economic distress. C. called for higher taxes on farm products to fund poor relief. Although some people called for the government to provide poor relief, there was no plan to tax farm produce to pay for it. D. demanded an end to slavery in favor of free labor. Although northern manufacturers had no use for slave labor, they did not demand abolition as a solution to the panic.

Unlike plantation mistresses of the nineteenth century, the wives and daughters of yeomen farmers were more likely to

A. attend college in the North. Women did not attend college in the North. B. go to church weekly. Both groups attended church, often together. *C. engage in manual labor. The women of yeomen farms worked hard to support their households. They labored in the fields, hauled water, and chopped wood, among other physical tasks. D. participate in electoral politics. Women, regardless of status, did not vote in the years before the Civil War.

Extended trade routes, along with wartime disruptions of European imports in the early nineteenth century, fueled the expansion of U.S.

A. banking. Although the economic development of the early nineteenth century made the availability of cash and loans more important, extended trade routes and wartime disruptions did not drive expansion of the banking sector. B. militarism. Though James Monroe established the first peacetime Army in U.S. history in 1818, this was not the result of the extension of trade routes or the disruption of European imports. *C. manufacturing. Extended trade routes, along with wartime disruptions of European imports, fueled the expansion of U.S. manufacturing. D. slavery. While slavery expanded in the United States in the early nineteenth century, disruptions of European imports and extended trade routes into the American West were not the driving factors for this development.

An important function peculiar to black churches in the years immediately following the Civil War was to serve as sites for

A. baptisms. Baptisms took place not only in black churches but in white churches as well. B. weddings. Weddings certainly took place in black churches but also in white churches. *C. political organizing. One of the most important functions of black churches in the years immediately following the Civil War was as sites for political organizing. D. funerals. Funerals took place not only in black churches but also in white churches.

In the years before and after the French and Indian War, frontier farmers were frustrated by their lack of economic opportunity, protection from Indians, and

A. churches. Frontier farmers were not openly frustrated about the number of churches in their communities in the second half of the eighteenth century. *B. political representation. Frontier farmers felt powerless in the face of high taxes, persistent skirmishes with Native Americans, and loss of their land. Their repeated petitions to local leaders as well as the British government proved unfruitful. C. trade agreements. Frontier farmers were not frustrated by the lack of trade agreements. D. British officials. Frontier farmers did not desire the presence of British officials in their communities, though they would have welcomed British soldiers.

In the 1830s and 1840s, Catholics were often depicted in the popular culture as

A. crafty bankers. Anti-Jewish propaganda often depicted Jews as manipulative moneylenders. *B. sexually depraved. Anti-Catholic sentiment was prevalent in the nineteenth century, especially as the population of Irish Catholic immigrants increased. Priests and nuns were often denounced as sexually depraved in the anti-Catholic literature of the period. C. model citizens. Catholics were not esteemed as model citizens in much of the era's popular culture. D. natural leaders. Catholics were not imagined to be natural leaders in the popular literature of the period.

After January 1, 1863, a slave living in a place controlled by the Union army was

A. deemed free forever. Slaves in Union territories were not considered forever free after January 1, 1863. *B. still considered a slave. Issued January 1, 1863, the Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves in those places under Confederate control. Slaves in areas controlled by the Union were not affected since Lincoln pitched the proclamation as a war measure to help defeat the Confederacy. C. eligible for emancipation. Eligibility for future emancipation was undetermined. D. seized as contraband. The Confiscation Acts of 1861 and 1862 allowed the Union to seize slaves as contraband; that is, property forfeited by rebels.

Southern whites hated African Americans of the Reconstruction period for the fact that they

A. demanded to be treated as superiors. African Americans did not demand to be treated as superiors, but only as equals. *B. exercised their newfound freedoms. Southern whites hated the fact that African Americans had found new freedoms and were finding ways to transcend the history of oppression to which whites had assigned them. C. were leaving the South. Though southern whites were not particularly fond of African Americans' finding new opportunities outside the South, the departure of some freedmen was not their chief complaint in the Reconstruction years. D. were attacking southern whites for revenge. African Americans, remarkably, did not attack southern whites in an effort to avenge past mistreatment.

Southern whites refused to accept the legitimacy of Reconstruction governments after the Civil War, complaining that they were

A. discriminating against black men. Southern whites would not have complained about racial discrimination, and among the Reconstruction governments racial discrimination was less pronounced than it had ever been before. *B. raising taxes and encouraging corruption. Southern whites did not accept the legitimacy of the Republican Reconstruction governments, and they complained about higher taxes and corruption in particular. C. stuck in the past. Southern whites would not have criticized Reconstruction governments for being stuck in the past. It was they who wanted to return to the way things had been. D. failing to industrialize the region with northern capital. Southern whites were not particularly interested in attracting northern industries.

In the 1780s, affluent creditors wanted state legislatures to pass hard-money laws that required debts to be paid in gold or silver because such laws

A. encouraged trade with France, Britain, and Spain. Hard-currency laws did not encourage trade. B. enticed people to buy more land at high prices. Hard-currency laws did not lead people to buy more land. C. led people to borrow more money in the future. Hard-currency laws did not encourage borrowing. *D. ensured that debts would be paid in full. Hard-currency laws favored creditors by ensuring that loans were repaid in gold and silver that better preserved its value over time. Paper currency, by contrast, quickly lost its value in the inflationary environment of the 1780s.

Following the discovery of gold in California in 1848, the influx of "forty-niners" led to increased

A. environmental conservation. The influx of so many people at once shattered the fragile ecosystem of the California mountains. B. slavery. The miners did not bring slavery with them to California, although they could force Mexicans and Indians to work for low wages in poor conditions. C. religious conversion. There was no correlation between the discovery of gold and religious conversion of miners. *D. violence. Miners got into fights with ranchers over land rights, robbed competitors, abused Chinese immigrant laborers, and sexually exploited women.

Compared to women in England, women in seventeenth-century North America

A. faced greater restrictions on their ability to engage in commerce as consumers. Compared to English women, colonial women did not face greater restrictions on their ability to buy goods as consumers. B. engaged in less child care, as wet nurses were more widely available in the colonies. Compared to English women, colonial women did not do less child care. *C. were subjected to the same legal restrictions on their property and family rights. Like women in England, colonial women were considered feme covert, meaning that the husband controlled his wife's labor, owned the property (including any property brought to the marriage by the woman), and was legal guardian of their children. D. enjoyed more substantial protection of their right to buy and sell property as they chose. Colonial women did not enjoy substantially more protection of their property rights.

The fugitive slave laws of 1793 and 1825 mandated that

A. federal marshals pursue fugitives in the territories. The fugitive slave laws of 1793 and 1825 did not specify that federal marshals had to chase after runaways in the territories. B. federal courts punish slaves for noncompliance. The fugitive slave laws of 1793 and 1825 did not put federal courts in charge of punishing slaves. *C. all states aid in apprehending and returning runaway slaves. The fugitive slave laws of 1793 and 1825 mandated that all states aid in apprehending and returning runaway slaves to their owners. D. states protect their borders against runaways. The fugitive slave laws of 1793 and 1825 did not demand that states put up border patrols to protect against runaways.

As northern states began to abolish slavery in the early nineteenth century, southern planters

A. followed suit. Southern planters held on to the institution of slavery and their human property. *B. obtained more slaves. The dramatic increase in the amount of cotton planted each year paralleled a jump in the size of the slave population just as northern states began to abolish slavery. C. invested in the international slave trade. The international slave trade became illegal for American citizens in 1808, and southern planters looked for new slaves in the domestic market. D. improved conditions for slaves. Planters were not inspired by northern abolitionism to improve their slaves' living conditions.

The 1774 Coercive Acts closed Boston's port, moved Massachusetts cases against royal officials to England, and

A. forced residents across the colonies to accommodate more soldiers. Bostonians, not all colonists, were forced to house more soldiers. B. planted soldiers in the homes of leaders of the protests. The Coercive Act did not stipulate placing soldiers in the homes of particular individuals. *C. weakened the power of the colonial assembly. By revoking the charter, Parliament strengthened the power of royal officials and weakened the authority of the local assembly. D. promised to repeal the act when Boston paid off Tea Party damages. The Coercive Acts stipulated that the port would open when Bostonians paid for the tea; the other aspects of the Coercive Acts would remain in place.

The United States reacted to the independence of Spanish American nations such as Mexico, Colombia, and Peru by

A. forcing the new nations to trade only with the United States. Although U.S. merchants certainly hoped to trade with the new Spanish American republics, the United States was not powerful enough to enforce such a measure. B. refusing to acknowledge their independence until Spain had done so. The United States did not wait for Spain to act before making its own diplomatic choices. *C. establishing regular diplomatic relations with their new neighbors. Once Spain's former colonies had established their independence, the United States offered them official recognition and established regular diplomatic relations. D. joining Britain to condemn their rebellion against just authority. The United States did not join with Britain to condemn Spanish American independence.

In the 1830s and 1840s, the Cherokee response to the threat of removal differed from the Seminole response in that the Cherokees

A. fought a guerrilla war against U.S. troops. The Cherokee did not fight a war against removal. B. signed a treaty that guaranteed their right to stay. The Cherokee did not sign a treaty to be able to stay on their lands. C. acquiesced to removal and migrated voluntarily. The Cherokee did not simply accept their fate and move voluntarily. *D. resisted peacefully through the court system. Unlike the Seminoles, who fought a war against the United States in Florida, the Cherokee relied on the U.S. court system. Assisted by sympathetic evangelicals, they filed a number of lawsuits that were litigated to the Supreme Court, with mixed results.

Compared to contemporaries in England, eighteenth-century colonists were more likely to

A. give birth to a smaller number of children. The birthrate in the colonies was generally higher than in England. B. have little access to natural resources. Colonists generally had more access to natural resources than did their English counterparts. *C. live long enough to see their grandchildren. Because of their superior diets and healthier living conditions, colonists generally lived longer than their contemporaries did in England. As a result, multigenerational families were more common. D. eat a poor diet that diminished their life expectancy. The colonial diet was generally superior to what was commonly available in England.

That President Andrew Johnson's dislike of the southern aristocracy before the Civil War had little to do with moral convictions is evident in the fact that

A. he was never an abolitionist. While abolitionists certainly had solid credentials as moral opponents of the planter aristocracy, there were critics of the southern elite who had not been abolitionists. B. he only joined the Republican Party in 1865. Andrew Johnson never joined the Republican Party. *C. he was once a slave owner. Johnson's political opposition to slavery was not rooted in moral convictions but instead sprang from the belief that slavery gave wealthy plantation owners inordinate power and wealth, which came at the expense of the majority of white Southerners who owned no slaves. He saw emancipation as a means to "break down an odious and dangerous [planter] aristocracy," not as a way to empower blacks. D. he was from Tennessee. Being from Tennessee was no evidence of a lack of moral conviction.

In the early 1790s, farmers in western Pennsylvania demanded the federal government provide relief from

A. large numbers of French refugees. Farmers in western Pennsylvania were not bothered by large numbers of refugees. B. border disputes. Farmers in western Pennsylvania did not protest to the government concerning border disputes, although the persistent presence of Spanish and British troops was problematic. *C. the whiskey tax. Farmers in western Pennsylvania were enraged by the federal tax placed on whiskey and demanded it be repealed. D. Scottish and Irish agitation. Farmers in western Pennsylvania did not petition the government over Scottish and Irish agitation.

Scots-Irish immigrants were drawn to the backcountry of Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century because they

A. heard that Pennsylvania Indians were friendly to new immigrants in the area. Scots-Irish immigrants frequently clashed with Native Americans, as did most groups who migrated to North American colonies in search of new lands to farm. *B. aimed to escape poor economic conditions at home to get a fresh start in farming. Many Scots-Irish immigrants moved to the Pennsylvania backcountry to farm. They hoped to escape from the poor harvests and high rents in their home country that had diminished their hopes for economic success. C. were invited to settle in Pennsylvania by proprietor William Penn Jr. William Penn did not invite the Scots-Irish to settle in his colony. D. wanted to settle in a place where Roman Catholicism was the official religion. The Scots-Irish were generally Protestant; Roman Catholicism was not the official religion in Pennsylvania.

In his 1787 poem "Indian Burying Ground" Philip Freneau depicted Native Americans as

A. hopelessly inferior to whites. Freneau did not portray Indians as hopelessly inferior to whites. *B. heroic people sadly lost. Freneau sentimentalized Native Americans and their destruction, portraying them as noble but sadly and irrevocably lost. Such ideas were common in early republic literature. C. ruthless savages. Although frontier whites regularly denounced Native Americans as savage, New Englanders like Freneau did not emphasize Indian cruelty. D. allies in the Revolution. Freneau did not discuss Indian alliances during the Revolution.

At the time of the Seneca Falls Convention on women's rights in 1848, the debate over women's rights also emerged

A. in Texas. Women's rights did not become a major concern of Texans in 1848. *B. among Seneca Indians. Seneca women had lost traditional rights over land and tribal policy as their nation adopted more Anglo-American ways, and the women of the tribe began to campaign for the protection of some of their rights. C. on southern plantations. Women's rights did not become a popular cause on southern plantations in 1848. D. in the Mormon church. Women's rights were not an emerging issue in the Mormon church in 1848.

Upon becoming president in 1801, Thomas Jefferson reversed Federalist policy by

A. increasing government spending on the military. Jefferson did not increase military spending upon becoming president; reducing federal spending was his priority. B. investing government revenue in the Bank of the United States. Jefferson was opposed to the Bank. He did not increase government investment. *C. allowing the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire. The Federalist's Alien and Sedition Acts were especially hated by Democratic-Republicans, and upon his elevation to the presidency, Jefferson allowed the laws to expire. D. expanding the powers of the federal court system. Jefferson did not seek to enhance the powers of the federal courts; the greater power claimed by the courts was a challenge for his administration.

The Englishmen recruited by the Virginia Company to participate in the first voyages to North America in 1607 were often

A. indentured servants hoping to obtain land. Although indentured servants later arrived in Virginia, they were not part of the earliest men recruited by the Virginia Company. B. women hoping to find new husbands. Although the Virginia Company recruited women to sail for Virginia in 1619, they were not part of the original recruiting efforts. *C. skilled artisans and gentlemen hoping to get rich. The Virginia Company recruited some gentlemen and even more artisans to travel across the Atlantic. D. convicts hoping to obtain their freedom. Colonists to Virginia were generally not convicts.

