HIST222 Test 1
True/False: According to the Knickerbocker Rules, under no circumstances can non-members of the fraternity play in a baseball match
False
Baseball Fraternity
1 of the first sporting fraternities. More of a social club rather than focusing on winning-had to be a gentleman
How many original Knickerbocker rules were there?
20
Kolven
A game introduced to the New York colony by the Dutch. It most closely resembles the modern game of golf
Quarter Horses
A new breed of horse in the colonies that was much smaller than the British thoroughbreds with larger hindquarters bred to race shorter distances of a quarter mile or less
New York Athletic Club
A private social club founded in New York City in 1868
Southern Gentry
A relatively small group of landowners in Virginia who owned most of the land and became the cultural elite of the colony
1st Great Awakening
A revivalist (back to the bible) movement that began in the 1730s that emphasized a closer relationship with God
Lawful Sport
Activities allowed by Puritan society which were designed to refresh the mind and body of the participant while being completely disassociated from Britains' Festive Culture
Needful Recreation
Activities deemed to be appropriate in Pennsylvania. Similar to Puritan Lawful sport, needful recreation was allowed if it benefited the individual through exercise of providing food
Reserve Clause
Allowed clubs to reserve the rights of players for their careers. It left players with very little power when negotiating contracts and controlling their futures
Playground Movement
Also designed to keep children out of trouble it began in Chicago in 1903 and was responsible for the jump of cities with supervised playgrounds from 41-504 in a little more than a decade
AAU (Amateur Athletic Union)
Amateur sports organization dedicated to the promotion and development of amateur sports and physical fitness programs
John Montgomery Ward
American professional baseball pitcher, shortstop, second baseman, and manager
Barn Ball
An early incarnation of baseball that included bouncing a ball off the side of a barn and allowing another participant to hit it with a stick
Separate Spheres
As part of the Victorian middle class, there was a separation of sexes. The public sphere (business, politics) was the domain of men and the private sphere (the home, family) was the domain of women. They rarely mixed
Alexander Joy Cartwright
Bank Clerk and volunteer firefighter who helped form the Knickerbocker baseball club and devised the games' first rules
Which of the following collegiate sports was NOT mentioned in Chapter 4? Baseball Crew Track and Field Basketball
Basketball
The first international collegiate sporting event took place between which countries?
Britain-US
Primogeniture
British cultural tradition of the first-born son inheriting the family fortune
Leonard Jerome
Brought horse racing back after Civil War Belmont, Preakness, Kentucky Derby
William Cammeyer
Businessman who was a pioneer in the early days of professional baseball. Owner of New York Mutuals
Caledonian Clubs
Caledonia was the Roman name for Scotland and these clubs revolved around racing and track and field. They sprang up in America in the 1850s by Scottish immigrants and were responsible for setting up races all over the country
Paper Chases
Called "hare and hound" races in England they were essentially cross-country races in which torn up paper would mark the course
19th Century Changes
Cheating, the Great Depression, fighting, 3 leagues, monopoly of the league by owners
In which American city did the playground movement begin?
