Histology Chapter 6 Connective Tissue

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what do natriuretic peptides do

(formed by cardiac muscles) can induce ATL and HSL activities

plasma cell life span

2 to 3 weeks

What are adipose Cells

Adipose cells are fully differentiated cells that function in the synthesis, storage, and release of fat.

Specialized connective tissue

Cartilage bone blood

What type of tissue is a tendon composed of?

Dense regular connective tissue

what induces glu uptake and fatty acid oxidation by skeletal muscle cell

Interleukin -6

what is the loose connective tissue of the mucous membrane called

Lamina propria

Leukocytes

Leukocytes exit the bloodstream during inflammation, invasion by foreign elements, and immune responses to perform various functions

Once in the capillaries of adipose tissue VLDL, fatty acids and chylomicrons are exposed to what

Lipoprotein lipase

Connective Tissue proper

Loose ( areolar) connective tissue Dense Types Dense irregular Dense regular Collegen Elastic Reticular Adipose

Collagen fibers can be differentiated from other fibers by staining with

Masson's trichrome stain.

Mast Cells

Mast cells arise from bone marrow stem cells and function in mediating the inflammatory process and immediate hypersensitivity reactions.

Embryonic connective tissues

Mesenchymal connective tissue mucous connective tissue

What does connective tissue develop from?

Mesenchyme

what represents transitional modifications of fibroblast

Myofibroblast

What is released from nerve endings of postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the vicinity of fat cells

Norepinephrine

Obesity Nugget

Obese individuals possess increased insulin resistance believed to be effected by RBP-4, and this adipokine may be partly responsible for the presence of chronic inflammation and fatty liver disease in these individuals.

Pericytes

Pericytes surround endothelial cells of capillaries and small venules and technically reside outside of the connective tissue compartment because they possess their own basal lamina.

Plasma Cells

Plasma cells are derived from B lymphocytes and manufacture antibodies.

What increase insulin resistance

Resistin

Lymphocytes types

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells

what interferes with fatty acid oxidation by hepatocytes

TFN-a

What is the primary cause of insulin resistance?

TNF-α

nugget

The cells are the most important components in some connective tissues, whereas fibers are the most important component in other connective tissue types. For example, fibroblasts are the most important cell component of loose connective tissue because these cells manufacture and maintain the fibers and ground substance composing the ECM. In contrast, fibers are the most important component of tendons and ligaments. In still other connective tissues, the ground substance is the most important component because it is where certain specialized connective tissue cells carry out their functions. Thus, all three components are critical to the role of connective tissue function in the body.

What color do elastic fibers stain with Verhoeff Elastic stain?

Verhoeff Elastic stain stains elastic fibers blue/black. Collagen stains pink/red

A peripheral blood smear would be best visualized with .

Wright's stain

Which of the following is not associated with connective tissue? a. Tightly packed cells b. Extracellular fibers c. Tissue fluid d. Ground substance e. None of the above; all of the above are seen with connective tissue

a Connective tissue consists of cells and extracellular fibers in a ground substance and tissue fluid. There is generally abundant extracellular space in connective tissue; the cells are not tightly packed.

What is Leptin?

a protein that is made and released by adipocytes in a diurnal rhythm ( lowest in afternoon and highest in the mid morning.)

Thermogenin

a transmembrane protein located on the inner membrane of mitochondria, permits backflow of protons instead of using them for synthesis of ATP;

what do pericytes contain

actin myosin and tropomyosin are similar to smooth muscle

What does alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone do

acts of the appetite control center to suppress appetite

What do adiponectin octadecamers activate

adenosine monophosphate (AMP) -activated protein kinase

what hormones do adipose produce

adipokines

Adipokines can be produced by

adipose cell macrophages that reside in stroma of adipose tissue

What converts triglycerides to diglycerides

adipose triglyceride lipase

Leptin also induces increased levels of what

alpha- melanocyte stimulating hormone

Macrophages

are mononuclear phagocytes.

Leukocytes

are white blood cells that circulate the bloodstream

What type of connective tissue is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo? a. Mucous connective tissue b. Mesenchyme c. Loose irregular connective tissue d. Dense irregular connective tissue e. Dense regular connective tissue

b Mesenchyme is embryonic connective tissue. It is an undifferentiated tissue found in the embryo. Mucous connective tissue is a type of embryonic connective tissue; it is a subset of mesenchyme. Wharton's jelly is mucous connective tissue. Loose irregular connective tissue is areolar tissue. Dense irregular connective tissue is seen in the dermis. Dense regular connective tissue comprises tendons and ligaments.