In the 1830s, the richest men in the South invested primarily in

A. industry. After making other investments, southern elites had little profit remaining to invest in local industries. *B. slaves. The richest men in the South invested in slaves. They also bought land and household goods, but they did not finance industry, technologies, or urban homes. C. urban homes. The southern elite had little desire to foster the growth and development of cities and tended to live in great estates on their plantations. D. their children's education. While the southern elite tried to ensure that sons were properly educated and daughters had some learning, education of their children was not their chief investment.

Conservative political critics of Andrew Jackson observed at the time of the inauguration of Andrew Jackson that

A. it highlighted the exclusion of African Americans. Neither Andrew Jackson nor his conservative critics would have found the exclusion of African Americans remarkable at the time. B. it lacked democracy in principle and practice. Jackson and his supporters viewed the inauguration as a symbol of the new democratic spirit, and conservative critics would not have found the event wanting in democratic expression. *C. it suggested the dangers of unruly behavior and mob rule. Conservative political leaders drew comparisons between the French Revolution and the unruly behavior of the masses. Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story feared "the reign of 'King Mob.'" D. it demonstrated the importance of women in the political process. No conservative political leader at the time would have suggested the importance of women in politics.

When Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861, some legislators in the Upper South

A. jumped at the opportunity to secede. Legislators in the Upper South were reluctant to secede. *B. still hoped for a compromise. When Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861, legislators in the Upper South still hoped for a compromise and, indeed, Lincoln sought to bring the Confederates back into the Union without using military force. C. believed the Deep South needed to be punished. Many Northerners felt that the Deep South needed to be punished for seceding, but legislators in the Upper South sympathized with their fellows in these slave states. D. were willing to abandon the institution of slavery. Legislatures in the South struggled with the question of secession, but they were not willing to abandon the institution of slavery.

Despite the deteriorating discipline and living conditions at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-1778, American troops benefited from

A. large donations of food. Food remained scarce during the winter of 1777-1778. B. higher wages. Wages remained low during the winter of 1777-1778. *C. volunteer European officers. Experienced officers such as Baron Friedrich von Steuben and Marquis de Lafayette volunteered to train the patriot army, which helped in the winter of 1777-1778. D. healthy recruitment numbers. Recruitment numbers remained low during the winter of 1777-1778.

Upon becoming secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton made it his priority to

A. lower taxes across the board. Hamilton's plan called for new taxes, for example, on whiskey. B. eliminate the national debt completely. Hamilton believed that a national debt could be a "national blessing" if managed correctly. C. encourage more farming. Although Hamilton envisioned a large role for farming, he believed it was more important to encourage manufacturing than it was to encourage farming. *D. establish the nation's credit. Hamilton believed that without a strong national credit—that is, without the respect of foreign lenders—the United States would be too weak to survive. He thus prioritized making payments on the nation's debt, strengthening tax collection, and creating a national bank.

The fact that Confederate soldiers under Robert E. Lee went into the Battle of Antietam without shoes is evidence of

A. mistreatment of soldiers by their commanding officers. Commanders did not willingly send the troops into battle in this condition. B. their haste to reach the front even though they had not finished dressing. The soldiers did not enter the battle barefoot because of haste. C. lack of knowledge about proper medical care. While medical knowledge at the time was limited, people well understood the potential problems of going into battle barefoot. *D. chronic supply problems that plagued the Confederacy in particular. As General Lee complained before Antietam, many soldiers went into battle in ragged uniforms and without shoes. Rations, too, ran short. Food was dispensed sporadically and was often spoiled.

In the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans cast John Adams and his administration as

A. old-fashioned men of a bygone era. The Democratic-Republicans did not cast Adams and his administration as old-fashioned men of another era. *B. a new manifestation of the old British tyrants. Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans presented Adams and his administration as the new British—a group of men who wanted only power and did not care for the common man. C. greedy, rich men who were out of touch. The Democratic-Republicans did not portray Adams and his administration as greedy rich men who were out of touch. D. clever and cunning power seekers. The Democratic-Republicans did not cast Adams and his administration as clever and cunning power seekers.

In contrast to the German Pietists, John Wesley, and George Whitefield, preachers educated in England, at Harvard, and at William and Mary stressed

A. passionate discourses on spirituality. George Whitefield delivered passionate discourses on the condition of the soul. *B. scholarly reflections on religion. Many preachers educated in England and at Harvard and William and Mary emphasized sober and academic discourses on religion and spirituality. C. the sinfulness of humanity. The sinfulness of man was a theme among learned preachers as well as among the Pietists, Wesley, and Whitefield. D. God's grace. God's grace was fundamental to the message of the Pietists, John Wesley, and George Whitefield.

One of the first ways that southern blacks participated in politics after the Civil War was by

A. paying taxes. Once they earned an income for their labor, freedmen did end up paying taxes. But that was not their first experience with politics after the Civil War. B. voting in the 1866 congressional elections. African Americans typically did not yet have the ability to vote in the congressional elections of 1866, and their exposure to politics came much earlier than that. *C. attending public meetings of freedpeople. Growing numbers of freedmen hoped to participate in politics, and the public meetings organized by freedpeople in cities across the South were one of their first opportunities. D. running for local office. African Americans were eager to run for local office, but changes were needed in the South's political and social structure for that to take place.

According to Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda in the mid-sixteenth century, Spain should treat Indians in the Americas as

A. potential allies who could aid in the conquest of the Aztecs. By the time Sepúlveda developed his arguments, the Aztec had already been conquered. B. rational beings who had rights that ought to be respected. Sepúlveda's debate opponent, Bartolomé de Las Casas, argued in favor of respecting Indian rights. C. civilized people from whom the Spanish had a lot to learn. Sepúlveda saw Indians as fundamentally uncivilized. *D. savages who would respond only to force. Sepúlveda argued that Indians were savages and that Spanish rule could be imposed by force, if necessary.

To convince New England farm parents to let their daughters work at the Lowell factories, recruiting agents had to

A. promise higher wages for the girls. New England parents did not routinely haggle with Lowell agents over their daughters' wages. B. promise the girls would return to the farms on weekends. The girls were expected to live full time in Lowell. *C. promise tight oversight over the daughters. Agents had to reassure parents that their daughters would be watched by managers and foremen as well as landladies in boardinghouses. D. pay fathers a dowry. Dowries were part of marriage settlements between two families; they were not paid by Lowell's recruiting agents.

The conflicts over New York estates in the 1760s and the Privy Council's capture of the Green Mountains demonstrated

A. racial conflict. Issues of race were not involved in these conflicts. B. religious conflict. Issues of religion were not part of these conflicts. *C. class conflict. Conflicts about the enormous size of New York estates, rent hikes on the estates, and the capture of the Green Mountains from New Hampshire farmers centered on issues of class and the disproportionate power of the rich over the poor. D. ethnic conflict. Issues of ethnicity were not involved in these conflicts.

In 1801, Democratic-Republicans worked quickly to implement their vision of government by

A. raising taxes. Democratic-Republicans did not raise taxes. B. increasing the deficit. Democratic-Republican president Thomas Jefferson significantly reduced government expenditures and slashed the national debt in half. C. expanding the powers of the Bank of the United States. Democratic-Republicans worked hard to curb the powers granted to the Bank of the United States, not expand them. *D. repealing the whiskey tax. The Democratic-Republican majority in Congress repealed the hated whiskey tax. In addition, Thomas Jefferson appointed the lawyer of the whiskey rebels, Albert Gallatin, as secretary of the treasury.

Many colonial merchants joined the movement to resist British policy in 1773 in response to Parliament

A. requiring the colonies to pay to quarter troops during peacetime. Although the demand to quarter troops among civilians in peacetime was a source of complaint in the colonies, it did not lead more merchants to join the resistance in 1773. *B. giving the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade. Parliament's attempt to rescue the struggling East India Company sparked protest from colonial merchants who found themselves cut out of the lucrative tea trade in favor of the Company's associates. C. enacting a stamp act that taxed newspapers and pamphlets. The Stamp Act was passed and repealed before 1773. D. declaring the port of Boston closed to trade until further notice. The port of Boston was closed in 1774, as part of the Coercive Acts made in response to the Tea Party.

As a result of the hardships on the field and on the home front during the American Revolution, increasingly large numbers of women

A. rioted to secure food for their families. Although this did take place, it was not an increasing phenomenon over the course of the war. B. spied on British soldiers. While some women became spies, there were not a large number of women who conducted espionage for the Continental Army. *C. came together to help the soldiers and one another. Over the course of the war, women banded together to help families most in need on the home front and to send needed supplies to the army. D. wrote articles for the local newspapers. Journalism was not a profession that large numbers of women turned to during the American Revolution. Topic: Governing in Revolutionary Times books: Colonies Become States Patriots Divide over Slavery France Allies with the Patriots Raising Armies and Funds Indian Affairs and Land Claims

In addition to Indian uprisings, the federal government feared that the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania might

A. spark intervention by Scottish and Irish immigrants on behalf of the farmers. Federalists suspected that pro-French Scottish and Irish immigrants ignited the rebellion. Congress, however, did not fear that the rebellion would gain Irish and Scottish converts. *B. prompt Spanish or British intervention on behalf of the farmers. George Washington and his advisers feared that Great Britain and Spain, eager to cause trouble along the American border, might join forces with the farmers against the government. C. compel the French to intervene on behalf of the farmers. George Washington and his advisers did not believe that the French would join forces with the farmers. D. encourage urban laborers to join the rebellion. George Washington and his advisers did not believe that urban laborers would join forces with the farmers.

Unlike field slaves, slaves who worked in nineteenth-century plantation households were more likely to be subjected to

A. starvation. Slaves working in plantation households sometimes received leftover food from the master's table. B. beatings. Slaves working in plantation households were not beaten more often than other slaves. C. the gang system. The gang system was a method of organizing the labor of field slaves, who would work in groups under the supervision of a driver. *D. close surveillance. Although not subjected to the physical demands of labor outdoors in the fields, slaves who worked in plantation households were more likely to be watched closely by their owners because they spent more time in the owners' presence.

The Republican Party and the Free-Soil Party were similar in that both

A. supported the Lecompton Constitution in Kansas. The Lecompton Constitution committed Kansas to allowing slavery, which neither group supported. B. approved of popular sovereignty for new states. Neither party supported the concept of popular sovereignty as a way to settle the question of slavery. *C. opposed the extension of slavery into new territories. The Republican and Free-Soil Parties overlapped in their belief that slavery should not be allowed into the new territories of the West. Unlike the Free-Soil Party, however, the Republicans broadened their appeal beyond the slavery issue by proposing a program of economic development. D. shunned immigrants as a threat to the native born. Shunning immigrants was not a focus of either party, although it was the message of the nativist American Party.

When Congress reconvened in 1867, moderate Republicans had come to agree with radicals that

A. the Fourteenth Amendment was a necessity. Republicans in Congress had passed the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866. B. Southern blacks had a right to "forty acres and a mule." Republicans never achieved a majority to enact a law creating free homesteads for freedpeople. *C. Southern blacks needed the right to vote. Conditions in the South had made it clear that southern African Americans needed access to the ballot to preserve their civil rights and not be forced back into slavery. D. President Johnson was an obstacle to progress. Congress had determined that President Johnson was an obstacle to progress the year before, in 1866.

In the elections of 1854, the Republican Party gained its most significant support in

A. the Middle Atlantic states. The Republicans did not gain a large following in the Middle Atlantic states in 1854. B. northeastern cities. The Republicans did not have their biggest success in northeastern cities. C. southern states. The Republicans did not win much support in any election in the South because of their opposition to the expansion of slavery into new territories. *D. the Midwest. In 1854, the Republicans gained significant support in the Midwest, particularly in state and local campaigns.

In the Dred Scott case (1857), the Supreme Court held that

A. the Missouri Compromise was fully constitutional. The Court struck down the Missouri Compromise's limit on slavery in the territories. B. the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was not constitutional. The case did not address the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. *C. black men had no rights that whites had to honor. Not content to rule narrowly on the issue at hand—Scott's status as free or slave—the Court also issued a ruling that the blacks had no rights that whites were obligated to respect. D. slavery was forbidden in the western territories. The Court did not forbid slavery in the territories.

In the 1810s, Cincinnati emerged as a center of commerce that connected

A. the Northeast and the South. Cincinnati did not connect the South with the Northeast. *B. the South with the West. Located across the Ohio River from Kentucky, Cincinnati emerged as a regional center of commerce for the delivery of western farm products to the South. C. the Northeast and the West. Cincinnati did not connect the West with the Northeast. D. the Midwest with the Southwest. Cincinnati did not connect the Southwest to the Midwest. St. Louis served that role prior to the Civil War.

Metacom believed that the Wampanoags had to resist the Puritans because

A. the Puritans burned Wampanoag fields and took women and children captive. The Wampanoags burned Puritan fields and took women and children captive. B. the Puritans refused to surrender their guns and be ruled by Wampanoag law. It was the Puritans who demanded that the Wampanoags surrender their guns and be ruled by English law. *C. Metacom believed Wampanoag survival depended on forcing Europeans out of New England. Seeing the escalating tensions between Puritans and Wampanoag Indians, Metacom believed that he had to lead a resistance against further Puritan encroachments if the Wampanoags were to survive in the long term. D. the Wampanoags had formed an alliance with the Mohawks in their war against the English. Although Metacom formed alliances with other groups such as the Narragansetts and Nipmucks, an alliance with the Mohawks did not bring him to war against the English.