Chicago
"King" Kelly
Colorful player who started his career in Chicago but was famously sold to Boston for $10,000 in 1887
Mills Commission
Committee that decided Abner Doubleday was the inventor of baseball based on the testimony of one man
National League
Eight teams made up the original league and made sure none of the teams involved were owned by players. Cities in the league would have to have populations of at least 75,000 and have the approval of existing clubs to join
Pageant of Misrule
Elected a Lord of Misrule, would always be a male bachelor, mock married men
True/False: When the National League formed in 1876 it was the first time there had been organized professional baseball
False
True/False: According to Knickerbocker rules, the bases were 45 paces apart
False
True/False: The best college baseball program in the 19th century was Yale
False
James Gordon Bennett
First generation Scottish immigrant who inherited the New York Herald newspaper
Walking City
First of three stages of development of urban areas in which the edge of town was no more than two miles from the center of the city
Cincinnati Red Stockings
First recognized all-salary team in baseball. In their inaugural season of 1869 they won 57 while losing none and tying one
Which of the following was NOT a change to the rules of baseball implemented in the 1880s? Overhand pitching Gloves worn by all Base stealing allowed First two foul balls counted as strikes
First two foul balls counted as strikes
Henry Chadwick
Former British cricket player who embraced the game of baseball and became a sportswriter for the New York Clipper writing about the game. He was credited with inventing the batting average and box score and eventually became known as "Father Baseball"
Harry Wright
Former cricket player who switched to baseball and was one of the best of the early players. He was the player-manager of the Cincinnati Red Stockings
AG Spalding
Former star pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings who would go on to become a sporting goods magnate. He wanted to prove baseball was a uniquely American sport
Toli
Game of stickball played by Native Americans most closely resembling lacrosse
Britain's Festive Culture
Games played in conjunction with the gathering of large groups of people in the British society celebrating religious or pagan holidays or simply celebrating life
Sporting Spectacles
Games set up by fraternities to showcase their sports and their best competitors. Victorians were against them because of the competitiveness and the gambling and money paid to the participants went against their basic beliefs
Turner Societies
German immigrants - these societies fostered athletic and cultural activities from their homeland
Puritans
Group of English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the church of England
John Cox Stevens
Heir to a steamboat fortune, Stevens used his wealth to stage and promote sporting events (particularly races) involving horses, yachts, and people
Quakers
Historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends
"Book of Sports"
King James' 1618 declaration of what sports were and were not allowed to be played on the Sabbath. The declaration came in response to the growing influence of the Puritans
Moses Fleetwood Walker
Known as the last black player to compete in the major leagues for the color barrier set in during the 1880s
Sabbatarian Laws
Laws passed in the colonies to restrict recreation on the Sabbath
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the Parliamentary forces during the British Civil War. Was the titular ruler of GB after the Civil War when there was no monarch
Victorian Counterculture
Made up mainly of working-class men from the new industrial economy of the 19th century who weere no longer taking pride in their work. Immigrants also made up a large part of this group along with members of the upper class. They were rebelling against the restraint of the Victorian middle class in many ways including competitive sports
Self-Restraint
Major pillar of Victorianism - believed in self-restraint in all things they did - other pillars being hard work and protestantism
College Crew
Major sport starting in England that eventually came to US. Big rivalry between Harvard and Yale
Royal Sports
Most popular - Joust Tennis
Violent Games
Mostly played by citizens of the Backcountry. These games reflected the part of Europe they had come from - Northern England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Enlightenment
Movement away from religion and superstition and an embrace of science and reason-began in Europe
Middle Class Victorianism
Named for the longest-serving monarch in British history (Victoria) it was a time period in which there was a belief that there was commonality between the middle class of the western industrialized world. The common themes included evangelical Protestantism, self-restraint, and hard work
N4A
National Association of Amateur Athletes of America - founded in 1879. Made to oversee if an athlete was an amateur or professional - New York Athletic Club didn't trust them so they started their own Amateur Athletes Union
4 Folkways
New England, Virginia, Middle Colonies, and the Backcountry
Which of the following was a requirement for a team to join the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs? City had to have a population of at least 100,000 Teams must be owned by its players New teams must be approved by the existing team All of the above