What is Lipoprotein Lipase

breaks down VLDL, fatty acids, and chylomicrons into free fatty acids and glycerol

What are Sacromas

cancers that arise from cells of connective tissue

Hypercellular obesity

causes overabundance of adipocytes

connective tissue is made of

cells and extracellular matrix ( ground substance and fibers)

preadipocytes,

cells that, under the influence of a series of activating factors, differentiate into adipocytes.

When triglycerides are surrounded by proteins they form

chylomicrons

What is found in the ground substance

collagen reticular elastic fibers

Dense irregular connective tissue

collagen fiber bundles are arranged randomly

What is Dense irregular connective tissue made up of

collagen fibers Fibroblast located between collagen bundles

Dense regular connective tissue is divided into what

collagenous and elastic

mature connective tissue is

connective tissue proper/ specialized connective tissue

Histiocytes are macrophages seen in

connective tissue.

mesoderm gives rise to

connective tissues and their cells, including those of bone, cartilage, tendons, capsules, blood and hemopoietic cells, and lymphoid cells

Dense Connective Tissue

contains most of the same components found in loose connective tissue has many more fibers and fewer cells

What is Dense regular collegenous connective tissue made of

couse collagen bundles oriented into parallel cylinders or sheets that resist tensile forces

Which connective tissue cell is derived from B lymphocytes? a. Fibroblast b. Myofibroblast c. Histiocyte d. Plasma cell e. Mast cell

d

Fixed macrophages are given a unique name,

depending on the tissue that they are located in.

Where is Dense irregular tissue found

dermis of the skin sheaths of nerves capsules of spleen testes ovary kidney lympy nodes

Which of the following is a component of the ground substance? a. Hyaluronic acid b. Proteoglycans c. Glycosaminoglycans d. Chondroitin sulfate e. All of the above

e

Dense regular elastic connective tissue

elastic fiber with only few collagen fibers fibroblast

Where is mesenchymal connective tissue present

embryo and made of mesenchymal cells

What is released from the suprarenal medulla during excerised

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Adipose cells can convert glucose and amino acids into _____ when stimulated by _______

fatty acids; insulin

Dense regular connective tissue

fiber bundles of the tissue are arranged in parallel or organized fashion

What cells are housed in the ECM of the loose connective tissue

fibroblast adipose cell macrophages mast cells undifferentiated cells

what cells repair?

fibroblast that make fibrous connective tissue

Loose ( Areolar) connective tissue

fill in the spaces of the body just deep to the skin lies below that mesothelial lining of the internal body cavity

two types of cell groups in connective tissue

fixed and trainsient cells

Fusiform precursor cells

found near the end of fetal life differentiate in many areas of the connective tissues within the fetus and begin to accumulate lipids that coalesce into the single droplet in each cell, thus forming the unilocular fat cells found in adults

Reticular fibers form what

framework of liver sinusoid adipose tissue bone marrow lymph nodes spleen smooth muscle islets of langerhans

Transient cells

free or wandering cells originate mainly in bone marrow and circulate in the blood stream plasma cells lymphocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils basophils monocytes macrophages

Another name for secondary fat formation is

fusiform precursor cells

what is a edema

gross swelling

What is loose connective tissue characterized by abundant

ground substance and extra cellar fluid

White adipose tissue

has blood vessels that form capillary networks in tissue

What do mast cells contain

heparin histamine ( chondroitin sulfates) neutral proteases ary sulfatase eosinophil Chemotactic factor neutrophil chemotactic factor

Kupffer cells are the

hepatic macrophages.

What completes the hydrolysis of trglyceride to diglycerides forming glycerol and fatty acid

hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)

Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies that are responsible for

humorally mediated immunity

what is the matrix of mucous tissue made of

hyaluronic acid type 1 and type 3 collagen fibers fibroblast

When does primary fat formation occur

in early fetal life

Where id Unilocular fat present

in subcutaneous layers in the body

Where are Myofibroblast abundant

in wound areas healing where they function in wound contraction

What do adiponectin Octadecamers do

increase insulin sensitivity of skeletal muscles cells (causes these cells to internalize glucose and oxidize fatty acids)

What does the plasma membrane of unilocular adipose cell contain receptors for

insulin growth hormone norepinephrine glucocorticoids

The plasma concentration of adiponectin is

inversely proportional to the amount of adipose tissue an individual possesses

Adipocytes manufacture and release what

leptin adiponectin retinol binding protein- 4 (RBP-4)

Mediators synthesized by mast cells

leukotrienes prostaglandins thromboxanes Cytokines

Where is very low density lipoprotein synthesized

liver

septa partition fat into

lobules

Mucous tissue

loose amorphous connective tissue has jelly like matrix.

Microglia are the central nervous system

macrophages.