As a result of the Pueblo Revolt in the late seventeenth century

A. the Spanish were driven out of North America, leaving the area in Native hands. The Spanish continued to rule in the North American Southwest. *B. other Indian tribes in Southwest were empowered to challenge Spanish rule. Following the revolt, Pueblo refugees spread their knowledge of agriculture, commerce, horsemanship, and hunting techniques to other tribes, who were able to support larger populations as a result. The Spanish had to face more powerful native enemies. C. Franciscan missionaries became more vigilant about Native religious beliefs influencing Catholic practices. The Franciscans became more accepting of Native religious practices, which resulted in better relations. D. the Indian slave trade came to an end as African slaves were introduced to the region. The Indian slave trade did not end. It continued, for example, at Taos. Topic: European Wars and American Consequences books: Colonial Conflicts and Indian Alliances Indians Resist European Encroachment Conflicts on the Southern Frontier

Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850)—one of America's first mass-produced books—illustrated

A. the abuses of nuns at the hands of Catholic priests. The alleged depravity of Catholics was not the subject of The Scarlet Letter. *B. the social ostracism suffered by women who bore a child out of wedlock. Set in Puritan New England, Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter addressed contemporary concerns about the seduction of innocents. C. the plight of poor Irish immigrants in an increasingly xenophobic America. The ostracism of Irish immigrants in an increasingly nativist America was not Hawthorne's subject. D. the hardship of farm life on the frontier during the panic of 1837. Frontier life in the late 1830s was not the focus of The Scarlet Letter.

Prior to April 1775, colonists' decisions to gather weapons, manufacture bullets and bandages, enlist newly freed African Americans, and establish a network of lookouts and riders revealed

A. the authority of the Sons of Liberty. Although the Sons of Liberty led some of these activities, they did not make these decisions in each of the colonies. *B. a willingness to go to war. By preparing to fight, patriots demonstrated that they were willing to fight, and not surrender, if provoked. C. the paranoia of the patriots. Readying themselves for a possible battle does not reveal paranoia. As tensions mounted, armed British troops were stationed throughout the colonies. D. the influence of Thomas Paine's Common Sense. Thomas Paine's pamphlet was not published until 1776.

The Treaty of Grenville, the Jay Treaty, and the Pinckney Treaty all signaled

A. the beginning of political conflicts with both the Spanish and the British. The Jay Treaty and the Pinckney Treaty decreased political conflicts between the United States and both Spain and Great Britain. B. the beginning of conflict regarding the Northwest Territory. The Treaty of Grenville signaled an end to conflict in the Northwest Territory. C. an end to the political strife between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. Political turmoil between these two political groups did not subside because of these treaties. *D. an end to much of the turmoil of the late eighteenth century. Turmoil between the Spanish, British, and Indians characterized much of the late eighteenth century. The treaties signaled an end to much of the turmoil.

The Dutch sought a relationship with Mohawks based on

A. the conquest of natives' lands. Although the Dutch did establish trade posts in modern-day New York, conquest was not their focus. *B. trade for beaver furs. The fur trade was the basis of Dutch relations with the Mohawk, who not only traded furs that they had trapped but also provided the Dutch access to other Indian trade networks in the Iroquois Confederacy. C. the conversion of natives to Christianity. The Dutch did not make religious conversion a priority. D. minimal contact with natives. The Dutch actively sought to make contact with natives. Topic: The English Seek an Empire books: The English Establish Jamestown Tobacco Fuels Growth in Virginia Expansion, Rebellion, and the Emergence of Slavery The English Compete for West Indies Possessions

The construction of the Erie Canal was funded by

A. the federal government. Although some politicians wanted the federal government to fund transportation projects such as canals, the Erie Canal was not built with federal funds. B. British investors. British investors were not behind the construction of the Erie Canal. C. New York City. Although New York City's economy boomed with the completion of the canal, the city government was not responsible for funding its construction. *D. the state of New York. New York State funded construction of the canal that linked the Hudson River (and therefore New York City) to Buffalo (and therefore Lake Erie), thereby reducing transportation costs all along the canal and into the Great Lakes region.

John Quincy Adams's most notable legislative victory during his presidential administration was

A. the negotiation of the Adams-OnÃs Treaty. The Adams-OnÃs Treaty was negotiated in 1819, when Adams was James Monroe's secretary of state. B. the construction of the Erie Canal. Construction of the Erie Canal was the accomplishment of New York State, not of the Adams administration. *C. the tariff of 1828. When Adams introduced tariff legislation that extended duties to raw materials like wool, hemp, and molasses, he gained support from both Jackson and Van Buren, who considered these tariffs beneficial to farmers on the frontier. Despite the opposition of Vice President Calhoun and congressmen from older southern states, the tariff of 1828 was approved, raising duties on imports to an average of 62 percent. D. the expansion of white male suffrage. The expansion of white male suffrage was achieved through the authority of state legislatures, not Congress.

With the patriot victories in New Jersey in late 1776 and early 1777, both sides realized that

A. the patriots were more skilled than once believed. After two victories, the skill of the Continental Army was not established. B. New York City was to be the most important battle site. New York City did not grow in importance following the Continental Army's victories in New Jersey. C. the Hessians were unreliable and untrustworthy. The Hessians were not discredited by the defeat at Trenton. *D. the war would not come to a civilized or speedy conclusion. Before the American victories in New Jersey, both sides suspected that the war might end quickly. With the victory, American forces were emboldened to fight on.

Although it lacked a cash crop such as tobacco, the Puritan economy nevertheless thrived in the seventeenth century due to

A. the slave trade. The Puritans did not base their economy on the slave trade. *B. the export of local resources. Without a cash crop, the Puritans instead turned to commerce. They traded codfish, lumber, pork, and cheese for manufactured goods from England and rum and molasses from the West Indies. C. the beaver fur trade with Native Americans. The Puritans did not base their economy on fur trading. D. whale hunting. The Puritans did not base their economy on whaling in the seventeenth century.

By the winter of 1861-1862, military leaders in both the Union and Confederacy recognized that

A. the war meant the end of slavery. In the winter of 1861-1862, this outcome was not at all clear. *B. the struggle was likely to be a long one. The initial battles had made it clear that the war was likely going to be a long struggle that demanded a far greater commitment of men and resources than anyone had imagined just months earlier. C. the war was completely unnecessary. While the war had its critics, the military leaders by and large did not consider the war unnecessary. Especially in the South, this was an unlikely reaction. D. the South was going to lose the conflict. The outcome of the war was not at all clear in the winter of 1861-1862.

Southern African Americans of the 1820s to 1850s looked to the church to sanctify their marriages because

A. they were very religious. Southern slaves were often very religious, but that was not the primary reason for their desire to have the church sanctify their marriages. *B. their marriages were not recognized legally. Slaves considered the church the primary means of sanctifying their marriages, since they were not legally recognized. C. they did not trust local and state authorities. Slaves had no reason to trust local and state authorities, but that was not the reason they wanted the church to sanctify their marriages. D. they did not consider marriage legally binding. It was not a matter of the slaves' perception of legal marriage; slave marriages were not legally recognized.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 differed from previous fugitive slave laws in that it

A. was a federal statute that applied to all the states. Previous fugitive slave acts were also federal laws. B. demanded states help apprehend runaway slaves. Prior fugitive slave acts also called on the states to aid in enforcement. C. granted slaves who ran away before 1850 immunity. Slaves who ran away before 1850 were not granted immunity from prosecution. *D. required individuals to assist in catching fugitive slaves. Unlike prior fugitive slave acts, the 1850 law enjoined individuals to assist in apprehending fugitive slaves—even individuals who lived in free states or who personally opposed slavery. As a result, Northerners became more interested in abolitionism.

Spanish conquest of the parts of the Americas was a result of guns, maps, horses, and

A. wealth. Spaniards did not use wealth to conquer the parts of the Americas, although wealth was one reason they were interested in conquest. B. intelligence. Spanish leaders could be clever and resourceful, but factors that impacted on native populations were more important. *C. germs. Disease decreased the numbers of Native Americans to such an extent that many societies did not have the population or strength to fight off Spanish fighters. D. military expertise. Spanish military expertise did not enable the Spanish conquest of the Americas.

Jews in the United States of the 1830s and 1840s were frequently seen by other Americans as

A. well-educated businessmen. Many Jews in the United States of the 1830s and 1840s were skilled businessmen, but anti-Semitic prejudices viewed them differently. *B. manipulative moneylenders. Jews had traditionally pursued commercial ventures because of their exclusion from the crafts and professions in Europe. But even in the United States, these successful businessmen were not highly regarded because of their success but, rather, were portrayed negatively. C. drunkards. This stereotype was attached most commonly to Irish immigrants, not Jews. D. hardworking comrades. While Jews had to work hard to achieve economic success—particularly in the face of anti-Semitism—they were rarely accorded the respect they merited.

Artists such as Charles Willson Peale were popular in the early republic because they

A. worked in an abstract style. Early republic artists did not embrace abstraction. B. lionized the common man. Early republic artists were not popular for celebrating the common man. C. drew on European themes. Early republic artists attempted to de-emphasize European themes. *D. celebrated American greatness. Artists such as Peale painted Continental Army generals. Peale was most famous for his portraits of George Washington. Audiences enjoyed his celebration of America's glorious achievements.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[When the natives saw that we were firing muskets without any result] . . . they cried out determined to stand firm . . . shooting so many arrows and hurling bamboo lances, charred pointed stakes, stones and mud at the Captain [Magellan] that he could scarce defend himself. . . . And so great a number came upon us that they pierced the right leg of the Captain with a poisoned arrow, wherefore he ordered that they gradually retreat. . . . [But] they had so many spears, darts and stones that they [the soldiers] could not withstand them, and the artillery of the fleet was so far away that it could not help them. And our men withdrew to the shore, fighting all the while. . . . They [the natives] recognized the Captain and so many assailed him that twice they knocked his sallet [helmet] from his head. And he, like a good knight, continued to stand firm with a few others, and they fought thus for more than an hour. . . . An Indian threw his bamboo spear into his [the Captain's] face and he immediately killed him [the native] with his own spear. . . . And the Captain tried to draw his sword and was able to draw it only half way, because he had been wounded in the arm with a spear. . . . The Christian king [a rival chief who converted to Christianity] would have helped us but . . . the Captain bade him not to leave the ship. . . . When the king learned that the Captain was dead he grieved much, and not without cause."

According to Antonio Pigafetta, who attempted to aid the Spanish in their battle against natives in the Philippines? A. The enemy chief's daughter Pigafetta does not say the enemy chief's daughter provided help. *B. A Christian chief By the time Pigafetta's ship reached the Philippines, some natives had already converted to Christianity. He remarks that the Christian chief would have helped the Spanish, but Captain Magellan told him not to. C. An English warship Pigafetta does not mention an English ship. D. A Spanish pirate Pigafetta does not mention a Spanish pirate.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "But the prime cause and the real objects of this war are not distinctly understood by a large portion of the honest, disinterested, and well-meaning citizens of the United States. . . . [M]any of them have been deceived and misled by the misrepresentations of those concerned in it, and especially by hireling writers for the newspaper press. They have been induced to believe that the inhabitants of Texas were engaged in a legitimate contest for the maintenance of the sacred principles of Liberty, and the natural, inalienable Rights of Man: whereas . . . . the immediate cause and the leading object of this contest originated in a settled design, among the slaveholders of this country (with land speculators and slave-traders), to wrest the large and valuable territory of Texas from the Mexican Republic, in order to re-establish the SYSTEM OF SLAVERY; to open a vast and profitable SLAVE-MARKET therein; and, ultimately, to annex it to the United States."

According to Benjamin Lundy, who was to blame for misleading the American people about the true nature of the war in Texas? A. Whig politicians Lundy did not blame the Whigs for misleading the public. *B. The media Lundy condemned the "hireling writers for the newspaper press" for propagating the false view of the war as about Texas liberty rather than slavery. C. Democratic politicians Lundy did not blame the Democrats for misleading the public. D. Protestant clergy Lundy did not blame religious leaders of any denomination for misleading the public.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The inmates of the gaol, of this class I mean, are even worse treated; some of them, if my informants are to be believed, having been actually frozen to death, during the inclement winters which often prevail in the country. While I was in the city, Robey had got possession of a woman, whose term of slavery was limited to six years. It was expected that she would be sold before the expiration of that period, and sent away to a distance, where the assertion of her claim would subject her to ill-usage. Cases of this kind are very common."

According to Edward Strutt Abdy, slave dealers in the nation's capital are not only cruel but also A. foolish. Although Abdy abhors slave dealers, he does not consider them foolish. They know what they're doing, he writes. B. criminals. Abdy's point is to show that slave dealing is perfectly legal, even though morally reprehensible. C. radicals. Abdy says nothing to indicate the slave dealers are political radicals. *D. cunning. According to Abdy, the slave dealers sink still lower than simply selling humans for money; they must also misrepresent the terms of sale. When the slave dealer Robey sold a slave whose term of labor was only six years, he made sure she was sent far away from anyone who knew that fact so that she would not be able to prove her claims.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: ". . . [W]e have in our camps at Roanoke Island and Newbern, many women and children, families of soldiers who have died in the service, and refugees from the interior during the war, for whom permanent provision must be made. . . . The reports prepared by Surgeon Hogan will show the condition of freedmen hospitals. In the early part of the summer much suffering and mortality occurred for want of medical attendance and supplies. This evil is now being remedied by the employment of surgeons by contract. . . ."

According to Eliphalet Whittlesey, which group of former slaves will need permanent assistance? A. Elderly slaves Whittlesey does not mention elderly slaves. B. The sick and dying Whittlesey does not mention sick and dying slaves. *C. Widows and orphans Critics of the Freedmen's Bureau charged that it would make slaves dependent on the government for their sustenance, creating an enormous public burden. Whittlesey admits that while the government must make "permanent provision" for widows and orphans, the vast majority of freedmen will be fine on their own. D. Uneducated slaves Whittlesey does not discuss the issue of education for former slaves.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "I have particular matter for particular days. . . . Mondays my musick Master is here. Tuesday my friend Mrs. Chardon (about 3 miles distant) and I are constantly engaged to each other, she at our house one Tuesday—I at hers the next, and this is one of the happiest days I spend at Woppoe. Thursday the whole day . . . is spent in writing, either on the business of the plantation, or letters to my friends. Every other Fryday . . . we go a vizeting so that I go abroad once a week and no oftener. . . ."