New teams must be approved by the existing teams
One Old Cat
Next incarnation of the game that replaced the barn with a base
"Beer and Whiskey League"
Officially called the American Association, it was an early rival to the National League. It received its nickname by serving alcohol at games (something the National League didn't do)
"Nouveau Riche"
Often derogatory term used to describe people who have recently acquired wealth, typically those perceived as ostentatious or lacking good taste
Town Ball
Once three more bases were added the game was first called Four Old Cat and eventually town ball. Town ball most closely resembles the modern game of baseball and the name derived from towns fielding teams to play the game
Cap Anson
One of the earliest superstar players in baseball. He played first base for the White Sox for 22 seasons finishing with a career average of .333 and 3,418 hits
Public Schools Athletic League
Organized in New York City by Luther Gulick in the early 20th century to put on competitions between schools and also to keep youth (especially immigrant youth) out of trouble after school
Republicanism
Outlawed sports in the US
Which of the following rules of baseball similar to today's game was NOT employed by the Knickerbockers Baseball club in the 1840s? Game played on a diamond-shaped field Overhand pitching 3 strikes and you're out 3 outs per team at bat
Overhand pitching
Strenuous Life
Phrase coined by Theodore Roosevelt who believed the absence of a recent war had led to a feminization of the late 19th century male. The Strenuous Life was designed to toughen up the American male through vigorous exercise and sports
Tavern Pastimes
Place where men gathered to seek shelter, enjoy each other's company, and drink. The tavern could be found in every region of the colonies
Rough and Tumble
Popular violent sport with no rules in the Backcountry usually contested when there was a real or perceived slight to one's manhood. The ultimate goal of the sport was to gouge out the eyes of your opponent
Elysian Fields
Portion of John Cox Stevens' property in Hoboken, NJ, that was donated for use as a cricket field and the New York Yacht Club
William Hulbert
President of the Chicago White Stockings who formed the National League in 1876
Which of the following was NOT a reason John Montgomery WArd and the Players' Union decided to form their own league in 1890? Problems with the 1880s rules changes Proposed salary cap The Reserve Clause Problems with the owners
Problems with the 1880s Rules changes
Knickerbockers
Recognized by many as the earliest organized baseball club. The club was reserved for gentlemen and was more interested in the social aspect of the club than the competitiveness of the games. They played the first organized games in Hoboken, NJ at the Elysian Fields in 1845
Rational Recreation
Recreation that was deemed appropriate by the Victorian middle class including reading newspapers, books and playing musical instruments. Some sports were allowed but always under the umbrella of non-competitiveness
Why was the Cincinnati Club removed from the National League? Refused to allow women into games Refused to allow blacks onto the team Refused to stop serving alcohol at games Refused to play on Sundays
Refused to stop serving alcohol at games
2nd Great Awakening
Religious revival movement of the 18th century that was more wide-spread and longer-lasting than the movement of the previous century
Caledonian Clubs were made up of immigrants from which nation?
Scotland
"Muscular Christianity"
Second half of the 19th Century movement that stressed a balance of physical and spiritual exercise. Writer Thomas Wentworth Higgenson was a leading proponent of the movement
Positive Sports Ideology
The idea that sports and athletics is a positive alternative to the more negative aspects of city life
YMCA
This was one place the Strenuous Life could be practices at the YMCA. Initially when it was founded in England in 1851 it focused more on the Christian part of its name but by the end of the 19th Century it had become synonymous with exercise and sports
True/False: Henry Chadwick invented both the box score and the batting average
True
True/False: The "Collegiate Way" was initiated in England but was continued in America
True
True/False: In the early days of the YMCA, athletics was not the main focus of the organization
True
True/False: It is generally agreed that Abner Doubleday invented baseball in 1839
True
True/False: Prior to the 1880s, there were examples of African-Americans playing in organized "white" baseball leagues
True
True/False: Under the Knickerbocker rules players were not permitted to throw at runners to get them out
True
Luther Halsey Gulick
Was an instructor at the YMCA's headquarters in Springfield, MA and believed in the importance of balancing physical and mental conditioning
"Race of the Century"
considered by many the first major sporting event that received national attention and promotion in newspapers - it pitted a northern horse Eclipse vs. southern horse Sir Henry in a sectional battle at Union race track on Long Island
Sporting Fraternity
subcultures created by the counterculture for those who were interested in specific sports. It was also a place where men can find a surrogate brotherhood