Largest fixed cells of the connective tissue

mast cell

most connective tissue originates from

mesoderm ( the middle germ layer of embryonic tissue0

Myofibroblast

modified fibroblast that demonstrate characteristics similar to those of both fibroblast and smooth muscle cells

fibroblast

most abundant resident cell most abundant derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and synthesize the ECM of connective tissue

what is brown adipose tissue forms by

multilocular fat cells which have small lipid droplets

Mesenchymal cells are what and where do they develop?

multipotenial cells; mesoderm

do adipose cells undergo cell division

no that are fully differentiated

ECM

non living material with ground substance and fibers resist compressive and stretching forces

Leptin resistance is found where

obese individuals

What are mesenchymal cells

oval nucleus exhibiting a fine chromatin network and prominent nucleoli found in embryos

During digestion fats are broken down in the duodenum by

pancreatic lipase into fatty acids and glycerol

what is a histiocyte

phagocyte of connective tissue ( is a macrophage)

defense and protection is carried out by

phagocytic cells immunocompetent cells cells that produce pharmacological substances that control inflammation

Neutrophils

phagocytose and digest bacteria in areas of acute inflammation

Cytokine

platelet-activating factor (PAF), bradykinins, interleukins (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)

epithelioid precursor cells

preadipocytes that are distributed at certain locations in the developing fetus

Where are lymphocytes present

present only in small numbers in most connective tissue, except at sites of chronic inflammation, where they are abundant.

Retinol- Binding Protein-4

product of adipocytes interferes with the ability of insulin to effect glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells and to amplify glucose production and release hepatocytes

Interleukin- 6

product of macrophages Increases insulin resistance;

Resistin

product of macrophages responsible for insulin resistance in obese individuals

Tumor Necrosis Factor- alpha

product of macrophages primary cause of insulin resistance, and it also interferes with fatty acid oxidation by hepatocytes.

Adiponectin

protein hormone produced by adipocyte that circulates in blood in various combinations as multimers

fibrocyte

quiescent fibroblast

What does leptin do

reduces appetite by binding to neuropeptide Y, inhibiting this signaling molecule from triggering the appetite control center of the hypothalamus to induce the feeling of hunger.

Basophils

release preformed and newly synthesized pharmacological agents that initiate, maintain, and control the inflammatory process

Chylomicrons

released into the extracellular space at the basolateral membranes of the surface absorptive cells, enter the lacteals of the villus, and are carried by the lymph to the bloodstream.

how do eosinophils combat parasites?

releasing cytotoxins

What does adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase do

represses glucose release and increases gluconeogenesis by the liver

active fibroblast

reside in close association with collagen bundles, where they lie parallel to the long axis of the fiber

fixed cells

resident population of cells that have developed and remained in place within tissue fibroblast adipose cells pericytes mast cells macrophages

What represses hepatic AMP- Activated protein kinase

resistin this causes the elevation of glucose release by the liver resulting in hyperglycemia and contributing to obesity, chronic inflammation, and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Macrophages release what

resistin TNF-alpha interleukin- 6

Dust cells are alveolar macrophage found in the

respiratory tract.

what is Hypertrophic obesity

results from the accusation and storage of fat in unilocular fat cells

Silver impregnation, such as with a reticular stain, can be used to visualize

reticular fibers

Hematoxylin and eosin stain is the most commonly used tissue stain for

routine histological examination

how do blood vessels and nerves gain access to connective tissue

septa

Eosinophils

simular to neutrophils are attracted to inflammation via leukocyte chemotactic factors

Langerhans cells are macrophages seen in the

skin.

Inactive Fibroblast

smaller and more ovoid and posses an acidophilic cytoplasm . nucleus is smaller and elongated

Lipids are best displayed with a

sudan stain

Bone, cartilage and ligaments holding the bones together and tendons act as

support

Functions of Connective tissue

support medium for exchange of nutrients and waste defense, protection, and repairs storage of fat

What are examples of dense regular collagenous connective tissue

tendon ligament aponeuroses

how do Myofibroblast differ from smooth muscle cells

the external lamina ( basal lamina is absent

The intestinal epithelium absorbs fatty acids and glycerols and reesterifies them in the SER to

triglycerides

What is the main component of reticular fiber

type 3 collagen

Where are fat cells derived from

undifferentiated fibroblast- like mesenchymal cells

Where are pericytes derived from

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Adipose tissue types include

unilocular multicocular

White adipose tissue is formed by what

unilocular fat cell that has one large lipid droplet

adipokines

uses macromolecules to degrade the triglyceride depot into fatty acids and glycerol which is then released in to the body

whats another name for mucous tissue

wharton jelly

What tissue is only found in the umbilical cord

wharton jelly/ Mucous tissue

what are the two fat cells

white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue

Are pericytes multipotent

yes


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