According to Eliza Lucas's Letter to Miss Bartlett (c. 1742), her days were devoted mostly to which activity? A. Caring for her young children Although Lucas shows an interest in some enslaved children, she does not mention caring for any children of her own. *B. Socializing with friends and neighbors Lucas describes her routine as a succession of social occasions: "Mondays my musick Master is here. Tuesday my friend Mrs. Chardon (about 3 miles distant) and I are constantly engaged to each other, she at our house one Tuesday—I at hers the next, and this is one of the happiest days I spend at Woppoe. Thursday the whole day . . . is spent in writing, either on the business of the plantation, or letters to my friends. Every other Fryday . . . we go a vizeting so that I go abroad once a week and no oftener. . ." C. Supervising the slaves Although Lucas mentions that she will "take a walk in the garden or field, [to] see that the Servants [slaves] are at their respective business, supervising the slaves is not her most frequent activity." D. Working in the fields Lucas does not mention that she works in the fields.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Our Europeans, who are purchased [indentured servants and redemptioners], must always work hard, for new fields are constantly laid out; and so they learn that stumps of oak-trees are in America certainly as hard as in Germany. In this hot land they fully experience in their own persons what God has imposed on man for his sin and disobedience; for in Genesis we read the words: In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread. Who therefore wishes to earn his bread in a Christian and honest way, and cannot earn it in his fatherland otherwise than by the work of his hands, let him do so in his own country, and not in America; for he will not fare better in America. However hard he may be compelled to work in his fatherland, he will surely find it quite as hard, if not harder, in the new country. Besides, there is not only the long and arduous journey lasting half a year, during which he has to suffer, more than with the hardest work; he has also spent about 200 florins which no one will refund to him. If he has so much money, it will slip out of his hands; if he has it not, he must work his debt off as a slave and poor serf."

According to Gottlieb Mittelberger, what is the life of an indentured servant or redemptioner in America like? A. Luxurious There is nothing luxurious about life as an indentured servant or redemptioner in America, according to Mittelberger. B. Surprisingly pleasant Although Mittelberger says indentured servants and redemptioners may be surprised by conditions in America, the surprise is unlikely to be pleasant. C. Tough but rewarding Mittelberger does not discuss the rewards of being an indentured servant or redemptioner. *D. Constant toil Mittelberger emphasizes the hardships awaiting potential migrants. It will be a life of unremitting work for scant reward. "Therefore," he concludes, "let everyone stay in his own country and support himself and his family honestly."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Are we [women] deficient in reason? . . . [I]f an opportunity of acquiring knowledge hath been denied us, the inferiority of our sex cannot fairly be deduced from thence. . . . May we not trace its source in the difference of education, and continued advantages? Will it be said that the judgment of a male of two years old, is more sage than that of a female's of the same age? . . . But from that period what partiality! . . . As their years increase, the sister must be wholly domesticated, while the brother is led by the hand through all the flowery paths of science. . . .Now, was she permitted the same instructors as her brother, . . . for the employment of a rational mind an ample field would be opened."

According to Judith Sargent Murray, what factor explains the seeming inferiority of women's intellectual achievements? A. The superior ability of boys in science and math Murray does not believe that boys are naturally superior to girls in any subject. B. The lack of opportunities for girls to do farm work Murray does not mention a lack of farm work for girls in her essay. C. The failure of women philosophers to mentor girls Murray does not point to a lack of mentoring as a problem. *D. The preference for educating boys rather than girls Murray blames the cultural preference for giving boys an academic education and girls a domestic education. Absent that artificial division, girls would thrive in the same subjects as boys.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Now, was she permitted the same instructors as her brother, . . . for the employment of a rational mind an ample field would be opened. In astronomy she might catch a glimpse of the immensity of the Deity, and thence she would form amazing conceptions of the august and supreme Intelligence. In geography she would admire Jehovah in the midst of his benevolence; thus adapting this globe to the various wants and amusements of its inhabitants. In natural philosophy she would adore the infinite majesty of heaven, clothed in condescension; and as she traversed the reptile world, she would hail the goodness of a creating God. . . . Will it be urged that those acquirements would supersede our domestick duties. I answer that every requisite in female economy is easily attained; and, with truth I can add, that when once attained, they require no further mental attention. Nay, while we are pursuing the needle, or the superintendency of the family, I repeat, that our minds are at full liberty for reflection; that imagination may exert itself in full vigor; and that if a just foundation is early laid, our ideas will then be worthy of rational beings. . . . [I]s it reasonable, that a candidate for immortality . . . be allowed no other ideas, than those which are suggested by the mechanism of a pudding, or the sewing the seams of a garment?"

According to Judith Sargent Murray, what would happen if girls received the same education as boys? A. Girls would no longer learn to cook, clean, and raise children. Murray does not complain that girls would no longer learn domestic skills; in fact, she assumes women will still learn such roles. *B. Girls would excel at science, geography, and philosophy. Murray contends that once girls were given the same education as boys they, too, would excel at their academic subjects. C. Girls would fail advanced subjects such as math and theology. Murray does not argue that girls would fail to thrive in math and theology. D. Girls would no longer be interested in getting married. Murray says nothing about girls not getting married in the future.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The South at all times demanded nothing but equality in the common territories, equal enjoyment of them with their property, to that extended to Northern citizens and their property—nothing more. . . . In 1790 we had less than eight hundred thousand slaves. Under our mild and humane administration of the system they have increased above four millions. The country has expanded to meet this growing want, and Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri have received this increasing tide of African labor; before the end of this century, at precisely the same rate of increase, the Africans among us in a subordinate condition will amount to eleven millions of persons. What shall be done with them? We must expand or perish."

According to Robert Toombs, why must slavery be allowed in the western territories? A. The Constitution demands equal access to the territories for all men and their property. Although proslavery arguments did cite the Constitution at times, Toombs did not do so. *B. The slave population had grown so large that they needed more land on which to live. Toombs argued from necessity. If the territory open to slavery did not expand, there would be no place for the growing slave population to live. "We must expand," he wrote, "or perish." C. The Supreme Court guaranteed the right to own slaves in the territories in the Dred Scott case. Although Dred Scott did protect the slave owners' rights in the territories, Toombs did not cite the case. D. The North, which benefits from the cotton trade, is hypocritical in opposing slavery in the West. The northern textile industry did benefit from the cotton trade, but Toombs did not discuss it.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Brother. Since the peace was made you have kill'd some of the Shawanese, Winebagoes, Delawares, and Miamies and you have taken our lands from us, and I do not see how we can remain at peace with you if you continue to do so. You have given goods to the Kickapoos for the sale of their lands . . . which has been the cause of many deaths among them. You have promised us assistance but I do not see that you have given us any."

According to Tecumseh's speech to William Henry Harrison, what promises has the United States failed to keep? *A. To preserve the peace with Natives "Since the peace was made," Tecumseh charges, "you have kill'd some of the Shawanese, Winebagoes, Delawares, and Miamies, and you have taken our lands from us." B. To treat each Native tribe individually Tecumseh objects to the U.S. strategy of attempting to divide Indians against each other by negotiating with each tribe separately. "You endeavor to make distinctions" between tribes, he says. C. To occupy lands ceded to the United States Tecumseh objects to Americans exceeding the lands that had been ceded to them. D. To arm the Kickapoo Indians Tecumseh does not approve of how the United States has "given goods to the Kickapoos for the sale of their lands . . . which has been the cause of many deaths among them."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "You try to force the red people to do some injury. It is you that is pushing them on to do mischief. You endeavor to make distinctions, you wish to prevent the Indians to do as we wish them: to unite and let them consider their land as the common property of the whole. You take tribes aside and advise them not to come into this measure [coalition] and untill our design is accomplished we do not wish to accept of your invitation to go and visit the President. The reason I tell you this is you want by your distinctions of Indian tribes in allotting to each a particular track of land to make them to war with each other."

According to Tecumseh's speech to William Henry Harrison, what strategy has the United States pursued to gain an advantage over Natives? A. Refusing to recognize the unique claims of each tribe According to Tecumseh, the problem is not that the United States refuses to recognize the unique claims of individual tribes. *B. Exploiting tensions among Natives to dilute their power Tecumseh is aware that the United States stands to gain—and Indians as a whole to lose—from the United States negotiating with each tribe separately. He accuses Harrison of trying "to make them to war with each other." C. Encouraging Natives to form a coalition to simply conduct negotiations Tecumseh wanted Indians to form a unified coalition to negotiate with the United States from a position of strength. D. Enlisting the aid of the British to break Indian resistance Indians were British allies against the United States.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "But this momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. The cession of that kind of property [slavery], for so it is misnamed, is a bagatelle [an insignificant thing] which would not cost me a second thought, if, in that way, a general emancipation and expatriation could be effected; and, gradually, and with due sacrifices, I think it might be. But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other."

According to Thomas Jefferson's letter to John Holmes, why was the Missouri Compromise bad policy? A. It offered immediate emancipation to Missouri slaves only. The Compromise did not offer emancipation. Jefferson says that he could agree to the emancipation of slaves if it were followed by "expatriation"—that is, removal outside the country—but that was not on the table in the Compromise. B. It allowed the status of slavery to be decided by the federal government. Although an opponent of the federal government making decisions for the states in general, Jefferson does not raise that issue in his letter. C. It was too favorable to the interests of the northern states. Although generally suspicious of measures that favored northern interests at the expense of his native Virginia, Jefferson does not mention that as an objection to the Missouri Compromise. *D. It would not solve the slavery issue but would only put off the issue to the future. Jefferson feared that the Compromise was a temporary solution at best. He says that the slavery issue is "hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence." Worse things are sure to come, he concludes.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The course of things in the neighboring islands of the West Indies appears to have given a considerable impulse to the minds of the slaves in different parts of the U.S. A great disposition to insurgency has manifested itself among them, which, in one instance, in the state of Virginia, broke out into actual insurrection. This was easily suppressed; but many of those concerned (between 20 and 30, I believe) fell victims to the law. So extensive an execution could not but excite sensibility in the public mind, and beget a regret that the laws had not provided, for such cases, some alternative, combining more mildness with equal efficacy. The legislature of the state, at a subsequent meeting, took the subject into consideration, and have communicated to me . . . their wish that some place could be provided, out of the limits of the U.S., to which slaves guilty of insurgency might be transported; and they have particularly looked to Africa as offering the most desirable receptacle. We might for this purpose, enter into negotiations with the natives, on some part of the coast, to obtain a settlement and, by establishing an African company, combine with it commercial operations, which might not only reimburse expenses but procure profit also."

According to Thomas Jefferson's letter to Rufus King, what effect did the slave rebellion in Haiti have in the United States? A. It encouraged merchants to trade with Haiti. Jefferson does not discuss trade relations with Haiti. *B. It inspired slaves to rebel in the United States. Jefferson writes that events in Haiti had "given a considerable impulse to the minds of slaves in different parts of the U.S. A great disposition to insurgency has manifested itself among them, which, in one instance, in the state of Virginia, broke out into actual insurrection." C. It led U.S. slave owners to consider emancipation. Jefferson does not mention emancipation. D. It forced slaves to accept their condition of servitude. Jefferson does not say that the Haitian Revolution made slaves more willing to accept their condition.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The course of things in the neighboring islands of the West Indies appears to have given a considerable impulse to the minds of the slaves in different parts of the U.S. A great disposition to insurgency has manifested itself among them, which, in one instance, in the state of Virginia, broke out into actual insurrection. This was easily suppressed; but many of those concerned, (between 20 and 30, I believe) fell victims to the law. So extensive an execution could not but excite sensibility in the public mind, and beget a regret that the laws had not provided, for such cases, some alternative, combining more mildness with equal efficacy. The legislature of the state, at a subsequent meeting, took the subject into consideration, and have communicated to me . . . their wish that some place could be provided, out of the limits of the U.S., to which slaves guilty of insurgency might be transported; and they have particularly looked to Africa as offering the most desirable receptacle. We might for this purpose, enter into negotiations with the natives, on some part of the coast, to obtain a settlement and, by establishing an African company, combine with it commercial operations, which might not only reimburse expenses but procure profit also."

According to Thomas Jefferson's letter to Rufus King, why should removal of rebelling slaves outside the country be an alternative to execution? A. Even rebelling slaves deserved a second chance. Jefferson does not say that rebellious slaves deserved a second chance. B. Removal to a desolate place was a worse punishment. Jefferson does not say that removal would be worse than death. C. The death penalty was always morally wrong. Jefferson does not question the morality of the death penalty as such. *D. So many executions conducted at once were seen as cruel. Jefferson says that "so extensive an execution could not but excite sensibility in the public mind, and beget a regret that the laws had not provided, for such cases, some alternative . . ."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "In England a King hath little more to do than to make war and give away places; which, in plain terms, is to impoverish the nation, and set it together by the ears. A pretty business, indeed, for a man to be allowed eight hundred thousand sterling a year for, and worshipped into the bargain! Of more worth is one honest man to society, and in the sight of God, than all the crowned ruffians that ever lived. . . ."

According to Thomas Paine, what did the king do for Britain? *A. He made Britain poorer. Paine said that the king "hath little more to do than to make war and give away places; which, in plain terms, is to impoverish the nation." B. He inspired people with his greatness. Paine noted sarcastically that the king was "worshipped," implying that the king was not very great and did little genuine inspiring. C. He protected the poor from rich nobles. Paine did not believe the king protected the poor from anyone. D. He led the army in battle against enemies. Although Paine said the king made war, it is clear that the king only decided to go to war and did not actually lead any troops in the field.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "But where, say some, is the King of America? I will tell you, friend, he reigns above, and does not make havock of mankind like the royal brute of Great Britain. Yet that we may not appear to be defective even in earthly honors, let a day be solemnly set apart for proclaiming the charter; let it be brought forth, placed on the divine law, the word of God: let a crown be placed thereon, by which the world may know that so far we approve of monarchy, that in America, THE LAW IS KING. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the Law ought to be King; and there ought to be no other. But lest any ill use should afterwards arise, let the crown, at the conclusion of the ceremony, be demolished, and scattered among the people whose right it is."

According to Thomas Paine, what would best preserve freedom in America? A. Choosing a colonist as king Paine did not say anything about a colonist being king. B. Holding elections for king Paine did not say anything about electing a monarch. *C. Ensuring the law is king Paine wrote "that in America, THE LAW IS KING. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the Law ought to be King; and there ought to be no other." D. Keeping George III as king Paine does not want George III to continue as king for America.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "But this momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. The cession of that kind of property [slavery], for so it is misnamed, is a bagatelle [an insignificant thing] which would not cost me a second thought, if, in that way, a general emancipation and expatriation could be effected; and, gradually, and with due sacrifices, I think it might be. But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other."

