History 102 Midterm Multiple Choice Study Guide Chapter 18

Spain, under the __________, enacted significant reforms in order to regain control over their American possessions. A.Bourbons B.Stewarts C.Habsburgs D.Hohenzollern

A.Bourbons

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World. A.Encomiendas B.Haciendas C.Criollos D.Cabildos

A.Encomiendas

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas). A.Encouraged B.Dismissed as impractical C.Heavily taxed D.Suppressed

A.Encouraged

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now Louisiana, where settlers with African slaves founded sugar plantations. A.French B.English C.Dutch D.Spanish

A.French

Brazil production of _________ in the eighteenth century, was a welcome bonanza for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices. A.Gold B.Sugar C.Silver D.Indigo

A.Gold

__________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to combatting antinomianism. A.Harvard College B.College of William and Mary C.Yale Divinity School D.Providence College

A.Harvard College

Between 250,000 and 1 million Taínos were killed when the Spanish came due to: A.The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox B.Superior Spanish firepower C.Military raids from a Spanish-Carib alliance D.A blight on the potato harvest in the 1510s

A.The Native Americans' lack of immunity against smallpox

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800. A.10,000 B.300,000 C.1,000,000 D.30,000,000

B.300,000

For 200 years after its founding in 1545, Potosí in modern ___________ produced over half of the silver of Spanish America. A.Brazil B.Bolivia C.Belize D.Colombia

B.Bolivia

Leading a force of about 300 Spanish men, _________ defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518. A.Francisco Pizarro B.Hernán Cortés C.Alonso Ortíz D.Minas Gerais

B.Hernán Cortés

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior. A.Tax evasion B.Slave raids C.Scientific discoveries D.Silver mining

B.Slave raids

After Hernán Cortés arrived at the the city of ___________,he soon captured the emperor Moctezuma II who was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V. A.Veracruz B.Tenochtitlán C.Tlaxcala D.Campeche

B.Tenochtitlán

Which of the following was not a Bourbon reform in the Spanish colonies? A. A reduction of the annual armed silver fleet. B.The opening of ports to non-Spanish merchant ships. C.The division of two viceroyalties into four. D.The expansion of silver mining and textile manufacturing.

B.The opening of ports to non-Spanish merchant ships.

The main impulse for the revivalist movement known as the "Great Awakening" of the 1730s and 1740s was: A.The imposition of Catholic doctrine on Anglican churches in Massachusetts and Virginia. B.The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia. C.The discovery of new documents that proved that Jesus had visited North America. D.A sudden upsurge in accusations and prosecutions for witchcraft in the colonies.

B.The tour of the Methodist preachers John and Charles Wesley through Georgia.

In Brazil, black freedmen and mulattoes: A.Emigrated to the Spanish colonies, where they had less fear of being re-enslaved. B.Were farmers and craft producers. C.Were not permitted, since it was impossible to escape slavery. D.Were encouraged by the Portuguese to establish "maroon" communities in the interior.

B.Were farmers and craft producers.

By the early seventeenth century, an elite of Spaniards who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist and then replaced Spanish administrators. A.Had accompanied the conquistadors in the 1510s. B.Had been brought across the Atlantic to marry the men and produce children. C.Had been born in the Americas. D.Had joined a specially created Franciscan order of priests.

C.Had been born in the Americas.

The participation of Virginia settlers _________ was an indication that the British would not follow the same policy in the New World as their Spanish counterparts. A."Caste" system to prevent intermarriage B.Tobacco plantations: C.In colonial administration D.Catholic parish system

C.In colonial administration

In the second half of the 1600s, the ___________ drove many smaller groups westward into the Great Lakes region and Mississippi plains. A.Micmac B.Huron: C.Iroquois D.Comanche

C.Iroquois

Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala was one of several: A.Advocates of the abolition of slave trade in imported Africans. B.Members of the Inquisition who later converted to Protestantism in the New World. C.Native American and mestizo chroniclers, historians, and commentators. D.Jesuits who established universities in Santo Domingo, Mexico City, and elsewhere.

C.Native American and mestizo chroniclers, historians, and commentators.

In the image above, Native Americans extracted silver from rock using the ______ method. A.Sulfuric acid B.Zinc oxide C.Patio D.Panning

C.Patio

Losses to the Spanish empire came in the mid-seventeenth century, beginning with: A.The colonization of eastern Hispaniola by the French in 1665. B.The surrender of Cuba to the Dutch in 1659. C.The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655. D.The failure of sugar plantations in their colony of Saint-Domingue in 1653.

C.The capture of Jamaica by the British in 1655.

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels. A.Zacatecas B.Pampas C.Crioulos D.Cabildos

D.Cabildos

The term "casta" or caste was a collective name used to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________. A.Commitment to Catholicism B.Age and establishment of possession C.Wealth and status D.Racial mixture

D.Racial mixture

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation. A.Khipu-calculated tax-tables B.Apartments for young women C.Tithe-based church endowments D.Rotating labor assignments

D.Rotating labor assignments