According to his letter to John Holmes, what future would Thomas Jefferson like to see for slavery in the United States? A. Abolition of slavery and immediate civil rights for slaves Jefferson does not advocate abolition and civil rights for slaves. *B. Emancipation of slaves and colonization to Africa Jefferson says that "there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way." By practicable, he means that emancipation must be accompanied by "expatriation." C. Expansion of slavery into new territories in the West Jefferson does not advocate expanding slavery into new territories in the West. D. Preservation of the status quo so that the states can solve the problem Although Jefferson generally preferred states to solve political problems, when it came to slavery he saw that the status quo was untenable, saying "we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go." Topic: Expansion and Limits of American Democracy books: Expansion and Limits of American Democracy Expanding Voting Rights Racial Restrictions and Antiblack Violence Political Realignments The Presidential Election of 1828

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Here is were we have toiled nearly all Our lives as slaves and were treated like dumb Driven cattle, This is our home, we have made These lands what they are. we were the only true and Loyal people that were found in posession of these Lands. we have been always ready to strike for Liberty and humanity yea to fight if needs be To preserve this glorious union . Shall not we who Are freedman and have been always true to this Union have the same rights as are enjoyed by Others? Have we broken any Law of these United States? Have we forfieted our rights of property In Land?- If not then! are not our rights as A free people and good citizens of these United States To be considered before the rights of those who were Found in rebellion against this good and just Government."

According to the Freedmen's Committee of Edisto Island, freedmen deserved to own land on the island following the Civil War because *A. they did not rebel against the United States. The freedmen make clear that unlike white residents of South Carolina they did not rebel against the United States by supporting secession or the Confederacy. "We were the only true and Loyal people that were found in posession of these Lands," the committee writes. B. they had been promised land by their masters. The freedmen were not promised land by their masters, nor do they claim to have been made such promises. C. the island was previously unoccupied. The freedmen say that the island had long been populated. In fact, they say the island is where "we have toiled nearly all Our lives as slaves and were treated like dumb Driven cattle." D. the planters had not farmed it profitably. The committee's statement does not say whether the lands had been farmed profitably; it is irrelevant to their claim to ownership.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Brethren of the United States of America: It is now more than three years since peace was made between the King of Great Britain and you, but we, the Indians, were disappointed, finding ourselves not included in that peace, according to our expectations: for we thought that its conclusion would have promoted a friendship between the United States and Indians, and that we might enjoy that happiness that formerly subsisted between us and our elder brethren. . . . In the course of our councils, we imagined we hit upon an expedient that would promote a lasting peace between us."

According to the United Indian Council's Message to Congress, how did Indians feel about being left out of the negotiations that ended the American Revolution? *A. Disappointed The message specifically states that "we, the Indians, were disappointed" in being left out of the Treaty of Paris that ended the war. B. Relieved There is no sense of relief in the message. C. Enraged The message authors do not show rage in their message. D. Pleased The Native petitioners are clearly not happy with how they have been treated.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Brothers: We are still of the same opinion as to the means which may tend to reconcile us to each other; and we are sorry to find, although we had the best thoughts in our minds, during the beforementioned period, mischief has, nevertheless, happened between you and us. We are still anxious of putting our plan of accommodation into execution, and we shall briefly inform you of the means that seem most probable to us of effecting a firm and lasting peace and reconciliation: the first step towards which should, in our opinion, be, that all treaties carried on with the United States, on our parts, should be with the general voice of the whole confederacy, and carried on in the most open manner, without any restraint on either side; and especially as landed matters are often the subject of our councils with you, a matter of the greatest importance and of general concern to us, in this case we hold it indispensably necessary that any cession of our lands should be made in the most public manner, and by the united voice of the confederacy; holding all partial treaties as void and of no effect."

According to the United Indian Council's Message to Congress, what measures would help establish good relations between Native Americans and the United States? A. Land transfers should be negotiated only with tribal leaders. The message does not recommend that leaders alone negotiate treaties with the United States. *B. Treaties should be discussed openly with all interested parties. The message states that treaties should be "carried on in the most open manner, without any restraint on either side" because secret deals served Natives poorly. C. Congress should enter into agreements with tribes individually. The message does not approve of individual tribes negotiating with the United States. It says that treaties should be made "with the general voice of the whole confederacy." D. No more lands should be ceded to the United States. The message does not preclude future treaties for land.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "It rains and snows. We start around the falls this morning with our wagons. We have five miles to go. I carry my babe and lead, or rather carry another, through snow, mud, and water almost to my knees. It is the worst road a team could possibly travel. I went ahead with my children and I was afraid to look behind me for fear of seeing the wagons overturn into the mud and water with everything in them. . . . We started this morning at sunrise and did not camp until after dark, and there was not one dry thread on one of us—not even on the babe. I had carried my babe and I was so fatigued that I could scarcely speak or step . . . I have not told half we suffered. I am not adequate to the task"

According to the diary of Elizabeth Smith Geer, how did she feel making the trek to Oregon? A. Excited and nervous She may have been nervous about the journey ahead, but the overwhelming feelings coming from this entry are not excitement and nervousness. *B. Exhausted and frightened Geer was frightened of the wagons overturning in the mud and was so fatigued when she returned to camp that she "could scarcely speak or step. C. Bored and lonely Geer describes grueling travel circumstances that she experienced with her family members. She does not seem bored and lonely. D. Angry and frustrated While she may have been frustrated by the difficulty of the trek, the tone of the excerpt does not suggest anger or frustration.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "It rains and snows. We start around the falls this morning with our wagons. We have five miles to go. I carry my babe and lead, or rather carry another, through snow, mud, and water almost to my knees. It is the worst road a team could possibly travel. I went ahead with my children and I was afraid to look behind me for fear of seeing the wagons overturn into the mud and water with everything in them. My children gave out with cold and fatigue and could not travel, and the boys had to unhitch the oxen and bring them and carry the children on to camp. I was so cold and numb that I could not tell by the feeling that I had any feet. We started this morning at sunrise and did not camp until after dark, and there was not one dry thread on one of us—not even on the babe. I had carried my babe and I was so fatigued that I could scarcely speak or step. When I got here I found my husband lying in Welch's wagon very sick"

According to the diary of Elizabeth Smith Geer, people traveled to the Oregon Territory as *A. families. Geer mentions traveling with her children and coming upon her husband, who was very ill, when she returned to the camp. B. single men. Geer herself was traveling the Oregon Trail, so single men were not the only people making the overland trek. C. single women. Geer was a married mother, so single women were not the only people making the overland trek. D. couples without children. Geer is traveling with her husband and children to Oregon Territory.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contract made the 3rd day of January in the year 1870 between us the free people who have signed this paper of one part, and our employer, Willis P. Bocock, of the other part. . . . We are to furnish the necessary labor . . . and are to have all proper work done, ditching, fencing, repairing, etc., as well as cultivating and saving the crops of all kinds, so as to put and keep the land we occupy and tend in good order for cropping, and to make a good crop ourselves; and to do our fair share of job work about the place. . . . We are to be responsible for the good conduct of ourselves, our hands, and families, and agree that all shall be respectful to employer, owners, and manager, honest, industrious, and careful about every thing . . . and then our employer agrees that he and his manager shall treat us kindly, and help us to study our interest and do our duty. If any hand or family proves to be of bad character, or dishonest, or lazy, or disobedient, or any way unsuitable our employer or manager has the right, and we have the right, to have such turned off. . . ."

According to the sharecropping agreement, what problems does the landowner fear will arise with the freedmen working his land? A. They will leave to work for other nearby farms. Nothing in the contract suggests that the landowner fears his sharecroppers will leave for other employment. *B. They will be lazy, dishonest, and unreliable. The fact that the contract has the sharecroppers promise to work hard, maintain a good character, and "do our fair share of job work about the place" suggests that the landowner is concerned they will not do these things. The landowner also reserves to himself the ability to dismiss workers in "any way unsuitable." C. They will open up their own competing farms. Nothing in the contract indicates that the landowner fears the sharecroppers will set themselves up as competitors. D. They will organize a rebellion and kill whites. Nothing in the contract indicates that the landowner fears a rebellion.

Refer to the image Engraving of the Black Legend, 1598

An engraving shows Spanish soldiers roasting Native Americans alive while others are about to chop of another Native's hand. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to the Theodor de Bry engraving of Spanish activities in the Americas, how did the Spanish act toward Native Americans? A. The Spanish traded with natives. The engraving does not show Spaniards trading with natives. B. The Spanish formed alliances with natives. The engraving does not show Spaniards forming an alliance with natives. *C. The Spanish tortured natives. In the foreground, the engraving shows a group of Spaniards burning an Indian who is tied down, while in the background a Spaniard chops off the hand of native. The engraving promoted the Black Legend, the idea that the Spanish were uniquely cruel in their treatment of natives. D. The Spanish ignored natives. The engraving does not show Spaniards ignoring natives.

Refer to the image Engraving of the Black Legend, 1598

An engraving shows Spanish soldiers roasting Native Americans alive while others are about to chop of another Native's hand. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. In addition to showing the Spanish torturing natives, how else does Theodor de Bry's 1598 engraving of the Black Legend suggest to the viewer that the Spanish are evil? A. The Spanish are shown standing next to many dead natives. Although the natives are shown being tortured, none are depicted as dead. B. The Spanish are shown laughing at the victims of their cruel torture. The engraving does not show any Spaniards laughing. C. The Spanish are shown shooting women and children indiscriminately. The engraving does not show anyone being shot. Nor does it show any children being harmed. *D. The Spaniards are posed in the dark or looking away from the viewer. By positioning the Spaniards in the dark or looking away from the viewer, de Bry emphasizes the evil of their deeds. In this way, he reinforces the Black Legend, the idea that the Spanish were uniquely cruel toward natives.

Refer to the image Engraving of the Black Legend, 1598

An engraving shows Spanish soldiers roasting Native Americans alive while others are about to chop of another Native's hand. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. Whose argument about Spanish policy toward natives in the Americas would be supported by Theodor de Bry's engraving? *A. Bartolomé de Las Casas Las Casas, a Spanish Dominican friar, denounced Spanish treatment of natives. He argued that if Indians were treated so cruelly they would never embrace Christianity. B. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda Ginés de Sepúlveda argued that since natives committed unnatural acts such as cannibalism, force was necessary to bring them in line with Spanish orders. C. Ãlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca de Vaca participated in an expedition that wandered through the North American southeast. D. Francisco Pizarro Pizarro led the conquest of the Incas.

Refer to the image Engraving of the Black Legend, 1598

An engraving shows Spanish soldiers roasting Native Americans alive while others are about to chop of another Native's hand. to complete the following question. Click the image to view full-size. In Theodor de Bry's engraving of the Black Legend, Indians are shown A. meeting Europeans for the first time. The engraving does not show the first meeting between Europeans and Indians. *B. suffering torture. De Bry's engraving shows Indians being cruelly tortured: one man is being burned alive in the foreground while other natives have their hands chopped off in the background. C. killing Spaniards. The engraving does not show Indians killing Spaniards. D. trading with the Spanish. No trading is shown in the engraving.

Refer to the image Drunkard's Home, 1850

An engraving shows a drunkard man raising the bottle in the air. His family cowers in fear at his feet and by his side. There are broken plates and tipped over chairs. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. According to the 1850 image of the Drunkard's Home, alcohol is especially damaging to which group? A. Native American families The image does not show the damage done to Native Americans by alcoholism. *B. Working-class families The family shown is depicted as working class. Temperance societies were keen to reveal the damage alcohol wrought on the families of workingmen who drank. C. Elite women The picture does not show any elite women. D. Middle-class men Because of his shabby clothes, the man in the picture does not appear to be middle class.

Refer to the image Shoe Shopping from Godey's Lady's Book

An engraving shows a scene in a shoe shop. Women and children try on shoes. One of the women is helped into a shoe by another woman. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The image from Godey's Lady's Book illustrates new ideals of being a middle-class woman in the nineteenth century in that it shows women *A. acting as consumers. The picture idealizes shopping for shoes as a delightful experience—even the little girl in the front enjoys trying on new shoes. Being a consumer was increasingly seen as essential to a middle-class lifestyle in the nineteenth century. B. working outside the home. The women are not shown working outside the home. C. socializing without men present. Although the women appear to be socializing, a male shopkeeper is present. D. mixing with other social classes. Since the women all appear well dressed, it is unlikely they are from a mixture of social backgrounds. Topic: The Rise of Industry books: Factory Towns and Women Workers The Decline of Craft Work and Workingmen's Responses The Panic of 1837

Refer to the image Sugar Mill in the French West Indies, 1655

An engraving shows natives guiding cattle around a mill for crushing sugarcane. Molasses are collected in large vats. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. The engraving of Sugar Manufacturing in the West Indies shows that most of the labor involved in sugar production was done by whom? A. Poor whites The image does not depict mostly poor whites laboring. *B. Slaves Most of the people shown working are slaves; the whites supervise or guide the slave workers. C. Indians The image does not show Indians working. D. Women Although two women appear to be carrying sugarcane, most of the people working are men. Topic: Pilgrims and Puritans Settle New England books: Pilgrims Arrive in Massachusetts The Puritan Migration The Puritan Worldview Dissenters Challenge Puritan Authority Wars in Old and New England

Refer to the image Plan of a Slave Ship, 1794

An illustration shows the plan of different sections a slave ship accompanied by text. The slaves are packed tightly in the upper deck and along the sides of the lower deck with no moving space. Text reads, To increase their profits, slave traders built ships specifically to transport Africans. They were designed to hold as many people as possible at the least expense. The image of the slave ship Brooks vividly portrays the profit motive in transporting human cargo while The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano captures the horrific personal experience. Unusually for a slave, Equiano learned to read and write and purchased his freedom in 1766. His narrative likely combines his own experience with that of other slaves. Both documents were widely used by British abolitionists in late eighteenth century campaigns against the slave trade. to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. What argument does the Plan of a Slave Ship, 1794, make about the slave trade? A. Though harsh, slavery is needed for economic growth. The image does not argue that slavery is necessary for economic growth. B. Advances in ship technology should be a source of pride for Britain. The image does not laud the design of the ship or hail the vessel as a source of pride. *C. The real-life conditions of the slave trade are cruel. By emphasizing how little space an enslaved person would have aboard a slave ship, the image highlights the cruelty of the slave trade. Even those who had never seen a slave ship could imagine the inhumanity of being trapped in so small a space. D. The slave trade should be better regulated for safety. The image does not call for simple regulation of the slave trade.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[T]he Board . . . have asked my reasons for withdrawing my . . . members[hip]. . . . I reply . . . that I look upon the funds of your society, however judiciously distributed, among the destitute sick of our city, as being wholly inadequate to meet their necessities. . . . I dare not draw a single Dollar, to relieve one poor family, lest in doing this I rob another poorer family, perhaps of what they must have. . . . I know [also]. . . that whole Districts are appointed to females as visitors of the S[ociety] where no decent female should go, to look after and try to assist, their vile and degraded inhabitants. . . .

And now were I addressing the . . . Common Council of this City I would say, 'Give the ladies power to point, in their visits of mercy, to a 'work House, where idle drunken fathers and mothers must go and work'. . . . [T]his being granted, the idle Drunken inhabitants . . . Being safely . . . out of the way of the sick members of their own families . . . the objection to becoming a visitor . . . will be lessened at once." According to Emily Kempshall, what factor is responsible for poverty in Rochester in the 1830s? A. Few educational opportunities Kempshall does not discuss a lack of educational opportunities as a cause of poverty. B. A bad economic climate nationally Kempshall does not comment on the national economic climate. C. A lack of public interest in the poor Kempshall does not cite a lack of public interest in the poor as a cause of poverty. Her comments seem to assume that readers do care about the condition of the poor. *D. Poor people's refusal to work Kempshall blames the idleness of poor people for their condition. She would like her volunteers to point "idle drunken fathers and mothers" to the workhouse as a way to save "the idle Drunken inhabitants" of the city.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[T]he Board . . . have asked my reasons for withdrawing my . . . members[hip]. . . . I reply . . . that I look upon the funds of your society, however judiciously distributed, among the destitute sick of our city, as being wholly inadequate to meet their necessities. . . . I dare not draw a single Dollar, to relieve one poor family, lest in doing this I rob another poorer family, perhaps of what they must have. . . . I know [also]. . . that whole Districts are appointed to females as visitors of the S[ociety] where no decent female should go, to look after and try to assist, their vile and degraded inhabitants. . . .

And now were I addressing the . . . Common Council of this City I would say, 'Give the ladies power to point, in their visits of mercy, to a 'work House, where idle drunken fathers and mothers must go and work'. . . . [T]his being granted, the idle Drunken inhabitants . . . Being safely . . . out of the way of the sick members of their own families . . . the objection to becoming a visitor . . . will be lessened at once." According to Emily Kempshall, why do members of the Rochester Female Charitable Society have a hard time visiting the city's poor? *A. The city's poor live in areas no respectable middle-class woman would go. Kempshall believes that she cannot send women volunteers to some parts of the city without risking their safety and reputation. "Whole Districts," she writes, "are appointed to females as visitors of the S[ociety] where no decent female should go, to look after and try to assist, their vile and degraded inhabitants." B. The Society lacks funds to provide transportation to the worst urban areas. Kempshall does not blame a lack of transportation funds as the reason her volunteers cannot visit the city's poor. C. The city's poor do not want help from outsiders such as middle-class women. Kempshall does not discuss whether or not the city's poor want assistance from her group. D. The Common Council has cut the Society's funding for poor relief. Kempshall does not say that the Common Council has reduced funding for poor relief.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "In England a King hath little more to do than to make war and give away places; which, in plain terms, is to impoverish the nation, and set it together by the ears. A pretty business, indeed, for a man to be allowed eight hundred thousand sterling a year for, and worshipped into the bargain! Of more worth is one honest man to society, and in the sight of God, than all the crowned ruffians that ever lived. . . .

But where, say some, is the King of America? I will tell you, friend, he reigns above, and does not make havock of mankind like the royal brute of Great Britain. Yet that we may not appear to be defective even in earthly honors, let a day be solemnly set apart for proclaiming the charter; let it be brought forth, placed on the divine law, the word of God: let a crown be placed thereon, by which the world may know that so far we approve of monarchy, that in America, THE LAW IS KING. For as in absolute governments the King is law, so in free countries the Law ought to be King; and there ought to be no other. But lest any ill use should afterwards arise, let the crown, at the conclusion of the ceremony, be demolished, and scattered among the people whose right it is." What tone did Thomas Paine adopt when discussing the king in Common Sense? A. Somber Paine's tone was not somber. *B. Satiric Paine repeatedly ridiculed the king, calling him one of the "crowned ruffians," someone who does nothing but spend money and go to war and expect to be worshipped. C. Proud Paine was not proud of the king. D. Joyful Paine was not happy to have a king.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contract made the 3rd day of January in the year 1870 between us the free people who have signed this paper of one part, and our employer, Willis P. Bocock, of the other part.

For the labor and services of ourselves and hands rendered as above stated, we are to have one third part of all the crops, or their net-proceeds, made and secured, or prepared for market by our force. We are to be furnished by our employer through his manager with provisions if we call for them . . . to be charged to us at fair market prices. And whatever may be due by us, or our hands to our employer for provisions or any thing else, during the year, is to be a lien on our share of the crops, and is to be retained by him out of the same before we receive our part." According to the sharecropping agreement, where will freedmen obtain the supplies needed for farming? A. Make the supplies themselves in their free time The freedmen are not expected to make the supplies themselves. B. Buy the supplies at a store close to the farm The contract does not envision the sharecroppers buying their supplies at a store. C. Obtain the supplies from the Freedmen's Bureau The Freedmen's Bureau is not discussed. *D. Buy the supplies on credit from the landowner The contract specifies that supplies will be obtained from the landowner with the cost attached as a lien on the proceeds of the crops produced. In other words, the sharecroppers are borrowing the money to buy supplies with the expectation that the owner will have a legal right to a portion of the crop to pay him back at harvest time.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contract made the 3rd day of January in the year 1870 between us the free people who have signed this paper of one part, and our employer, Willis P. Bocock, of the other part. . . . We are to furnish the necessary labor . . . and are to have all proper work done, ditching, fencing, repairing, etc., as well as cultivating and saving the crops of all kinds, so as to put and keep the land we occupy and tend in good order for cropping, and to make a good crop ourselves; and to do our fair share of job work about the place. . . .

For the labor and services of ourselves and hands rendered as above stated, we are to have one third part of all the crops, or their net-proceeds, made and secured, or prepared for market by our force. We are to be furnished by our employer through his manager with provisions if we call for them . . . to be charged to us at fair market prices." According to the sharecropping agreement, the freedmen are concerned that the landowner will A. reenslave them. The contract does not hint at a concern about being reenslaved. The fact that the freedmen are signing a contract suggests they are confident in their status as free. B. abandon them. The contract specifies mutual obligations but does not suggest a fear of being abandoned. *C. cheat them. The contract specifies that the landowner must charge "fair market prices" for provisions, suggesting a concern that the landowner, who was to be the exclusive source of supplies, would exploit them. D. ignore them. There is no sense in the contract that the landowner will ignore the sharecroppers.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "In general then I rise at five o'Clock in the morning, read till Seven, then take a walk in the garden or field, see that the Servants [slaves] are at their respective business, then to breakfast. The first hour after breakfast is spent at my musick, the next is constantly employed in recolecting something I have learned least . . . , such as French and short hand. . . . I devote the rest of the time till I dress for dinner to our little Polly and two black girls who I teach to read, and if I have my papa's approbation (my Mamas I have got) I intend [them] for school mistres's for the rest of the Negroe children. . . . [After dinner, musick and then] the rest of the afternoon in Needle work till candle light, and from that time to bed read or write. . . ."

From Eliza Lucas's Letter to Miss Bartlett (c. 1742), it can be concluded that Lucas belongs to which social class? *A. Elite Lucas's letter describes the life of a young woman belonging to an elite family. She describes owning slaves, taking music lessons, learning French, and socializing with family and friends. She can also read and write, skills not all women would have possessed at the time. B. Middle class Lucas's letter does not describe the life of a middle-class woman. C. Working class Lucas's letter does not describe the life of a working-class woman. D. Poor Lucas's letter does not describe the life of a poor woman.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[When the natives saw that we were firing muskets without any result] . . . they cried out determined to stand firm . . . shooting so many arrows and hurling bamboo lances, charred pointed stakes, stones and mud at the Captain [Magellan] that he could scarce defend himself. . . . And so great a number came upon us that they pierced the right leg of the Captain with a poisoned arrow, wherefore he ordered that they gradually retreat. . . . [But] they had so many spears, darts and stones that they [the soldiers] could not withstand them, and the artillery of the fleet was so far away that it could not help them. And our men withdrew to the shore, fighting all the while. . . . They [the natives] recognized the Captain and so many assailed him that twice they knocked his sallet [helmet] from his head. And he, like a good knight, continued to stand firm with a few others, and they fought thus for more than an hour. . . . An Indian threw his bamboo spear into his [the Captain's] face and he immediately killed him [the native] with his own spear. . . . And the Captain tried to draw his sword and was able to draw it only half way, because he had been wounded in the arm with a spear. . . . The Christian king [a rival chief who converted to Christianity] would have helped us but . . . the Captain bade him not to leave the ship. . . . When the king learned that the Captain was dead he grieved much, and not without cause."

How does Antonio Pigafetta characterize the natives he encountered in the Philippines? *A. As fearsome and dangerous Pigafetta depicts a battle between natives and the Spanish, including such details as that the Spanish captain struck by a spear and killed. B. As learned and technologically advanced Pigafetta does not depict the natives as learned or technologically advanced. C. As docile and eager to trade According to Pigafetta, the natives were neither docile nor eager to trade. D. As pious and religiously devout Although Pigafetta mentions that a rival native chief was a Christian, he does not indicate that the natives he encountered were particularly religious.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "I [believed] . . . that we might form great friendship, for I knew that they were a people who could be more easily freed and converted to our holy faith by love than by force, gave to some of them red caps, and glass beads to put round their necks, and many other things of little value, which gave them great pleasure, and made them so much our friends that it was a marvel to see. They afterwards came to the ship's boats where we were, swimming and bringing us parrots, cotton threads in skeins, darts, and many other things; and we exchanged them for other things that we gave them, such as glass beads and small bells. In fine [In short], they took all, and gave what they had with good will. It appeared to me to be a race of people very poor in everything."

How does Christopher Columbus characterize the Indians he first encountered in the Caribbean? A. As fearsome and dangerous Columbus does not depict the natives as fearsome; he mentions that their weapons were primitive compared to Spanish weapons. B. As learned and technologically advanced Although he remarks that the natives were intelligent, he disparages the state of their technology. *C. As docile and eager to trade Columbus emphasizes how kind and friendly Indians were, how they eagerly traded with his men, and how they "should be good servants." D. As pious and religiously devout Columbus remarks that "it appeared to me that they had no religion."

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[I]t has been the Opinion of all the several Legislative Bodies, both of Great-Britain and her Colonies, that peaceable Possession, especially of back waste vacant Lands, is a Kind of Right, always looked upon quite sufficient to entitle them to the Preference or Refusal of a farther [legal] Title. . . . This method has been used from New-England to Georgia, some Hundreds of Years Past. . . ."

How was Herman Husband's complaint against colonial officials similar to the complaints of the New Jersey Levellers? *A. Both claimed a right to farm land that they did not own. Both the Levellers, led by William Prendergast, and the Regulator movement, which Husband joined, aimed to secure title to lands that they farmed but did not legally own. B. Both denounced the East India Company's monopoly on the tea trade. Neither the Levellers nor Husband complained about the tea monopoly. C. Both argued that colonial leaders should be more loyal to the king. Neither the Levellers nor Husband demanded greater loyalty to the king. D. Both requested free land to farm in exchange for militia service. Neither the Levellers nor Husband proposed to render militia service in exchange for land.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "I hope your honorable body will hasten on reinforcements, ammunition, and provisions to our aid, . . . At least five hundred pounds of cannon powder, and two hundred rounds of six, nine, twelve, and eighteen pound balls—ten kegs of rifle powder, and a supply of lead, should be sent to this place without delay, under a sufficient guard.

If these things are promptly sent and large reinforcements are hastened to this frontier, this neighborhood will be the great and decisive battle ground. The power of Santa Ana is to be met here, or in the colonies; we had better meet them here, than to suffer a war of desolation to rage in our settlements. A blood-red banner waves from the church of Bejar, and in the camp above us, in token that the war is one of vengeance against rebels; they have declared us such, and demanded that we should surrender at discretion, or that this garrison should be put to the sword. Their threats have had no influence on me, or my men, but to make all fight with desperation, and that high souled courage which characterizes the patriot, who is willing to die in defence of his country's liberty and his own honor." According to William Travis, why should reinforcements be sent to the Alamo at once? A. The officers were frightened and contemplating surrender. Travis disavows surrender and says his men are prepared to fight to the last. *B. His men are on the verge of defeating the Mexican army. Travis argues that with timely reinforcements "this neighborhood will be the great and decisive battle ground," perhaps to show that his cause was not as desperate as it seemed and therefore still worth the commitment of new men and supplies. C. More supplies would allow him to attack the Mexican base. Travis does not indicate that he plans an offensive against the Mexican army's base of operations; rather, he plans to defend his current position. D. Without help, his siege of the Alamo would surely fail. Travis was inside the Alamo, defending it from a siege conducted by the Mexican army.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "They should be good servants and intelligent, for I observed that they quickly took in what was said to them, and I believe that they would easily be made Christians, as it appeared to me that they had no religion. I, our Lord being pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure, six natives for your Highnesses, that they may learn to speak."

In Christopher Columbus's description of his first encounter with Indians, how does he plan to make his desires known to natives in the future? A. By encouraging his men to learn Indian languages Columbus does not indicate any plans for Spaniards to learn native languages. B. By intimidating natives with his superior weapons Although Columbus mentions that native weapons were inferior to Spanish weapons, he does not plan to communicate through fear. C. By bringing a Spaniard fluent in native languages next time Since the Spanish had no previous contact with natives, no Spaniard knew their language. *D. By bringing back some natives to learn Spanish The letter makes clear that this is only the first encounter of what Columbus hopes will be a series of voyages to the Americas. Indians who could translate would improve communication and facilitate trade and religious evangelization.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[N]ow that the whole ship's cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable; and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself I was soon reduced so low here that it was thought necessary to keep me almost always on deck; and from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. . . ."

In The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789, why was Equiano on deck? A. He was escaping. Equiano does not say he attempted escape. *B. He was sick. Sick slaves were allowed on deck in hopes that the fresh air would improve their condition. The more slaves who arrived in port alive, the more profitable the voyage. C. He had bribed a slave ship sailor. Equiano does not say he bribed anyone. D. He was organizing a revolt. Equiano does not say he was organizing a revolt.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Thankes be to the Lord I know my selfe altogether Innocent & Ignorant of the crime of witchcraft w'ch is layd to my charge: as will appeare at the great day of Judgment (May it please yo'r Excellencye) my husband about five yeares a goe was taken w'th fitts w'ch did very much impaire his memory and understanding but w'th the blessing of the Lord upon my Endeavors did recover of them againe but now through greife and sorrow they are returned to him againe as bad as Ever they were: I having six children and having little or nothing to subsist on being in a manner without a head [husband] to doe any thinge for my selfe or them and being closely confined can see no otherwayes but we shall all perish Therfore may it please your Excellencye your poor and humble petition'r doe humbly begge and Implore of yo'r Excellencye to take it into yo'r pious and Judicious consideration that some speedy Course may be taken w'th me for my releasement."

In her petition to be released from prison, Abigail Faulkner told Governor William Phipps that she had six children at home in order to A. suggest that she could not be a witch because she was also a mother. Since some women with children were convicted of witchcraft, such an argument would not have helped her case. *B. show how many innocent children would suffer if she were executed. Faulkner pleads with the governor to release her by invoking the hardship her children would endure without a mother. She also mentions that her husband is sick, suggesting that the children may be orphaned. C. place the blame for her conviction on her husband abandoning the family. Faulkner's husband did not abandon the family. He fell ill and was not able to provide for them as he previously had. D. demand compensation for being falsely accused and convicted of a serious crime. Although Faulkner claims to have been falsely convicted, the passage about her children does not discuss that issue. Topic: Family and Household Dynamics books: Women's Changing Status Working Families Reproduction and Women's Roles The Limits of Patriarchal Order

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "But this momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. I can say, with conscious truth, that there is not a man on earth who would sacrifice more than I would to relieve us from this heavy reproach, in any practicable way. The cession of that kind of property [slavery], for so it is misnamed, is a bagatelle [an insignificant thing] which would not cost me a second thought, if, in that way, a general emancipation and expatriation could be effected; and, gradually, and with due sacrifices, I think it might be. But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other."

In his letter to John Holmes, what emotion does Thomas Jefferson display over news of the Missouri Compromise? *A. Fear Jefferson is afraid of what the future will bring because of the Missouri Compromise. "But this momentous question," he writes about slavery in Missouri, "like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror." B. Pride Jefferson is clearly not proud of the compromise reached over slavery in Missouri. C. Joy Jefferson is clearly not happy about the compromise made over slavery in Missouri. D. Sadness Although upset about the agreement reached over slavery in Missouri, Jefferson does not express sadness in his letter.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The course of things in the neighboring islands of the West Indies appears to have given a considerable impulse to the minds of the slaves in different parts of the U.S. A great disposition to insurgency has manifested itself among them, which, in one instance, in the state of Virginia, broke out into actual insurrection. This was easily suppressed; but many of those concerned, (between 20 and 30, I believe) fell victims to the law. So extensive an execution could not but excite sensibility in the public mind, and beget a regret that the laws had not provided, for such cases, some alternative, combining more mildness with equal efficacy. The legislature of the state, at a subsequent meeting, took the subject into consideration, and have communicated to me . . . their wish that some place could be provided, out of the limits of the U.S., to which slaves guilty of insurgency might be transported; and they have particularly looked to Africa as offering the most desirable receptacle. We might for this purpose, enter into negotiations with the natives, on some part of the coast, to obtain a settlement and, by establishing an African company, combine with it commercial operations, which might not only reimburse expenses but procure profit also."

In his letter to Rufus King, what alternative to execution does Thomas Jefferson wish was available to punish rebelling slaves? A. A heavy fine Jefferson does not mention any fines. B. A long prison sentence Jefferson does not discuss prison as an alternative. *C. A forced removal from the country Jefferson wishes that rebellious slaves could be removed from the country rather than suffer execution. He writes that the Virginia legislature had told him of their "wish that some place could be provided, out of the limits of the U.S., to which slaves guilty of insurgency might be transported." D. A severe whipping in public Jefferson does not recommend a whipping.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "You try to force the red people to do some injury. It is you that is pushing them on to do mischief. You endeavor to make distinctions, you wish to prevent the Indians to do as we wish them: to unite and let them consider their land as the common property of the whole. You take tribes aside and advise them not to come into this measure [coalition] and untill our design is accomplished we do not wish to accept of your invitation to go and visit the President. The reason I tell you this is you want by your distinctions of Indian tribes in allotting to each a particular track of land to make them to war with each other."

In his speech to William Henry Harrison, what do Tecumseh's objections to U.S. attempts to deal with Indian groups separately reveal about Indian relations with other Indians? A. Other Indian leaders rejected Tecumseh's attempt to negotiate with Harrison on their behalf. Tecumseh's leadership is not being challenged by other Indian leaders. B. Indians have had little experience negotiating with the United States over land deals. Tecumseh's speech indicates that Indians have previously made agreements with the United States. *C. Divisions existed between Native groups in spite of the common opposition to the United States. Tecumseh appears eager to bring Indians together in common resistance to the United States because Indian tribes had somewhat different priorities that the United States could exploit to turn Natives against other Natives. D. Tecumseh was actually seeking to dominate other Indians with the assistance of the United States. The speech offers no evidence that Tecumseh is seeking U.S. aid to dominate other Indian leaders.

We are hardy and healthy, can till our own soil,

In labour delight; make a pleasure of toil. . . . They too lazy to work, drive slaves, whom they fear; We school our own children, and brew our own beer. We do a day's work and go fearless to bed; Tho' lock'd up, they dream of slaves, whom they dread. . . . They may boast of their blacks; we boast of our plenty, And swear to be free, eighteen hundred and twenty. . . . South and West, now be honest, to MAINE give her due, If you call her a child, she's an Hercules too. A Sister in Union admit her, as free; To be coupled with slaves, she will never agree. In his broadside Maine Not to Be Coupled with the Missouri Question, what is Timothy Claimright's argument against the Missouri Compromise? A. The Compromise would only delay a solution to the slavery problem. Claimright does not discuss the Missouri Compromise as a shortsighted, temporary solution. B. Demands that Maine forbid slavery is an outrage to Maine residents. Maine did not permit slavery, a fact Claimright is proud of. *C. Involving Maine in slavery in any way is an insult to Maine's good people. The final line of the poem encapsulates its theme that Maine will have nothing to do with slavery: "To be coupled with slaves, she will never agree." D. Maine deserves to be compensated for agreeing to go along with the Compromise. Claimright does not ask for compensation for Maine for agreeing to the Missouri Compromise.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Now the Earl of Granville's Office, shut in such a manner, that no one in the Province knew but it would open again every year. . . . [B]ut four or five years being now elapsed, there is so much of the Lands seated under these Circumstances [cleared and cultivated], that Individuals in Power, and who has Money, are Marking them out for a Prey. . . .

It is to be feared too many of our Rulers have an eye to make a Prey of these poor People, because an Opinion seems to be propagated, that it is Criminal to cut a Tree down off the vacant Lands. Whether this Notion took its Rise from the great Men's making Tar and Turpentine on vacant Lands . . . or from the Motive's above mentioned [powerful men seeking improved lands], I would advise no honest Man to suffer such an Opinion to take Place with him; for the Thing is so inhuman and base, that you will not find a man but he will deny and clear himself, or hide such a Design as long as he can. . . ." Why did farmers such as Herman Husband expect to gain legal title to lands they lived on but did not own? A. The Earl of Granville had promised that anyone who farmed land in North Carolina would own that land. Although the Earl of Granville was the proprietor of the land Husband sought to own, he had not promised to allow farmers to have title to the lands. *B. Traditionally, simply farming the land peacefully was enough for one to be granted legal ownership. Husband speaks of the practice of granting legal title to lands to those who farmed them as "a Kind of Right" that had "been used from New-England to Georgia, some Hundreds of Years Past." C. His colony's charter specifically granted farmers legal title to lands they farmed productively. The North Carolina charter did not grant farmers the right to automatically own lands they farmed. D. Parliament had passed a law allowing farmers to own land that they had begun to farm. Husband does not appeal to a law passed by Parliament to assert a right to own land he farmed.

Refer to the following passages to answer the question:

NELL: "The Chairman [Lewis Hayden] announced, as a prominent feature in calling the present meeting—Congress having passed the infamous Fugitive Slave Bill—the adoption of ways and means for the protection of those in Boston liable to be seized by the prowling man-thief. He said that safety was to be obtained only by an united and persevering resistance of this ungodly, anti-republican law. . . . Resolved, That . . . eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, and that they who would be free, themselves must strike the first blow. FILLMORE: "Now, therefore, to the end that the authority of the laws may be maintained and those concerned in violating them brought to immediate and condign punishment, I have issued this my proclamation, calling on all well-disposed citizens to rally to the support of the laws of their country, and requiring and commanding all officers, civil and military, and all other persons, civil or military, who shall be found within the vicinity of this outrage, to be aiding and assisting by all means in their power in quelling this and other such combinations and assisting the marshal and his deputies. What do the report of William C. Nell and the proclamation of President Millard Fillmore have in common? A. Both condemn slavery but ask people to obey the law. Nell says the meeting he attended condemned slavery and called on people to resist the law; Fillmore says nothing about the morality of slavery but does call for the law to be enforced. B. Both call for resistance to slavery by any means available. Fillmore condemns resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act; Nell's meeting does not discuss whether there are limits to their resistance. C. Both ask for calm until the Supreme Court can address the law. Although Fillmore would like people to calm down and assist officials in enforcing the law, Nell reports that the people at his meeting are angry and will not back down. *D. Both appeal to the general public to support their position. Both Fillmore and the meeting Nell attended couch their arguments as appeals to the public to do their duty as citizens, but while Fillmore calls on citizens to assist in enforcing a law, Nell's meeting condemns the law as unjust and counts on people to resist its cruelty.

Refer to the image Universalis Cosmographia, 1507

The map shows Africa and Europe in the center. To its west is an elongated and thin continent corresponding to the Americas and to its east is a large continent with missing landforms and an erroneously small Indian Ocean, corresponding to Asia. Text reads, In 1507 German cartographers Waldseemüller and Ringmann produced a map of the to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. Why did Martin Waldseemüller and Mathias Ringmann depict India in greater detail than North America in their 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia? A. The mapmakers hoped to keep information about North America to themselves to safeguard their trade secrets. The purpose of creating the map was to spread knowledge, not hide it. *B. Europeans had explored India more often than they had explored North America when the map was made. Europeans had known about India since antiquity. North America, however, was a recent discovery, and comparatively little was known about its geography. C. The map was intended to encourage migration to India by assuring potential immigrants that the land was well known. The map did not aim to encourage migration by suggesting that India was well known. D. North America was already familiar to most Europeans so there was less demand for a map that detailed its features. When the map was made, Europeans would have been curious to learn more about North America.

Refer to the image Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792

The painting shows Liberty, depicted as a woman, sitting in a room and giving books to black people bowing and kneeling in front of her. More black people are outside the room, observing the scene. A broken chain, a globe, a painting palette, and a harp are at her feet. Text reads, Samuel Jennings was born in Philadelphia and attended the College of Philadelphia before the Revolution. He taught drawing and painted portraits before moving to London to study with Benjamin West in 1787. There his allegorical paintings were exhibited at the Royal Academy. Jennings painted this image for the newly established Library Company of Philadelphia, many of whose directors were Quakers who opposed slavery. The directors requested that he include Lady Liberty with her cap on the end of a pole.<br><br>The questions are as follows, Which arts and sciences are displayed in this painting? What does the broken chain at the feet of Lady Liberty indicate? What distinguishes the black people inside and outside the building? Put It in Context, What does this painting suggest about how Jennings and the Library Company directors envisioned American identities in the early republic? to answer the following question. Click the image to view full-size. Why was Samuel Jennings's painting Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences, 1792 so provocative for its time? A. It was the first portrayal of liberty as a woman. The portrayal of liberty as a woman was not provocative at the time, and instead was quite familiar to the artists of the Enlightenment. B. It was the first pictorial celebration of arts and sciences rather than religion. Artists had made the arts and sciences the subject of their paintings before. *C. It symbolized America by incorporating women and African Americans. What made Jennings's Liberty Displaying the Arts and Sciences so provocative and radical at the time was that it portrayed Lady Liberty offering a book to a group of attentive African Americans. D. The painting idealized Native Americans and mocked American colonists. The painting did not idealize Native Americans or mock American colonists.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contrary to the fears and predictions of many, the great mass of colored people have remained quietly at work upon the plantations of their former masters during the entire summer. The crowds seen about the towns in the early part of the season had followed in the wake of the Union army, to escape from slavery. After hostilities ceased these refugees returned to their homes, so that but few vagrants can now be found. In truth, a much larger amount of vagrancy exists among the whites than among the blacks. It is the almost uniform report of officers of the bureau that freedmen are industrious.

The report is confirmed by the fact that out of a colored population of nearly 350,000 in the State, only about 5,000 are now receiving support from the government. Probably some others are receiving aid from kind-hearted men who have enjoyed the benefit of their services from childhood. To the general quiet and industry of this people there can be no doubt that the efforts of the bureau have contributed greatly." According to Eliphalet Whittlesey, why is it wrong to fear that ending slavery would produce social strife? *A. Most freedmen were working quietly to create better lives for their families. Critics of the Freedmen's Bureau charged that helping former slaves would only make them lazy and dependent on the government for handouts. Whittlesey assures his readers that most freedmen are working hard, as before. B. The Union army's presence in the South was keeping discord to a minimum. Although the Union army was keeping the peace, Whittlesey does not discuss its role in his report. C. Former masters were being generous in paying their former slaves for their labor. Whittlesey does not say that former masters were paying their former slaves. D. Southern politicians were accommodating the needs of slaves to have their rights protected. Whittlesey does not discuss southern politicians, who were not protecting the rights of freedmen in any event.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Contrary to the fears and predictions of many, the great mass of colored people have remained quietly at work upon the plantations of their former masters during the entire summer. The crowds seen about the towns in the early part of the season had followed in the wake of the Union army, to escape from slavery. After hostilities ceased these refugees returned to their homes, so that but few vagrants can now be found. In truth, a much larger amount of vagrancy exists among the whites than among the blacks. It is the almost uniform report of officers of the bureau that freedmen are industrious.

The report is confirmed by the fact that out of a colored population of nearly 350,000 in the State, only about 5,000 are now receiving support from the government. Probably some others are receiving aid from kind-hearted men who have enjoyed the benefit of their services from childhood. To the general quiet and industry of this people there can be no doubt that the efforts of the bureau have contributed greatly." Why does Eliphalet Whittlesey mention that there are more white vagrants in the area than black vagrants? A. To call for greater authority to punish uncooperative southern whites Although he may have wanted to punish southern white Confederates, the report does not bring up vagrancy to call for punishment. *B. To show that fears of blacks causing social disorder are unwarranted Critics of the Freedmen's Bureau charged that freed slaves would endanger society by moving freely without the supervision of whites. Whittlesey suggests that rootless whites were a much bigger problem than vagrant freedmen. C. To ask that a federal bureau also be established to assist poor whites Whittlesey does not advocate a federal bureau to assist whites. D. To suggest that the Freedmen's Bureau had failed in its mission Whittlesey writes to defend the work of the Freedmen's Bureau.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The Indians were told that according to their request we were come from the Govr. and Govmt. to hear what proposals they had to make anent [about] a peace, according to the purport of their Embassy from their own People. They signified to us by a Belt of Wampum, which was sent from their old Women, that those Implored their friendship of the Christians & Indians of this Govmt., that without danger or trouble they might fetch wood & Water.

The second Belt was sent from their Children born, & those yet in the womb, Requesting that Room to sport & Play without danger of Slavery, might be allowed them. The third Belt was sent from their young men fitt to Hunt, that privilege to leave their Towns, & seek provision for their aged, might be granted to them without fear of Death or Slavery. The fourth was sent from the men of age, Requesting that the Wood, by a happy peace, might be as safe for them as their forts." In the 1710 Tuscarora Appeal to the Pennsylvania Government, why is slavery mentioned on several occasions? *A. The Tuscarora sought guarantees that their members would not be enslaved. There was a significant trade in Indian slaves that, although it predated European arrival, accelerated with the increased pace of wars brought about by the introduction of guns. B. The Tuscarora sought to engage in the Atlantic slave trade without restrictions. The Tuscarora did not seek to engage in the Atlantic slave trade. C. The Tuscarora demanded the abolition of slavery and the slave trade. The Tuscarora did not demand abolition in their appeal. D. The Tuscarora asked British officials to provide them with slaves in exchange for military assistance. The Tuscarora did not ask to be given slaves in the document.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "The arrival of General Rochambeau seems to have spread terror among the negroes[.] I wish they were reduced to order so that I might see the so much vaunted habitations where I should repose beneath the shade of orange groves, walk on carpets of rose leaves and Frenchipone; be fanned to sleep by silent slaves. . . .

What a delightful existence! . . . But the moment of enjoying these pleasures is, I fear, far distant. The negroes have felt during ten years the blessing of liberty, for a blessing it certainly is, however acquired, and then will not easily be deprived of it. They have fought and vanquished French troops, and their strength has increased from a knowledge of the weakness of their opposer, and the climate itself combats for them. . . ." According to Leonora Sansay's letter to Aaron Burr, what role should Haiti's black population have in the future? A. Farmers Sansay does not say the island's blacks should become farmers. *B. Slaves Sansay looks forward to the day when Haiti's blacks are returned to slavery. She dreams of once more being "fanned to sleep by silent slaves. . . . What a delightful existence!" C. Businessmen Sansay does not think black Haitians should become businessmen. D. Factory workers Sansay says nothing about factory work.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "[N]ow that the whole ship's cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place, and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, now become insupportable; and the filth of the necessary tubs, into which the children often fell, and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women, and the groans of the dying, rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself I was soon reduced so low here that it was thought necessary to keep me almost always on deck; and from my extreme youth I was not put in fetters. . . ."

What does the fact that Olaudah Equiano was allowed on deck when he was sick suggest about the motivations of his captors? *A. They wanted to ensure Equiano arrived at port alive so that he could be sold. Although packed into inhuman conditions below decks, Equiano and other sick slaves were allowed on deck in hopes of reviving their health. A dead slave could not be sold and brought no revenue for the ship's investors. B. They took pity on Equiano because of the terrible conditions he had endured. Pity does not appear to have been a consideration for allowing Equiano on deck. C. They were negligent in allowing slaves some freedom above decks. Although posing a risk of rebellion or attempted suicide, the captain and crew of the slave ship decided it was worth the risk to allow sick slaves above deck. D. They hoped sick slaves would die alone so as not to upset the others below. Separating sick slaves to die out of sight of other slaves was not part of their thinking.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Therefore let everyone stay in his own country and support himself and his family honestly. Besides I say that those who suffer themselves to be persuaded and enticed away by the man-thieves, are very foolish if they believe that roasted pigeons will fly into their mouths in America or Pennsylvania without their working for them."

What is Gottlieb Mittelberger's advice for anyone considering migrating to America as an indentured servant or redemptioner? *A. Stay home and work in your own country Mittelberger repeatedly says that indentured servants and redemptioners would have been better off staying home and never coming to America. He concludes: "let everyone stay in his own country and support himself and his family honestly." B. Come immediately even if you go into debt Mittelberger does not advise coming immediately. He warns about the financial disaster awaiting even those migrants with some resources. C. Move only to New England Mittelberger does not recommend one region over another. D. Avoid Indians when choosing a farm Mittelberger does not say anything about Indians.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Are we [women] deficient in reason? . . . [I]f an opportunity of acquiring knowledge hath been denied us, the inferiority of our sex cannot fairly be deduced from thence. . . . May we not trace its source in the difference of education, and continued advantages? Will it be said that the judgment of a male of two years old, is more sage than that of a female's of the same age? . . . But from that period what partiality! . . . As their years increase, the sister must be wholly domesticated, while the brother is led by the hand through all the flowery paths of science. . . .Now, was she permitted the same instructors as her brother, . . . for the employment of a rational mind an ample field would be opened."

What rhetorical tone does Judith Sargent Murray adopt in her essay "On the Equality of the Sexes"? *A. Mocking Murray ridicules the idea that girls should be denied the same education as boys. She writes "Is it reasonable, that a candidate for immortality. . . be allowed no other ideas, than those which are suggested by the mechanism of a pudding, or the sewing the seams of a garment?" B. Somber Murray is not somber in presenting her argument. C. Playful Murray is not playful in her essay. D. Despairing Murray does not despair for the future of girls' education.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "That your poor and humble Petitioner having been this four monthes in Salem Prison and condemned to die having had no other evidences against me but the Spectre Evidences and the Confessors w'ch Confessors have lately since I was condemned owned to my selfe and others and doe still own that they wronged me and what they had said against me was false: and that they would not that I should have been put to death for a thousand worldes for they never should have enjoyed themselves againe in this world; w'ch undoubtedly I shouled have been put to death had it not pleased the Lord I had been with child."

When Abigail Faulkner was convicted of witchcraft, why wasn't she immediately executed? *A. She was pregnant. Since she was pregnant at the time of her conviction, her execution was delayed until after the baby was born. Faulkner remained imprisoned during her pregnancy. B. Her wealthy father intervened. Although from a respectable family, Faulkner's father did not secure her release. C. Her wealthy husband intervened. Although he was a large-scale landowner, Faulkner's husband was not able to secure his wife's release. D. The judge declared a mistrial. The judge did not declare a mistrial.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "It's the Black Robes who are making us die by their spells. Listen to me, I will prove it by reasons that you will recognize as true. They set themselves up in a village where everyone is feeling fine; no sooner are they there, but everyone dies except for three or four people. They move to another place, and the same thing happens. They visit cabins in other villages, and only those where they have not entered are exempt from death and illness. Don't you see that when they move their lips in what they call prayer, spells are coming out of their mouths? It's the same when they read their books. They have big pieces of wood [guns] in their cabins by which they make noise and send their magic everywhere. If they are not promptly put to death, they will end up ruining the country, and no one will be left, young or old. . . .

When she stopped speaking, everyone agreed that this was true, . . .[and] it seemed true . . . , for wherever the [Jesuit] Fathers went, God permitted death to accompany them so as to render more pure the faith of those who converted." According to the Huron woman described in Ursuline nun Marie de L'Incarnation's letter to her superiors, why were the Jesuits a danger to the Huron? A. Lacking education, the Jesuits would inhibit Indian education. The Jesuits were renowned for their erudition, and the letter specifically mentions the books they read. *B. Wherever the Jesuits went, people died as if by magic. According to the letter, the Huron woman complained that the Jesuits "set themselves up in a village where everyone is feeling fine; no sooner are they there, but everyone dies except for three or four people She had no explanation for how this continued to happen except that the Jesuits were responsible. C. As missionaries, the Jesuits aimed to change Indians' religion. The letter does not mention any fear of the Jesuits' mission of conversion. D. Having come from France, the Jesuits threatened the Huron alliance with England. The letter does not mention any threat to an alliance.

"The fire raged fearfully all night, but on Saturday perfect quiet reigned. The vile Yankees took from us clothing, food, jewels, all our cows, horses, carriages, etc., and left us in a deplorable condition after stealing from us. Sherman, with great generosity, presented the citizens with 500 cattle, so poor they could hardly stand up. No words of mine can give any idea of the brutality of the ruffians. They swore, they cussed, plundered, and committed every excess. No age or sex was safe from them. Sometimes, after saving some valueless token, it was ruthlessly snatched from our hands by some of their horde. Our noble women were insulted by words, and some, I have heard of, in deeds, but none came under my knowledge, for I myself, God be praised, I received no rude word from any of them. I did not speak . . . to them at all. The fire burned eighty-four squares, and nothing can tell the quantity of plunder they carried off as on Monday they left us, and though we feared starvation, yet we were glad to be rid of them."

Which aspect of the Union's strategy of "hard war" is exemplified by the scene of Union troops occupying Columbia, South Carolina, that was described by Eleanor Cohen Seixas? *A. Destroying civilian property Embraced by Union General Ulysses S. Grant and implemented in Georgia and South Carolina by General Sherman, hard war meant attacking military targets as well as civilian property in an attempt to exhaust the Confederacy's ability to fight. B. Emancipating slaves Although the Union war aims shifted to embrace emancipation as the war went on, that aspect of Union strategy is not shown by Seixas's description. C. Insulting southern women Insulting women was not a part of the Union's strategy. D. Occupying southern cities Seixas does not describe a long-term occupation of Columbia; the Union troops moved through quickly on their march to the next target.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "Brothers: We are still of the same opinion as to the means which may tend to reconcile us to each other; and we are sorry to find, although we had the best thoughts in our minds, during the beforementioned period, mischief has, nevertheless, happened between you and us. We are still anxious of putting our plan of accommodation into execution, and we shall briefly inform you of the means that seem most probable to us of effecting a firm and lasting peace and reconciliation: the first step towards which should, in our opinion, be, that all treaties carried on with the United States, on our parts, should be with the general voice of the whole confederacy, and carried on in the most open manner, without any restraint on either side; and especially as landed matters are often the subject of our councils with you, a matter of the greatest importance and of general concern to us, in this case we hold it indispensably necessary that any cession of our lands should be made in the most public manner, and by the united voice of the confederacy; holding all partial treaties as void and of no effect."

Why is it important that a confederation of Native groups sent a joint message to Congress in 1786? A. Forming a confederation met Congress's demand that they would only negotiate with a group. Congress did not set a condition to only negotiate with a confederation of Indians. B. Joining together followed the Constitution's plan for organizing natives into a single confederation. The Constitution was drafted in 1787, and even then it did not organize Natives into a single confederation. *C. Speaking with a united voice gave the Native message more weight than speaking as individual tribes Speaking with a united voice would send Congress the message that they could not pit Native groups against each other. As a result, they would be more likely to obtain their goals by sticking together. D. Petitioning as a group reminded Congress of the debt owed to widespread Native support in the war Most Indians supported Britain during the war, a fact that Congress did need to be reminded of.

Refer to the passage to answer the following question: "We have been encouraged by government to take up these lands in small tracts, receiving Certificates of the same- we have thus far Taken Sixteen thousand (16000) acres of Land here on This Island. We are ready to pay for this land When Government calls for it and now after What has been done will the good and just government take from us all this right and make us Subject to the will of those who have cheated and Oppressed us for many years God Forbid! We the freedmen of this Island and of the State of South Carolina-Do therefore petition to you as the President of these United States, that some provisions be made by which Every colored man can purchase land. and Hold it as his ownâ¦"

Why is owning land so important to the freedmen of Edisto Island? A. Owning land made them superior to poor whites. The freedmen do not say they want land to feel superior to whites. B. Confiscating land would punish plantation owners. Although confiscating lands would punish planters who participated in the war, the freedmen do not discuss land distribution as a form of punishment. *C. With land, they could live independently in the future. The freedmen's committee is looking to the future in arguing for land. They expect to be able to support themselves—even to pay for the land they had been given—if only given a chance to farm it for themselves. D. By owning land, they could vote in federal elections. Although freedmen looked forward to voting, the committee does not discuss voting in their petition.